2020新课标高考牛津版英语第一轮总复习讲义：第2部分第一讲　名词和冠词

 　　第一讲　名词和冠词名词考查主要集中在词类转换和单复 数(涉及主谓一致)方面，明确句中所需词汇的词性是解题的关键。冠词是语法填空与短文改错的必考点，习惯用法和固定搭配是其主要考查方向。命题趋势：1.对冠词的考查将集中在冠词的基本用法和习惯搭配上；2．名词考点主要集中在给出词根进行词类转化、名词的可数与不可数、名词复数形式的变化上。考点一　名词的固定搭配1．动词have，keep，take，make，get，pay，play，give，put等加名词构成的短语have a good reputation　　有个好的名声have an idea of  了解have a sense of  有……意识have a feeling of  有……感觉have access to  可以获得have an advantage over  胜过，优于keep a balance  保持平衡take…into account  考虑……take advantage of  利用，趁……之机make fun of  取笑，嘲弄make the best of  充分利用，妥善处理get/lose contact with  与……取得/失去联系get relief  得到缓解give a solution  给出解决方案put…into practice  将……付诸行动①You are working too hard.You'd better keep a balance between work and relaxation.你工作太努力了。你最好使工作和休息相平衡。②The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients，so he has a very good reputation.那个医生擅长治疗心脏病，并且从来不接受病人的礼物，所以他享有非常好的名声。2．介词后加名词构成的短语in great demand  需求量很大in quantity  大量，大批in progress  在进行中in production  在产量方面out of one's reach  某人够不到out of touch  失去联系out of sight  看不见beyond recognition  辨认不出来①The Harry Potter books are quite popular；they are in great demand in this city.《哈利·波特》丛书非常受欢迎，在该城市需求量很大。②Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children's reach.一定要记得把小刀这一类危险的物品放到孩子们够不到的地方。考点二　名词的单复数1．单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则(1)规则变化规则例词一般情况下，在词尾直接加­sbook—bookscup—cupstree—trees以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词，在词尾加­esglass—glassesbox—boxesbrush—brushes以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，把y 改为i, 再加esstory—stories　country—counties 以o 结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加­s , 但是有些名词要加­es, 它们是： 黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)爱吃土豆(potato)和西红柿(tomato)Negro—Negroeshero—heroespotato—potatoestomato—tomatoes以f 或fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加­s, 但是有些以f或是fe结尾的名词需把f或是fe 改为v, 再加­esthief—thieveswife—wivesknife—knivesleaf—leavesshelf—shelveswolf—wolves合成名词变为复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，将在最后一部分变为复数son­in­law—sons­in­law passers­by—passers­by breakfast—breakfasts housewife—housewives(2)不规则变化内容例词单复数同形的名词Chinese　Japanese　sheep　deer单复数不同形的词foot—feetman—menwoman—womenmouse—micetooth—teethchild—childrenox—oxengentleman—gentlemen2.常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人；Japanese日本人；sheep绵羊；deer鹿；series系列；means方式；works工厂；fish鱼；fruit水果；crossroads十字路口；horsepower马力；jin斤等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。考点三　抽象名词具体化difficulty困难→a difficulty一件难事surprise惊讶→a surprise一件令人惊讶的事pleasure愉快→a pleasure一件乐事failure失败→a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事success成功→a success一位成功者；一件成功的事①They make our lives more pleasant and give us a sense of who we are，both as an individual and as a member of the community.他们让我们的生活更快乐，让我们感觉到我们是谁，无论是作为个体还是作为社会的一分子。②Its effect on the environment is a major concern.它对环境的影响是一个主要的问题。考点四　不定冠词①The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people's well­being and a dream of harmony，peace and development.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平和发展的梦。②He owned a farm，which looked almost abandoned.他拥有一个农场，这个农场看起来都快荒芜了。③—Excuse me，is there a Mr.Theodore living in the neighborhood？There is a parcel for him.—Sorry，but there is no such person here.“劳驾，这个居民区住着一位名叫西奥多的先生吗？这里有他的包裹。”“对不起，这儿没有这么一个人。”④The American housewife probably goes shopping only once or twice a week.美国家庭主妇可能一星期只购物一两次。[规律总结]不定冠词a/an的用法1．单数可数名词前用不定冠词a/an表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。2．表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。3．用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间；用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。4．不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又”。5．表示单位时间内的频度，含有“每”的概念。考点五　定冠词①—Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?—Yes，as you know，the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere.“你昨天玩得开心吗？”“是的，正如你所知，晚会是在愉快的气氛中进行的。”②I don't know who invented the smartphone，but I think it is a useful invention.我不知道是谁发明了智能手机，但是我认为它是一个有用的发明。③The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built by the Pueblo Indians of American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.由美国西南部的普韦布洛印第安人修建的土坯房，受到了最前卫的建筑师和工程师的青睐。④If I could choose one school day that taught me the most，it would be that one.如果我能选择在学校里教给我最多的一天，就会是那一天。⑤—It's said John will be in a job paying over$60,000 a year.—Right，he will also get paid by the week.“据说约翰将拥有一份年收入超过60 000美元的工作。”“是的，而且会按周获得报酬。”[规律总结]定冠词the的用法1．用在名词前表示特指。2．用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。3．用在序数词和最高级前。4．用于集合名词、物质名词和某些专有名词前。5．用在表示计量的名词前如by the hour，by the dozen等，但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词如by weight，by height等。考点六　零冠词①He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth.他下班回家，会问他的孩子们是否刷了牙。②Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得·思朋斯博士告诉我们，五分之一的学生将继续到牛津大学或剑桥大学深造。③A year can be divided into four seasons－spring，summer，autumn and winter.一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。④Clever boy as he is，he can't solve such a difficult problem.尽管他是个聪明的孩子，也无法解决这么难的问题。⑤Consider that most famous economic rule of all：there's no such thing as a free lunch.想一下那条最著名的经济规则：天下没有免费的午餐。