2026年高考英语题型专练(全国通用)题型08阅读理解说明文：理逻辑结构，明事物特征(原卷版+解析)

这是一份2026年高考英语题型专练(全国通用)题型08阅读理解说明文：理逻辑结构，明事物特征(原卷版+解析)，共12页。试卷主要包含了 研究背景与目的， 研究过程与方法， 研究数据与发现， 研究结论与主旨， 研究意义与展望， 主旨提炼法等内容，欢迎下载使用。
题型简介
在高考英语的语境下，说明文是一种以解释、阐述为主要目的的文体。它的核心功能是“告知”，而非“讲述故事”（记叙文）或“论证观点”（议论文）。简单来说，说明文就是用来传递知识、解释现象、阐述事物工作原理或介绍某种事物的文章。
主要特点：客观性与准确性：文章通常基于事实和信息，语言客观，力求准确，较少掺杂作者的个人情感或主观意见。逻辑性与条理性：文章结构清晰，层次分明。常使用时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序（如从因到果、从现象到本质、从整体到部分等）来组织内容。
主题明确：一篇文章通常围绕一个核心主题或几个密切相关的方面展开。
方法多样：为了把复杂的事物说清楚，作者会运用多种说明方法，例如：下定义：明确解释一个概念是什么。举例子：用具体实例来使说明更生动、易懂。列数据：使用数字、统计数据来增强说服力和精确性。作比较：将陌生事物与熟悉事物进行比较，突出其特点。分类别：将事物分成不同类别，分别说明。
常见话题：高考英语阅读理解中的说明文题材非常广泛，常涉及：科普知识：如黑洞、人工智能、基因编辑、气候变化等。社会文化：如不同国家的节日习俗、社交礼仪、社会现象分析等。新技术/新发明：介绍某项新技术的原理、应用或影响。健康与生活：如睡眠的重要性、健康饮食的建议、某种疾病的成因等。动植物研究：介绍某种动植物的独特习性、生存环境等。
设题类型&命题方式
考向1 研究类说明文
研究类说明文通常遵循一个清晰的叙事结构：为何研究 → 如何研究 → 有何发现 → 意义何在。高考命题也紧密围绕这个结构展开。
1. 研究背景与目的：考查“推理判断”：这类题目不直接询问文章中的事实，而是考查你对研究起因和动机的深层理解。
典型问法：What is the authr's purpse in writing this passage? (作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？)/What prmpted the research? (是什么促成了这项研究？)
解题关键：答案通常不会明说。你需要根据文章开头描述的某种现象、一个未解决的问题或一个现有理论的困境，来推断出研究者开展此项工作的背景和初衷。
2. 研究过程与方法：考查“细节理解”与“词义猜测”：这部分聚焦于研究的具体操作和执行层面，是细节题的高发区。
典型问法：Hw did the researchers carry ut their study? (研究人员是如何开展研究的？)/What is the functin f the underlined wrd "methdlgy"? (划线词“methdlgy”的功能是什么？)
解题关键：你需要准确定位并理解关于研究对象、实验设计、使用工具、操作步骤等具体信息。同时，一些表示研究方法和步骤的专业术语可能会通过“词义猜测题”来考查，需要根据上下文（如下定义、举例子）来推断其含义。
3. 研究数据与发现：考查“细节理解”与“推理判断”：这是文章的核心，命题会直接考查研究的直接结果和初步发现。
典型问法：What did the study find? (研究发现了什么？)
解题关键：精准定位描述研究结果和数据的关键句。注意区分哪些是本研究“发现”的事实，哪些是基于事实的“进一步推断”。
4. 研究结论与主旨：考查“主旨大意”：这是研究的最终产出，即研究者对整个工作的总结性论断。
典型问法：What is the main idea f the passage? (文章的主旨是什么？)/What is the best title fr the passage? (文章的最佳标题是什么？)
解题关键：研究的“结论”往往就是文章的“主旨”。你需要超越具体细节，抓住研究者最终得出的核心观点、理论突破或对现象的根本性解释。结论通常出现在文章的结尾部分。
5. 研究意义与展望：考查“推理判断”：这类题目考查你对研究价值和应用前景的理解，是最高层次的思考。
典型问法：What is the significance f the research? (这项研究的意义是什么？)/What can we learn frm the passage? (我们可以从文章中学到什么？)
解题关键：答案通常隐含在文中。你需要根据研究的结论，推断其在现实生活中的应用、对未来研究的启发或对社会/科学领域的潜在影响。
考向2 事实类说明文
1. 特征与细节辨析：这是最基础的题型，直接考查对文章中事物特征、属性、构成部分等具体信息的捕捉与理解。解题的关键在于精准定位，并注意选项与原文在表达上的同义转换。
常见问法：What can be learned abut cats’ mewing frm the first paragraph? / What d we knw abut the slar still equipment frm the first paragraph?
考查本质：确认考生是否准确获取了文本直接陈述的、支撑事物说明的关键事实。
2. 功能与用途推断：此类题目要求考生基于事物的描述，推断其实际作用、应用场景或带来的影响。这需要将事物的特征与其在现实世界中的价值联系起来。
常见问法：What is the main use / What wuld be the psitive effect Hw des a pet cat assess different situatins?
考查本质：考查从“是什么”到“有什么用”的思维跨越，需要结合文本信息进行合理的逻辑延伸。
3. 理清步骤与顺序：对于介绍过程、方法或构造的事物，题目会聚焦于对操作流程或事件发展环节的理解。
常见问法：What’s the last step f cnstructing a wrking slar still? / When a slar still wrks, drps f water cme int the cup frm ?
考查本质：考查对时间顺序、空间顺序或程序逻辑的把握，要求能厘清各个环节的先后与关联。
4. 理解词义与指代：要求考生根据上下文线索，推断出生词、短语或代词的具体含义。
常见问法：Which best explains the phrase “xxx” in paragraph 3? （词义猜测）
What des the underlined phrase “xxx” in paragraph 2 refer t? （指代关系）
考查本质：考查利用语境理解特定语言单位真实含义的能力，而非依赖词汇量。
5. 概括主旨与标题 此类题目为最高层次的概括，要求基于对全文的深入理解，提炼核心内容，为文章选择最贴切的标题。
常见问法：What is a suitable title fr the text?
