2020版高考新创新一轮复习英语北师大版学案：必修4Unit12CultureShock

Unit 12 Culture Shock




一、课前基础自查

(一)分类记单词——省时高效

Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)
1．soccer n．　　　(英式)足球
2．eastern adj. 东方国家的；东部的
3．flashlight n. 手电筒
4．novel n. (长篇)小说
5．schoolmate n. 同学
6．headmaster n. 校长
7．handkerchief n. 手帕，纸巾
8．canteen n. 食堂，餐厅
9．appetite n. 食欲，胃口
10．yummy adj. 美味的
11．erupt vi. 爆发，喷发
12．parcel n. 邮包，包裹
13．earthquake n. 地震
14．literature n. 文学
15．well­off adj. 富有的
Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)
1．absorb_ vt. 吸收；理解，掌握
2．bear_ vt. 携带；容忍
3.familiar adj.　　　　熟悉的，常见的
4．indicate_ vt. 表明；表示
5．laughter n. 笑；笑声
6．brief_ adj. 短暂的，简短的
7．exchange vt. 兑换，交换
8．request n. 请求
9．attach vt. 喜欢，依恋；系，固定
10．owe vt. 欠(情、债等)
11．modest adj. 谦虚的；适度的
12．aspect_ n. 方面
13．export vt. 出口，输出
14．whisper vi. 低语，耳语
15．custom_ n. 习俗，风俗
16．outdoors_ adv. 在户外，在野外
17．manners_ n. 礼貌
18．stare vi. 凝视，盯着看
19．broad adj. 各种各样的；广阔的
20．outgoing adj. 友好的，乐于交友的
21．book_ vt. 预约，预订
Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)
1．addition n．相加；增加物→additional adj.补充的，额外的，附加的
2．apology n．道歉，认错→apologize v．道歉，谢罪
3．expectation n．期待的事物；预期→expect vt.期待，预料；指望→expected adj.预期的，预料的
4．majority n．大半，大多数→major adj.主要的 vi.主修
5．reasonable adj.合理的，正当的→reason n．理由v.推论；劝说；理解→reasonably adv.合理地；相当地
6．movement n．动作；活动→move v．移动；感动→movable adj.可移动的→moving adj.令人感动的
7．curiously adv.好奇地；奇怪地→curious adj.好奇的→curiosity n．好奇心
8．informal adj.非正式的→formal adj.正式的
9．injure vt.伤害→injury n．伤害，损害→injured adj.受伤的
10．educator n．教育者→education n．教育→educated adj.有教养的→educate vt.教育
[语境活用]
1．His generous donation filled our need for additional funds, and in addition,_it encouraged more and more people to give a hand.(addition)
2．His explanation was not reasonable,_so all of us didn't accept his reason for being absence. He should apologize to us reasonably.(reason)
3．He expected that everyone would burst out laughing when he finished his joke, but beyond his expectation nobody laughed.(expect)
4．The boy is always curious about the world outside and shows great curiosity about what is going on in nature.(curious)
5．Three people were killed and five were injured in the crash.The doctor said two of the injured had serious injuries.(injure)
6．Many students who were educated by the famous educator received further education.(educate)

(二)练中记短语——记牢用活

写准记牢
语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)
1.get_used_to　　　　　　　习惯于
2．give_..._a_lift 让……搭车，搭便车
3．see_...off 给(某人)送行
4．belong_to 属于
5．insist_on 坚持，坚决要求
6．stare_at 盯着看；凝视
7．be_attached_to 附属于
8．sound_like 听起来像
9．in_poor_condition 状况不好
10．be_sensitive_to 对……敏感
11．at_least 至少
12．contrary_to 与……相反
13．put/bring_an_end_to 结束
14．loads_of 许多，大量
1.The foreign student could not get_used_to eating the strange food.
2．After Tom_saw Frank off at the bus station, he went to the school office to work.
3．A final battle put/brought_an_end_to the war, and then the country had been in peace for many years.
4．The young man insisted_on being sent to where he was most needed.
5．The fresh air belongs_equally_to us all; we should protect it from being polluted.
6．I made everything perfectly clear — or at_least I thought I did.
7．Don't be_sensitive_to what I said — I wasn't criticizing you.
8．They stared_at the strange sight in silent wonder.

(三)仿写明句式——以用为本
教材原句
句式解读
句式仿写
1.I'd rather stay cosy and read my novel.
我宁可舒服地待着，看看小说。
would rather do ...“宁愿做……”。
如果你撒谎或者不遵守诺言，没有人会相信你。因此我宁愿受到责备也不会去欺骗他人。
If you tell lies or don't keep your words, no one will trust you.So I would_rather_be_scolded than cheat others.
2.Would you mind giving me and my schoolmate a lift to school?
你能让我和我的同学搭上你的车去上学吗？
Would you mind doing ...？“请你做……好吗？”
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)看完短片后，请给我们提一些建议好吗？
After seeing the short film，would_you_mind_giving us some advice, please？
3.Decide where to go on holiday with a friend.
定好和朋友到哪里去度假。
“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构。
(2014·重庆高考书面表达)我很珍惜这本书，因为它告诉我如何用一种积极的方式保持平衡的友谊。
I value this book because it tells me how_to_keep the balance of friendship in a positive way.
4.When I first arrived in San Francisco, I had a difficult time understanding certain aspects of the American way of doing things.
刚到旧金山的时候，有段时间我感到很难理解某些美国人的处事方式。
have a difficult time (in) doing sth.“有一段较为困难的时光”。
(2013·江西高考书面表达)爬山有点困难，但到达山顶后，我们高兴地又跳又叫。
We have_a_difficult_time_(in)_climbing_the_hill,_but we jumped and cheered with joy after we got to the top.
5.I had a similar experience the last time I visited China.
上次我到中国参观时也有同样的经历。
the last time“上次……的时候”，用作连词引导时间状语从句。
(2016·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)我仍然记着上次你来我们学校参观的时候给我展示了关于那个主题的照片。
I remember you showed me some photos on that theme the_last_time_you_visited_our_school.

