所属成套资源:精准教学星级题库(英语人教版9年级)
英语人教版9年级上Unit 4精准教学★★★题库
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这是一份英语人教版9年级上Unit 4精准教学★★★题库,共20页。
英语人教版
英语人教版9年级上
Unit 4精准教学★★★题库
一、单项选择
1. Lu Jialei, the winner of the CCTV Chinese Character(汉字) Spelling Contest, said, "I am not the smartest one, but I ______ details. "
A.am good at B.pay attention to
C.am used to D.look forward to
2.—Dave, don’t sit there ________. Share your idea with us.
—Well, please give me one more minute to think about it.
A.in fact B.in surprise C.in public D.in silence
3.—Have you ever seen the film Fang Hua?
—No, _________.
A.neither B.never C.seldom
4.Ren Ziwei and Zhang Yuting won the first champion in the 24th Winter Olympic Games, they are the ________ of Heilongjiang Province and we are ________ of them.
A.proud; pride B.pride; pound C.pride; proud
5.— I find it's difficult to decide what to wear.
— Try red clothes.They can make easier totake action.
A.that B.it C.this D.what
6.—As we know, it’s difficult to live in a foreign country.
—___________if you can’t understand the language there.
A.Exactly B.Hardly C.Usually D.Especially
7.一We should all hold on to our dreams.
一Yes. A life without a dream is like a bird without ________, which can’t fly.
A.water B.wings C.clouds D.food
8.You look worried. Is________all right?
A.everything B.something C.anything D.nothing
9.—Can you speak a little louder? I can ______ hear you.
—OK.
A.exactly B.really C.clearly D.hardly
10.The girl saves money ____________ help the poor in need of food .
A.so that B.in order that C.in order to D.in order
11.The Chinese Women’s Football Team won the Asian Football Cup in February, 2022. We are all ________ them.
A.proud of B.strict with C.interested in
12.The lake is very big—it ________ three quarters of the area.
A.puts up B.sets up C.takes up
13.—Would you like some potato chips?
—No. I _____ eat them. I think they are bad for my health.
A.seldom B.already C.almost D.still
14. -What do you think of talk shows?
-I can't____ them. They are boring.
A.eat B.exercise C.buy D.stand
15.–Can you play _____ piano? -Yes, I can also play ____ baseball.
A.the; the B./;/ C.the; / D./ ; the
16.Would you mind ________ the window for me?
A.open B.opening C.to open D.opens
17.— Which subject do you like best, Tom?
— Well, physics. Because the ________ are very interesting.
A.experiments B.wonders C.deals D.rules
18.Tom is a speaker. He is used to in public.
A.speak B.speaks C.speaking
19.Jim is a(n) ________ boy. You can always believe what he says.
A.cheerful B.helpful C.difficult D.honest
20.—Wow! You have so many old story books. How will you ________ them?
— I plan to give them to the children in a village school.
A.put away B.look for C.deal with D.pick up
二、多句选词填空
用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空,每词限用一次。
potato they study Africa watch
21.Pandas are lovely and _______ favorite food is bamboo.
22.Tony’s friend, Jim, always likes _______ Manchester United.
23.There’s not any food in the fridge. Let’s get some _______ for dinner.
24.Tony _______ Chinese very hard and now he can speak it really well.
25.These _______ are good at dancing. I want to learn from them.
三、完形填空
I have lived in my hometown all my life. I know ___26___ about it. When you first come to my hometown, the first impression may be the wide river. It ___27___ through my hometown. Many people go ___28___ in it and surely they can catch a lot of fishes.
___29___ , in the past people planted crops and had no other jobs. They ___30___ went out to make their living, so they lived a hard life.
In recent years, my hometown has ___31___ greatly. New highways and a railway have been built beside it. The government has paid much attention to the ___32___ with the outside world. Now people have more ___33___ to make money. When they are rich, they set up new schools, new shops, new factories and parks. Now my hometown has ___34___ into a big and rich town. People live a happy life.
I love my hometown. And I ____35____ the people. They are working hard to make our town much richer and more beautiful.
