2020新课标高考牛津版英语第一轮总复习讲义：第2部分第二讲　代词和介词

第二讲　代词和介词代词和介词在语法填空与短文改错中占有重要的位置；在阅读理解、完形填空、七选五中抓住代词的指代亦有助于语篇的理解；另外，在写作中，前后人称指代的一致性也需要注意。代词的考查主体立足于代词指代范畴的识别；介词的考查主体放在常见介词的常规用法及固定搭配方面。命题趋势：1.介词主要考查介词的基本用法，兼顾对介词短语的考查；2．代词主要考查物主代词、人称代词的用法，同时也考查反身代词和不定代词的用法；it的用法。考点一　几组常见代词的辨析1．all，both，any，either，neither，none①I've lived in New York and Chicago，but don't like either of them very much.我在纽约和芝加哥住过，但它们两个我都不喜欢。②—Would you like to go shopping with me on Saturday or Sunday?—I'm sorry.Neither will suit me.I'll be away on business during that period.“星期六或星期天陪我去购物好吗？”“对不起。那两天都不行。我那段时间正在出差。”③My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop.我哥哥想买一块好表，但是在那家店里没有一块合适的。[规律总结] 都任何都不两者botheitherneither三者或三者以上allanynone 2．it，that，one，those①To her joy，Della earned first the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues.令黛拉高兴的是，她先是赢得了她的学生们的信任，之后又赢得了同事们的信任。②Studying Wendy's menu，I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonald's.研究了温迪的菜单后，我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。③We have various summer camps for your holidays.You can choose one based on your own interests.我们为你们的假期准备了各种各样的夏令营，你们可以根据自己的兴趣选择一个。④I like this house with a beautiful garden in front，but I don't have enough money to buy it.我喜欢这栋前面有花园的房子，但是我没有足够的钱来买它。[规律总结]it特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物that可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the onesone指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为onesthose指“the＋名词复数(尤其是有后置定语时)”3.another，the other，other，others，the others①I sat on the edge of the street and watched enviously the other boys on the block play baseball.我坐在街道旁，羡慕地看着其他男孩在街上打棒球。②The microblog has become another classroom for me，and the teachers are all big names in academia.微博已成为我的另一个课堂，这里的老师们都是学术界的大师级人物。③You are a team star！Working with others is really your cup of tea.你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。④Neither side is prepared to talk to the other unless we can smooth things over between them.除非我们能够消除他们之间的矛盾，否则他们双方都不打算与对方讲话。[规律总结]other不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义the other可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”；也可修饰名词表示“另外的……”another可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……(多少)”others单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现the others意为“剩余的一些”4.none，nothing，no one/nobody①Most of my new classmates are kind，but none is so good to me as Lucy.我的大部分新同学都很善良，但没人像露西那样对我好。②—What have you been doing today?—Oh，nothing special，just hanging around.“今天，你都干什么了？”“哦，没有什么特别的，只是闲逛。”③I don't like work and nobody does，I think，but I like what is in the work－the chance to find myself.我不喜欢工作，我想没有人喜欢，但是我喜欢在工作中找到发现自我的机会。[规律总结]none既指人也指物，后面可接of短语，一般用来回答how many，how much和which引导的特殊疑问句nothing只指事物，后面不能接of短语，用来回答what引导的特殊疑问句no one/nobody只指人不指物，其后不接of短语，一般回答who引导的特殊疑问句5.something，anything，everything，nothing①Good families are much to all their members，but everything to none.优秀的家庭对于他们的成员来说意味着很多，但并不是一切。②This project requires close teamwork.Nothing will be achieved unless we work well together.这个项目需要密切的团队合作。如果我们不精诚合作，就会一事无成。③She found herself something of a hero when she returned from Australia Open in 2014.从2014年澳大利亚(网球)公开赛归来时，她发现自己就像是一位英雄。④—What do you think of the lecture?—Anything but interesting, but I've managed to survive it.“你认为讲座怎么样？”“一点意思都没有，但是我还是坚持听完了。”[规律总结]something意为“某……”，anything意为“任何”，everything意为“每个，所有”，nothing意为“没有”。注意something的特殊含义：大致，……左右；有价值或重要的人或事物；anything but“根本不”。考点二　it的用法1．it 一般用法(1)指代时间、距离、自然现象(天气)等。It is half past two now.(指时间)It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital.(指距离)A lovely day, isn't it? (指天气)(2)指环境情况等。It is very noisy at the moment.(3)在特定的环境中，it也可指人，如指婴儿、性别不详或身份不明的人。The baby stopped crying as soon as it saw the woman.—Who is it?—It's me.(4)用于某些习语搭配。make it　及时赶到；成功完成catch it　受处罚，被责骂2．it作形式主语或形式宾语：it可以作形式主语或形式宾语而把真正的主语或宾语后置。(1)用it作形式主语的主语从句结构：①It＋系动词＋形容词＋that从句：It is necessary/important/surprising/strange＋that从句，从句中谓语动词常用“should＋动词原形”形式，且should可省略。②It＋系动词＋名词＋that从句：It is a pity/a shame/good news/a fact/an honor/a wonder/no wonder/our duty＋that从句。