二、课堂重点深化



1．owe vt.欠(情、债等)；归功于
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①These early settlers owed their survival_to hard work and determination to succeed.
②I owe it to you that I finished my work ahead of time.
③Owing to the bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.
句型转换
④The country owes foreign countries billions of dollars because of the financial crisis.
→The country owes billions of dollars to foreign countries because of the financial crisis.
　[系统归纳]
owe sb.sth.＝owe sth.to sb.　　 欠某人某物
owe ... to ... 把……归功于；归因于
owing to 因为；由于
owe it to sb. that ... 多亏了某人
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑤He owes this to his doctor's care that he is quite well again.this→it
佳句时时写
⑥(2018·江苏高考书面表达)我们把排名的提高归功于产品和服务上。
We_owe_it_to_the_products_or_services_that_good_ratings_increase.
[名师指津]　如果owe的宾语是动词不定式或名词性从句，可使用it作形式宾语，将充当真正宾语的动词不定式或名词性从句放在句尾。
2．absorb vt.吸收；理解；使专心；使全神贯注；掌握
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①Certain chemicals are easily absorbed into the bloodstream, while others are not.
②Absorbed (absorb) in painting, Mary didn't notice evening approaching.
③Most little shops have been absorbed by/into big businesses.
完成句子
④He is_absorbed_in_the_sports_news on the back page of his newspaper.
他在全神贯注地阅读报纸末版上的体育新闻。
⑤The first Chinese woman astronaut Liu Yang absorbed_the_whole_world's_attention.
第一位中国女宇航员刘洋吸引了全世界的注意力。
　[系统归纳]
(1)absorb sb.'s attention to (doing) sth.
吸引某人对(做)某事的注意力 　
absorb ... into ... 把……吸收到/并入……
(2)be absorbed by/into ...　 被……吞并；为……所吸收
be absorbed in (doing) sth.
全神贯注于/热衷于/一心从事某事
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑥Absorbed with his work, he simply forgot to have supper and sleep.with→in
佳句时时写
⑦(2015·福建高考书面表达)一缕光线从墙上的一个小孔穿过，他(借助灯光)全神贯注地读书。
A_weak_ray_of_light_came_in_through_a_small_hole_in_the_wall_and_he_was_absorbed_in_his_reading.
[联想发散]　(1)表示“吸引某人注意(力)”的短语还有：
①draw/attract one's attention
②catch one's attention/eyes
(2)表示“专心于”的短语还有：
①be lost/buried in　②be devoted to
3．familiar adj.熟悉的，常见的
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①I've just come here. I'm still not familiar with the work.
②This old song is familiar to those Chinese people who lived in the 1960s.
完成句子
③I was_so_familiar_with_him that I recognized his voice instantly I picked up the phone.
我对他是如此的熟悉以至于我一拿起电话就听出了他的声音。
　[系统归纳]
sb.be familiar with sth.　　　 某人对某物熟悉
sth.be familiar to sb.＝sth.be known to sb.
某物为某人所熟悉
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
④He is quite familiar to the city because he is a native of it.to→with
佳句时时写
⑤(2018·北京高考书面表达)你最好提前学习基础汉语。只有用这种方式，你才能熟悉北京的生活。
You'd_better_learn_some_basic_Chinese_ahead_of_time._Only_in_this_way_can_you_get_familiar_with_the_life_in_Beijing.
[名师指津]　be familiar with主语一般是有生命的人，意为“某人对某人/某事熟悉”；be familiar to主语一般是无生命的事物，意为“某事为某人所熟悉”。
4．attach vt.系，固定；附上，贴上；喜欢，依恋
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①It is high time that the country should attach importance to energy saving and environment protection.
②A young man attached himself (he) to me at the party and I couldn't get rid of him.
③Father asked me to attach a stamp to the envelope and mail it.
完成句子
④Don't attach_too_much_importance_to this report.
不要过于看重这份报告。
⑤The research unit is_attached_to_the university.
这个研究机构附属于这所大学。
　[系统归纳]
(1)attach ... to ...　　　 把……固定到/附/贴在……上
attach importance/significance/value to
认为……重要/有意义/有价值
attach oneself to sb. 与某人在一起；缠着某人
(2)attached adj. 依恋的；附加的
(be) attached to 附属于；依恋

　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑥In many countries, packets of cigarettes come with a government health warning attached on them.on→to
佳句时时写
⑦(2017·天津高考书面表达)为了成为第十三届全运会的志愿者，我提前做了很多我认为重要的准备。
To_get_admitted_as_a_volunteer_for_the_13th_National_Games,_I_have_made_many_preparations_I_attach_importance_to_in_advance.
5．request n．& vt.请求，要求
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①At_the request of mayor, he made a speech on the square.
②You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and request it to_perform (perform) different tasks.
③The Police Committee requested a grant from the Government to cover the extra expense.
一句多译
老板要求我们不要在办公室里吸烟。
④The_boss_requested_us_not_to_smoke_in_the_office.(request sb. not to do)
⑤The_boss_requested_that_we_(should)_not_smoke_in_the_office. (request that)
⑥It_was_requested_that_we_(should)_not_smoke_in_the_office.(It is/was requested that)
　[系统归纳]
(1)make a request for ...　　　　 请求，要求……
at sb.'s request＝at the request of sb.应某人的要求
(2)request sb.(not) to do sth. 请求某人(不)做某事
request sth.from/of sb. 向某人请求某物
request (that) ...　　　　　　 请求……
It is/was requested that ... 据要求……
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑦My father requested that I arrived home at dusk.
arrived→arrive
佳句时时写
⑧(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)要求两个队每天训练两个小时并且定期参加比赛。
It_is_requested_that_both_teams_train_for_two_hours_a_day_and_participate_in_competitions_regularly.
[名师指津]　在与request相关的名词性从句或“It is/was requested that ...”句型中，从句谓语动词用“should＋do”表示虚拟语气，should可以省略。
6．exchange vt.&n.兑换，交换
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①I will make the best of the opportunity to exchange ideas with them.
②I am going to travel abroad, so I go to exchange some RMB for dollars in the bank.
③I'll type your report if you'll babysit to make an exchange.
一句多译
他用一个苹果换我一块蛋糕。
④He gave me an apple in_exchange_for a piece of cake.
⑤He exchanged_an_apple_with_me_for a piece of cake.
　[系统归纳]
(1)exchange sth.for sth.　　　 以某物交换某物
exchange sth.with sb. 与某人交换某物
(2)make an exchange 交换
in exchange for sth. 交换某物
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑥It is illegal for public officials to solicit (索要) gifts or money in exchange with favours.with→for
佳句时时写
⑦(2014·天津高考书面表达)得知你下学期将作为一名交流生来我们学校我非常高兴。
I'm_very_happy_to_learn_that_you_will_come_to_our_school_next_term_as_an_exchange_student._
7．majority n．大半，大多数
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①At present, in the teaching profession, women are in a/the majority.
②The majority is/are (be) in favour of the proposal that we should save water in our daily life.
③The majority of astronauts from America have_been (be)men in the last few years.
完成句子
④The white are_in_the_majority in Australia while the native people in_the_minority.
在澳大利亚，白人占多数而原住民反而占少数。
⑤The_majority_of_the_damage is easy to repair.
大部分的损失很容易补救。
　[系统归纳]
(1)a/the majority of　　　　　　……的大多数
in a/the majority 占大多数
by/with a majority of 以多数票……
(2)minority n. 少数
in the minority 占少数
(3)“a/the majority of＋名词”作主语时，其后谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数。the majority作主语时，谓语动词既可以用复数，也可以用单数。
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑥The majority of the land have been destroyed so far. have→has
佳句时时写
⑦(2016·四川高考书面表达)正像我一样，大部分人认为夏天比其他三个季节有趣。
Just_like_me,_the_majority_think_summer_is_certainly_more_interesting_than_the_other_three_seasons.
8．bear vi.& vt.(bore, borne/born)容忍，忍受；承担(责任)；支撑；承受；生育；出生；结(果实)；携带
　[自主体验]
写出下列句中bear的含义
①I can't bear sharing the same room with him. 容忍，忍受
②John was bitten by a dog, and he bears the scars to this day. 携带
③I think the ice on the lake is too thin to bear your weight. 支撑
④She has borne a son and two daughters. 生育
⑤Why do I have to bear all the costs of repair？ 承担
完成句子
⑥You shouldn't have to bear_the_blame_for other people's mistakes.
你不应该非得代人受过。
⑦We must bear_it_in_mind_that wasting time is equal to wasting our life.
我们必须牢记浪费时间等于浪费生命。
　[系统归纳]
bear the blame/responsibility　　　受责备/承担责任
can't bear doing/to do sth. 不能忍受做某事
bear sb./sb.'s doing sth. 忍受某人做某事
bear sth.in mind 牢记某事
bear (it) in mind that ... 牢记……
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑧He couldn't bear be made fun of like that before the whole class.be→being
佳句时时写
⑨(2016·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)请记住我们上午8：30在学校外会面。
Please_bear_it_in_mind_that_we'll_meet_at_8：30_am_outside_the_school_gate.



