2020新课标高考牛津版英语第一轮总复习讲义：第2部分第五讲　非谓语动词

第五讲　非谓语动词非谓语动词是语法填空及短文改错的核心考点，是写作中的增分点。“情景化”和“角度多样化”是命题的切入点。其中，非谓语动词作状语、定语是主要考查方向。受语法填空及短文改错题型的限制，对非谓语动词的基本用法考查是主要考点。另外，需要关注非谓语动词作某一句子成分时的特殊情况及特殊结构。命题趋势：1.动词­ing 是考查的重点，过去分词、不定式是常考点；2．非谓语动词作宾语是考查重点，作状语、定语、补语、表语、主语是常考点。考点一　非谓语动词作状语1．动词不定式作状语①Since the plants took a while to grow，he started cutting down trees to sell the wood.因为这些植物需要一段时间才能长大，所以他就开始砍树并卖掉木材。②To succeed，one must first of all believe in himself.要想成功，首先必须相信自己。③We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已开走了。④You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。⑤The chair looks rather hard，but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。[规律总结]1．动词不定式可以用作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。2．only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。3．形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。4．在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。2．分词作状语①One evening Harry phoned me，asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他家。②Having lived in New York for years，I know each part of it very well.由于住在纽约多年，我对这里的每一处都很熟悉。③Having been ignored for a long time，the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.因长时间被忽视，这个坐在后面的男孩感到枯燥就出去了。④Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。⑤Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。[规律总结]1．作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。2．如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)。3．若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)。4．若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。5．如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。3．独立成分作状语①The idea “happiness”， to be sure, will not sit still for easy definition.诚然，给“幸福”这一概念下定义远非易事。②Generally speaking，the family，not the school，plays the primary role in educating children for life.一般来讲，在孩子的终身教育中起着主要作用的是家庭而不是学校。③Considering your health，you'd better have a rest.考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。[规律总结]有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking 一般来说；frankly speaking 坦白地说；judging from/by 根据……来判断；considering…/taking…into consideration 考虑到……；to tell you the truth 说实话；seeing 鉴于/由于……；supposing 假设，如果；assuming 假使；given 考虑到，鉴于；provided(that…) 如果。考点二　非谓语动词作宾语①She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。②Parents should pay attention to the cases where their children have difficulty (in) adapting to new surroundings.当孩子们对新环境不适应时，父母们应多加关注。③What a poor memory！I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.But today I forgot to return the money to him.多么差的记忆力！昨天我忘了向他借过钱，但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。④They could not afford to spoil those maps by careless colouring.若是上色的时候不小心弄坏了那些地图，他们可承担不起。[规律总结]1．下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish；refuse，manage，care，pretend；offer，promise，choose，plan；agree，ask/beg，help。此外，afford，strive，happen，wait，threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。2．下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon；admit，delay/put off，fancy(想象，设想)；avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice；deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate；forbid，imagine，risk；can't help(禁不住)，mind，allow/permit，escape。 3．be used/accustomed to，lead to，devote to，go back to，stick to，object to，get down to，pay attention to，can't stand(无法忍受)，give up，feel like，insist on，thank…for，apologize for，be busy(in)，have difficulty/trouble (in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)，spend time (in)等短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语。4．下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：forgetregrettrygo onremembermean考点三　非谓语动词作宾补①I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.我抬头看，注意到一条蛇正沿树蜿蜒而上，捕捉它的早餐。②(2016·厦门市高三质检)The manager put up a notice to keep the staff informed of what to do next week.经理张贴了一张告示，通知职员们下个星期做什么。③He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry.他让灯亮了一整晚，这使他父母很生气。④Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.亚历山大试图使他的工作在医学界被认可。[规律总结]1．感官动词(词组)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例：see＋宾语＋2．使役动词make，let，get，have后加复合宾语的情况：(1)make＋宾语＋(2)let＋宾语＋(3)get＋宾语＋(4)have＋宾语＋3．have还可用于have sth.to do/to be done结构，该结构中have作“有”讲，不定式作定语。I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term.这个学期结束前，我有很多阅读要完成。考点四　非谓语动词作定语①Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mail waiting for her.劳拉去巴黎待了一周多的时间。当她返回家的时候，有一大堆邮件等着她(处理)。②Tsinghua University，founded in 1911，is home to a great number of outstanding figures.建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。③His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.他下个月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。[规律总结]1．现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主动关系，表示该动作主动进行。2．过去分词(短语)作定语与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作被动完成。3．不定式作定语表示未做的事情。4．表示心理状态的动词­ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词­ed形式，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名词。考点五　非谓语动词作主语和表语①Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.聆听别人对你刚才所读的书的反应会增加额外的乐趣。②It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)③To complete the 30­storied building in one year was quite a difficult task.要在一年内建成这栋30层的建筑是一项很难的任务。④The queen's work is laying eggs.蚁后的工作就是产卵。⑤His ambition is to go to Harvard University.他的梦想就是上哈佛大学。[规律总结]1．不定式、动名词都可作主语，但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。