人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Unit 4 Body Language综合训练题

这是一份人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Unit 4 Body Language综合训练题，共16页。试卷主要包含了5分，满分37，5分，满分15分)等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第一部分 阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节 (共15小题，每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
“Baby signing” classes established t imprve language skills actually make little difference t children's develpment, accrding t new research. Schlars claimed (声称) there was n evidence that the lessns—in which babies are taught simple gestures t cmmunicate their everyday needs—enable children t talk quicker than thers.
In a three­year study, it was claimed that the methd culd make mthers mre respnsive t their children's behavirs but failed t actually increase babies' vcabulary. An active hme envirnment in which parents regularly talk t their children was much mre effective, researchers warned. The cnclusins will cast dubt n the mvement—brn in the United States—which has prved hugely ppular amng middle­class parents.
Baby signing is nw a multi­millin pund industry, with thusands f mthers and fathers paying fr classes, bks and DVDs. Yung children are taught simple gestures fr wrds and phrases t cmmunicate their everyday needs, such as “milk” “mre” “all gne” “fd” and “tired”．It is claimed that the technique brings great benefits, including imprving the relatinship between mther and child, helping language develpment and even increasing a child's intelligence.
But research frm Hertfrdshire University has fund n evidence that using baby signing helps t imprve their language develpment. The schlars added，“Baby signing has becme big business and mthers, particularly first­time mums r less cnfident parents, feel the pressure t d it. Sme even think ‘if I dn't d it and everyne else des, I must be a bad mther’．”
But baby signing experts cntradicted the findings. Wendy Mat, 45, wh has been running baby signing classes fr three years, said that the classes encuraged speech develpment, and may help develp a higher IQ. She said，“S many mums say that their children talk s well because they did baby signing when they were babies. Parents wuldn't say it if they didn't believe it.”
【语篇解读】 研究发现，“宝宝手语课堂”并不能真正提高孩子们的语言能力。
1．Which f the fllwing may help imprve children's language skills?
A．Using simple wrds and phrases.
B．Talking t them as much as pssible.
C．Buying them mre bks and DVDs.
D．Creating a serius hme envirnment.
B [细节理解题。根据第二段的“An active hme envirnment in which parents regularly talk t their children was much mre effective”可知。]
2．Accrding t Paragraph 4, sme new mthers chse baby signing classes because ．
A．they are influenced by thers
B．they are sure f the effects f them
C．they dn't want t be lked dwn upn
D．they dn't knw hw t teach their children
A [推理判断题。根据第四段的“ the pressure t d it.Sme even think ‘if I dn't d it and everyne else des, I must be a bad mther’．”可知，刚当妈的人选择宝宝手语课堂更多的是受他人影响，属于盲目跟风。]
3．The underlined wrd “cntradicted” in the last paragraph means “ ”．
A．supprted B．discvered
C．disagreed with D．researched int
C [词义猜测题。最后一段的 “the findings” 指的是第四段的“But research frm Hertfrdshire University has fund n evidence that using baby signing helps t imprve their language develpment.”。 宝宝手语专家Wendy Mat 所说的“the classes encuraged speech develpment”与前面的研究发现形成对立的观点。由此可知, “cntradict”意为“反驳”。]
4．What's the main idea f the text?
A．Hw t teach children t cmmunicate effectively.
B．Baby signing classes increase children's intelligence.
C．Hw t imprve the relatinship between mther and child.
D．Baby signing classes fail t imprve children's language skills.
D [主旨大意题。本文是一篇新闻报道，文章首句“‘Baby signing’ classes little difference t children's develpment”点出了本文的主题，因此D项符合题意。]
B
Bdy language has always been a ht tpic f interesting dinner cnversatins.It is perhaps ne f the mst pwerful frms f human expressin r human cmmunicatin!
Bdy language is a very imprtant part f cmmunicatin which can cnstitute 50% r mre f what we are cmmunicating t ther persns.If yu wish t cmmunicate effectively, besides the wrds, yu can use yur bdy t say what yu mean.