1．see ... off 给(某人)送行
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①John is leaving for London tomorrow and I'll see him off at the airport.
②Can you see to it that the fax goes this afternoon?
完成句子
③I'm so glad you've come here to_see_to_the_matter in person.
我很高兴你能亲自来处理这件事情。
④You were very clever_to_see_through_him. He had deceived the rest of us.
你能看穿他真是聪明，他把我们其余的人都蒙蔽了。
　[系统归纳]
see through ...　　　　　 看透，识破；把……做完
see to sb./sth. 照料；注意；处理
see to it that ... 确保/保证……
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑤You will have to see to that all the windows are shut when you leave.that前加it
佳句时时写
⑥(2013·江西高考书面表达)上午八点，我们在学校门口集合，校长给我们送行，然后我们朝着大青山出发。
At_8_am,_we_gathered_at_the_gate_of_the_school._The_headmaster_saw_us_off_and_then_we_set_out_for_Daqing_Mountain._
2．get used to习惯于
　[自主体验]
完成句子
①He gets_used_to_getting_up_early and he can enjoy the fresh air in the morning.
他习惯早起来呼吸早上新鲜的空气。
②Smartphones are_used_to_do many things for people now.
现在手机被用来为人们做很多事情。
③We used_to_sit in the yard every evening, listening to stories told by my grandpa.
过去我们常常每天晚上坐在院子里，听爷爷讲故事。
④When he was young, he used_to go there on foot. Now he has got_used_to going there by bike, though his bike is_used_to pick up his grandson sometimes.
他年轻的时候常步行去那里。现在他习惯于骑自行车去那里，虽然有时候他的自行车被用来接孙子。
　[系统归纳]
(1)be/become/grow/get used to (doing) sth.
＝be/become/grow/get accustomed to (doing) sth.
习惯于(做)某事　　　　
(2)be used to do sth. 被用来做某事
(3)used to do sth. 过去常常做某事(暗示现在已经不做了)
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑤I used to get up late in the morning, but now I am used to get up early.第二个get→getting
佳句时时写
⑥(2012·四川高考书面表达)我习惯了在同学的帮助下背单词。我真的希望你能给我一些如何记忆新单词的建议。
I_am_used_to_learning_words_by_heart_with_the_help_of_classmates._I_really_hope_that_you_can_give_me_some_advice_on_how_to_memorize_new_words.
3．“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构
　[教材原句]　Decide where_to_go_on_holiday with a friend.
　[自主体验]
①When and where to_discuss the issue hasn't been decided yet.
何时何地讨论这个问题还没有确定。
②Why not discover what you enjoy and do that?
为什么不去发现你喜欢做的然后去做呢？
③I don't know whether to_accept it or not.
我不知道是否接受它。
　[归纳点拨]

用法规则
(1)在“疑问词＋不定式”结构中，不定式必须用主动式而不能用被动式。
(2)why后加不定式时，省略不定式符号to。
(3)whether后可接不定式，而if不可以。
注意事项
“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构，在句中作宾语、主语、表语等。
　[佳句背诵]
①(增分要点句)(2018·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)Speaking of table manners, I think it is important for you to know how to use chopsticks.
②(增分要点句)(2015·浙江高考满分作文)Once we were left to decide whether to have a picnic in a park or go to a museum. I would love to go to a museum.
③(增分要点句)The question many students are puzzled about is how to study English well.

4．the last time引导时间状语从句
　[教材原句]　I had a similar experience the_last_time I visited China.
　[自主体验]
①The_last_time I saw him, he was in hospital.
上次我见到他时，他住院了。
②He left me a good impression the_first_time I met him.
我第一次见到他时，他给我留下了好印象。
③The_moment he got out of the airport, the famous pop star was surrounded by his fans.
这位著名歌星一出飞机场，就被歌迷围了起来。
④I came to see you instantly (instant) I heard the news.
我一听到这个消息，就马上来看你了。
　[归纳点拨]
the last time作连词，引导时间状语从句。类似的还有：the moment， the minute， the second， the instant， the day， the week， the month， the year， each/every/next/any/last time， immediately， instantly， directly， by the time等。
　[佳句背诵]
①(增分要点句)(2015·安徽高考满分作文)The first time I interviewed him, he looked a bit nervous.
②(增分要点句)(2013·湖南高考满分作文)The first time we lost the match, we all felt very depressed, because we had all been devoted to making full preparations for it.



Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．It seems reasonable (合理的) to expect rapid urban growth.
2．Adler was an outgoing (外向的), sociable kind of man.
3．I was in the canteen (食堂) of a local school when the fire alarm went off.
4．It's traditional for the two teams to exchange (交换) shirts after the game.
5．The research indicates (表明) that eating habits is changing fast.
6．Last but not least, you can plant a tree, because trees_absorb (吸收) carbon dioxide in the air to produce oxygen.
7．They were so popular that their fans formed clubs in order to get more_familiar (熟悉的) with them.
8．They've been too badly hurt and they couldn't bear (容忍) to let it happen again.
9．A guide gave a brief (简短的) introduction about the history of the site.
10．Attach (贴上) a recent photograph to your application form.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．It is reported that the majority of the young, with their parents working in distant cities, have_been_suffering (suffer) from a sense of loneliness for years.
2．He owes his good health to plenty of exercise and a regular life.
3．No wonder his wife complains about him. No one can bear him staying (stay) at home, doing nothing day after day.
4．It is requested that each of the teachers invited (should)_give (give) a performance at the party.
5．Curiously (curious) enough, that very same thought occurred to me when I heard about the incident.
6．Educators (educate) are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the poor students.
7．What is being pulled down is the only theme park that is familiar to children.
8．With the development of science and technology, the surrounding villages have been absorbed by/into the growing city.
9．The majority (major) of the young people in the village have visited the Summer Palace.
10．Whoever he marries, she'll have to get used to getting (get) along with his friends.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．Don't respond to any e­mails requested personal information, no matter how official they look. requested→requesting
2．She said she was familiar to Makcik's daily routine and was certain she would still be sleeping. to→with
3．We have no vacancies now, but we'll certainly bear your application on mind. on→in
4．In the long run, Urmson sees a future of safer roads — the majority of auto accidents is caused by human error — and fewer traffic jams. is→are
5．I owed to you that I made such rapid progress in my spoken English. owed后加it
6．I get so absorbing in doing something that I am unaware of things happening round me. absorbing→absorbed
7．He also said that they were determined to bring end to terrorism. end前加an
8．Only if you attach importance on your work can you make it well. on→to
9．You'd better get used to do as you're told. do→doing
10．Both of my parents insist about buying a computer for me, but I don't think it is necessary. about→on
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．This kind of cancer is_attached_to_smoking_and_drinking.
这种癌症与吸烟、喝酒有联系。
2．He was_absorbed_in_the books after borrowing them from a bookshop.
从书店借来书之后，他便沉浸在这些书中。
3．Thousands of people were at the airport to_see_them_off.
数千人在机场为他们送行。
4．The_last_time_I_wrote_you_a_letter,_it was the fourth year after I graduated.
我上一次给你写信，那是在我毕业后的第四年。
5．He has never considered how_to_solve_the_problem.
他从未考虑过如何解决这个问题。


本单元语篇话题与新课程主题语境“人与社会”中的“文化影响”子话题相对应
一、话题语素积累多一点
子话题——文化影响
(一)浅易词汇温一 温
①welcome　　 ②greet　　 　 ③praise　　 ④talk
⑤drink ⑥follow ⑦enjoy ⑧different
⑨decision ⑩rude ⑪offer ⑫understanding
⑬share ⑭traditional ⑮bow ⑯behavior
⑰social ⑱polite ⑲respond

(二)生疏词汇记一记
①custom n．　　　 风俗　　 ②culture n．　　　　 文化
③mention vt. 提到 ④helpful adj. 有帮助的
⑤emphasize vt. 强调 ⑥cultural adj. 文化的
⑦relationship n. 关系 ⑧uncomfortable adj. 不舒服的
⑨unnecessary adj. 不必要的 ⑩similar adj. 相似的
⑪experience n. 经历 ⑫value n. 价值
⑬conversation n. 谈话 ⑭represent v. 代表
⑮symbol n. 象征 ⑯gesture n. 姿势
⑰misunderstand v. 误解 ⑱punctual adj. 准时的
⑲reflect v. 反映 ⑳unique adj. 独特的

(三)常用词块忆一忆
①Chinese social customs　　　中国社交习俗
②show politeness 表达礼貌
③put ... away 把……收起来
④at dinner party 在宴会上
⑤look forward to 盼望
⑥relationship building 关系建立
⑦in my own culture 在我自己的文化里
⑧further study 深造
⑨be compared with 与……相比较
⑩come across 偶遇
⑪in addition to 除……以外
⑫foreign language 外语
⑬second­language skills 第二语言技能
⑭eye contact 眼神交流
⑮facial expression 面部表情
⑯remove prejudice and misunderstanding　消除偏见和误解
⑰cultural exchange 文化交流
⑱cultural background 文化背景
⑲cross­cultural communication 跨文化交流
⑳multicultural society 多元文化社会
cultural diversity 文化差异

(四)写作佳句背一背
①Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact.
②Many traditional values are of permanent significance and should be observed in the modern and post modern eras.
③A lack of awareness of cultural diversity or local customs can create problems, and cause trouble.
二、话题书面表达亮一点

假设你是李华。你的外国笔友Jane打算七月来中国，特来信了解中国的社交习俗。请你用英语写一封回信。从以下几个方面给出建议：
1．见面时的问候方式；
2．对赞美的回答方式；
3．接收礼物时的回应方式；
4．餐饮礼节。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
　　　

[写作4步走]