26.A.nothing B.little C.much D.none
27.A.runs B.blocks C.sees D.throws
28.A.surfing B.swimming C.sailing D.fishing
29.A.Therefore B.However C.Anyway D.Because
30.A.seldom B.recently C.sometimes D.usually
31.A.turned B.corrected C.changed D.added
32.A.action B.movement C.direction D.communication
33.A.quality B.situation C.chances D.interests
34.A.turned B.realized C.improved D.shaken
35.A.interview B.admire C.catch D.ring
Choose the best answer and complete the passage (选择最恰当的选项完成短文)
Work today is very different from the way it was fifty or even twenty years ago. In the past, most people got up ____36____ in the morning, went to their offices by bus, train or car, worked eight hours and went home again.
In today’s world, many companies are changing this ____37____ of working. More and more people work from home. This means that they ____38____ go to an office every day. This is possible, of course, because of technology like the Internet, the fax and video telephones that help you see other people when you talk to them. These telephones also let you talk to many people at the same time. You will get the same salary, but there is ____39____ wasted.
Is it better or worse than working in an office? Well, if you work from home and your neighbour doesn’t, when he is ____40____ the office at 7:00, you’re getting up. He is sitting in his car at 7:30, and you’re drinking a cup of coffee and checking your e-mails. At 8:00 when your neighbour is arriving at the office, you’re taking a shower. After that, you have breakfast and begin your day’s work. At lunchtime you aren’t very hungry, so you decide to continue working. You work until about 4:00, check your e-mails and then relax. You take your dog to the park for a ____41____ . At six o’clock, you’re watching the news when your neighbour arrives home.
36.A.early B.late C.earlier D.lately
37.A.time B.place C.way D.people
38.A.must B.have to C.can’t D.needn’t
39.A.more lime B.less time C.fewer days D.more pay
40.A.leaving for B.arriving at C.reaching D.doing some work at
41.A.sleep B.run C.nap D.dinner
四、阅读单选
The following two charts compare GDPs among provincial districts of China and Japan.
Chart 1
Chart 2
42.________ provincial districts of Japan were listed in chart 1.
A.15 B.11 C.4 D.0
43.According to the two charts, we can see ________?
A.New Japan was founded in 1949
B.the last year of the comparison is 2022
C.Beijing is the capital city of China
D.far more Chinese provincial districts are listed in Chart 2
44.According to the 2 charts, Japan develops ________ China.
A.faster than B.as fast as C.slower than D.as slowly as
My neighbor, Mr. Black, is seventy years old. He always complains(抱怨) about how fast things have changed, and often says that life used to be better than nowadays.
Now cities are full of cars. Some families even have two or more cars, so parking is becoming a big problem. The traffic in some cities is getting worse and worse, too. Car drivers drive so fast that there are more traffic accidents. Yesterday Mr. Black’s old friend was hit by a car and died. He is very sad now.
Most families own computers now. A study found that children use the Internet more and more. The number of children using the Internet has grown by three times in the past three years. Mr. Black’s grandson is a high school student. He often stays up late playing computer games on the Internet. He falls asleep in the early hours of the morning and spends little time doing homework. His English teacher told Mr. Black that his grandson failed another test, Mr. Black got very angry with him.
Mr. Black thinks that life used to be simple and happy, but now it has changed a lot.
45.________ was hit by a car.
A.The English teacher B.Mr. Black C.Mr. Black’s grandson D.Mr. Black’s friend
46.Mr. Black thinks that life is ________.
A.more comfortable B.worse than it used to be
C.the same as it used to be D.better than it used to be
47.What changes have taken place according to the passage?
A.Few people are using the Internet now.
B.The traffic is very bad in all the cities.
C.Some families even have two or more computers.
D.It is a problem to park cars in some cities.
There are lots of changes in our town. There is a village called Cang Lang Yuan. It lies in the north of Zaozhuang. It has a population of over 2,000.
There used to be some old and low houses in the village. A lot of houses were built in the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. In the past there was no factory or school there. To our surprise, now there are some new and tall buildings there. There used to be very dirty and narrow streets. Now the streets are very clean and wide. There are lots of young trees and beautiful flowers on both sides of the street. There used to be a polluted pool in front of the village. Now there is a beautiful park there. But there are still some old houses there. They have been protected. People used to listen to the radio for news and weather information. But now they can get them through TV or the Internet. They are very modern. Now they drive cars to work or travel. Since 1986, there have been great changes in the village. I believe that it will have greater changes in the future. People’s life is getting better and better.
