2020新课标高考牛津版英语第一轮总复习讲义：第2部分第四讲　动词的时态和语态

第四讲　动词的时态和语态时态是语法填空的必考内容，最常考的是一般过去时或者主语是第三人称单数的一般现在时，以及进行时和一般将来时；语态也是要考查的内容。另外，在短文改错中，时态、语态也是必考内容。在书面表达中，时态和语态的选择至关重要，如若在书面表达中适当地运用被动语态，可使句式更加多样化，有时甚至更加自然生动。命题趋势：1.以时态的考查为主，语态的考查为辅；2．在语法填空和短文改错中侧重考查一般时；3．设题根据语境中上下文的信息判断时态以及语态。考点一　一般时1．一般现在时①Yangshuo is really beautiful.阳朔景色真美。②Around two o'clock every night，Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers us.每晚两点左右，苏就开始说梦话。这使我们有点烦恼。③If you arrive，please give me a phone call.如果你到了，请给我打电话。④I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.我上小学时就知道了地球围绕太阳转。⑤Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。[规律总结]1．主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often，always，from time to time等时间状语。2．表示客观规律、事实和永恒真理。3．在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：when，until，after，before，as soon as，once，the moment/the minute，the day；if，unless，provided，so/as long as。4．用于here，there开头的倒装句中，一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。2．一般过去时①It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.我在黎明前到达阳朔，此时正下着小雨。②Could you please repeat your address？I didn't quite catch it.你能不能再重复一下你的地址？我没听清。③I felt very tired when I got home，and I went straight to bed.我到家的时候感到非常累，就直接上床睡觉了。④—Long time no see！Haven't you graduated from college?—Yes，I studied English for four years in Nanjing.“好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？”“毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。”⑤I always got up late，and never had enough time for breakfast.我总是很晚起床，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。[规律总结]1．表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday，last year，last night，the other day，just now，then，two days ago，in 1999，at that time等。2．表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。3．表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。4．在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示过去将来的动作。3．一般将来时①By the time you have finished this book，your meal will get cold.到你看完这本书的时候，饭菜就会凉了。②—Do you know Mr.Smith has come to our town?—No.I will go and visit him right now.“你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？”“不知道。我现在就去看他。”③The meeting is to be held at 3 o'clock this afternoon.会议将在今天下午3点举行。④“Give me a supportive point，”Archimedes once said，“and a place to stand－and I will move the world.”阿基米德曾说：“给我一个支点，我就可以撬动地球。”⑤The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.飞机每星期三、星期五2：30起飞。⑥We are going to  have a class meeting this afternoon.今天下午我们打算开班会。[规律总结]1．将来时的构成为will/shall/be going to＋动词原形。表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。2．will，shall表示将来，有时含偶然性、临时性决定的意思。3．“be to do”和“be going to＋动词原形”表示“计划、打算要做某事”，此外，be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。4．“祈使句＋and/or＋句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。5．某些动词的一般现在时可以表示计划、安排将要做的事情，此种用法常常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息安排等时刻表上。考点二　进行时1．现在进行时①Progress indicates a person's ability to change the way he is living at the moment.进步表明一个人在改变他目前的生活方式方面的能力。②“The moment is coming soon，” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.“这一刻就要来到了，”他自思自忖，紧张地等待着。③My aunt is leaving for Shanghai at eleven o'clock tomorrow morning.明天早上十一点我婶婶将前往上海。④Tom is always coming late for meetings，which makes his boss very angry.汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。[规律总结]1．现在进行时的构成为am/is/are＋doing。表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事，虽然此时动作不一定正在进行，常与these days，this week等时间状语连用。2．现在进行时还可表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go，come，leave，stay，start，arrive，land，meet，move，return，stay，stop，do等。3．表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always，continually，constantly，forever，all the time等连用。2．过去进行时①Jim was watching a late­night film at home when，right in the middle of a thrilling scene，the television went blank.吉姆正在家里看午夜电影，就在看到一个惊险场面的时候，电视变得一片空白。②The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。③I was coming to visit you later that day，but I had to phone and cancel.我打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是不得已打电话取消了。[规律总结]1．过去进行时的构成为was/were＋doing。表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave，start，arrive，go，come等。3．将来进行时①I feel so excited！At this time tomorrow morning I will be flying to Shanghai.我觉得特别兴奋！明天早晨这个时候我就要飞往上海了。②The places of interest in Xi'an attract my family all the time，and I hope we will be enjoying ourselves over there this time next year.西安的名胜古迹一直吸引着我们一家人，我希望明年的这个时候我们正在那里玩得愉快。[规律总结]将来进行时的构成为will＋be＋doing。表示将来某一时刻或阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。考点三　完成时1．