It's no wonder that you've achieved so much success.③It＋不及物动词＋that从句：It seems/happened/turned out/occurs/appears＋that从句。It happened that he was out when I called on him.④It＋系动词＋过去分词＋that从句：It is said/reported/announced/believed/thought/well known/hoped/pointed out/found out/suggested/ordered/advised/requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that从句。It's said that they have succeeded in carrying out this experiment.(2)it作形式宾语的情况：①动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等后有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，把作为真正宾语的that从句后置。We make it a rule that we get up at six every day.We all think it important that we should protect the environment from being polluted.②有些动词接宾语从句时，需在动词和从句间加it。这些动词有：hate, appreciate, take, owe, have, like, enjoy, make等。I take it that you will agree with us.③“动词＋介词＋it＋that”结构。常见的有see to, depend on, rely on等。I will see to it that everything is ready on time.考点三　常见介词的用法常用介词如in，on，for，with，against，of，beyond，out of，across等，其含义较多，应全面把握。1．against有“违背，违逆；反对；对……不利；倚；靠；碰撞；预防；衬托”之意。Vacations help us perform better at work，improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.假期能帮助我们在工作中表现得更好，提高我们的睡眠质量和缓解抑郁。2．beyond可表示“范围，限度”，意为“超出，为……所不及”。常用短语：beyond words/description/imagination/belief/one's reach/one's control“无法用语言形容、无法用语言描述、想象不出来、不能相信、够不着、管不了”。“I came to thank you，”she said，surprising me beyond speech.“我是来感谢你的。”她说。(听到这)让我惊讶得说不出话来。3．by可表示“程度或增减的幅度”，还可作“按；以……计；依据”讲。As far as I know，workers are generally paid by the month.据我所知，工人们的工资通常按月支付。4．for有“就……而言；从……来看；达，计；为……”之意。①The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.我们大多数人最关心的是大众教育的质量问题。②He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或是用牛奶来交换其他的食物，用剩下的牛奶制作奶酪和黄油。5．off有“在离……不远处；在沿海的海面”之意。The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place off the main road at the far end of the lake.威尔饭店坐落在湖尽头的主干道附近，一个非常安静的地方。6．across有“横跨”之意。Do you think this shirt is too tight across the shoulders?你觉得这件衬衫在肩膀这个地方是不是太紧了？7．on/upon有“刚……就；一……就”之意，后接名词或动词­ing形式。Upon graduation，Charlotte returned to Montreal and set up a private clinic.夏洛特一毕业就回到了蒙特利尔，开了一家私人诊所。8．over可表示时间，意为“在……期间；直到……结束”。Talks with the teachers' union over the weekend have averted a strike.周末与教师工会举行的谈判避免了一场罢工。Over coffee，she lit a cigarette，her eyes daring him to comment.喝咖啡时，她点燃了一支烟，用挑衅的眼神看着他，谅他也不敢吭声。9．within可表示范围、程度，意为“在……之内”。The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims.政府正尽其所能地帮助那些受害者。10．of表示“在……范围内”。The ceasefire resolution calls for the release of all prisoners of war.停火决议要求释放所有战俘。考点四　介词的固定搭配考查介词短语辨析，往往要借助具体语境，另外，还要掌握常用的介词短语及其意义。1．与介词in搭配的常用短语in a way　在某种程度上in no way  没门in the way  挡住道路in vain  徒劳in general  通常，大体上in detail  详细地in turn  轮流in return  作为回报in need  需要in time  迟早2．与out of搭配的常用短语out of date/time  过时/过期out of question  毫无疑问out of the question  没门/绝不可能out of shape  变形out of fashion  不流行out of order  出了故障out of reach  遥不可及3．“in＋名词＋of”常用搭配in honor of  为了纪念……in charge of  负责，掌管in terms of  依据，根据in praise of  赞扬in favor of  支持，赞同in need of  需要4．与介词at搭配的常用短语at no time  决不at a time  一次/每次at one time  一度/曾经at times  不时地/有时at one's request  应某人的要求at a loss  不知所措5．其他常考短语on behalf of  代表by chance/accident  偶然after all  毕竟，别忘了regardless of  不管，不顾on the whole  总的说来on the contrary  相反Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) It is more effective at lengthening life ________ walking, cycling or swimming.2．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ) If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give________a try.3．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ) I was searching ________these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.4．(2018·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ) When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ________(they) alive.5．(2018·高考浙江卷)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out.6．(2018·高考浙江卷)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home ________ dinner.7．(2018·高考天津卷)Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ________ all.8．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________ work.9．