Bdy language can be used t discver all srts f things such as, knwing when smene is attracted t yu, finding truth and lies, shwing cnfidence, winning respect in any situatin, and yu can use bdy language t make peple less nervus, make friends quickly, persuade (说服), and influence.
S what is bdy language? Bdy language is a term used t describe the methd f cmmunicatin using bdy mvements r gestures instead f, r besides, spken language r ther cmmunicatin.Bdy language als includes many mvements that mst peple are nt aware f, such as winking (眨眼) and slight mvements f the eyebrws and ther facial expressins.
Bdy language is ne f the easiest ways fr yu t tell what's really ging n in a cnversatin with anther persn.The bdy language that yu bserve frm ther peple will tell yu whether r nt thse peple are telling yu the truth, r whether there is smething mre that's nt being said.Watch, lk and bserve.Smetimes yu can tell mre by a persn's bdy language than the wrds he speaks.
【语篇解读】 身体语言是我们日常交流中必不可少的一部分。本文主要告诉了我们什么是身体语言、身体语言的功能以及重要性。
5．The underlined wrd “cnstitute” in Paragraph 2 prbably means “ ”．
A．make up B．set up
C．turn up D．put up
A [词义猜测题。根据前面的“身体语言是交流中很重要的一部分”和后面的“50%或更多”，可以判断这里画线词是“构成”之意，故选A项。]
6．Frm the third paragraph, we can learn ．
A．bdy language is mre imprtant than spken language
B．hw t use bdy language
C．bdy language is very useful
D．bdy language is very impressive
C [段落大意题。本段主要通过举例说明了身体语言的各种用途和功能，因此C项为最佳选项。]
7．Paragraph 4 mainly tells us f bdy language.
A．the definitin B．the histry
C．the mystery D．the imprtance
A [段落大意题。从第四段可看出作者主要介绍了bdy language的含义，故A项正确。]
8．Which f the fllwing is NOT true abut bdy language?
A．It is a part f cmmunicatin.
B．It helps us cmmunicate mre effectively.
C．It smetimes tells mre than spken language.
D．It's nly needed when we have nthing t say.
D [细节理解题。根据第四段作者对bdy language的定义可知，身体语言有时候可替代口头语言或伴随着口头语言，故D项表述有误。]
C
During a visit t Australia，frmer President Gerge W．Bush tried t signal a peace sign by waving the tw fingers r V­sign at the crwd.Yu may think f this as a simple gesture, but he made a big mistake.Instead f his palm facing utwards，it faced inwards.In Australia，it means “g t hell”！Therefre，it is very imprtant t understand the meanings f hand gestures in different cultures befre yu travel t different cuntries.
The dg call
The dg call is a gesture where yu curl yur index finger(食指)and call smene twards yu.It is acceptable in America and England.This gesture is cnsidered rude in many Asian cuntries such as Japan.In Singapre this gesture means death.D nt use this hand gesture in the Philippines because this hand gesture is t be used nly fr dgs there.
The mutza
While talking t a friend，yu may pen yur palm and stretch ut yur fingers.But it is a traditinal gesture f insult(侮辱)amng Greeks.It means that yu are thrusting yur hand in the face f the ppsite persn.This suggests that yu are asking the persn t leave yu alne.In America, it means “talk t the hand”, which basically means “I'm nt listening t yu”．
The fig
The fig is a gesture that is indicated by a fist.The thumb is seen pking ut f the index and middle fingers.This is a gd hand gesture in different cultures，as it indicates gd luck.Hwever, the fig is a very ffensive(冒犯的)gesture t the Italians and Turks.
The clenched fist
One f the aggressive(挑衅的)hand gestures is the clenched(紧握的)fist.This means ne is trying t pick a fight r trying t warn the ppsite persn t back ff.In Asian cuntries，a clenched fist will surely land yu int a fist fight.
【语篇解读】 手势语是一个民族文化的组成部分，当你计划出国旅游时最好对其做一点了解，以避免误解和尴尬。
9．The writer mentined Gerge W．Bush in Paragraph 1 in rder t ．
A．prve everyne can use wrng hand gestures
B．tell us the imprtance f wrld peace
C．lead t the tpic f the passage
D．intrduce a peace sign
C [目的意图题。文章主要是关于手势语的，文章第一段提到布什在澳大利亚的行为只是为了引出下文，故选C。]
10．Which f the fllwing gestures wn't make Americans angry but will make peple in the Philippines angry?
