高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists导学案

Unit 1　Science and Scientists Reading and Thinking

【词汇知识·自主学习】

Ⅰ. 根据语境写出正确的单词

1. cause severe diarrhoea　　　　　 引起严重的腹泻

2. become frustrated      变得沮丧

3. two contradictory theories    两种相互矛盾的理论

4. an infection from germs    感染了细菌

5. need proof        需要证据

6. multiple deaths       很多人死亡

7. many poor households     很多贫困家庭

8. suspect him of theft     怀疑他盗窃

9. through this intervention    通过这种干预

10. raw waste        未经处理的废弃物

11. pure water        纯净水

12. a substantial decrease    大幅降低

13. use of maps and statistics    地图和统计数据的使用

14. transform the way     改变方式

Ⅱ. 根据语境选择恰当的介、副词填空

1. Many of the local children have died from the disease.

2. They moved to a larger farm and in time made it over to Francis.

3. If we do not attend to the problem, it will certainly grow.

4. The problem must be solved once and for all,  without leaving any loose end.

5. She had a confused idea of life in general.

6. The government tried to find out how the disaster happened.

7. As a result,  the bad thing has been turned into a good one.

8. Thanks to mobile libraries,  these people can still borrow books.

Ⅲ. 根据课文及汉语提示补全句子

1. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe (非常严重) that more than 500 people died in ten days.  

2. It seemed that (似乎)the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered (让人送水)to her house every day.  

3. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that (为了)it could not be used.  

因此, 他把水泵的把手拿掉了, 使它不能再用。

4. The people who drank this water were much more likely to (很可能) get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.  

5. Moreover,  in his use of maps and statistics,  Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases (科学家研究疾病的方式).  

根据给出的构词规则写出下列单词

1. –ion 常用于动词之后构成名词。

infect v. →infection n. 感染

select v. →selection n. 挑选

elect v. →election n. 选举

collect v. →collection n. 收集

2. v. +to构成动词短语, 在句中作谓语。

subscribe to同意; 赞同

object to反对

admit to 承认

contribute to对……作贡献, 有助于

【阅读精析·合作学习】

　Task 1　框架宏观建构: 整体理解 

Skim the passage and fill in the blanks

Task 2　文本微观剖析:  细节探究 

1. Choose the best answer.

(1)According to John Snow’s view, 　　　.  

A. Queen Victoria suffered a lot from bad health

B. a cure had been found for cholera before his time

C. cholera’s cause had to be discovered in order to control it

D. thousands of terrified people knew what they should do

(2)Which of the following theories did John Snow believe?

A. A cloud of dangerous gas would float around until it found its victims.

B. People absorbed cholera into their bodies with their meals.

C. People got infected with cholera because of polluted air.

D. People suffered from cholera because they were not clean.

(3)After he made further investigations, John Snow found　　　.  

A. cholera multiplied in the air

B. people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals

C. the water from the polluted river was to blame

D. flies spread the disease

(4)How did John Snow find out the cause of the disease?

A. By living in the area where cholera broke out.

B. By marking a map where all the dead people had lived.

C. By telling the terrified people how to prevent it.

D. By saving the dying people suffering from cholera.

(5)How was “King Cholera” defeated?

A. By not polluting the river again.

B. By eating healthy diets.

C. By delivering the water from other rivers.

D. By stopping drinking the polluted water.

答案: (1)～(5)CBCBD

2. Reread the passage and fill in the blanks.

3. Long sentence analysis.

(1)Cholera(主语) used to be (谓语)one of the most feared diseases in the world,  until a British doctor,  John Snow,  showed (how it could be overcome)(宾语从句). (时间状语) 

译文: 霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一, 直到英国医生约翰·斯诺展示了如何攻克它。

(2) As a young doctor(状语),  John Snow (主语)became frustrated(谓语) because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera(原因状语).  

译文: 作为一名年轻的医生, 约翰·斯诺变得沮丧, 因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。

(3)In time(状语),  he(主语)rose(谓语) to become a famous doctor,  and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth(时间状语).  

译文: 最终, 他成了名医, 甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时还照料过她。

(4)Snow (主语)began(谓语) by marking on a map the exact places where all those (who died)(定语从句) had lived(定语从句).  

译文: 斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者曾经生活过的准确地点。

　Task 3　阅读思维升华: 主题实践 

1. How did Snow defeat cholera?  (Divergent Thinking发散性思维)

Firstly,  he subscribed to the second theory.  

Secondly,  he began to investigate to collect proof.  