考查本质：考查对文章整体说明对象及其核心特征的综合概括能力，需排除片面、笼统或偏离主题的观点。
考向3 新事物说明文
1. 识别新事物的定义与核心特征：这类题目要求准确理解文章中介绍的新事物究竟是什么，包括其基本定义、形态或最主要的功能。
常见问法：What is the new rbt in the first paragraph designed t d? /What is the main functin f the device mentined in the text?
考查本质：考查对文章核心说明对象的把握，答案通常出现在文章开头部分。
2. 分析新事物的优势与存在理由：这类题目聚焦新事物相较于旧有方式的优越性，即其产生的必要性、解决的问题或带来的积极变化。
常见问法：What prblem des the rbt aim t slve? /What is the advantage f the new methd cmpared t the traditinal ne?
考查本质：考查对新旧对比和因果逻辑的理解，需要明确新事物针对的“痛点”及其带来的效率提升、成本降低等具体优势。
3. 理解新事物的应用与运作机制：此类题目深入考查新事物如何运作，可能涉及工作原理、关键技术、应用场景或具体步骤。
常见问法：Hw des the rbt mnitr the health f cattle? /Accrding t the passage, hw des the new system wrk?
考查本质：考查对过程、机制等细节信息的捕捉与理解，需要梳理文章中对技术原理或操作流程的描述。
4. 评估新事物的局限与发展前景：题目会关注新事物当前存在的不足、面临的争议或未来的发展潜力。这对应你提到的“新事物目前有什么局限性需要日后不断改进”。
常见问法：What is the limitatin f the rbt mentined in the passage?/What is sme peple's cncern abut the new inventin?
考查本质：考查批判性思维和辩证看待事物的能力，需要识别文中关于缺陷、挑战或不同看法的信息。
5. 辨析不同观点与作者态度
这类题目要求辨别文中不同人物（如支持者、怀疑者）对新事物的态度，并推断作者的隐含立场。
常见问法：What is Peter Bnds' attitude twards the rbt? /What des Michael Kelsey think abut the rbt?
考查本质：考查推理判断和综合理解能力。作者态度虽未必明说，但常通过材料编排（如先抑后扬）或支持者论据的强度来体现。
解题思路
1. 研究类说明文核心解题方法
1. 结构预判法：快速把握文章脉络：在开始阅读前，先在心理上预设文章会遵循 “背景→过程→发现→结论→意义” 的基本结构。带着这个“地图”去阅读，能帮你：
快速将具体内容归位，理解其在不同部分的作用。
当题目考查特定环节时（如研究目的、研究方法），能迅速定位到原文的相应部分。
2. 首尾定位法：锁定研究目的与核心结论
研究目的：通常出现在文章开头部分。关注作者为了引出研究而描述的现象、提出的问题或指出的现有知识的空白。这些内容直接揭示了“为何研究”。
核心结论：通常位于文章结尾部分。研究的最终结论往往是全文主旨的体现，也是解答主旨大意题的关键。
3. 细节锚定法：精准捕捉研究过程与发现：研究过程与发现是细节题的高发区。解题时务必：
精准定位：根据题目关键词（如研究方法名称、特定数据等）回到原文找到对应句子。
仔细比对：将选项与原文进行细致对比，注意选项是否在范围、程度、因果关系上对原文进行了偷换或曲解。
4. 语境释义法：攻克术语与词义猜测：研究中不可避免会出现专业术语或生词。遇到时：
寻找上下文线索：密切关注该词前后的定义、解释、举例或对比关系。
利用逻辑关系：通过分析句子内部的因果、转折、并列等逻辑关系来推断词义。
5. 逻辑推理法：推断研究意义与作者意图：对于研究意义、影响或作者写作目的等推断题：
基于结论，合理推演：答案不会明说，需要你基于研究的最终结论，向前推演一步，思考其“所以然”——即这项发现可能如何应用、对现有认知或实践会产生什么影响。
辨别观点与事实：严格区分文中客观陈述的“研究发现”（事实）和作者或他人基于事实发表的“评论与看法”（观点），这对推理至关重要。
6. 主旨提炼法：概括研究核心：为文章选择最佳标题或概括主旨时：
覆盖全局：正确选项必须能涵盖研究的整体内容，而不仅仅是某个细节。
突出核心：标题应精准指向研究的核心对象与最重要发现。
警惕陷阱：注意排除那些以偏概全、过于笼统或偏离重点的选项。
2. 事实类说明文核心解题方法
1. 精准定位法：攻克细节与特征题：此类题型要求直接回到原文寻找答案。
题干定位：抓住题干中的关键名词（如 cats' mewing, slar still equipment）和位置信息（如 frm the first paragraph），迅速锁定原文相关句。
比对筛选：将选项与原文信息进行逐字逐句的仔细比对。注意识别选项的同义转述，并排除无中生有、偷换概念或扩大/缩小范围的干扰项。
2. 逻辑延伸法：推断功能与用途：解答此类题目需要在事实基础上进行一步合理的逻辑推演。
寻找功能词：定位并勾画描述事物能力或特性的词句（如 can mnitr..., is used t...）。
推导现实价值：基于其特性，思考“拥有这种能力，在现实中能解决什么问题或带来什么好处？”。例如，一个能监控牛群健康的机器人，其用途自然是“保障牛群健康”而非直接“治疗病牛”。
3. 步骤重建法：理清顺序与过程：对于涉及流程或构造的说明文，可视化方法非常有效。
勾画标志词：在阅读时，注意 first, then, next, finally 等序列信号词。
流程图解：在草稿纸上快速画出简单的步骤流程图或事物构造图。这能直观地帮你理清顺序，应对如 the last step 或 drps cme frm... 这类问题。
4. 语境分析法：破解词义与指代：这是阅读理解的核心微技能，绝不依赖词汇量猜测。
指代题：向前寻找该短语或代词所指代的那个具体名词或概念。答案通常就在前一句或前几句中。
词义题：紧密分析生词或短语所在的上下文，寻找定义、解释、举例、比较或对比等线索来推断其含义。
5. 核心聚焦法：概括主旨与标题：这是对全文内容的顶层概括。
主题句筛查：重点审查文章开头、结尾以及各段首句，这些地方通常包含中心思想。
综合概括：确保正确选项能够全面覆盖文章的说明对象及其最核心的特征或价值。
排除陷阱：果断排除以下选项：
以偏概全（只涉及某个细节）。
过于笼统（缺乏文章具体内容）。
偏离主旨（与文章核心说明对象无关）。
3. 新事物说明文核心解题方法
1. 定义定位法：精准把握新事物本质
首段聚焦：新事物的基本定义、核心功能或设计目标通常在文章开头（尤其是第一段）明确给出。
信号词捕捉：关注如 is designed t..., aims t..., the main functin/purpse is... 等明确表达功能目的的信号词。
解题关键：准确识别并定位这些核心句，就能直接解答关于“新事物是什么”的问题。
2. 对比分析法：厘清优势与存在理由
寻找参照物：在文中明确找出被对比的“旧事物”或“传统方法”。
识别问题与优势：定位旧模式面临的 “痛点” （如 labr shrtage, lw efficiency）和新事物带来的 “亮点” （如 higher accuracy, cst-saving）。
解题关键：新事物的优势总是相对于旧事物的不足而存在。找到这个对比关系，就找到了答题的钥匙。
3. 过程可视法：理解应用与运作机制
勾画步骤与组件：对于涉及流程或构造的说明，在阅读时随手圈出 by using..., thrugh..., the first step 等表示方法或顺序的词。
构建逻辑链：在脑中或草稿上简单梳理出“通过什么技术/方法 → 实现了什么功能 → 达到了何种效果”的逻辑链条。
解题关键：区分“监控”与“治疗”等不同性质的功能，确保对运作机制的理解精准到位。
4. 辩证思考法：评估局限与发展前景
主动预判：阅读时主动思考“这项新技术可能有什么缺点？”
定位批评意见：直接寻找表达疑虑、批评或指出不足的词句，通常位于介绍完新事物基本功能后的段落中，并伴有 hwever, sme peple cncern..., the limitatin is... 等信号词。
解题关键：认识到“局限性”是新事物说明文的常见组成部分，不必因其存在而否定新事物的整体价值。
5. 立场推断法：辨析观点与作者态度
划分阵营：在文中标记出不同人物及其观点，如“支持者”（Michael Kelsey）和“怀疑者”（Peter Bnds）。
分析论证强度：对比双方论据的说服力，并关注文章结构的安排（如先写反对意见再写支持意见，往往暗示作者倾向于后者）。
解题关键：作者的态度虽未必明说，但可通过其给予不同观点的篇幅、论证逻辑的强弱以及材料的组织方式推断出来。总体而言，介绍新事物的文章基调通常是谨慎乐观的。
考向01 研究类说明文
【例1-1】（25-26高三·山东德州·期中）
Candles n a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clck inside ur bdies. Harvard Medical Schl nw reprts that each f us als has a “bilgical age” fr every majr rgan, and these ages vary sharply even amng peple brn in the same year.