C [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It is acceptable in America and England.”可知, the dg call 在美国是可以使用的，但在菲律宾，这个手势只对狗使用，故选C。]
11．In America，if yu want t stp smene frm ging n talking，yu can use the gesture f ．
A．the dg call B．the mutza
C．the fig D．the clenched fist
B [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In America, it means ‘talk t the hand’，which basically means ‘I'm nt listening t yu’．”可知，the mutza这个手势在美国可以用来阻止别人继续说下去。]
12．What d we knw abut the hand gesture f the fig?
A．It is nt a friendly gesture in Italy r Turkey.
B．It is a very ffensive hand gesture in mst cuntries.
C．In mst Asian cuntries it can easily lead t a fist fight.
D．It indicates gd luck in all cultures arund the wrld.
A [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Hwever，the fig is a very ffensive(冒犯的) gesture t the Italians and Turks.”可知，the fig这个手势在意大利和土耳其具有冒犯意味。]
D
With s many peple in the wrld telling us we can't succeed, we need t hear peple telling us we can.I remember my high schl English teacher telling me nt t apply t Crnell University because they wuldn't accept me, and even if they did, I wuldn't be able t d the wrk.I almst didn't apply, but a few days later I saw Ivan Gldfarb, a frmer teacher, in the hallway and asked him abut Crnell.He said, “Yu can d it.” His wrds made all the difference.I applied and was accepted.
T ften we think it's ur rle t inject a dse f “reality” int smene's life.We think it's ur jb t prtect peple frm the pain f failure and defeat.We think we must pint ut hw bad the ecnmy is and hw hrrible the jb market is.
There are enugh pessimists and “realists” in the wrld.The wrld desn't need mre impssible thinkers.The wrld needs mre peple t speak int the hearts f thers and say “I believe in yu” r “Fllw yur passin and live yur purpse”．
When it cmes t encuragement, I knw that all f us lve wrking fr and with peple wh bring ut the best in us.We lve being arund peple wh uplift us and make us feel great.And while we'll always remember the negative peple wh tld us we culdn't achieve smething, we will always cherish and hld a special place in ur heart fr thse wh encuraged us.
Tday I want t encurage yu t encurage thers.S ften the difference between success and failure is belief.And s ften that belief is instilled in us by smene wh encuraged us.Be that persn wh instills a psitive belief in smene wh needs t hear yur encuraging wrds.Uplift smene wh is feeling dwn.Share encuragement.It matters and we all need it.
【语篇解读】 作者向我们阐述了鼓励的重要性，因此建议我们多鼓励别人。
13．What is the writer's purpse in writing this passage?
A．T teach the skills f encuraging ther peple.
B．T share an experience f being encuraged.
C．T explain why we need t be encuraged.
D．T advise us t encurage ther peple.
D [作者意图题。根据末段的“Tday I want t encurage yu t encurage thers.”可知，作者想鼓励我们多去鼓励他人，故选D。]
14．We can infer that the underlined wrd “pessimists” prbably refers t peple wh ．
A．live a happy life
B．like encuraging ther peple
C．have a negative attitude tward life
D．dn't like dealing with ther peple
C [推理判断题。根据后文的“The wrld desn't need mre impssible thinkers.”可知，这里是说这个世界上已经有足够的这种“思想消极的人”了。]
15．What des the writer emphasize in terms f achieving success in the last paragraph?
A．Belief. B．Hard wrk.
C．Skills. D．Help frm thers.
A [细节理解题。根据末段的“S ften the difference between success and failure is belief.And s ften that belief ...”可知，作者强调了“信念”对取得成功的重要性。]
第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Finland is a small cuntry f just 5.3 millin peple，but ver three millin saunas(桑拿浴)． 16 Finns have a sauna at least nce a week.Saunas can be fund all ver Finland: in ffices，factries，sprts centres and htels，and 2/3 f the peple have ne in their huse.