第一步：句写对——给词写句
welcome, Chinese social customs, greet, praise, reply, unnecessary, in addition to, show politeness, put ... away, at dinner party, talk, drink, custom, culture, follow, proverb, enjoy, mention, helpful, look forward to　　
1．很高兴收到你的来信，欢迎你七月份来中国。
I'm_glad_to_hear_from_you_and_you_are_welcome_to_China_in_July.
2．下面就是一些中国社交习俗。
The_followings_are_some_Chinese_social_customs.
3．我们通过说“你好！”或者问“你去哪儿？”“你忙吗？”这样的问题来相互问候。
We_greet_each_other_by_saying_“Hello！”_or_asking_such_questions_as_“Where_are_you_going？”_or_“Are_you_busy？”
4．当受到表扬时，我们回复“哦，不！”或“过奖啦。”
When_we_are_praised,_we_reply_with_“Oh,_no！”_or__“I'm_overpraised.”
5．收到礼物时，我们通常说“不必带礼物。”，附带“谢谢！”来表示礼貌然后把礼物收起来。
When_receiving_a_gift,_we_usually_say_“It's_unnecessary.”_in_addition_to_“Thanks！”_to_show_politeness_and_then_put_it_away.
6．在宴会上，当喝酒祝福某人健康或成功时，我们以大声谈话和碰杯来表示。
At_dinner_parties,_we_talk_loudly_and_touch_glasses_when_we_are_drinking_to_someone's_health_or_success.
7．不同的文化有不同的习俗。
There_are_different_customs_in_different_cultures.
8．你遵守谚语“入乡随俗”。
You_follow_the_proverb_“Do_as_the_Romans_do_when_in_Rome”．
9．你将在这里享受到更多快乐。
You'll_enjoy_more_of_your_stay_here.
10．我希望上面提到的会对你有所帮助，盼望着你的到来。
I_hope_what's_mentioned_above_will_be_helpful_and_I_am_really_looking_forward_to_your_coming.

第二步：量写够——语句扩充
11．在第4句中加入目的状语“来表达礼貌”。
When_we_are_praised,_we_reply_with_“Oh,_no！”_or_“I'm_overpraised.”_to_show_good_manners.
12．在第6句中加入目的状语“来表达我们的热心”。
At_dinner_parties,_we_talk_loudly_and_touch_glasses_when_we_are_drinking_to_someone's_health_or_success_to_show_that_we're_warm.

第三步：语写美——词句升格
13．用“when ＋过去分词”改写第11句。
When_praised,_we_reply_with_“Oh,_no！”_or_“I'm_overpraised.”_to_show_good_manners.
14．用“when ＋现在分词”改写第12句。
At_dinner_parties,_we_talk_loudly_and_touch_glasses_when_drinking_to_someone's_health_or_success_to_show_that_we're_warm.
15．用if引导的状语从句合并第8句和第9句。
If_you_follow_the_proverb_“Do_as_the_Romans_do_when_in_Rome”，_you'll_enjoy_more_of_your_stay_here.

第四步：篇连顺——衔接成文
用firstly， secondly， next， finally， anyhow等词汇连句成文。
Dear_Jane，
I'm_glad_to_hear_from_you_and_you_are_welcome_to_China_in_July._The_followings_are_some_Chinese_social_customs.
Firstly,_we_greet_each_other_by_saying_“Hello！”or_asking_such_questions_as_“Where_are_you_going？”_or_“Are_you_busy？”Secondly,_when_praised,_we_reply_with_“Oh,_no！”_or_“I'm_overpraised.”_to_show_good_manners._Next,_when_receiving_a_gift,_we_usually_say_“It's_unnecessary.”_in_addition_to_“Thanks！”_to_show_politeness_and_then_put_it_away._Finally,_at_dinner_parties,_we_talk_loudly_and_touch_glasses_when_drinking_to_someone's_health_or_success_to_show_that_we're_warm.Anyhow,_there_are_different_customs_in_different_cultures._If_you_follow_the_proverb_“Do_as_the_Romans_do_when_in_Rome.”，_you'll_enjoy_more_of_your_stay_here.
I_hope_what's_mentioned_above_will_be_helpful_and_I_am_really_looking_forward_to_your_coming.
Yours，
Li_Hua



Ⅰ.根据提示填空
Different cultures ❶emphasize (强调) the importance of ❷relationship_building (关系建立) to a greater or lesser degree.For example, business in some countries is not possible until there is a relationship of trust.
Talk and silence may also be ❸different (difference) in some cultures.I once made a speech in Thailand.I had expected my speech to be a success and start a lively discussion; instead there was an ❹uncomfortable (不舒服的) silence.The people present just stared at me and smiled.After getting to know their ways better, I realized that they thought I was talking too much. ❺In_my_own_culture (在我自己的文化里), we express meaning mainly through words, but people there sometimes feel too many words are ❻unnecessary (没必要的)．
Even within Northern Europe, ❼cultural (culture) differences can cause serious problems.Certainly, English and German cultures share ❽similar (相似的) values; however，Germans prefer to get down to business more quickly.We think that they are ❾rude (粗鲁的)．In fact, this is just because one culture starts discussions and makes decisions (decide) more quickly.
Ⅱ.片段选词填空
offer， further study， experience， be compared with， understanding， value， come across， in addition to， foreign language， second­language skills
The other day I announced that I would go abroad for ❶further_study right after my college education. My decision evoked (引起，唤起) the immediate objection of my family: Why? Why should I borrow a huge sum of money for overseas study while I might receive the same education at home at a relatively low cost? My answer is: ❷in_addition_to_knowledge, I can gain experience that those who stay at home will never have.
First, ❸experience is the opportunity for the real­life use of ❹foreign_languages. While a person can study a foreign language at home, the effect can never ❺be_compared_with constant use of the language in everyday life. There is no better opportunity to improve ❻second­language_skills than living in the country in which it is spoken.
Second, living and studying abroad ❼offers me a different perspective (角度) of the world. On a university campus, foreign students are likely to ❽come_across their counter­parts from different countries and areas and are exposed to different ideas and ❾values. This helps me to have a better understanding_of different societies and inevitably (必然地) see my own country in a new light.
Third, overseas experience, disappointing and painful as it may be, is helpful. A person going abroad for study often experiences much more difficulty — difficulty in adapting to a new culture and in dealing with all problems alone.



