高中英语Unit 1 Science and Scientists课后作业题

UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS

Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking

课时作业(一)

Ⅰ　语言运用

(·浙江省诸暨中学高二检测)

William Thomson

William Thomson was born on 26 June 1824 in Belfast. He was taught by his father, a professor of mathematics. In 1832, the family   1   to Glasgow where Thomson attended university at the age of 10,   2   studied at Cambridge and Paris Universities. In 1846 he became professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post he   3   for more than 50 years.

In Glasgow, Thomson   4   the first physics laboratory in Britain. He was a pioneer in many different   5  ， particularly electromagnetism (电磁学) and thermodynamics (热力学). Thomson developed the work of the   6   of the subject, Nicolas Carnot and James Joule. One of the most   7   results of his work was his idea of an absolute zero of temperature—the scale based on this is named   8   him.

Throughout his work, Thomson's main goal was the practical   9   of science. He achieved   10   through his work on submarine telegraphy, a major practical   11   of the day. He invented many electrical instruments and his house in Glasgow was the first to be   12   by electric light.

Thomson was raised to the noblemen with the   13   of Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892. The Kelvin was a small river that   14   near Glasgow University and was president of the Royal Society from 1890 to 1895. He died on 17 December 1907 in Ayrshire, Scotland and was   15   in Westminster Abbey.

篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了威廉·汤姆森(William Thomson)的生平，并重点讲述了他在科学和实际应用方面所取得的成就。

1．A.flew  B．travelled

C．wandered  D．moved

答案：D　结合上文的“in Belfast”和后面的“to Glasgow”可知，此处表示一家人从贝尔法斯特搬(move)到了格拉斯哥。

2．A.or  B．then

C．but  D．so

答案：B　结合前面的“attended university”和后面的“Cambridge and Paris Universities”可知，他先在格拉斯哥上大学，后来(then)到剑桥大学和巴黎大学上学。

3．A.sought  B．confirmed

C．held  D．admired

答案：C　由前面的“professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post”可知，此处表示他担任(hold)这个职位长达50多年。

4．A.took up  B．broke up

C．set up  D．blew up

答案：C　由后面的“the first physics laboratory”可知，此处表示建立(set up)了第一个物理实验室。

5．A.fields  B．countries

C．labs  D．colleges

答案：A　后面提到的“particularly electromagnetism (电磁学) and thermodynamics (热力学)”是两个不同的领域(field)。

6．A.learners  B．pioneers

C．competitors  D．leaders

答案：B　根据前面的“developed the work of”和后面的“the subject”及其后的两个人名可知，此处指的是汤姆森发展了这两位先驱者(pioneer)在这一学科的成就。

7．A.important  B．obvious

C．fortunate  D．positive

答案：A　结合后面的“his idea of an absolute zero of temperature”可知，此处表示他所提出的最重要(important)的想法。

8．A.for  B．with

C．after  D．on

答案：C　name after “以……命名”，固定词组。

9．A.discovery  B．problem

C．advice  D．use

答案：D　由下文的“He achieved ... his work on submarine telegraphy ...”可知，他的主要目标是让科学被实际利用(use)。

10．A.wealth  B．fame

C．contribution  D．enthusiasm

答案：B　此处指他通过自己在海底电报方面的工作而成名。fame “名声，名誉”，符合语境。

11．A.problem  B．fantasy

C．experiment  D．mystery

答案：A　根据语境可知，此处是指海底电报通讯技术是当时一个主要的实际问题(problem)。

12．A.lit  B．built

C．decorated  D．equipped

答案：A　根据后面的“by electric light”可知他家是第一个使用电灯照明的家庭。light “照明，照亮”，符合语境。light一般使用其被动形式，过去分词为lit。

13．A.title  B．name

C．honor  D．award

答案：A　结合前面的“was raised to the noblemen”和后面的“Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892”可知，在1892年他晋升成为了贵族，拥有Baron Kelvin of Largs(凯尔文男爵)的称号(title)。

14．A.floated  B．rushed

C．surrounded  D．flowed

答案：D　根据前面的“a small river”可知，此处表示小河从格拉斯哥大学附近流(flow)过。

15．A.buried  B．respected

C．admitted  D．preserved

答案：A　与前面的“He died on 17 December 1907”呼应，此处指他死后被埋葬(bury)在威斯敏斯特教堂里面。

Ⅱ　阅读

(·广东省广州市越秀区高二月考)Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.

A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.

Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.

After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.

When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic： When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction of the smaller number to it.

“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains，” Dr Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”

篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一组研究者进行的恒河猴实验过程和实验结果。

1．What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?

A．They fed them. B．They named them.

C．They trained them. D．They measured them.