Using bld samples frm 44,498 UK Bibank vlunteers aged 40-70, the team measured nearly 3,000 prteins. Abut fifteen percent f thse prteins riginate in a single rgan, allwing an algrithm (算法) t assign an “rgan age” t the brain, heart, kidneys and eight ther systems. Participants were then fllwed fr up t seventeen years. The results translate numbers int risks. One-third f the vlunteers had at least ne rgan whse prtein signature lay mre than 1.5 standard deviatins (标准差) frm the age-adjusted average, a gap linked t sharply higher disease risks. Mst striking was the brain. “The brain is the gatekeeper f lngevity,” said senir authr Tny Wyss-Cray, “If yu’ve gt an ld brain, yu have an increased likelihd f death.” An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk f death by 182% and multiplied the chance f an Alzheimer’s diagnsis cmpared with an “extremely yuthful” brain.
Because rgan age is readable years befre symptms appear, the same bld test culd guide preventin. Wyss-Cray envisins pairing the test with detailed lifestyle and medicatin recrds t see whether already-apprved drugs can rewind the bilgical clck f a high-risk rgan. “Tday yu g t the dctr because smething aches,” he nted, “We’re trying t shift frm sick care t health care.”
Unfrtunately, the technlgy is currently available nly fr research, but Wyss-Cray has started tw cmpanies, Teal Omics and Ver Biscience, apprved by Harvard t turn the findings int cmmercial drug searches and a cnsumer test. “A streamlined panel fcusing n the brain, heart and immune system culd reach clinics within tw t three years,” he predicts, “and the cst will cme dwn as we fcus n fewer key rgans.”
1． Why are birthday cake candles mentined in paragraph 1?
A．T issue a warning.B．T draw a cntrast.
C．T highlight a custm.D．T make a predictin.
2． What can we learn frm the research?
A．Severe brain aging increases death risk.
B．Organs age at the same rate individually.
C．Vlunteers’ diets affect prtein signatures.
D．Yung brains ensure Alzheimer’s preventin.
3． Which practice matches the study in paragraph 3?
A．Treating a heart attack when it happens.
B．Repairing functins f rgans at high risk.
C．Tracking daily exercise befre health checks.
D．Using brain age tests t prevent early diseases.
4． What is Wyss-Cray’s predictin mainly abut?
A．Ptential clinical applicatin.
B．Cnsumers’ pssible reactin.
C．Mre researchers’ engagement.
D．Research technlgy innvatin.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了哈佛医学院研究发现人体器官有“生物年龄”，且与疾病风险相关，未来或可应用于临床预防。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Candles n a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clck inside ur bdies. Harvard Medical Schl nw reprts that each f us als has a “bilgical age” fr every majr rgan, and these ages vary sharply even amng peple brn in the same year.(生日蛋糕上的蜡烛标志着日历年龄，但它们却无法体现我们体内隐藏的“时钟”。哈佛医学院如今报告称，我们每个人的每个主要器官也都有一个“生物年龄”，即便同年出生的人，这些年龄也存在显著差异)”可知，生日蛋糕上的蜡烛代表日历年龄，而人体内部还有隐藏的生物年龄，两者形成对比。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk f death by 182% and multiplied the chance f an Alzheimer’s diagnsis cmpared with an “extremely yuthful” brain.(与“极其年轻”的大脑相比，“极其衰老”的大脑会使15年内的死亡风险增加182%，并使阿尔茨海默病的诊断几率成倍增加)”可知，严重的脑部衰老会增加死亡风险。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Because rgan age is readable years befre symptms appear, the same bld test culd guide preventin.(由于器官年龄在症状出现前几年就可以被检测出来，同样的血液检测可以指导预防)”以及第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk f death by 182% and multiplied the chance f an Alzheimer’s diagnsis cmpared with an “extremely yuthful” brain.(与“极其年轻”的大脑相比，“极其衰老”的大脑会使15年内的死亡风险增加182%，并使阿尔茨海默病的诊断几率成倍增加)”可知，使用大脑年龄测试来预防早期疾病与第三段中的研究相匹配。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““A streamlined panel fcusing n the brain, heart and immune system culd reach clinics within tw t three years,” he predicts, “and the cst will cme dwn as we fcus n fewer key rgans.”(“一个专注于大脑、心脏和免疫系统的流线型面板可以在两到三年内到达诊所，”他预测，“随着我们专注于更少的关键器官，成本将会下降。”)”可知，Wyss-Cray的预测主要是关于潜在的临床应用。故选A。
【例1-2】（25-26高三上·天津咸水沽一中&天津一百中·期中）
In ur daily lives, we ften hear abut the benefits f exercise fr ur physical health. But have yu ever wndered abut its effect n ur memry? Well, a recent study frm University Cllege Lndn has sme interesting findings.