48.What is Cang Lang Yuan?
A.A village. B.A city. C.An animal. D.A town.
49.In the old days, what was the village like?
A.There were many high buildings. B.Some houses were old and low.
C.The streets were wide and clean. D.The people were rich.
50.The underlined word “narrow” in the passage means “________” in Chinese.
A.有趣的 B.无聊的 C.拥挤的 D.狭窄的
51.According to the passage, which of the following is RIGHT?
A.There was a school in the village in the past. B.Some old houses have been protected now.
C.A beautiful park has been turned into a polluted pool. D.People in the village never travel.
52.What can be the best title of this passage?
A.The Old Buildings B.The Changes at Cang Lang Yuan
C.People’s Life Is Getting Better and Better D.People Are Friendly in the City of Zaozhuang
Over the last few centuries, there have been many changes in our lives.
To start with, people were not able to travel such a long distance in such a short time in the past. Planes were not very popular at that time because they used to be a very expensive way to travel. Nowadays, we have fast, comfortable cars, and more and more people can travel by plane.
Secondly, in the past, people had to work much harder because they did not have the tools that we have today. Today, most of the difficult and dangerous work is done by computers and machines.
Thirdly, in the past, the living conditions were not as good as they are now. There were no bathrooms or running water in many houses, and many people could not buy things like fridges, TV sets or washing machines. Now, most families have several of these things.
Finally, nowadays, more and more people have the chance to get a good education. In the past, there were fewer schools and the quality of education was much poorer. Now education is free for primary and middle school students. Also, it is much easier to find the educational materials that you need on the Internet now.
The scientific and technological development in the world is amazing. Life now is much better than it used to be. And we are still creating new things to make our lives better and easier.
53.The fourth paragraph is about ________.
A.why there was no running water in many houses
B.the changes of living conditions
C.why people didn’t like fridges before
D.how many modern things a family has
54.What does the writer think of education now?
A.It’s easy to get the chance of education.
B.Education is very expensive.
C.We still need to build more schools.
D.The quality of education is still poor.
55.What does the passage mainly tell us?
A.We can travel a long distance in a short time by plane.
B.It’s necessary to have fridges, TV sets in modern families.
C.People do work more easily because of modern machines.
D.Great changes have taken place in the last few centuries.
Tony is 17 years old. He has many friends. They look different and they have different personalities. He’d like to tell us about some of them.
Name
Job
Age
Looks and hobbies
Ann
volleyball player
17
She’s very tall (1.87 meters)! She has a baby face. She’s very beautiful. She likes listening to pop music and drawing.
Jim
skiing player
18
He’s always smiling, so people call him “sunshine boy”. He’s a “black horse”. He won the first gold medal for his city this year. He likes reading and playing computer games.
Lily
singer
16
People call her “Angel”. She’s a cool girl with black glasses and short hair. She likes wearing T-shirts. She likes singing, of course. She’s good at playing basketball.
56.Who is the oldest among the four persons?
A.Tony. B.Ann. C.Jim. D.Lily.
57.What does Ann like doing?
A.Playing basketball. B.Doing some reading.
C.Playing computer games. D.Listening to pop music.
58.Why do people call Jim “sunshine boy”?
A.Because he likes reading. B.Because he likes playing games.
C.Because he’s always smiling. D.Because he’s a skiing player.
59.The underlined word “personality” means “______” in Chinese.
A.个性 B.成绩 C.职业 D.任务
60.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A.Lily is the youngest of the three.
B.“Angel” does well in playing basketball.
C.Ann has a baby face.
D.Jim looks like a black horse.
You may have noticed that the world’s population is not evenly distributed(分别) around our planet. There are some countries where people seem to be living nearly on top of each other because conditions are overcrowded. Then there are others where it seems that hardly anybody lives. What influences this unequal distribution of people? There are specific advantages and disadvantages of living in a certain area.
The two main factors that influence people’ choice of location are climate and resources. Climate is the usual weather conditions in a region. Areas that have bad weather are generally less ideal as places to live in. The north and south poles at the top and bottom of the world may be beautiful in their rugged, natural way, but the disadvantages of the bitterly cold and windy conditions usually keep people away. When it comes to climate, warm conditions and a normal amount of rainfall are advantages that attract people.