现在完成时①The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly.能在水上行走的想法一直让人们很感兴趣。②—Have you heard about the recent election?—Sure，it has been the only thing on the news for the last three days.“你听说过近期的选举吗？”“当然了，它是近三天来新闻中唯一的事情。”③I'll go home as soon as I've had my car repaired.我一把车修好就回家。④It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.这是我来到这个学校后参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。⑤(2016·杭州学军中学模拟)It is the third time that you have been late for work this week，isn't it?这已经是这周你第三次上班迟到了，不是吗？[规律总结]1．现在完成时的构成为have/has＋done。表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now，so far，already，yet，now，recently，in the past few years，just，since then等表示时间的词连用。2．用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作发生，或者过去发生的动作对目前的影响。3．在“It(This)is the best(worst，most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。4．在“It(This) is(will be) the first/second/third…time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。2．过去完成时①I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.我发现这个报告很难懂，因为当我到的时候，它已经开始了。②By the end of yesterday，we had received over 1,000 letters from all over the world.到昨天为止，我们已经收到了来自世界各地的一千多封信。③Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.演讲者一结束他的演讲，观众就不停地向他提问。④By the time the messenger reached him，the damage had been done.送信人赶到他那儿时，损失已经造成了。⑤That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。[规律总结]1．过去完成时的构成为had＋done。表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before，after，by，up，till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。2．动词hope，expect，think，intend，mean，want，suppose，plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。3．在“hardly(scarcely)…when…，no sooner…than…”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。4．by，by the end，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。5．表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。3．将来完成时①By the time Mr.Smith arrives at the supermarket，we will have stayed there for one hour.等到史密斯先生到达超市时，我们将已经在那里待一个小时了。②—I will have finished my project by the time you come to London.—Great.This way you can act as my guide.“等你到伦敦时我就把我的工作做完了。”“太好了。这样你就可以做我的导游了。”[规律总结]将来完成时的构成为will＋have＋done。主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成，上下文情景中常含有by短语，如by six o'clock，by the weekend，by the end of next month等。4．现在完成进行时①—Tony，why are your eyes red?—I have been cutting up peppers for the last five minutes.“托尼，为什么你的眼睛那么红啊？”“在过去的5分钟里，我一直都在切辣椒。”②You have been saying you can succeed for five years.五年来你一直在说你能成功。③Too much has been happening today.今天真是一个多事的日子。[规律总结]1．现在完成进行时的构成为have/has＋been＋doing。表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去，常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。2．表示重复性动作。3．表示某种感情色彩。5．过去完成进行时①I walked into the department of licensing and greeted my dad，who had been waiting for me patiently for two hours.(动作不再继续)我走进执照办理部门，和父亲打了招呼，此时他在那里已经耐心地等我两个小时了。②After searching for half an hour，the man realized that his pen had been lying on the table all the time.(动作仍继续)寻找了半个小时之后，这个人意识到他的钢笔一直都在桌子上。[规律总结]过去完成进行时的构成为had＋been＋doing。主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间，这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。考点四　被动语态的构成 时体现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/shouldbe done进行is/am/are being donewas/were being done－－完成have/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donewould/ should have been done1.“be＋过去分词＋不定式”式的被动结构He is reported to have broken a world record.据报道，他打破了一项世界纪录。2．“It＋be＋过去分词＋从句”式的被动结构It's said that they have discovered a new star.据说他们发现了一颗新的星星。3．“get＋done”构成的被动结构get married结婚；get hurt受伤；get lost迷路；get caught/stuck/trapped被困The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周治疗一次。考点五　主动形式表被动意义①His plan proved (to be) practical.他的计划被证明符合实际。②His books sell well，so they will be sold soon.他的书很畅销，因此很快就会卖光。③The door won't open，so we will ask a repairman to open it.这门打不开，所以我们请修理工打开它。④As a result of the serious flood，two­thirds of the buildings in the area deserve repairing/to be repaired.由于严重的洪灾，这个地区三分之二的大楼需要修理。[规律总结]1．“系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste，appear，seem，go，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，grow，keep＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构。2．表示主语的某种属性特征的不及物动词，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，shut等，可用主动形式表示被动意义。3．动词want，need，require，deserve后接不定式的被动形式或动名词的主动形式意义相同。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) The review says it ______ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.2．