2020新课标高考牛津版英语第一轮总复习讲义：第2部分第十一讲　构词法

第十一讲　构词法课标卷中的阅读理解与完形填空中约含有2.5%的派生词或合成词，对这部分词汇的掌握程度直接决定着做题质量；构词法还是语法填空中必考的题目，同时，短文改错中也不乏对构词法的考查。考点一　派生法(一)名词后缀1．动词变名词的后缀后缀例　词­ion/­tion/­sion/­ationcorrect→correction 改正celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会conclude→conclusion 结论；结束discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论decide→decision 决定admit→admission 接纳；准许入学attract→attraction 吸引invite→invitation 邀请explain→explanation 解释graduate→graduation 毕业expect→expectation 期望­er/­ordrive→driver 司机；驾驶员gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员teach→teacher 老师announce→announcer 播音员­mentpunish→punishment 惩罚achieve→achievement功绩；成就argue→argument辩论；论据treat→treatment对待；治疗equip→equipment 装备；设备govern→government 政府­ance/­enceappear→appearance出现；外貌guide→guidance指引；指导perform→performance表演；节目exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考；查阅­inghear→hearing听力；听觉begin→beginning开始­ure­turefail→failure失败；没做到press→pressure压力mix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure离开；出发­yrecover→recovery恢复；痊愈discover→discovery发现其他choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化；种类tend→tendency趋向；趋势2.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例　词­ageshort→shortage不足；短缺­cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私；私密­domfree→freedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧­encedifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默­nessweak→weakness虚弱；弱点kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意­thstrong→strength 力气；强项warm→warmth温暖；热情­y/­ty/­ityhonest→honesty 诚实difficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷；残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability无能；伤残responsible→responsibility责任(二)形容词、副词后缀1．动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀后缀例　词­ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒适的fashion→fashionable时髦的suit→suitable合适的reason→reasonable有道理的­almusic→musical音乐的origin→original最初的person→personal个人的；私人的center→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的­fuldoubt→doubtful怀疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的­edscare→scared 感到恐惧的confuse→confused 感到困惑的­ingsurprise→surprising 令人惊异的convince→convincing 令人信服的satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的­ibleaccess→accessible容易取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的­iveact→active积极的；活跃的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive给人深刻印象的­ouscontinue→continuous不断的；持续的anxiety→anxious忧虑的caution→cautious十分小心的；谨慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的­sometire→tiresome令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome麻烦的­ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的­erneast→eastern东方的；向东的­ishchild→childish孩子气的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的2.形容词变副词的后缀在形容词后加­ly可变成相应意义的副词直接加­lyslow慢的→slowly缓慢地改y为­ilyhappy高兴的→happily高兴地去e加­lytrue真的→truly真地(三)形容词、名词变动词的前缀和后缀 前/后缀例　词前缀en­able→enable 使能够large→enlarge 扩大rich→enrich 使充实后缀­enbroad→broaden (使)变宽ripe→ripen (使)成熟sharp→sharpen 使尖锐wide→widen 加宽­ifyclass→classify 把……分类just→justify 证明……正确simple→simplify 简化­izeapology→apologize 道歉emphasis→emphasize 强调(四)表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀 前/后缀例　词前缀dis­agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺点il­legal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合逻辑的im­polite→impolite无礼的patient→impatient不耐烦的前缀in­formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的ir­regular→irregular不规则的responsible→irresponsible不负责任的mis­lead→mislead误导understand→misunderstand误解un­usual→unusual不寻常的willing→unwilling不愿意的后缀­less,hope→hopeless绝望的end→endless没完没了的 考点二　转化法不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。动词→名词look→have a look 看一看survey→make a survey调查walk→take a walk 散步名词→动词button n．纽扣→v.扣纽扣book n．书→v.预订seat n．座位→v.容纳back n．背部→v.支持形容词→动词slow adj.慢的→v.减慢narrow adj.窄的→v.缩小warm adj.暖和的→v.加热考点三　合成法合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方式(有的合成词中间需加连字符)。合成词的词义可以根据各个组成部分的意思加以推断。构成合成词的几个词可以是词性相同的词也可以是词性不同的词。高中阶段常见的合成形式有：合成名词notebook笔记本；classroom教室；blackboard黑板；teamwork协力；spaceship宇宙飞船；woodcut木刻合成形容词lifelong毕生的；second­hand二手的；man­made人工的；widespread广泛的合成动词underline在……下面画线；whitewash粉饰；broadcast广播；download下载Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most ________(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.2．(2017·高考全国新课标卷Ⅰ)However, be ________(care) not to go to extremes.3．(2016·高考江苏卷)—Can you tell us your recipe for ________ (happy) and a long life?—Living every day to the full，definitely.4．(2015·高考广东卷) ________ (lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.5．I cannot control my body well.My legs become ________ (pain)．6．There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint)．7．She was ________ (surprise) helpful.8．“That would be a very ________ (reason) thing to do in a big city，but it could destroy a small village like ours，”Nick said.9．But such a small thing couldn't ________ (possible) destroy a village.10．Mary felt ________ (please)，because there were many empty seats in the room.【答案】1.successful　2.careful　3.happiness　4.Luckily5．painful　6.disappointed　7.surprisingly　8.reasonable9．possibly　10.pleasedⅡ.单句改错1．The man was so careful that he missed his train._____________________________________________________________2．Do you know the deep of the river?_____________________________________________________________3．“What's that？” the father shouted angry._____________________________________________________________4．If you do that，you'll get punish._____________________________________________________________5．Hearing the shocked news，she cried._____________________________________________________________【答案】1.careful→careless　2.deep→depth　3.angry→angrily　4.punish→punished　5.shocked→shockingⅢ.语法填空AA group of robbers dug their way into the basement of a bank in Paris and emptied almost 200 private 1.________ (safety)．They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 2.________ (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Saturday night.They tied up a 3.________ (secure) guard and spent the next nine hours robbing the bank.One 4.________ (investigate) described the 5.________ (rob) as a “6._________ (profession) job”．The robbers came in at about 22：00 on Saturday and left at 7：00 on Sunday.They entered through the basements of the 7.________ (neighbour) building，digging through a series of tunnels and making a hole into a wall of 80cm thick to get into the bank，which was having building works at the time.When they left，the robbers set the place on fire to 8.________ (move) any trace of evidence，switching on the anti­fire system and flooding the building.9.________ (fortune)，the guard escaped 10.________ (harm)．It is difficult to estimate the total value of what was stolen as only the bank's clients (储户) know the content of their private safes.【答案】1.safes　2.equipment　3.security　4.investigator5．robbery　6.professional　7.neighbouring　8.remove9．Fortunately　10.unharmedBFrom the 1.________(express) on Mary's face，he knew he left a bad 2.________(impress) on her and if she won the 3.________(elect) to become chairman of the Environment 4.________(organize)，he could not get her 5.________(permit)to join it although he was willing to do his bit to rid the world of 6.________(pollute)and to help people enjoy a better earth.When he was wondering how to change this embarrassing situation，he got 7.________ (inspire) from his wife's words.Yes，he should try his best to win the election and become chairman himself with his 8.________(determine) to work for the organization.“My dear，you are really a wonderful 9.________(help)！I'm sure I will be the 10.________ (win) of the election.” He said to his wife excitedly.【答案】1.expression　2.impression　3.election4．Organization　5.permission　6.pollution　7.inspiration8．determination　9.helper　10.winner