一、复现单元考点——增强备考信心

Ⅰ.高考中的语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is actually behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to_feed (feed)chickens, pigs, and cattle.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I don't want to get too absorbed (absorb) in modeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
3．(2016·天津高考)I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn't been wearing one, I would_have_been_injured (injure)．
4．(2015·天津高考)Absorbed_ (absorb) in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.
5．(2014·安徽高考)—I get at least half an hour of exercise almost every day.
—Oh great! Keep it up.
6．(2013·广东高考)“That would be a very reasonable (reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours，” Nick said.
Ⅱ.高考中的完形填空
(选用owe, at least, familiar, request, stare, bear, laughter填空)
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Those brown eyes were very __53__. “What's his name？” I asked the instructor. “Ben，” he replied, and immediately I knew. That stranger was my son！____________
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Much to the family's surprise, Dennis stuck to his promise! He turned up at the hospital __53__ gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.____________
3．(2016·四川高考)The book sailed through the air to Aunt Dede and she began to read it aloud. By the end of the first chapter, __56__ were coming from the back seat: “Please read a little louder.”____________
4．(2015·北京高考)Dario's mother smiled at Mrs. Gilbert. “I think maybe we __50__ you an apology，” she said. “I didn't realize how late it was when we were playing. Maybe we should play some quieter music at night.”____________
5．(2015·天津高考)One agent recommended a house in particular. Although her description sounded wonderful, the price was beyond our range, so we declined. But she kept urging us to have a look __19__.____________
6．(2010·福建高考)On a Chinese New Year's Eve，my uncle spoke to me in Chinese, but all I could do was __40__at him, confused, scratching my head.____________
7．(2009·湖南高考)Johnny struggled to keep up with Lisette's smooth steps, but he was always one beat behind her.Then Johnny heard his friend Pierre say，“Look！Johnny has two left feet！” __43__ burst from the crowd.Johnny broke away and ran outside, determined never to go to another dance.____________
答案：1.familiar　2.bearing　3.requests　4.owe
5．at least　6.stare　7.laughter


二、复现话题词汇——提高阅读准度

新高考下的命题新视角：文化潜移默化地影响着人们的实践活动、认识活动和思维方式。与“文化影响”相关的话题也是高考的热点内容，文化影响类文章的选材一般以中西文化差异或者社会文化现象为重点。通过阅读此类话题的文章，考生可以培养多元文化意识，在传承和弘扬中华民族文化的同时，广泛吸纳世界各地的优秀文化。考生在平时应多关注与“文化影响”相关的一些材料。
[话题感悟]
学习目标 ——语篇复现词汇，活学活用记忆更深
(加黑词汇为本单元话题词汇，读文时请揣摩其用法)
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D)The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care­givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了沉默在不同文化里的具体含义。沉默有时表示思考，有时表示无话可说……不同的文化，人们对沉默有不同的理解。
32．What does the author say about silence in conversations?
A．It implies anger.　　　 B．It promotes friendship.
C．It is culture­specific. D．It is content­based.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段的第一句“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.”以及下文给出的不同文化里沉默代表不同含义的例子可知，选项C与之相符合。
33．Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?
A．The Chinese. B．The French.
C．The Mexicans. D．The Russians.
解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating ... just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.”以及“... silence is a call for reflection.”可知，许多美国本土人、一些传统的中国人以及泰国人都把沉默看作是仔细思考的象征，故选A项。
34．What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?
A．Let it continue as the patient pleases.
B．Break it while treating patients.
C．Evaluate its harm to patients.
D．Make use of its healing effects.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据文中最后一段中的“A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.”可知，作者建议护士们利用沉默的治愈效果来关爱病人，D项与此吻合。
35．What may be the best title for the text?
A．Sound and Silence
B．What It Means to Be Silent
C．Silence to Native Americans
D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
解析：选B　标题归纳题。整篇文章都在说，沉默在不同的文化和领域具有不同的含义，这与B项(沉默的含义)的表述相符。

学习目标 ——题后把脉规律，练后得法理解更透
明确文章主线，提炼文章标题
有些文章的中心思想贯穿全文，但是没有用一句明确的话表达出来。这就要求做题时利用主线，根据文章的每一段的意义去全面考虑，综合分析，找出共同点，再归纳成一般概念。如上文第35题，利用主线——沉默，根据每一段的段意(第1段：沉默的不同含义；第2段：沉默表示思考；第3段：沉默的其他文化内涵；第4段：沉默在护理中的作用)可概括出共性——沉默在不同的文化和领域具有不同的含义，再归纳成一般概念——沉默的含义，故选B项。



Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2019·武汉调研)When I graduated from the University of Iowa last year, I did something my friends did not understand. I left Iowa, where I had friends and stability, to live on a small houseboat near San Francisco. At school, I had found a job driving a school bus so people asked, “Why on earth are you leaving？”
Well, at graduation I was presented with two things — a degree in psychology and a question. It was the same one that many in my generation got：“What do I do now？” It was as difficult as it was common. That's because many people at my age were raised with the same words, repeated over and over by parents, teachers and TV, that “you can be whatever you want to be”. As a young boy, every time when I was puzzled about my future, they would say that they would be happy if I was happy. However, what I needed was concrete advice but not a vague idea, for example, “be a doctor, or be a bus driver”．
My experience was by no means universal. Many Americans are taught by their parents that the only purpose in life is to attain money and power. As a goal, this seems much easier and clearer than finding “happiness” or “gentleness”. The result of this upbringing is that many of my classmates did not specialize in any particular skill, rather assuming that something would magically happen to overcome their problems. They often get a real shock when they enter the “real world” and find that their options are very limited. Many of my friends have taken jobs as waiters or cooks after graduating, or have moved back in with their parents.
My life on the boat is hard at times, especially during storms. But this is my small attempt to be happy on my own. I'm not buying into my nation's idea of limitless possibilities because I feel that stops the growth of many of today's youth.
语篇解读：本文是文化教育类夹叙夹议文。作者用自身的经历指出当今美国的一个社会问题：青少年需要父母更为具体的引导和教育，让他们知道自己将来具体想要做什么，而不是简单地告诉他们“成为你想成为的人”。
1．Why were the friends confused about the writer's leaving?
A．He was tired of driving.
B．He suddenly quit school.
C．He would lose his friends.
D．He would lead a changing life.
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“I did something my friends did not understand. I left Iowa, where I had friends and stability, to live on a small houseboat near San Francisco”可知，作者离开了艾奥瓦州，那里有他的朋友，有稳定的工作，但他去了旧金山附近的一个船屋，开始自己一种新的生活，他的朋友们对他的这种做法很不理解，故答案选D。
2．What does the writer think of the guidance he got from American society?
A．It's specific. B．It's wrong.
C．It's general. D．It's correct.
解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第二段内容，尤其是其中的“what I need was concrete advice but not a vague idea”可知，作者想要的是具体的建议，故可推知他认为他得到的指导是宽泛的，故答案选C。
3．What directly caused a lot of Americans to have jobs lower than their expectations?
A．Their achievable goals.
B．The practical guidance.
C．Being shocked by the real world.
D．Lacking professional competence.
解析：选D　细节理解题。文章第三段最后一句“Many of my friends have taken jobs as waiters or cooks after graduating, or have moved back in with their parents” 提到我的很多朋友在毕业后都当了服务生或厨师，或者搬回去跟父母住在一起，上文分析了导致这种情况的原因“The result of this upbringing is that many of my classmates did not specialize in any particular skill”，也就是说，父母的这种教育方式导致很多孩子没有去认真学习专业技能。故答案选D。
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Stay where you are
B．Be whatever you want to be
C．Blind faith in industrial society
D．Mistaken belief in limitless possibilities
解析：选D　标题归纳题。文章主要阐述了作者指出当前美国的一个社会问题：父母没有给孩子提出具体的、明确的建议，教育其孩子把钱和权力当成了生活的唯一目标，这导致很多孩子没有去认真学习专业技能，在走上社会之后受到了影响，只能去做一些很低层次的工作。根据最后一段中的“I'm not buying ... today's youth”可知，作者批评了这种教育方式，并且不再相信美国社会的“无限可能”的信念。所以答案选D。
B
(2019·合肥模拟)Culture shock occurs when people have been suddenly thrown into a new culture. Newcomers may be anxious because they don't speak the language. Neither do they know the customs nor understand the people's behavior in daily life.
Quite often the visitor finds that “yes” may not always means “yes”， that friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship, or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes. The foreigners may be unsure as to when to shake hands, when to start conversations, or how to approach a stranger. The idea of culture shock helps explain the feelings of puzzlement and confusion.
Language problems do not account for all the setback that people feel. When one has lost everything that was once familiar, such as understanding a transportation system, knowing how to register for university classes, or knowing how to make friends, difficulties in coping with the new society may arise.
When an individual enters a strange culture, he or she feels like a fish out of water. Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to the culture and feel deserted by the native members of the culture. When this happens, visitors may want to reject everything about the new environment and may glorify and sing their own praises of the positive aspects of their own culture. On the other side, more visitors may sneeze at their native country by rejecting its value and instead choosing to approve of the value of the new country. This may occur as an attempt to accept the new culture in order to be taken in by the people in it.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了文化冲击现象发生的原因、现象、结果等。
5．What do people feel when they are abruptly in a new culture?
A．Excited. B．Delighted.
C．Upset. D．Hopeless.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Newcomers may be anxious because they don't speak the language. Neither do they know the customs nor understand the people's behavior in daily life”可知，由于语言不通、不了解当地的风俗、不理解当地人日常生活中的行为习惯，新来者会感到焦虑、担心。C项意为“心烦意乱的”，符合语境，故C项正确。
6．We can infer from the second paragraph that ________.
A．it's impossible to get used to a new culture
B．people feel confused due to culture shock
C．foreigners often don't mean what native people say
D．most foreigners are usually quite humorous
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“The foreigners may be unsure as to when to shake hands, when to start conversations, or how to approach a stranger. The idea of culture shock helps explain the feelings of puzzlement and confusion”可以判断，由于文化冲击，人们常常会感到困惑，故B项正确。
7．The biggest barrier people often meet with in a new country is ________.
A．the language　　　　　 B．the transportation
C．the environment D．the puzzlement
解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Newcomers may be anxious because they don't speak the language”并结合常识可知，在别的国家，人们遇到的最大问题就是语言不通。故A项正确。
8．A few immigrants say no to everything of the new country because ________.
A．they miss their native culture seriously
B．they know nothing about the culture
C．they can't enter the mainstream society
D．they really regret having immigrated
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Newcomers feel at times that they do not belong to the culture and feel deserted ... praises of the positive aspects of their own culture”可以判断，由于对新文化一无所知，新来的一些移民常常会拒绝新的国家中的一切，故B项正确。