The researchers discvered that 30 minutes f mderate t vigrus physical activity, alng with at least six hurs f sleep at night, culd ptentially lead t an imprvement in cgnitive perfrmance the fllwing day. This means that activities like cycling t wrk r ging fr a brisk walk in the mrning might nt nly make yu feel gd fr the day but als have a psitive impact n yur memry the next day.
Previus studies n the shrt-term effects f physical activity were mstly dne in labratries and fcused n shrt time frames. Hwever, this new study bserved the real-life physical activity f 76 adults aged 50 — 83, wh did nt have cgnitive impairment r dementia. These participants wre an accelermeter fr eight days t track their sleep and physical activity. They als tk simple nline cgnitive tests daily t measure their attentin, memry, and prcessing speed.
The results shwed that each 30-minute increase in physical activity crrespnded t a 2% — 5% increase in episdic and wrking memry scres the next day. But when sleep data was cnsidered, nly the wrking memry scre imprvement remained significant. The study als fund that mre sedentary behavir was assciated with a drp in wrking memry scres, while getting enugh sleep led t better scres in episdic memry and ther aspects.
Despite these findings, the study had its limitatins. The participants were generally well-educated and had gd health and high levels f daily physical activity, which might nt represent the entire ppulatin. Als, the exact reasn why exercise affects memry the next day is still unclear, as the benefits frm neurtransmitters are thught t be shrt-lived.
In cnclusin, while we still have mre t learn, this study suggests that staying active and getting enugh sleep culd be beneficial fr ur brain health and memry. S, let’s put n ur running shes and hit the sack early t give ur brains a bst!(362)
1． What did the University Cllege Lndn study find?
A．Any amunt f exercise imprves memry immediately.
B．Thirty minutes f exercise and prper sleep may enhance next-day cgnitive ability.
C．Only intense exercise affects memry.
D．Sleep has n cnnectin t memry imprvement.
2． Hw was this study different frm previus nes?
A．It invlved a larger number f participants.B．It fcused nly n the lng-term effects.
C．It nly studied yunger peple.D．It was based n real-life activity tracking.
3． What were the participants asked t d in the study?
A．Exercise fr a fixed time every day.B．Wear a device and d cgnitive tests.
C．Change their diet drastically.D．Avid all sedentary activities.
4． What are the limitatins f the study?
A．The participants were all athletes.B．It didn’t cnsider the rle f diet.
C．The participants had specific characteristics.D．It was t expensive t cnduct.
5． What is the main purpse f the last paragraph?
A．T suggest practical applicatins f the findings.B．T criticize the study's limitatins.
C．T prpse directins fr future research.D．T explain the physilgical mechanisms.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍伦敦大学学院关于运动与睡眠对认知能力（尤其是记忆力）影响的最新研究发现、研究方式及局限性。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The researchers discvered that 30 minutes f mderate t vigrus physical activity, alng with at least six hurs f sleep at night, culd ptentially lead t an imprvement in cgnitive perfrmance the fllwing day.(研究人员发现，30分钟的中高强度体育活动，加上每晚至少6小时的睡眠，可能会在第二天改善认知表现)”可知，该研究发现30分钟运动加充足睡眠可能提升次日认知能力。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Previus studies n the shrt-term effects f physical activity were mstly dne in labratries and fcused n shrt time frames. Hwever, this new study bserved the real-life physical activity f 76 adults...(以往关于体育活动短期影响的研究大多在实验室进行，且聚焦于短时间范围。然而，这项新研究观察了76名成年人的真实生活中的体育活动……)”可知，新研究与以往研究的不同之处在于它基于真实生活中的活动追踪。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“These participants wre an accelermeter fr eight days t track their sleep and physical activity. They als tk simple nline cgnitive tests daily...(这些参与者连续八天佩戴加速度计以追踪他们的睡眠和体育活动。他们还每天进行简单的在线认知测试……)”可知，参与者需要佩戴设备并完成认知测试。故选B项。
4．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The participants were generally well-educated and had gd health and high levels f daily physical activity, which might nt represent the entire ppulatin.(参与者普遍受过良好教育、身体健康且日常体育活动水平较高，这可能无法代表全体人群)”可知，该研究的局限性在于参与者具有特定特征，不具备广泛代表性。故选C项。
5．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In cnclusin, while we still have mre t learn, this study suggests that staying active and getting enugh sleep culd be beneficial fr ur brain health and memry. S, let’s put n ur running shes and hit the sack early t give ur brains a bst!(总之，尽管我们还有很多东西要学，但这项研究表明，保持活跃和充足睡眠可能对我们的大脑健康和记忆力有益。所以，让我们穿上跑鞋，早点睡觉，给大脑充充电吧！)”可知，最后一段旨在将研究发现转化为实际建议，指导人们践行健康习惯。故选A项。
解｜题｜技｜巧
首尾定位：研究目的看开头（如例1-1首段通过生日蜡烛对比引出生物年龄研究），结论意义看结尾（如例1-2末段提出实际建议）
数据对应：精准捕捉关键数据与结论的直接关联（如例1-1中"182%死亡风险"直接证明脑衰老的危害）
对比分析：注意新旧/优劣对比（如例1-2通过实验室与真实环境对比突出研究创新）
限定判断：区分文中"可能"与选项"必然"的差异（如例1-2中运动与记忆是相关非因果）
注｜意｜事｜项
严格循证：每个答案必须找到原文依据（如例1-1第2题答案直接对应第二段死亡风险数据）
区分事实与推断：如例1-2明确说明机制尚不清楚，解题时不能过度推断
关注样本局限：例1-2参与者均为健康活跃人群，结论推广度有限
把握作者倾向：通过材料编排判断态度（如例1-1先问题后成果体现支持立场）
【变式1-1】（25-26高三上·河北·名校联考期中）
Every human being is lnging fr cnnectin. Frm birth, scial interactins shape ur brain architecture, and this need becmes especially intense in adlescence — a stage when identity is frming and peer relatinships hld huge weight. It’s n surprise, then, that even brief scial islatin (孤独) can deeply change hw teenagers think, feel, and behave. A recent study by the University f Cambridge sheds new light n just hw sensitive yung peple are t lneliness.