Sme f the basic rules fr using the sauna include nt eating r drinking.Als，yu can't wear any clthes r swimsuits in the sauna. 17 Men and wmen visit the sauna separately，unless they're members f the same family.
Saunas have existed fr hundreds f years in Finland.In the past，Finns dug hles in the grund and put heated stnes in them.When water was thrwn n the ht stnes，they gave ff a vapur.
18 Traditinal type is the smke sauna.We find smke saunas mstly in rural areas.They're heated with burning wd.Once the rm is ht enugh，the fire is allwed t die and the rm is ventilated (使通风) by letting the smke ut thrugh a hle in the ceiling. 19 With these，yu simply turn n an electric stve an hur befre yu want t g in.This is seen as the safest and easiest way t heat the rm.
20 Many think that they're imprtant fr yur well­being.Finns believe that the sauna can treat a number f diseases.Having a sauna is als seen as a gd way t relieve stress and tensin.
A．Nw there are several types f sauna.
B．That is t say，yu have t g naked.
C．Why are saunas s ppular in Finland?
D．Saunas play an imprtant rle in Finnish life.
E．Since then，saunas have been intrduced t Asia.
F．Hwever，the mst cmmn type is the electric sauna.
G．If yu ever visit Finland，dn't frget t have a nice，relaxing sauna.
【语篇解读】 本文为说明文。桑拿浴在芬兰人的生活中起着重要的作用，他们绝大多数人喜欢桑拿，桑拿浴遍布芬兰。文中叙述了芬兰桑拿的历史、类型及流行的原因。
16．D [根据空格前后的内容可知，芬兰有530万人口，但洗桑拿浴超过了300万。芬兰人每周至少洗一次桑拿。桑拿浴遍布芬兰，三分之二的人在家里都有桑拿浴。由此可知“桑拿浴在芬兰人的生活中起着重要的作用”，分析选项可知D项符合题意。]
17．B [根据上一句“yu can't wear any clthes r swimsuits in the sauna.”可知“桑拿房不能穿任何衣服或泳衣”，分析选项可知B项符合题意。]
18．A [本小题是全段的中心句。分析本段内容主要介绍了两种方式的桑拿类型。分析选项，A项有types f sauna的复现，且意义一致，故选A。]
19．F [根据空格后的“有了这些，你只需在想进去前一小时打开一个电炉。这被认为是最安全和最简单的取暖方式。”可知这是另一种桑拿，是用电的。分析选项可知F项符合题意。]
20．C [本小题位于段首，是中心句。根据空格后的内容“很多人认为它们对你的健康很重要。芬兰人相信桑拿可以治疗许多疾病。桑拿也是缓解压力和紧张的好方法。”可知这正是“芬兰人喜欢桑拿浴的原因”。分析选项可知C项符合题意。]
第二部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节 (共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Chris Emch was a pretty unhappy guy. He 21 years wrking as a plice fficer. After a career­ending injury，he'd pened a shp in Thusands Oaks，Califrnia，but the 22 was struggling. And nly mnths befre a Scuba(潜水)trip，he'd been diagnsed with skin cancer and had endured a 23 divrce.
In desperatin，Chris Emch jined in a grup Scuba trip t Indnesia. Abut 11 meters 24 water，he remved a brrwed earplug，causing damage t his ear drum. The injury frced Emch t 25 the Scuba trip. He 26 have packed up and gne hme. Instead，the 41­year­ld man decided t have a lk arund the 27 islands. S Emch hired a lcal 28 named Fritz t shw him arund. He was attracted by the lcal attractive sights and unique cultures .But 29 affected Emch mst was his cnversatins with Fritz.
Fritz earned abut $140 a mnth，lived in a 30 huse and tk n dd jbs t prvide fr his wife and sn. But Emch realized that Fritz was 31 ．Emch tld Fritz that he wanted t see his family，s ff they went t Fritz's hme. Emch met Fritz's family members. He sipped sweet tea and chatted with them. They lked cntent thugh they were pr.
“I had everything I culd ever want and still 32 all the time，” he said.“I realized hw happy my life was and hw 33 I was t have the life I had been given.”