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) Diets have changed in China—and so too has its top crop.Since 2011，the country ________(grow)more corn than rice.3．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government ________ (start) a soil­testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.4．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ) When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them alive.True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal ________ (mean) me no real harm.5．(2018·高考浙江卷) While regularly eating out seems to ________ (become) common for many young people in recent years, it's not without a cost.6．(2017·高考北京卷)In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones ____________(invent) yet.7．(2017·高考天津卷)Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ____________(regard) as one of the best all­round forms of exercise.8．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ)Sarah ____________(tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.9．(2017·高考北京卷)People ____________(have) better access to health care than they used to, and they're living longer as a result.10．(2017·高考江苏卷)The publication of Great Expectations, which ____________ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens' status as a leading novelist.【答案】1.is　2.has grown　3.started　4.meant　5.have become　6.hadn't been invented　7.is regarded　8.was told　9.have　10.wasⅡ.单句改错1．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I find a change there._____________________________________________________________2．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ) It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin._____________________________________________________________3．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank._____________________________________________________________4．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize how fast time flies.I had grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years._____________________________________________________________5．(2016·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and  high quality oil are using for cooking._____________________________________________________________【答案】1.find→found　2.begin→begun　3.goes→went4．had→have　5.using→usedⅢ.语法填空AMother Teresa was born in Yugoslavia，on August 27,1910.She 1.________ (attend) the government school near her home until she was eighteen.At that time，some doctors and nurses from Yugoslavia 2.________ (work) in India，and they often wrote to the school about their work.She decided to join them one day.When she left school，she first went to Britain; then a year later she went to India，where she began to 3.________ (train) to be a teacher.After training，she 4.________ (send) to Calcutta，where she taught geography at a school and soon after 5.________ (become) headmistress (女校长)．However，while she loved teaching，in 1946 Mother Teresa left the school and went to work in the poor parts of Calcutta.Later she was trained to become a nurse in Patna，and then 6.________ (begin) her work helping the poor and comforting the dying in the streets of the city.Slowly，others came to help her，and her work 7.________ (spread) to other parts of India.Mother Teresa was a well­known person forever.Many photos 8.________ (take) of her，as she travelled around the world to open new schools and hospitals in poor countries.In 1979，she 9.________ (give) the Nobel Prize for the lifetime of love and service she 10.________ (give) to the poor.【答案】1.attended　2.were working　3.be trained　4.was sent　5.became　6.began　7.spread　8.were taken9．was given　10.had givenBWelcome to our school.I'd like to introduce plans for our school to you.A lot of work 1.________(do)in the past few years.The library 2.________(complete)and is ready for use.But we'll still have to do more work.A new biology lab 3.________(build) this year.But we don't have enough money for the equipment.Students in all grades 4.________(collect) money.The money which is collected 5.________(spend) on new equipment.At present，a plan 6.________(make) for a party at the end of the term，at which wonderful performances 7.________(put) on.The gardens of the school 8.________(improve) this year.New trees 9.________(plant) which will soon give shade in summer.The whole school 10.________(paint) during the summer holidays.In fact，our school is becoming more and more beautiful.【答案】1.has been done　2.has been completed　3.is being built　4.are collecting　5.will be spent　6.is being made　7.will be put　8.are being improved　9.are being planted　10.is going to be painted