Natural resources are things that we get from nature that help us survive. Each region offers different resources, and therefore attracts different groups of people. People who enjoy the beach can make their living by catching and selling the ocean’s many fish and other sea creatures. Those who prefer farming can take advantage of rich soil (土壤) in valleys near rivers. Some people are willing to accept the disadvantages of the terrible conditions of deserts or mountains in order to take advantage of the resources like oil or woods.
61.The underlined part “on top of “in the first paragraph most likely means ________.
A.very close to B.on the highest part of C.in control of D.on the surface of
62.What are the main factors that influence the distribution of people?
A.Resources and oceans B.Climate and rivers.
C.Climate and resources. D.Warm conditions and rainfall.
63.The writer thinks many people don’t live near the north or south pole because ________.
A.they can’t get enough food there B.they natural sights there don’t attract people
C.the unpleasant weather keeps them away D.the length of nighttime is too short or too long
64.The purpose of the example in the last paragraph is to tell us ________.
A.people cannot survive in cold conditions
B.different resource attract different groups of people
C.People usually prefer living at the seaside to living in mountains
D.a normal amount of rainfall is necessary for people to live in the desert
Last month the manager of a jewelry shop received a letter. As he was very busy then, the letter lay on his desk till tea-time. He opened it and a 10-pound note(票) fell out onto the desk. Within the note was a letter which said:
Dear sir:
In 1935 I got engaged(订婚). But unfortunately I lost my job. At the time a lot of people were out of work. Six months later I got a job again, but of course I was very short of money. I came to your shop to buy a wedding ring(婚戒). The assistant took out some rings for me to look at, but she was called away for a moment, and I put one of the rings in my pocket. When she came back, I said I didn’t know the size of my girl’s finger. So I left the shop without buying a ring. My wife died a short while ago and the fact that I never paid for the ring has been heavy in my heart all these years. At that time, the ring cost 2 pounds so I think it is 10 pounds at today’s price and I’m sending 10 pounds.
Yours truly,
A customer (顾客)
65.When did the manager open the letter?
A.In the morning B.When he received the letter
C.At lunch time D.Till tea-time
66.The customer didn’t write the letter until_____.
A.he was dying B.his wife’s death
C.he had enough money D.he got a job again
67.What do you think of the customer’s paying for the ring at last?
A.Honest B.Forgetful
C.Dishonest D.Careless
I’ve owned a model plane since I was five. Now I’m a 14-year-old middle school student and I don’t need it anymore. This toy can still fly up in the air. So I’d like to give it away to someone in need. Might the person be you?—Joe
To be honest, I used to hate my family a lot. My parents often argued and never cared about me and my brother Sam often fought with me. So I stayed in my own bedroom most of the time. But now everything has changed and we’ve got on well with each other. —May
Whose Coat Is This? It is the most interesting book I’ve ever read. Laura Purdie Salas, an American writer wrote it for kids. According to different coats, this book introduces some different jobs. I have learned much from the book.—Wang Zi
I once volunteered to teach in a village primary school. It’s a valuable experience for me. Most pupils were from poor families, but they all loved to study. I taught them English and played games with them. When seeing their happy faces, I felt great.—Zhu Le
68.What might May often do in the past?
A.Playing with Sam. B.Staying alone in her bedroom.
C.Talking with her dad. D.Helping her mom with the chores.
69.Which subject may Zhu Le be good at?
A.English. B.Chinese. C.Math. D.History.
70.What can we know from the information?
A.Joe often gives some old things away to poor kids.
B.There are at least four people in May’s family.
C.Wang Zi needs a great job to develop his skills.
D.Zhu Le is from a poor family, but loves to study.
阅读下面语言材料,然后按文后要求做题。
With the help of apps (应用程序) , we can use our mobile phones to do many things. Here are parts of the most popular apps.
Ctrip can help you when you feel it is hard to buy the train or plane tickets. You can buy tickets at any time if you have a mobile phone or a computer.
Ximalaya Reading has millions of books such as poems, short stories, novels and even fairy tales (神话故事) for children to listen.