Frm that pint n，Emch had a new 34 n life. “Things taste better and things smell better nw，” he said. He always tries t see the gd aspect in peple and he has becme cnfident and cheerful again.
“Travel truly 35 my life，” he said.“Cmpared t wh I was a year ag，sme f my clsest friends dn't recgnize wh I am any mre.”
【语篇解读】 本文为记叙文。遭受到一连串的挫折之后的Chris Emch 变得消沉，闷闷不乐。一次旅游彻底改变了他的人生态度，他重新获得了自信和乐观。
21．A. wasted B．paid
C．cst D．spent
D [spend time in ding sth.意为“花费时间做某事”，此处是指“他当了几年警察”。]
22．A. service B．affair
C．business D．matter
C [分析语境“he'd pened a shp”可知，此处是指“小店的生意不太好”，business “生意”符合语境。]
23．A. painful B．smth
C．wnderful D．changeable
A [根据单词“divrce”的意思为“离婚”，可知此处是指“后来，他又经历了一次痛苦的离婚”。]
24．A. beynd B．under
C．abve D．dwn
B [根据前面的内容可知, “他参加了潜水团体旅游”，故可判断这里指“约水下11米”。]
25．A. watch ut fr B．give in t
C．put up with D．drp ut f
D [此处是指“受伤使Emch被迫退出了潜水之旅”。]
26．A. culd B．shuld
C．shall D．wuld
A [由后文可知他没有回家，故此处意为：他本来可以收拾行李回家(而没有回家)，分析语境可知A符合题意。]
27．A. striking B．surrunding
C．rising D．drpping
B [根据语境可知“他想看一看附近的岛屿”。]
28．A. guard B．fisherman
C．sailr D．guide
D [由后面 “t shw him arund” 可知，他雇请了当地的一位导游(guide)。]
29．A. that B．which
C．hw D．what
D [分析句子可知，本句为主语从句。从句中缺少主语，所以用what。]
30．A. fashinable B．big
C．shabby D．mdern
C [由空格前后内容“Fritz earned abut $140 a tk n dd jbs t prvide fr his wife and sn.”可推知，Fritz 薪水少，做零工来养活妻儿，可推断出他居住的条件不好，应当是住在一所破旧的(shabby)房子里。]
31．A.happy B．pr
C．sad D．friendly
A [由前文的转折连词“but”以及后文 “They lked cntent thugh they were pr.”可推断出，他意识到Fritz过得很幸福。]
32．A. lied B．chatted
C．struggled D．cmplained
D [根据转折词“still”可知，此处是指“我已经拥有了我想要的一切，仍然一直抱怨(cmplain)”。]
33．A. lucky B．regretful
C．srry D．hpeful
A [此处是指“过上这种幸福生活，我应该感到幸运(lucky)”。]
34．A.attitude B．sense
C．view D．expressin
C [根据语境可知，此处是指“从那时起，Emch对生活有了新的看法”。view 在此是“看法，观点”之意，符合语境。]
35．A. changed B．ruined
C．enriched D．influenced
A [根据上文的语境可知，Emch对生活的态度发生了变化，所以才说“旅行真正改变了我的生活”。]
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
New research has fund that eating regular balanced meals is mre effective in managing a healthy weight 41.________ dieting.
Carried ut by researchers at the University f Helsinki，the study lked at 2，452 wmen and 2，227 men，wh 42.________ (ask) t answer surveys which lked at factrs influencing weight changes at age 24，and ten years later at age 34.
The researchers fund amng bth men 43.________ wmen，irregular eating and dieting in rder t lse weight were tw f the main factrs that led t weight increasing.A wman's risk f putting n weight was als increased by giving birth t tw r mre 44.________ (child)，regularly drinking sugary drinks and feeling 45.________ (disappint) with life.Fr men，smking was anther imprtant factr fr putting n weight.
46．________(usual)，peple try t prevent verweight by dieting. In the lng term，it seems t make peple 47.________ (get) fatter，rather than prevent it.