2．下列句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was＋＋doing sth.3．动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质或特征；不定式作表语时。说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。考点六　with的复合结构①With so much work to do，I have no time for a holiday.有这么多工作要做，我没有时间休假。②We found the house easily with the little boy leading the way.在这个小男孩的引领下，我们很轻易地找到了这个房子。(现在分词表示主动动作，即分词所表示的动作是由with后的宾语发出来的)③With all the things she needed bought，she went home happily.她高兴地回家了，带着她买的所有需要的物品。(过去分词表示被动，with后面的宾语与过去分词之间是被动关系)[规律总结]with复合结构常用形式withⅠ.单句语法填空1．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) You don't have to run fast or for long ________ (see)the benefit.You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________ (die) early by running.2．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ________ (improve) water quality.3．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ) I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ________ (challenge)．4．(2018·高考浙江卷)I still remember ________ (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.5．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) They are required _______ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.6．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) This included digging up the road, ________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.7．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ) But unlike her school friends, 16­year­old Sarah is not spending half­term ________ (rest)．8．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.9．(2017·高考北京卷)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ________(save) their valuable time.10．(2017·高考江苏卷)Many Chinese brands, ________(develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.【答案】1.to see; dying　2.to improve　3.challenged4．visiting　5.to process　6.laying　7.resting　8.to prove9．to save　10.having developedⅡ.单句改错1．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish._____________________________________________________________2．(2015·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ)As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me._____________________________________________________________3．(2015·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud._____________________________________________________________4．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”_____________________________________________________________5．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ)When summer came，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables._____________________________________________________________【答案】1.sell→selling　2.watching→watch　3.wait→waiting　4.Turning→Turn　5.在pick前加toⅢ.语法填空ATwo dolphins race around in a big pool in Ocean Park.The smaller dolphin，Grace，shows off a few of her tricks 1.________(turn) around and waving hello to the crowd.The most 2.________(amaze) thing about her，however，is that she's even swimming at all.She doesn't have a tail.Grace lost her tail as a baby when she got 3.________(catch)up in a fish trap.When 4.________(arrive) at the Ocean Park in December 2005，she was fighting for her life.“Is she going to make it？” Her trainer，Abbey Stone，feared the worst.Grace did make it—but her tail didn't.She ended up 5.________(lose)her flukes and the lower part of her peduncle.Over the past six years，she has learned 6.________(swim)without her tail.Dolphins swim by 7.________(move) their flukes and peduncle up and down.Grace taught herself 8.________(move) another way—like a fish！She pushes herself forward through the water by moving her peduncle from side to side.Now，she has been fixed with an artificial tail.Many people travel from near and far 9.________(meet)her.10.________(see) Grace swim with her man­made tail gives people so much courage.【答案】1.turning　2.amazing　3.caught　4.arriving5．losing　6.to swim　7.moving　8.to move　9.to meet　10.SeeingBBuying books on the Internet is a great way 1.________ (save) time and money.Online bookstores offer new books and 2.________ (use) books that can save you a lot of money.What's more，they are far better 3.________ (compare) to traditional bookstores as they offer much broader kinds of books.You can either click the kind of e­books online or type the book title and get it in seconds.Another advantage of 4.________ (shop) online is that you can also read the book reviews as well as readers' reviews to get an idea whether the book is worth 5.________ (buy)．Online bookstores offer great discounts，which is a big attraction for book lovers.For book lovers，it is most important 6.________ (get) books in time.Therefore，you need to find a reliable online bookstore that will be able to provide fast deliveries.Here are some tips to use when 7.________ (select) an online bookstore.Some online bookstores are popular for fiction books; some are for non­fiction books or novels，etc.8.________ (understand) their specialization will help you get the right kinds of books in time.Check whether you will be buying the books from a third­party seller or directly from the websites.Never 9.________ (jump) at stores that offer super cheap prices，as books 10.________ (sell) at such low prices could be in very bad condition.【答案】1.to save　2.used　3.compared　4.shopping5．buying　6.to get　7.selecting　8.Understanding9．jump　10.sold