Thirdly,  he marked on a map the exact places where people who died had lived.  

Fourthly,  he looked into the source of the water and found that it came from the polluted river.  

Finally,  the source of water was examined and cholera was controlled.  

2. What do John Snow and Zhong Nanshan have in common? (Critical Thinking批判性思维)

They are wise and resolute to overcome difficulties by using scientific methods. They treat the sick with love and kindness.  

3. What can we learn from Snow when facing epidemic? (Creative Thinking创造性思维)

When facing an epidemic,  we should find the cause of it,  cut off the transmission route of the virus,  develop vaccines and find the cure for it.  

【要点精研·探究学习】

1. frustrated adj. 懊恼的; 沮丧的; 失意的

*The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out. 

恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。

*What made him frustrated was that his son was infected with the flu virus.

令他懊恼的是, 他的儿子感染了流感病毒。

*Several more days went by and the youth’s feelings of frustration increased.

几天过去了, 年轻人的挫折感更强了。

*He found that watching the movie was frustrating because the ending was so bad.

他发现看这部电影是令人沮丧的, 因为结局太悲伤了。

【导图理词】 feel frustrated at/with 对……感到沮丧/懊恼

When you are cool,  poised and frustrated. 得意时淡然, 失意时泰然。

语法填空

(1)My camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated (frustrate).

(2)Finding your first job can be both a rewarding and frustrating (frustrate) experience.

(3)I was close to tears with frustration (frustrate),  but I held back.

2. subscribe vi. 认购(股份); 定期订购; 定期交纳(会费)

*Snow subscribed to the second theory.

斯诺赞同第二种理论。

*There are multiple magazines and you can subscribe to the ones that you are interested in.  

有很多种杂志, 你可以订阅你感兴趣的。

*I subscribe to a few favourite charities.

我定期向几个中意的慈善机构捐款。

【词块积累】

(1)subscribe to　　　　 同意, 赞同; 订购

(2)subscriber    n. 订阅人, 订购者; 定期捐款者

subscribe to意为“同意, 赞成”时, to为介词, 后常跟view,  belief,  theory等名词作宾语。

【巧学助记】

Our monitor put forward a suggestion that our class should subscribe to some magazines and the head teacher subscribed to his suggestion.

我们班长提出了我们应该订购一些杂志的建议, 班主任同意了他的建议。

(1)My main reason for subscribing to New Scientist is to keep abreast of advances in science.  

我订阅《新科学家》主要是为了了解科学的最新进展。

(2)Write away now for the free album offered to every new subscriber.  

请速来信订阅, 每位新订阅者可获取免费画册一本。

3. suspect vt. &vi. 怀疑; 疑有; 不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人; 可疑对象

*(2020·天津高考)He pulls out a special device,  points it at the suspect,  and switches it on.

他拿出一个特殊的装置, 指向嫌疑人, 然后把它打开。

*Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.

斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。

*They all suspected the man with a moustache to be a player.

他们都猜测留着胡子的那个人是个运动员。

【词块积累】

 (1)suspect that. . . 　　　　 怀疑/认为……(尤指坏事可能属实或发生)

suspect sb. to be. . .     怀疑某人是……

suspect sb. of (doing) sth.   怀疑某人(做过)某事

(2)a murder suspect     杀人嫌疑犯

the main/prime suspect    首要嫌疑人

【熟词生义】

Some of the proof they produced was highly suspect.

他们出示的证据中有些相当不可靠。(adj. 不可靠的)

　　有些单词词性不同, 发音不同。作名词时重音在前, 作动词时重音在后, 即“名前动后”。

The suspect is not used,  not doubt. 疑则勿用, 用则不疑。

语法填空

(1)The man was suspected of committing(commit) severe crime.

(2)She suspected (suspect) that one of her three daughters had picked the diamond ring up,  but the girls said they hadn’t.

(3)We suspected the man to be (be)a cheat at first but it turned out an outstanding astronomer.  

(4)The man, suspected (suspect) of casting stones at the car,  was arrested by the police.  

4. blame vt. 把……归咎于; 责怪; 指责 n. 责备; 指责

*She doesn’t blame anyone for her father’s injury.

她没把她父亲的受伤归咎于任何人。

*Police blamed the accident on dangerous driving.

警方把事故原因归咎于危险驾驶。

*Which driver was to blame for the severe accident?

哪位司机对此次严重事故负有责任?

*The institute will have to take the blame for the wrong statistics.