The research invlved 40 mentally healthy adlescents aged 16 t 19 with typical scial cnnectin levels. On tw separate days, each participant spent 3-4 hurs alne befre cmpleting cmputer tasks measuring reward-seeking mtivatin (e.g., reacting t scial interactin images r mney-earning games). The critical difference: ne day, they had n scial cntact at all (n phnes, n Internet); the ther, they culd use devices fr virtual interactin. The results were striking: after ttal islatin, teens shwed far strnger drive t seek rewards—staring lnger at happy scial scenes and excelling (胜出) mre in mney-earning games. Virtual scializing sftened this shift, thugh it still caused a drp in psitive md.
This study adds nuance (细微差别) t the scial media debate. While digital platfrms are ften blamed fr rising teen lneliness, they acted as a buffer here, easing lneliness and reducing intense reward-seeking. Yet they’re n cure-all — Prfessr Sarah-Jayne Blakemre ntes virtual cnnectin brings risks like harmful cntent r addictin. Its value depends n cntext: it helps when in-persn bnds are scarce but can never replace their richness.
Glbal teen lneliness has dubled in a decade, driven by academic pressure, changing family structures, ecnmic instability, and mre — nt just scial media. Lneliness ties t depressin, anxiety, and even lng-term cardivascular risks.
The study’s cre lessn: scial interactin is a basic human need, nt a luxury. Fr caregivers, educatrs, and sciety, creating envirnments where teens build genuine in-persn cnnectins is essential fr healthy develpment. Lneliness, ultimately, is a signal — seek cmmunity. Answering that call desn’t just ease teens’ present pain; it lays the grundwrk fr their lifelng well-being.
1． What difference was fund between the tw test days in the study?
A．Teens used mre devices n the day with ttal islatin.
B．Psitive md drpped nly n the day f n scial cntact.
C．Ttal islatin led t strnger reward-seeking mtivatin in teens.
D．Virtual interactin made teens perfrm wrse in mney-earning games.
2． What can we infer abut virtual scializing frm the text?
A．It has bth psitive effects and ptential risks fr teens.
B．It is the main cause f increasing teen lneliness glbally.
C．It can cmpletely replace in-persn cnnectins fr teens.
D．It eliminates the need fr teens t seek real-wrld rewards.
3． What des the authr think f teens’ healthy develpment??
A．Virtual scializing is sufficient.B．Lneliness is self-vercmable.
C．Academic pressure is the biggest barrier.D．In-persn scial cnnectins are essential.
4． Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．The Dangers f Scial Media fr adlescents
B．A Study n Teenagers’ Lve fr Virtual Interactin
C．The Prfund Impact f Lneliness n adlescents
D．Hw t Reduce Teenagers’ Lneliness in Digital Times
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍剑桥大学关于青少年孤独感的研究，揭示完全隔离、虚拟社交对青少年的影响及社交互动对其健康发展的重要性。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“On tw separate days, each participant spent 3-4 hurs alne befre cmpleting cmputer tasks measuring reward-seeking mtivatin (e.g., reacting t scial interactin images r mney-earning games). The critical difference: ne day, they had n scial cntact at all (n phnes, n Internet); the ther, they culd use devices fr virtual interactin. The results were striking: after ttal islatin, teens shwed far strnger drive t seek rewards—staring lnger at happy scial scenes and excelling (胜出) mre in mney-earning games. Virtual scializing sftened this shift, thugh it still caused a drp in psitive md.(在两次独立实验日中，每位参与者需独处3-4小时后完成计算机任务，包括测量奖赏寻求动机（如对社交互动图像的反应或赚钱游戏）。关键差异在于：其中一天完全禁止社交接触（禁用手机和互联网）；另一天则允许通过设备进行虚拟互动。结果令人震惊：经历完全隔离后，青少年表现出更强的奖赏寻求驱动力——他们会更久地凝视快乐社交场景，在赚钱游戏中的胜出率也显著提升。虚拟社交虽能缓解这种转变，但仍会导致积极情绪下降)”可知，完全隔离与可进行虚拟社交的两天相比，完全隔离会让青少年产生更强的寻求奖励动机。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“While digital platfrms are ften blamed fr rising teen lneliness, they acted as a buffer here, easing lneliness and reducing intense reward-seeking. Yet they’re n cure-all — Prfessr Sarah-Jayne Blakemre ntes virtual cnnectin brings risks like harmful cntent r addictin.(虽然数字平台经常被指责导致青少年孤独感上升，但它们在这里起到了缓冲作用，缓解了孤独感，减少了强烈的寻求奖励行为。然而，它们并非万能药——萨拉-杰恩·布莱克莫尔教授指出，虚拟连接存在有害内容或成瘾等风险)”可知，虚拟社交对青少年既有积极影响（缓解孤独），也有潜在风险（有害内容、成瘾）。故选A项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Fr caregivers, educatrs, and sciety, creating envirnments where teens build genuine in-persn cnnectins is essential fr healthy develpment.(对于照顾者、教育者和社会来说，创造让青少年建立真正面对面连接的环境对其健康发展至关重要)”可知，作者认为面对面社交对青少年健康发展至关重要。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Every human being is lnging fr cnnectin. Frm birth, scial interactins shape ur brain architecture, and this need becmes especially intense in adlescence — a stage when identity is frming and peer relatinships hld huge weight. It’s n surprise, then, that even brief scial islatin (孤独) can deeply change hw teenagers think, feel, and behave. A recent study by the University f Cambridge sheds new light n just hw sensitive yung peple are t lneliness.(渴望联结是人类的本质需求。自出生起，社交互动就在塑造我们的大脑结构，这种需求在青春期变得尤为强烈——此时正值人格形成期，同伴关系举足轻重。因此，即便是短暂的社会隔离，也能深刻改变青少年的思维、情感和行为模式，这并不令人意外。剑桥大学的最新研究进一步揭示了年轻人对孤独的敏感程度)”可知，文章围绕剑桥大学关于青少年孤独的研究展开，介绍了孤独感（完全隔离）对青少年行为、情绪的影响，虚拟社交在缓解孤独感中的作用与局限，以及孤独感的危害和应对方向，核心是阐述孤独感对青少年的深远影响。所以最佳标题为“孤独感对青少年的深远影响”。故选C项。
【变式1-2】（25-26高三上·安徽·期中）
Autism (自闭症) shuld nt be viewed as a single cnditin with a unified underlying cause, accrding t scientists wh fund that thse diagnsed early in childhd typically have a distinct genetic prfile t thse diagnsed later.