Besides eating regularly and aviding diets，physical activity was a main factr in 48.________ (help) t prtect wmen frm putting n weight，while fr men a higher level f 49.________ (educate) and having a greater weight at the beginning f the study appeared t have a prtective effect.
The researchers suggested that thse 50.________ want t keep a healthy weight lng-term shuld nw cnsider eating regular meals.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了规律平衡的饮食比节食更能有效地保持健康的体重。
41．than [考查介词。句意：规律平衡的饮食比节食更能有效地保持健康的体重。文中含有比较的意思，故填than。]
42．were asked [考查一般过去时的被动语态。设空处前的wh指代2，452 wmen and 2，227 men，此处表示“他们被要求完成问卷”，应用被动语态，由主句的时态可知，此处应用一般过去时，故填were asked。]
43．and [考查连词。 意为“……和……都”，故填and。]
44．children [考查名词复数。设空处作宾语，因为child是可数名词，且其前有tw r mre，用名词复数，故填children。]
45．disappinted [考查形容词作表语的用法。设空处作表语，说明主语wman的状态，表示“失望的”，故填形容词disappinted。]
46．Usually [考查副词。设空处作状语，修饰后面整个句子，表示“通常”，故填副词Usually。]
47．get [考查固定句型。make sb.d sth.意为“使某人做某事”。]
48．helping [考查v.­ing形式作宾语的用法。设空处作介词in的宾语，用v.­ing形式，故填helping。]
49．educatin [考查名词。设空处作主语，表示“教育”，故填名词educatin。]
50．wh/that [考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句修饰thse，且在从句中作主语，由语境可知，thse在此指代peple，故填wh/that。]
第三部分 写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
假设你是李华。你班同学Bb在交通事故中受伤，你和其他同学都感到很难过。同学们决定让你代表全班给Bb写一封慰问信，祝他早日康复。内容如下：
1．星期五下午代表全班去看望他；
2．让他不要担心学习；
3．如果有什么需要，请他告知。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．信的格式已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：n behalf f代表
Dear Bb，





Yurs sincerely，
Li Hua
[参考范文]
Dear Bb，
We were just tld abut the accident yu had. I’m srry t hear abut it and ur ther classmates are all sad abut the news. I’m ging t see yu n behalf f ur class n this Friday afternn.
I will bring yu a cuple f bks yu will enjy. We will help yu t catch up in schl as sn as yu are ut f hspital. If there is anything else we can d fr yu, please let me knw.
Dn't wrry abut yur studies. We d hpe that yu will nt be t sad in bed and that yu will recver sn.
Yurs sincerely，
Li Hua
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Des handwriting matter? Nt very much，accrding t many educatrs. Hwever，scientists say it is far t sn t declare handwriting is nt imprtant. New evidence suggests that the link between handwriting and educatinal develpment is deep.
Children nt nly learn t read mre quickly when they first learn t write by hand，but they are als better able t create ideas and remember infrmatin. In ther wrds，it's nt nly what we write that matters—but hw.
A study led by Karin James，a psychlgist(心理学家) at Indiana University，gave supprt t that view. A grup f children，wh had nt learned t read and write，were ffered a letter r a shape n a card and asked t cpy it in ne f three ways: draw the image n a page but with a dtted utline(虚线)，draw it n a piece f blank white paper，r type it n a cmputer. Then the researchers put the children in a brain scanner and shwed them the image again.
It was fund that when children had drawn a letter freehand withut a dtted utline r a cmputer，the activity in three areas f the brain was increased. These three areas wrk actively in adults when they read and write. On the cntrary，children wh chse the ther tw ways shwed n such effect. Dr.James attributes the differences t the prcess f free handwriting：nt nly must we first plan and take actin in a way but we are als likely t prduce a result that is variable. Thse are nt necessary when we have an utline.
It's time fr educatrs t change their minds and pay mre attentin t children's handwriting.



[参考范文]
The passage tells us that handwriting is imprtant fr children. A new study suggests that handwriting can imprve the ability f reading and writing，and als help the brain t carry ut creative thinking and strage f infrmatin. S the educatrs shuld change their minds and pay mre attentin t children's handwriting.