这个机构将不得不对错误的统计数字负责。

【词块积累】

(1)blame sb. for (doing) sth.  因(做)某事责备某人

blame sth. on. . .      把某事归咎于……

be to blame(for sth. )    (对某事)负有责任

(2)take the blame for    对……承担责任

put/lay/place the blame for sth. on. . .  把某事归咎于……

Bad workmen often blame their tools. 拙匠常怪工具差。(比喻一个人水平不足, 却要怪别的、外界的、客观的因素。)

语法填空

(1)Tom’s colleague blamed the failure of the business talk on him.

= Tom’s colleague blamed him for the failure of the business talk.

(2) This is not his fault. I am to blame(blame)for not having made the whole thing clear to him.  

5. link n. 联系; 纽带 vt. 把……连接起来; 相关联

*Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.

此外, 斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。

*Fingerprints linked the suspect to the case.

指纹表明这个嫌疑犯同案件有关系。

*There is convincing proof that skin cancer is linked to exposure to the sun.

有充分的证据表明皮肤癌和阳光暴晒有关系。

【词块积累】

 (1)a link between. . . (and. . . )　 ……(和……)之间的连接(联系)

(2)link A to/with B　　　　　  将A与B联系/连接起来

link up (with sb. /sth. )    (与某人/某物)连接, 结合

be linked to/with. . .      与……有联系/有关

　　　　　　【知识延伸】

表示“将……和……连接起来”的短语还有:

connect. . . with/to. . . ; join. . . to

【熟词生义】

(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Linking arms with one of the instructors,  I helped carry the young man out of the water. (link vt. 挽住)

我和一个指导员手挽手, 帮忙把那个年轻人抬出了水面。

语法填空

(1)Police suspected there may be a link between the two murders.

(2)The video cameras are linked (link)to a powerful computer.

(3)The Channel Tunnel links Britain with/to the rest of Europe.

(4)The relationships you are developing now will probably be linked (link)to the ones you value later.  

6. decrease n. 减少; 降低; 减少量 vt. & vi. (使大小、数量等)减少; 减小; 降低

*Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.

通过斯诺的不懈努力, 供水公司开始销售清洁水, 世界各地的霍乱威胁也大幅减少了。

*There has been a decrease in traffic accidents.

交通事故减少了。

*The charge for transportation is on the decrease because of lower fuel costs.

由于更低的燃料花费, 运输费用在降低。

【词块积累】

(1)decrease(from. . . )to (从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)

decrease by     减少了……(表示减少的量)

decrease in     在……方面减少

(2)a decrease in. . .   ……的减少

on the decrease   在减少

　　　　　　【知识延伸】

People who don’t want to climb tend to decrease.

不想往上爬的人容易往下降。

根据语境用适当的介词填空

(1)It is said that the average house prices may decrease by 3% next year because of the intervention of the government.  

(2)The sales of this product have decreased from five million to three million.  

(3)A local newspaper remarks that crime is on the decrease.

7. thanks to幸亏, 由于

*Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow.

幸运的是, 由于约翰·斯诺的工作, 我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。

*Thanks to recent research,  vaccines against the flu virus are available.

多亏近来的研究, 才有了抵抗流感病毒的疫苗。

*Owing to/Due to bad weather,  the next flight will be cancelled.

由于天气恶劣, 下一航班将被取消。

　　　　　　【知识延伸】

表示“因为, 由于”的其他短语:

语法填空

(1) Owing (owe)to the help from his comrades,  he has made rapid progress.  

(2)Thanks to his help, I finished my work on time.

(3)His school work is suffering because of family problems.

(4)On account of his illness,  he was never left alone.

8. transform vt. 使改观; 使改变形态 vi. 改变; 转变

*A new colour scheme will transform your bedroom. 

新的色彩调配将使你的卧室焕然一新。

*(2020·浙江高考)I learned a lot about how to extend the life of objects and transform them into something new and useful.

我学到了很多关于如何延伸事物的生命并将它们转化为新的和有用的东西。

*China’s plan to transform Hainan into a free trade port is expected to spur local consumption and enhance competitiveness of duty-free products.

中国计划把海南变成自由贸易港的方案有望刺激当地消费, 提高免税产品的竞争力。

【词块积累】

transform. . . into. . . 　　　 把……变成……

transformation     n. 改变; 改观

语法填空

(1)The magician transformed the handkerchief into a bird.

(2)There was a noticeable transformation (transform) in his appearance.

(3)Life in Britain was transformed(transform) by the appearance of the steam engine in the past.  

9. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现在两个街道上霍乱传播得如此厉害, 以至于10天之内就有500多人失去了生命。

【句式解构】

(1)so. . . that. . . 意为“如此……以至于……”, 引导结果状语从句, 此结构中so为副词, 后面跟形容词或副词。其结构为:

(2)such. . . that作“如此……以至于”, 连接一个表示结果的状语从句时, 与so. . . that意思相同, 但用法不同。such后边要跟名词(这个名词前面可以带形容词, 也可以不带), such. . . that的句型结构可分以下三种:

(3)当so或such位于句首时, 主句应用部分倒装形式。

*(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.

食物如此美味, 你不需要吃太多就能感到高兴。

*This is such a solid object that it is hard to break it up.  

这是一个很坚实的物体, 很难打碎它。

*So severe was the situation at that time that they had to take urgent measures.

当时情况如此严重, 以至于他们不得不采取紧急措施。

(1)so. . . that引导结果状语从句

(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句, 也可引导结果状语从句。

(1)语法填空

①(2020·天津高考) It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person.

②There were so many cars on the road that I couldn’t get through.

③This is such an abstract problem that none can understand it without effort.

(2)一句多译

她是一个如此聪明的姑娘, 我们都喜欢她。

①She is so brilliant a girl that we all like her. (so. . . that) 

②She is such a brilliant girl that we all like her. (such. . . that) 

③So brilliant a girl is she that we all like her. (so. . . that倒装) 

④Such a brilliant girl is she that we all like her. (such. . . that倒装) 

【要点拾遗】

1. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的; 对立的, 不一致的

*In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread.

总的来说, 当时的医生对霍乱是如何传播的有两种相互矛盾的解释。

*We are faced with two apparently contradictory concepts.

我们正面临着两个明显矛盾的概念。

*(2018·江苏高考)But the information I got was rich and varied,  or even contradictory.

但是我获得的信息是丰富的、多样的甚至相反的。

【词块积累】

be contradictory to　　　　　与……矛盾/对立

(1)The witness to the accident provided some contradictory proof.  

这起事故的目击者提供了一些相互矛盾的证据。

(2)The two issues are closely related,  but contradictory to each other as well.  

这两个问题息息相关, 却又互相矛盾。

2. handle n. 把手; 拉手; 柄 vt. 处理; 搬动; 操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)

*Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.

因此, 他把水泵的把手拿掉了, 这样水泵就不能用了。

*The police are expert at handling situations like this.

警察处理这类情况很内行。

*The pilot knows how to handle a plane.

飞行员知道如何操作飞机。

*The suspect said he had never handled a gun before.

嫌疑人说他以前从未碰过枪。

语法填空

(1)They have the confidence and ability to handle (handle) the important matter well.  

(2)The salesgirl is very good at handling (handle) difficult customers, which pleases the manager very much.

3. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.  

此外, 斯诺利用地图和统计数据改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。

【句式解构】

本句是主从复合句。scientists study diseases是定语从句, 修饰 the way, 从句省略了关系词 that 或 in which。

*You could tell she was foreign by the way she dressed.

从她的穿着就可以看出她是外国人。

*5G will surely change the way people work and live.

5G将会改变人们的工作和生活方式。

(1)way表示“方式; 方法”时, 其后常接in which或that引导的定语从句, 也可以将关系词in which或that省略掉, 此时关系词在从句中作状语。

(2)way后接定语从句时, 如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语, 则用关系代词that/which, 作宾语时还可以省略。

(3)way表示“方式; 方法”时, 其后还可接不定式或of doing sth. 的形式。

(1)However,  on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.  

然而, 在电视和收音机里你会听到人们说话方式的不同。

(2)Something that happens in your daily life will change the way you look at the world and the people in it.  

日常生活中发生的事情会改变你看待世界和世人的方式。

【拓视野·观天下】

1. Republic of Korea’s population fell year-on-year for the first time in 2020,  census data showed Sunday,  with a record low number of births getting surpassed by deaths to cause a natural decrease.

周日公布的人口普查数据显示, 2020年韩国首次出现人口负增长, 死亡人口数超过新生人口数, 新生人口数创历史新低。

2. Up to 85 percent of the Chinese population will subscribe to mobile services by 2025,  while 88 percent of those subscribers will have smartphones.

到2025年, 高达85%的中国人口将订阅移动服务, 而其中88%的用户将拥有智能手机。

3. More than 90 percent of China’s energy is supplied by state-owned enterprises. They need to transform from traditional energy to new energy.

中国90%以上的能源由国有企业供应。他们需要从传统能源转变为新能源。

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