答案：C　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys”可知，研究人员在测试猴子之前对它们进行了训练。故选C。

2．How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?

A．By drawing a circle. B．By touching a screen.

C．By watching videos. D．By mixing two drinks.

答案：B　细节理解题。根据第三段第四句中的“If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen, they would be rewarded”可知，在这个实验中，猴子是通过触摸屏幕(touch a screen)的方式以获得相应的奖励的。故选B。

3．What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?

A．They could perform basic addition.

B．They could understand simple words.

C．They could memorize numbers easily.

D．They could hold their attention for long.

答案：A　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“be rewarded with the sum of the numbers”和第四段中的“indicating that they were performing a calculation”可知，猴子们可以做简单的加法运算。故选A。

4．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?

A．Entertainment.  B．Health. 

C．Education.  D．Science.

答案：D　推理判断题。文章主要介绍了一个研究团队对三只猴子进行的实验及其研究发现。如果这篇文章刊登在报纸上，最有可能被放在科学(Science)板块。故选D。

温馨提示：阅读中标注的W部分为重点单词，标注的P部分为重点短语，旨在通过此栏目的练习，帮助学生夯实基础，做到厚积薄发。

1．underestimate v. 低估

2．systematic adj. 成体系的；系统的

3．fraction n. 小部分

consist of 由……组成(构成)

Ⅲ　语法填空

When I was a university student, I   1   (attract) by the Chinese. So I got a job as a teacher in Wuhan three years ago.   2   (think) back, what I realize is   3   the students I met in the first year and Chinese university life influenced me.

During my school days, I would rarely give up my spare time to any activity   4   (connect) with study. Unless exams were approaching, my weekends were devoted to having fun or perhaps a part­time job. My Chinese classmates,   5   the other hand, seemed to spend their entire waking hours studying. I understand that competition in Chinese universities is extremely fierce. Nonetheless, their energy and motivation put   6   (I) to shame.

My first year in China was also my first year as a teacher. It was both challenging   7   rewarding. One thing I know for certain is   8   my year in Wuhan helped me change for the better. Thanks to the politeness and   9   (warm) of Chinese students, I overcame my fear of speaking in public and became more self­confident. Most   10   (important), I met dozens of nice people and made many excellent friends.

1．        　2.        　3.        　4.       

5．        　6.        　7.        　8.       

9．        　10.       

篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在中国的留学经历。

1．was attracted　考查动词的时态和语态。此处表述“我”被中文吸引了，所以应用被动语态；结合时间状语“When I was a university student”可知，此处陈述的是过去的情况，所填谓语动词应用一般过去时，故此处填was attracted。

2．Thinking　考查非谓语动词。I与动词think之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，表主动，且非谓语动词所表示动作几乎与谓语realize所表示动作同时发生，故此处应用动词－ing形式；且所填词位于句首，故此处填Thinking。

3．how　考查表语从句的连接词。how引导的从句作is的表语，引导词how在从句中作状语，修饰influence，表示影响的方式。

4．connected　考查非谓语动词。动词connect与activity是被动关系，故用connect的过去分词形式作后置定语。

5．on　考查介词。由语境可知，此处表示两种情况的对比。on the other hand为固定搭配，意为“另一方面”。

6．me　考查代词。所填词在动词后，故用人称代词I的宾格形式me。

7．and　考查连词。此处表示“这既具有挑战性又有意义”。both ... and ... “不仅……而且……”。

8．that　考查表语从句的连接词。that引导的从句作系动词is的表语，为表语从句。引导词that在从句中不作成分，没有语义。

9．warmth　考查词性转换。thanks to为介词短语，其后可接名词作宾语，又结合“politeness and”可知，此处应填warm的名词形式warmth。

10．importantly　考查词性转换。结合语境可知，此处表示“最重要的是”，修饰整个句子，应用副词，故此处应填importantly。

Ⅳ　应用文写作

你校英文报最近开设了“Famous Scientist”专栏，现面向全校学生征文。请你用英语写一篇短文介绍一位著名科学家并投稿。内容包括：

1．该人物是谁；

2．该人物的主要经历及贡献；

3．该人物对你的影响。

注意：1.词数80左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

[精彩范文]

Jane Goodall was born in 1934. At an early age, Jane was interested in animals. She'd dreamed of studying animals in the wild, which encouraged her to go to Africa to study chimps in 1960. To get closer to chimps, she lived in the wild for many years. She faced many difficulties when she began her work, but she never gave up. Thanks to Jane's research, we now know a lot about chimps. Jane believes wild animals should live in the wild and not be used to give humans pleasure, and she has helped to set up places where they can live safely. Her story encourages me to study hard and try to achieve everything I want to do.