2020新课标高考牛津版英语第一轮总复习讲义：第2部分第七讲　定语从句

第七讲　定语从句定语从句无论在语法填空、短文改错还是书面表达中都是必然会涉及的考点，掌握好定语从句，对加深阅读和完形填空的篇章理解都是大有裨益的。命题趋势：考点集中在关系代词(that, which，who)及关系副词(when, where)的用法上。考点一　关系代词引导的定语从句1．who，whom，whose引导的定语从句①Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一事无成。②I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.我有很多朋友，我将寄明信片给他们。③Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。[规律总结](1)who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语或宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。(2)whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。2．that，which引导定语从句①All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都努力得多。②The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。③This is the book which you are looking for.这正是你在找的那本书。④The boy was away from home for a week，which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。⑤He talked about the people and the place that he had visited in that country.他谈到了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地方。[规律总结]1．that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，作宾语或表语时可省略。指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。2．which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。另外，which可用来指代前面句子的部分或全部内容。3．下列情况只用that不用which：①先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词；②先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰；③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词；④先行词被the only，the very(正是，恰是)，the last修饰；⑤先行词中既有人也有物；⑥在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。考点二　关系副词引导的定语从句①The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work where a good impression is a must.在日常交流中这本书对我帮助很大，尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作之中。②I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade，when I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.直到五年级我才成为一个热衷攀爬的人，在那时我登高去拿下一个卡在树枝上的风筝。③The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。④Is this the reason (that) he explained for his rudeness at the meeting?这是他解释的他在会议上无礼的原因吗？⑤They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。[规律总结]1．关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，在从句中作状语。有时可用“介词＋which”结构替换。2．当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that引导定语从句。3．当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which引导定语从句。考点三　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句①Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。②John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are his family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是他的家庭成员。③Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which (＝whose price) was very reasonable.最近我买了个古董花瓶，它的价钱很合理。④His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。[规律总结]1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。2．该结构中介词的选用(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手；①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。(2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：①在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前后可以用of which/whom。②the＋比较级或最高级前后用of which/whom等。(3)有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。考点四　as，which引导的定语从句①As everybody knows，Shakespeare is a famous writer.众所周知，莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。②Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012，which made one of the Chinese people's long­held dreams come true.莫言获得了2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。③Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.(定语从句)④Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us worked it out.(结果状语从句)上学期数学老师出了一道很难的数学试题，没有一个人能解出来。⑤I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。⑥I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。[规律总结]1．as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，正像”，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。2．as常用在下列习惯用语中：as often happens，as I remember，as is often the case，as is expected，as is known to us，as is shown等。3．which引导定语从句代指前面整句话的内容则只能位于句末。4．“such/so…that…”表示“如此……以至于……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such/so…as…”表“像……这样……”的意思，用来引导定语从句。as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。5．“the same…that…”表示同一个人或物，而“the same…as…”表示同种类的东西。考点五　way和time后接定语从句的情况①What surprised me was not what he said but the way让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。②The way他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。③It's not the first time (that) you've found yourself in this situation.你已经不是第一次陷入这种状况了。④There was a time when/during which each teacher spent an hour，one day a week，testing pupils in every subject.曾经，每个老师每周都有一天会花上一小时对学生的每门功课进行测试。[规律总结]1．在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which，that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。2．先行词time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；当先行词time作“一段时间；时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.2．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil­testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.3．(2018·高考浙江卷)Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.4．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) However, be careful not to go to extremes.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________ is not good for the health.5．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ) But Sarah, ________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.6．(2017·高考浙江卷) Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.7．(2016·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter.8．(2016·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ________ lived from roughly 551 to 479              B．C., influenced the development of chopsticks.9．(2017·高考江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.10．(2016·高考北京卷)I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.【答案】1.that/which　2.that/which　3.that/who4．which　5.who　6.where　7.when　8.who　9.whose　10.whoseⅡ.单句改错1．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) They also had a small pond, which they raised fish._____________________________________________________________2．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house._____________________________________________________________3．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ) Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments._____________________________________________________________4．(2016·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live._____________________________________________________________5．(2017·高考天津卷) My eldest son, who work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment._____________________________________________________________【答案】1.which→in which/where　2.that→which3．they→that/which　4.that→where　5.who→whoseⅢ.语法填空ADo you know the man 1.________ wrote this book? He was Jason，one of the engineers 2.________ came from Russia in the 1950s.He worked in the same factory 3.________ my father once worked.When he came to China，the first thing 4.________ he did was to visit the factory 5.________ did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason 6.________ China was so backward in it.Then he  spent every minute 7.________ he could spare to help China develop transportation.8.________ is mentioned above，Jason was a foreigner 9.________ made great contributions to our country and was a kind man to 10.________ we should say thanks.【答案】1.who　2.who　3.where　4.that　5.which/that6．why　7.that　8.As　9.who/that　10.whomBMr.Robinson，1.________ was a businessman，had to often travel somewhere.2.________ is often the case，he was in a hurry，he decided to go by air.He liked 3.________ (sit) beside a window，so when he got onto the plane，he looked for a window seat.He found all of them already taken except for one.There was a soldier 4.________ was sitting in the seat beside it.Wondering why this one not having taken，Mr.Robinson at once went towards it.When he reached it，however，Mr.Robinson saw that there was a notice 5.________ (stick) on the seat, 6.________ said，“This seat is preserved for proper load balance，thank you.” Never saw such an unusual notice in a plane before，Mr.Robinson was a little 7.________ (surprise) but he thought that the plane must be carrying something particularly heavy in it，so he walked on and found an empty seat，8.________ was not beside a window，to sit in.Two or three people tried to sit in the window seat by the soldier，but they too read the notice and went on.When the plane was nearly full，a very beautiful girl hurried into the plane.The soldier，9.________ was watching the passengers coming in，quickly took the notice off the seat and in this way succeeded in 10.________ (have) the company of the girl during the whole trip.【答案】1.who　2.As　3.sitting　4.who　5.stuck6．which　7.surprised　8.which　9.who　10.having