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ) However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ________ every day.10．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) ________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease.11．(2017·高考北京卷)Many people who live along the coast make a living ________ fishing industry.12．(2017·高考浙江卷)“She thought I had hurt ________(I)，” says Pahlsson.13．(2016·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit，I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by ________ (it) mother.14．(2016·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.15．(2016·高考全国新课标卷Ⅲ)In India，for example，most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.【答案】1.than　2.it　3.for　4.them　5.it　6.for　7.after8．from　9.it　10.as　11.in　12.myself　13.its　14.on15．withⅡ.单句改错1．(2018·百校联盟 TOP20联考)Besides, beautiful handwriting makes a good impression in others._____________________________________________________________2．(2018·安徽合肥第一次英语联考) In the beginning of the vacation, I was hired as a shopping guide in a big supermarket._____________________________________________________________3．(2018·河南郑州外国语学校第四次调研) So when faced about problems, we should overcome them with great determination and strong willpower._____________________________________________________________4．(2018·衡水金卷全国高三大联考) Luckily, he remembered his mother's telephone number.So he called him immediately._____________________________________________________________5．(2018·湖北百校大联盟联考) You will find easy to join us since we all want to make friends with you._____________________________________________________________【答案】1.in→on　2.In→At　3.about→with　4.him→her5．在easy 前加itⅢ.语法填空AHave you ever lived abroad? When living overseas in 1.________ place where people speak a different language，it can be difficult to make 2.________ understood even in relatively simple but important areas of life，like shopping and getting around town.3.________ can be really upset trying to ask for 4.________ in a store or to tell the taxi driver where you are going.Sometimes you may be at a 5.________ (lose) as to what to do; sometimes you are certain 6.________ people understand you but are just pretending that they don't；and other times they make a very considerable effort to communicate with you.You should also be prepared to make changes in the diet and get accustomed to 7.________ local foods and the limited selection of familiar foods in the stores and restaurants. You may not have the nice variety of very large and grocery stores you had back home.Besides，you will experience some stress and 8.________ (anxious) when/if you are living in 9.________ different culture with different values from 10.________ own.You may find that some of your cherished and deeply held values about life may not be equally important to members of your new host culture.【答案】1.a　2.yourself/yourselves　3.It　4.something　5.loss　6.that　7.the　8.anxiety　9.a　10.yourBAs I walked 1.________ the city streets，I passed a young man searching through a small block of land that contained a mix of leaves and rubbish.I was somewhat puzzled why someone 2.________ him would be searching through rubbish.Finding this a little odd，I asked him，“What are you searching 3.________？” He replied very simply that he was looking for money.After talking 4.________ him for a little longer，I found out that he had become homeless after getting laid 5.________ from his job.Since then，he had been working 6.________ part­time jobs in a doctor's office and in a food bank to earn some money.But he made so little that he lost heart.The man seemed fairly talented，although he was a little dirty.I told him that our thoughts create our reality，and I suggested that he not give 7.________ and think 8.________ a positive way.During the whole talk，what I stressed was that he was young and that everything was possible.Although he didn't respond 9.________ the spot，my sense told me that what I said seemed to have an effect 10.________ him.【答案】1.along/down　2.like　3.for　4.with　5.off6．on　7.up　8.in　9.on　10.on