“The term ‘autism’ likely describes multiple cnditins,” said Dr. Varun Warrier, frm Cambridge’s department f psychiatry, senir authr f the research. “Fr the first time, we have fund that earlier and later diagnsed autism have different underlying bilgical and develpmental prfiles.” While autism is defined as having challenges with scial cmmunicatin, sensry prcessing and restrictive behaviurs, there is huge variability in hw these difficulties present themselves between individuals. Scientists have been investigating whether subgruping the ppulatin based n shared features r pathways culd make the study f autism mre manageable.
The internatinal study, published in Nature, based n genetic data frm mre than 45,000 autistic peple in Eurpe and the US, fund that the underlying genetic prfiles differed greatly between thse diagnsed with autism earlier and later in life, with nly limited verlap. It shwed that the average genetic prfile f later-diagnsed autism is clser t that f ADHD (a mental disease), as well as t mental health cnditins such as depressin and PTSD, than it is t autism diagnsed in early childhd.
Thse diagnsed in early childhd, typically befre six years ld, were mre likely t shw behaviural difficulties frm early childhd, including difficulty in walking fast and interpreting hand gestures, as well as prblems with scial interactin, but remain stable. Thse diagnsed with autism later, typically after the age f 10, were mre likely t experience increasing scial and behaviural difficulties during adlescence and als had an increased likelihd f mental health cnditins such as depressin.
The scientists are nt advcating a mve twards tw diagnstic categries, saying that this culd be unhelpful fr the many wh fall smewhere in the middle.
Prf Uta Frith, a prfessr at University Cllege Lndn, wh was nt invlved in the research, said,“It makes me hpeful that even mre subgrups will cme t light, and each will find an apprpriate diagnstic label. It is time t realize that’ autism’ has becme a ragbag (大杂烩) f different cnditins.”
1． What is typical f autism?
A．Inability t behave cntrllably.B．Tendency t talk t much.
C．Eagerness fr public attentin.D．Difficulty in relieving lneliness.
2． What des the underlined wrd “verlap” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Cntrast.B．Cmmnality.C．Variatin.D．Stability.
3． What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The relatinship between age and autism.
B．Mental health risks in adlescents with autism.
C．Scial interactin difficulties in autism patients.
D．Differences in autism features based n diagnsis age.
4． What can be inferred frm Prf Uta Frith’s wrds?
A．Autism is a cnsequence f mixed factrs.
B．Different categries f autism have been prperly labeled.
C．Mre diagnstic categries f autism are t be discvered.
D．The research shuld be imprved with mre detailed data.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了自闭症不应被视为单一病症，科学家发现早期和晚期诊断的自闭症患者具有不同的遗传特征。研究还发现，晚期诊断的自闭症的遗传特征更接近多动症、抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍等心理健康问题。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“While autism is defined as having challenges with scial cmmunicatin, sensry prcessing and restrictive behaviurs, there is huge variability in hw these difficulties present themselves between individuals.(虽然自闭症被定义为在社会交流、感觉处理和限制性行为方面存在挑战，但这些困难在个体之间的表现方式存在巨大差异。)”可知，自闭症的典型特征是无法控制行为。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据上文“The internatinal study, published in Nature, based n genetic data frm mre than 45,000 autistic peple in Eurpe and the US, fund that the underlying genetic prfiles differed greatly between thse diagnsed with autism earlier and later in life.(这项发表在《自然》杂志上的国际研究基于欧洲和美国45000多名自闭症患者的遗传数据，发现早期和晚期诊断的自闭症患者的潜在遗传特征存在很大差异)”可知，早期和晚期诊断的自闭症患者的潜在遗传特征存在很大差异，所以共同性有限，由此可知，“verlap”在此处的意思是“共同性”。故选B。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Thse diagnsed in early childhd, typically befre six years ld, were mre likely t shw behaviural difficulties frm early childhd, including difficulty in walking fast and interpreting hand gestures, as well as prblems with scial interactin, but remain stable. Thse diagnsed with autism later, typically after the age f 10, were mre likely t experience increasing scial and behaviural difficulties during adlescence and als had an increased likelihd f mental health cnditins such as depressin.(幼儿期（通常为6岁前）被确诊的患者，更可能从童年早期就表现出行为障碍，包括快走困难、手势理解障碍以及社交互动问题，但症状会保持稳定。10岁后（通常为10岁以上）被确诊自闭症的患者，更可能在青春期出现日益严重的社交和行为障碍，且患上抑郁症等心理健康疾病的概率也更高。)”可知，第四段主要讲的是根据诊断年龄划分的自闭症特征差异。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Prf Uta Frith, a prfessr at University Cllege Lndn, wh was nt invlved in the research, said, “It makes me hpeful that even mre subgrups will cme t light, and each will find an apprpriate diagnstic label. It is time t realize that’ autism’ has becme a ragbag (大杂烩) f different cnditins.”(伦敦大学学院教授乌塔・弗里斯（未参与该研究）表示：“这让我满怀希望——未来会有更多亚组被发现，且每个亚组都能获得合适的诊断标签。现在是时候意识到，‘自闭症’已经成了包含多种不同病症的大杂烩。”)”可知，Uta Frith教授认为自闭症已经成为不同病症的大杂烩，所以将会发现更多的自闭症诊断类别。故选C。
考向02 事实类说明文
【例2-1】（25-26高三·山东省实验中学·期中）
What if yur friends are ging thrugh life-r-death situatins in the family? Scial exchange thery wuld suggest that yu’d better drp them because they’re nt prviding as many benefits t yu as they culd. Different frm the exchange-based relatinship, real-life experiences with these situatins might be the ppsite: These are the times when many peple are mst likely t supprt their friends.