⑥It's generally acknowledged that music can bring people pleasure.普遍认为音乐能给人们带来乐趣。[规律总结]零冠词的用法1．不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。2．称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。 3．月份、季节、星期、节假日、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前，用零冠词。4．as/though引导的让步状语从句中，如果作表语的名词置于句首，名词前不用冠词。5．no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。6．高考中常见的纯不可数名词，不能与不定冠词连用。这些词有：baggage，luggage，furniture，health，weather，fun，space(太空)，advice，word(＝news)，progress，information，news，luck，wealth(财产)等。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)…a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause)．2．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.3．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) I'm a ________ (science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.4．(2018·高考天津卷) The ________(possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.5．(2018·高考江苏卷) Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the________(assume) you've made.6．(2017·高考浙江卷)Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________(carrot) and was about to throw them away.7．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________(educate)．8．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)As ________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.9．(2016·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ________ while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.10．(2016·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asia's biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me，pandas are its top ______ (attract)．【答案】1.causes　2.pollution　3.scientist　4.possibility　5.assumption　6.carrots　7.education　8.a　9.a　10.attractionⅡ.单句改错1．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) They had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken._____________________________________________________________2．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents._____________________________________________________________3．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night._____________________________________________________________4．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me._____________________________________________________________5．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room._____________________________________________________________6．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well._____________________________________________________________7．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”_____________________________________________________________8．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) I still remember how hard first day was._____________________________________________________________9．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) Besides，they often get some useful informations from the Internet._____________________________________________________________10．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day._____________________________________________________________【答案】1.chicken→chickens　2.在countryside前加the3．Friday's→Friday　4.the→a　5.sort→sorts6．mistake→mistakes　7.word→words　8.在first前加the9．informations→information　10.第一个a→anⅢ.语法填空AOnce，in a lovely garden，lived 1.________ most beautiful butterfly in the world.She was so pretty，and had won so many beauty 2.________ (contest) that she had become very proud.One day，the naughty cockroach (蟑螂) got fed up with her showing off，and decided to teach her 3.________ lesson.She went to see the butterfly，and in front of everyone she said that 4.________ butterfly wasn't really that beautiful, and that the butterfly only won the 5.________ (compete) because the judges had been paid.In 6.________ (real)，the cockroach was the most beautiful.The butterfly was angry and said to the cockroach，“I will beat you in 7.________ beauty contest，with whichever judges you yourself choose.”“OK，I accept.See you on Saturday，”answered the cockroach，and left without waiting for 8.________ reply.That Saturday everyone went to 9.________ beauty contest.The butterfly arrived completely confident of victory until she saw who the judges were：cockroaches，worms，beetles.All of them preferred the ugliness and bad smell of the cockroach.The butterfly was left sobbing and disappointed，wanting never to enter another beauty contest in her life.Fortunately，the cockroach forgave the butterfly for her 10.________ (proud) and they became friends.【答案】1.the　2.contests　3.a　4.the　5.competitions6．reality　7.a　8.a　9.the　10.prideBYesterday we had dinner  1.________Mr.White's.Perhaps some dish didn't agree with me and I felt bad after dinner.So I had to go to the 2.________(doctor).3.________ doctor gave me some 4.________(medical)．I felt 5.________ (well) but I couldn't finish yesterday's homework.My mother was 6.________(happy)，but my father thought it 7.________ pleasure for me to know Mr.White, 8.________ famous writer.As for me，I thought Mr.White focused too much on 9.________(succeed) because he didn't want to be a 10.________(fail)．【答案】1.at　2.doctor's　3.The　4.medicine　5.better　6.unhappy　7.a　8.a　9.success　10.failure