For children under three years old, Baby Bus is a very good friend. Kids can learn to speak, understand numbers and draw pictures with the help of this app.
With the app, you can find cheap foods, wonderful KTVs, ice - cream rooms, clothes shops for girls and even shopping centers.
Shanbay Word
Many middle school students are using Shanbay Word to learn English. It can help them with English words in many ways, such as pictures, English songs and movies, games and listening.
根据材料内容选择最佳答案。
71.Ctrip is a useful app for ________.
A.ordering meals B.booking tickets
C.drawing pictures D.learning English
72.What can we know about from Ximalaya Reading?
A. B. C. D.
73.Mr. and Mrs. White use Baby Bus to help their two - year - old son practice _______.
A.speaking B.walking C.running D.swimming
74.To remember English words in a fun way, students can choose _______.
A.Ctrip B.Baby Bus C.Shanbay Word D.Meituan
75.What can we even find by the Meituan app?
A.Fairy tales. B.Plane tickets.
C.English songs. D.Wonderful KTVs.
①In 2050, our life will be a lot different from nowadays in many aspects(方面).
②People will have more ways of transport. Car makers will produce solar-energy(太阳能), wind-energy cars. These cars are much more environment-friendly and people will drive them to work. Everyone can travel to other planets in the future, for example, fly to the moon.
③And with the help of computers, we don’t need to go to school anymore. You can choose to have lessons at home and you can also learn everything with online teachers. The lessons will be more optional(可选择的)for you to choose as long as it suits your time.
④There will be robots helping people with their lives. People won’t need to sweep the floor or cook meals because robots will do them all. Because of this, people will become lazier and easier to be fat. The robots will not only do housework at home, but also land in the some other places, such as restaurants, hospitals and airports—they will learn new skills.
76.According to the passage, who will create new energy cars?
A.Car drivers. B.Car makers. C.Car sellers. D.Car lovers.
77.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.Ways to study. B.Computers to use. C.Food to eat. D.Housework to do.
78.What does the word “land” mean in Paragraph 4?
A.Fly B.Play C.Work D.Talk.
79.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole passage?
A.①②③/④ B.①②/③④ C.①/②③/④ D.①/②③④
五、阅读判断
阅读短文,判断短文后句子的意思是否与短文内容相符。用“T”表示相符,“F”表示不相符。
Peter is a middle school student. He’s quite healthy. But two years ago, he was heavy and often went to see a doctor. He loved chips and chocolate, and got tired easily. He stayed at home all day and didn’t have enough exercise. One morning, he saw some young men running in the park, and they looked really strong. From then on, he thought he should start running.
Now Peter is an active boy. He runs for a long time every morning. He even runs about five miles sometimes. He drinks a milk shake in the morning and eats vegetables every day. He never eats junk food. He looks after his health very well. His healthy lifestyle can help him to study better than before. He says he will keep on running all his life.
80.Peter had enough exercises two years ago.
81.One morning, Peter saw some young men swimming in the park.
82.Now Peter is an active boy and runs for a long time every morning.
83.Peter eats vegetables every day but he never eats junk food.
84.Peter’s healthy lifestyle can help him to study better.
根据短文内容,判断下列句子的正(T)、误(F)。
What season is it in October? If you ask people from the UK, they will tell you it’s “autumn”. But if you go to the USA, you will find that people use both “autumn” and “fall”. Why does this season have two names in English?
According to a Dictionary. com, both words have been around for a long time, but neither of them was the first to describe this season. During this season, crops (庄稼) would become ripe (成熟) and farmers would have a big harvest (丰收). So in old English, this season was simply called “harvest”.
Then, in 1600s, more people left their farms and moved to cities. With fewer people farming, the word “harvest” became less useful. English speakers needed a different name for the season. They knew leaves fell from trees during the season, so people started calling it “the fall of the leaf”, or “fall” for short.
But at the end of 1600s, autumn, from the French word “autompne” and the Latin “autumnus”, came to England. It gradually replaced “fall” as the word for this season.
At the same time, British people were making their first trips to North America. They brought both the words “fall” and “autumn” with them. That’s why today’s Americans have two names for one season.
85.Auturmn is in October.
86.People use both “autumn” and “fall”to describe the season in October in the USA.