A recent research backs this up. “When surveyed abut what they want in a friend, peple didn’t place a high value n paying back any debts — smething highly valued frm a scial exchange perspective”. “Instead, they cnsidered ther traits — such as lyalty, reliability and being there in times f need — t be much mre imprtant”, Charlie Kirk, leader f the investigatin added. The essence f friendship may be what is called risk-pling where ur ancient ancestrs supprt each ther t survive life challenges.
Accrding t the survey by The Human Genersity Prject, a crss-disciplinary research cllabratin, this kind f friendship can still be fund acrss scieties, frm “kere kere” in Fiji t “tmr marang” amng the Ik in Uganda. Similarly, the Maasai, a native grup in Kenya and Tanzania wh rely n cattle herds t make their living, cultivate friends wh help them when they are in need, with n expectatin abut paying each ther back. Just like the “neighbring” netwrk rted in suthern Arizna and New Mexic, farmers help their neighbrs with unpredictable challenges such as an accident, injury r illness.
“What all these findings suggest is that friendship is less abut the exchange f favrs and mre abut being there fr each ther when unfreseeable disaster strikes. Friendship seems mre like an insurance plan designed t kick in when yu need it mst rather than a system f balanced exchange”, says Charlie.
In a wrld f grwing uncertainty, cultivating risk-pling friendships and striving t be a gd partner yurself may help yu build resilience. Our ancestrs survived with the help f this kind f relatinship; ur future may depend n them t.
1． Hw des the authr present the issue in the first paragraph?
A．By defining a cncept.B．By making a cmparisn.
C．By analyzing reasns.D．By giving examples.
2． Which may be valued accrding t scial exchange thery?
A．A gd grasp f maths.B．A timely perid f cmpany.
C．Balanced cst and benefit.D．Distinguished survival skills.
3． What des Paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?
A．The cases f risk-pling friendship.B．The reasns fr risk-pling friendship.
C．The mechanism f exchange-based friendship.D．The pssible lgic f exchange-based relatinship.
4． What is the authr’s attitude tward Charlie Kirk’s research findings?
A．Dismissive.B．Apprving.C．Neutral. D．Dubtful.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出社会交换理论与现实友谊相悖，研究表明友谊核心是风险共担而非利益交换，且这种友谊普遍存在，对当下和未来都很重要。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“What if yur friends are ging thrugh life-r-death situatins in the family? Scial exchange thery wuld suggest that yu’d better drp them because they’re nt prviding as many benefits t yu as they culd. Different frm the exchange-based relatinship, real-life experiences with these situatins might be the ppsite: These are the times when many peple are mst likely t supprt their friends.(倘若你的朋友正身处家庭中的生死攸关的困境之中，那么社会交换理论会指出，你最好放弃与他们保持联系，因为他们给你的益处远远没有达到应有的水平。与基于交换的关系不同，与这类情况的实际接触可能会呈现出相反的情况：在这些关键时刻，许多人最有可能支持自己的朋友)”可知，作者在第一段通过比较提出这个问题。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第一段“What if yur friends are ging thrugh life-r-death situatins in the family? Scial exchange thery wuld suggest that yu’d better drp them because they’re nt prviding as many benefits t yu as they culd.(如果你的朋友正遭遇家庭中的生死危机，社会交换理论会建议你疏远他们，因为他们无法再为你提供以往那样多的益处)”可知，根据社会交换理论，成本与收益的平衡可以被评估。故选C。
3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Accrding t the survey by The Human Genersity Prject, a crss-disciplinary research cllabratin, this kind f friendship can still be fund acrss scieties, frm “kere kere” in Fiji t “tmr marang” amng the Ik in Uganda. Similarly, the Maasai, a native grup in Kenya and Tanzania wh rely n cattle herds t make their living, cultivate friends wh help them when they are in need, with n expectatin abut paying each ther back. Just like the “neighbring” netwrk rted in suthern Arizna and New Mexic, farmers help their neighbrs with unpredictable challenges such as an accident, injury r illness.(根据“人类慷慨度项目”（一项跨学科研究合作项目）的调查，这种友谊在不同社会中依然存在，从斐济的“克雷克雷”到乌干达伊克人的“托莫尔马朗”都属于此类。同样，肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚的马赛族人依靠牛群为生，他们也会结交能在自己需要时提供帮助的朋友，而且彼此之间并不期望回报。就像扎根于亚利桑那州南部和新墨西哥州的“邻里”网络一样，农民们会在面对诸如意外、受伤或疾病等不可预测的挑战时帮助他们的邻居)”可知，第三段主要讲了风险共担型友谊案例。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In a wrld f grwing uncertainty, cultivating risk-pling friendships and striving t be a gd partner yurself may help yu build resilience. Our ancestrs survived with the help f this kind f relatinship; ur future may depend n them t.(在这样一个充满不确定性的世界里，培养能够共担风险的友谊，并努力成为一位优秀的伴侣，或许能帮助你增强适应能力。我们的先辈正是依靠这种关系才得以生存下来；而我们的未来或许也取决于这种关系)”可知，作者对查理·柯克的研究成果持赞成态度。故选B。
【例2-2】（25-26高三上·河北秦皇岛山海关一中·月考）
My grandmther was an extrardinary wman wh single-handedly raised three children while wrking multiple jbs and vlunteering in her cmmunity. I lved her fr her warm heart and belief in nature. But there’s ne particular thing that I didn’t see eye-t-eye with her: her firm belief that everything used t be much better. My grandmther criticized everything frm mdern fd ptins t mdern equipment like cmputers. Once, she threw ut a calculatr because she thught it unnecessary.
This wrldview is a classic example f “declinism”, a pessimistic thinking bias leading peple t believe that things are cnstantly getting wrse ver time. It reflects an verly negative view f the current situatin, and usually ges hand in hand with tendencies t rmanticize the past. Individuals with declinist views ften recall psitive memries f the past while verlking negative nes.
Negative news reprting ften triggers (引起) declinism. Alarmist news stries f war, disaster, and suffering frequently ccupy TV and newspaper headlines because they’re effective in grabbing attentin. With hpelessness ccupying each title page, it’s hardly surprising if peple assume that things are ging dwnhill. Once the seed f declinism is planted, the ntin is difficult t shake ff. Cnfirmatin bias can perpetuate the negative wrldview because peple seek ut infrmatin t cnfirm their ideas.