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2019·武汉调研)Justin knew there was only one way out of his neighborhood — basketball. So he __1__ hard, running with the ball like the __2__ dogs were chasing (追逐) him. He could defeat any of the guys at the __3__， and he saw his way out and he ran for it.
One day when Justin was playing basketball, he __4__ his right knee badly. The doctor said he might never play __5__.Justin was extremely sad. Every day Justin just __6__ in bed, watching TV and eating potato chips. When he __7__ like a balloon, his sister came home from the university on holiday, bringing exciting __8__ of a faraway land called college.
Justin was __9__ by the dorm stories and campus (校园) __10__ that she told, but he could __11__ believe any of them. It was as if she were telling him about some __12__ land high above the clouds.
Justin was a pretty __13__ guy, but his sister had a way of __14__ him to do things that nobody else could. So while she was home during the __15__， they studied together, and they talked, and they worked, and Justin felt __16__ than he ever had before.
After spending those __17__ with his sister, Justin realized that he didn't want to feel bad for himself any more, and he didn't want to quit. Basketball __18__ be his thing, but now there was only __19__. Using the study skills Justin had acquired from his sister, he scored __20__ in every exam. The university that he applied to accepted him.
语篇解读：本文是人物故事类记叙文。Justin曾因受伤不能打篮球而失去希望，但他在姐姐的鼓励和带动下，通过努力学习，改变了自己，考上了自己想去的大学。
1．A.hit　　　　　　　　　 B．studied
C．practised D．breathed
解析：选C　Justin认为篮球是他走出去的唯一办法，所以他努力练习打篮球。hit“打击”；practise“练习”；breathe“呼吸”。
2．A.pet B．guide
C．cute D．wild
解析：选D　他努力练习打篮球，带着球跑，就像是野狗在追赶他一样。wild“野生的”符合语境。
3．A.top B．court
C．back D．beginning
解析：选B　在球场上，他能够打败所有的人。top“顶部”；court“球场”；beginning“开始”。
4．A.injured B．hugged
C．bent D．raised
解析：选A　根据第二段第二句可知，一天，当Justin练习打篮球的时候，他的右腿膝盖严重受伤。injure“使受伤”；hug“拥抱”；bend“压弯”；raise“抬起”。
5．A.alone B．again
C．around D．well
解析：选B　根据下文内容可知，此处指医生说他可能再也不能打篮球了。alone“独自”；again“再一次”；around“在……周围”。
6．A.played B．lay
C．jumped D．trained
解析：选B　Justin每天躺在床上，看电视、吃薯片。play“玩”；lie“躺”；jump“跳”；train“训练”。
7．A.stayed up B．looked up
C．grew up D．blew up
解析：选D　当他胖成气球一样的时候，他上大学的姐姐放假回家了。stay up“熬夜”；look up“向上看，改善”；grow up“长大”；blow up“给(某物)充气”， 此处是其引申含义。
8．A.tales B．challenges
C．discoveries D．possibilities
解析：选A　姐姐给他带来了遥远的大学里那些令人兴奋的故事，下文中的“dorm stories”是其信息提示。tale“故事”；challenge“挑战”；discovery“发现”；possibility“可能性”。
9．A.amazed B．satisfied
C．annoyed D．scared
解析：选A　根据下文中的“but he could ________ believe any of them”可知，Justin对于姐姐给他讲的那些大学宿舍里的故事以及校园里疯狂的事情感到很惊讶。amazed“大为惊奇的”；satisfied“满足的”；annoyed“恼怒的”；scared“害怕的，恐惧的”。
10．A.stress B．canteens
C．craziness D．networks
解析：选C　参见上题解析。stress“压力”；canteen“食堂”；craziness“疯狂”；network“网络”。
11．A.firmly B．honestly
C．really D．hardly
解析：选D　根据下文中的“It was as if ... high above the clouds”可知，此处指他几乎不相信任何一个故事。firmly“坚定地”；honestly“诚实地”；really“真正地”；hardly“几乎不”。
12．A.foreign B．rich
C．fantasy D．freedom
解析：选C　好像她在给他讲述云层之上的梦幻大陆的事情。foreign“外国的”；rich“富裕的”；fantasy“幻想，想象”；freedom“自由”。
13．A.lazy B．stubborn
C．regular D．wise
解析：选B　根据空后的“but his sister ... that nobody else could”可知，Justin是一个很固执的人。lazy“懒惰的”；stubborn“固执的”；regular“定时的，经常的”；wise“明智的”。
14．A.getting B．promising
C．permitting D．warning
解析：选A　根据下文内容可知，此处应指Justin的姐姐有办法让他做别人让他做不了的事情。get sb. to do sth.“让某人做某事”，符合语境。
15．A.duty B．trial
C．break D．strike
解析：选C　根据上文中的“his sister came home from the university on holiday”可知，此处指她在回家休息期间。duty“义务，职责”；trial“试验，审判”；break“休息”；strike“罢工”。
16．A.weaker B．healthier
C．worse D．better
解析：选D　他们一起学习，一起探讨，一起劳动，Justin感到从来没有这么好过。
17．A.years B．hours
C．decades D．weeks
解析：选D　根据常识并结合选项可知，此处指Justin与姐姐度过了数周(weeks)的假期。
18．A.used to B．ought to
C．had to D．got to
解析：选A　以前篮球就是他的一切。used to“过去常常”；ought to“应该”；have to“不得不”；get to“有机会做”。
19．A.vacation B．victory
C．school D．strength
解析：选C　根据语境可知，此处应指Justin现在心里只有上学了。school“上学”，符合语境。vacation“假期”；victory“胜利”；strength“力量”。
20．A.much B．high
C．little D．low
解析：选B　根据语境及文章最后一句可知，此处应指Justin在每门考试中都得分很高。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·南昌模拟)Harvard is older than the United States. In the early 1630s some settlers suggested that a university __1__ (found) just to improve the quality of their descendants so that they could __2__ (well) build the new home. Thus, it was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Like many other __3__ (university) at that time, the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis. The school board often had to go to Europe to raise __4__ (donate), but as you can predict, they often came back __5__ their hands empty.
In 1638, John Harvard, pastor of Charlestown, passed away. He left his library and half his estate to the institution, __6__ were the biggest donation ever since its establishment. Therefore, the university was named after his name. Today, you can find a statue of John Harvard __7__ (stand) in front of the University Hall in Harvard Yard, and it is perhaps the University's best __8__ (know) landmark.
Like other world famous universities, Harvard too has many colleges and Harvard Business School is one of them. There is __9__ saying in education that Harvard is the crown of American education __10__ Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了哈佛大学创建初期遇到的困难、名称的来历以及其地位。
1．be founded　考查语态和虚拟语气。主语a university和动词found之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；suggest表示“建议”时，后接从句，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
2．better　考查副词的比较级。十七世纪三十年代早期，一些殖民者建议建立一所大学以提高他们后代的素质，这样他们就能更好地建造新的家园。根据语境可知，空处表示“更好地”，故用副词比较级。
3．universities　考查名词的复数形式。和当时的其他许多大学一样，早期的哈佛大学经常遭遇金融危机。university为可数名词，该处表示“其他许多大学”，故用复数形式。
4．donation(s)　考查名词。学校董事会经常不得不去欧洲筹集捐款，但正如你所能预测的，他们经常空手而归。根据该句中的及物动词raise可知，空处作该及物动词的宾语，故用名词形式。
5．with　考查介词。with表示“具有，带有”，符合语境。
6．which　考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，句中his library and half his estate为先行词，故用which引导该定语从句。
7．standing　考查现在分词。今天，你可以在哈佛广场的大学礼堂前找到一尊站立着的John Harvard的雕像，这也许是这所大学最著名的地标。a statue of John Harvard和动词stand之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作宾语补足语。
8．known　考查形容词。根据空处后的名词“landmark”可知，空处修饰该名词，表示“知名的，著名的”，故用形容词known。
9．a　考查不定冠词。该处泛指“一句格言”，且saying的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
10．and　考查连词。在教育界有一句名言：哈佛是美国教育的王冠，哈佛商学院是它的闪亮之星。空前的“Harvard is the crown of American education”和空后的“Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it”为并列关系，故用连词and。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2019·陕西质检)
Dear Mr. Thomas，
I learn from the Notice Board that you want a word editor for the English Weekly. Luckily I had a friend, David, who is good for English. I think he is the right person for a post.
David does well in write in English and once won first prize in the English writing contest holding in our school. What's much, David is a friendly boy and he's always ready to help other whenever he is needed. And, most important, he gets on well with all his classmates and willing to work for the good of the team.
Please offer to him a chance. I'm sure he will give you a surprise.
Yours，
Sam
答案：第二句：had→have; for→at
第三句：a→the
第四句：write→writing; holding→held
第五句：much→more; other→others
第六句：important→importantly; and后加is
第七句：去掉to