87.In new English, this season was simply called “harvest”
88.With fewer people farming, the word “harvest” became less useful.
89.Today’s Americans have two names for each season.
六、多任务混合阅读
Leisure activities (闲暇活动) are the kinds of things people like to do to relax and enjoy themselves when they are not working or going to school. Leisure activities play an important part in people’s lives. (A) 在过去几乎没有闲暇活动. Children often got together to play hide-and-seek. People met to play cards or chess in the street. ① Watching operas and listening to the radio were the main activities in their spare time.
(B) ______ the reform and opening-up, Chinese people have had more time to spend on various kinds of leisure activities. ② A lot of people love both to play and to watch team sports like basketball or football. Many people stay at home having a rest, reading books and watching TV.
(C)Young people like to play computer games or chat on the Internet. In recent years, more and more people love to travel during vacation.③ They go to visit some places of interest, and some people even make a tour (D) ______ to experience foreign culture. Chinese people now have the time and chance to do more kinds of leisure activities.
90.将文中画线部分(A)译成英语: ___________________
91.在文中(B)和(D)的空白处填入适当的单词: __________; _________
92.将文中画线部分(C)改写为:
Young people like to play games _______ the computers or chat _______.
93.将“Few people had chances to travel.”填入文中,①②③三处的最佳位置: ______
94.从文中找出能够说明本文主旨大意的词语: _______________
七、补全对话7选5
A: Do you know Tom?
B: Yes, he is my good friend.
A: Does he look like you?
B: No, he is taller than I. ____95____
A: ____96____
B: Yes, he is. He is more outgoing than I am.
A: Is he a good student like you?
B: ____97____ And he is more serious than me in study.
A: Does he play sports?
B: Yes, we both play soccer.
A: Which ball game do you like best, soccer, basketball, or ping-pong?
B: ____98____
A: But I like basketball better than soccer. Most of the boys in my class are good at it.
B: ____99____
A: Sure.
A.Shall we have a basketball game after school?
B.Is he outgoing?
C.And he is a little thinner than I.
D.I think I like football best.
E.Yes, he is.
F.I don’t know him.
G.No, he isn’t.
八、材料作文
100.随着社会的发展,我们的生活变得越来越好。学校英语角本周的主题是“changes around us”。请你根据下表中的提示,用英语写一篇短文,谈谈自己的看法。
注意:
1.必须包括所有要点,不要逐词翻译,可以适当发挥,使短文语言通顺,意思连贯;
2.词数70左右,文章的开头已经给出,不计入总词数;
3.文中不得出现你的真实姓名和学校名称。
In the past few years, great changes have taken place around us.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案:
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.D 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.C 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.B 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.C 21.their 22.watching 23.potatoes 24.studies 25.Africans
26.C 27.A 28.D 29.B 30.A 31.C 32.D 33.C 34.A 35.B
36.A 37.C 38.D 39.B 40.A 41.B
42.B 43.D 44.C
45.D 46.B 47.D
48.A 49.B 50.D 51.B 52.B
53.B 54.A 55.D
56.C 57.D 58.C 59.A 60.D
61.A 62.C 63.C 64.B
65.D 66.B 67.A
68.B 69.A 70.B
71.B 72.C 73.A 74.C 75.D
76.B 77.B 78.C 79.D
80.F 81.F 82.T 83.T 84.T
85.T 86.T 87.F 88.T 89.F
90.In the past, there were few/weren’t many leisure/free time activities./There were few/weren’t many leisure/free time activities in the past./In the past, there were almost no/hardly any leisure/free time activities. 91. Since abroad 92. on online 93.①
94.Leisure activities
95.C 96.B 97.E 98.D 99.A
100.例文
In the past few years, great changes have taken place around us.
As for travel, many people enjoy travelling in their spare time. Some people like travelling online and more and more people can afford to travel abroad. Our studies are also changing. For example, more and more students show an interest in reading and more group work and discussions are done in class, which can help us learn more. More and more people have their own cars. At the same time, more and more people prefer to walk to school instead of driving. And high-speed trains make people travel faster and easier. Our environment changes a lot, too. The air is fresher and the water is cleaner. We often take a walk happily in the park.
In a word, our life is becoming better and better. We look forward to a better future.