Declinism plays int humans’ rted fear f change. Sticking with what’s knwn is easy. Ding things “the way we’ve always dne them” prvides cmfrt in an uncertain wrld. Declinism may even have evlutinary advantages. Pessimistic wrrying abut the wrld’s decline may mtivate us t get prepared and minimize persnal risks.
T deal with declinism, factual, statistical infrmatin might g a lng way. Prviding bjective facts abut current levels f crime, pverty, and suffering cmpared t past data can challenge negative wrldviews. One pssibility culd be t use the pwer f AI t prvide relevant infrmatin and tailr it t address particular cncerns, supprted by recent research that fund chatbt (聊天机器人) dialgues t be effective fr tackling misperceptins.
1． What des the authr’s grandmther think f mdern cnveniences?
A．They are dd.B．They are nnsense.
C．They are vital.D．They are cnvenient.
2． What des the underlined wrd “perpetuate” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Carry n.B．Wrk ut. C．Make up.D．Turn up.
3． What is paragraph 4 abut?
A．What is the result f declinism?B．Hw des declinism shape thinking?
C．Wh des declinism affect mst?D．Why is declinism s persuasive?
4． What’s the best title fr the text?
A．Overcming Declinism: Turning t AI
B．Embrace Change: Dealing with Declinism
C．The Past and Present: A Cmparative Angle
D．The Pwer f Memry: Remembering Old Days
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍衰落主义的含义、成因及应对方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“My grandmther criticized everything frm mdern fd ptins t mdern equipment like cmputers. Once, she threw ut a calculatr because she thught it unnecessary.(我的祖母批评从现代食物选择到电脑等现代设备的一切。有一次，她扔掉了一个计算器，因为她觉得没必要。)”可知，祖母认为现代便利设施是没必要的，毫无意义。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Once the seed f declinism is planted, the ntin is difficult t shake ff. Cnfirmatin bias can perpetuate the negative wrldview because peple seek ut infrmatin t cnfirm their ideas.(一旦衰落主义的种子被种下，这种观念就很难摆脱。证实偏差会perpetuate这种消极的世界观，因为人们会寻求信息来证实他们的想法。)”可知，因为人们会寻求信息来证实他们的想法，所以证实偏差会让这种消极的世界观一直持续下去，所以perpetuate意为“持续，延续”。故选A。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Declinism plays int humans’ rted fear f change. Sticking with what’s knwn is easy. Ding things “the way we’ve always dne them” prvides cmfrt in an uncertain wrld. Declinism may even have evlutinary advantages. Pessimistic wrrying abut the wrld’s decline may mtivate us t get prepared and minimize persnal risks.(衰落主义迎合了人类对变化的根深蒂固的恐惧。坚持已知的很容易。在不确定的世界里，“按照我们一直以来的方式”做事会带来安慰。衰落主义甚至可能具有进化优势。对世界衰落的悲观担忧可能会激励我们做好准备，将个人风险降到最低。)”可知，本段主要讲的是衰落主义为什么如此有说服力。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“T deal with declinism, factual, statistical infrmatin might g a lng way. Prviding bjective facts abut current levels f crime, pverty, and suffering cmpared t past data can challenge negative wrldviews. One pssibility culd be t use the pwer f AI t prvide relevant infrmatin and tailr it t address particular cncerns, supprted by recent research that fund chatbt (聊天机器人) dialgues t be effective fr tackling misperceptins.(为了应对衰落主义，事实和统计数据可能会大有帮助。提供关于当前犯罪、贫困和苦难水平的客观事实，并与过去的数据进行比较，可以挑战消极的世界观。一种可能性是利用人工智能的力量提供相关信息，并根据特定需求进行调整，最近的研究发现聊天机器人对话对于解决误解是有效的。)”可知，本文主要讲述了衰落主义这一悲观思维偏差，并提出了应对方法，即接受变化，应对衰落主义。所以B选项“Embrace Change: Dealing with Declinism(接受变化：应对衰落主义)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。
解｜题｜技｜巧
1. 识别文章开篇的“钩子”——技巧点拨：作者如何引出话题，决定了第一段的写作手法。不要死记术语，要看作者在做什么。
经典例题分析（例2-1，第1题）：第一段将“社会交换理论”的建议（抛弃困境中的朋友）与“现实生活”的普遍做法（支持朋友）并置，形成了鲜明的对比。这就是作者提出议题的方式。
2. 概括段落主旨，看“森林”而非“树木”——技巧点拨：段落主旨是所有细节共同指向的中心思想。要忽略具体的例子（“树木”），看到它们共同构成的“森林”。
经典例题分析（例2-1，第3题）：第三段列举了斐济、乌干达、马赛族、美国农民等多个来自不同文化的具体案例，所有这些案例都为了证明同一件事：风险共担型友谊普遍存在。因此，段落主旨就是展示这些案例本身。
3. 选择文章标题，覆盖“始”与“终”——技巧点拨：最佳标题必须准确涵盖文章的核心问题与最终落点。
经典例题分析（例2-2，第4题）：文章不仅定义了“衰落主义”（问题），更花了大量篇幅解释其成因，并最终落脚在“如何应对（Dealing with） 衰落主义”上。选项B“接受变化：应对衰落主义”完整地覆盖了从问题到解决方案的全过程。
注｜意｜事｜项
答案必须“落地生根”：每一个正确选项，都必须在原文中找到明确的对应语句或强烈暗示。找不到“根”的选项，再合理也可能是干扰项。
分清“作者”和“他人”：文章中提到某个理论或某人的观点（如“社会交换理论”、“祖母的想法”），不代表作者赞同。作者的态度要通过他自己的总结和评论来判断。
主旨题要“兜住”全部内容：概括段落或文章主旨时，你选的答案必须能覆盖段落或文章中的大部分主要内容。如果某个选项只对应其中一个例子或一个点，那它很可能是片面的。
【变式2-1】（25-26高三·云南昆明一中·第三次联考）
If yu are a perfectinist, yu are prbably familiar with the feeling f wanting t get everything right. Yu may struggle with handing in impressive papers, stress ver jint prjects, and even wrry abut insignificant errrs frm the past.
High standards are ne thing, but perfectinism is quite anther. Perfectinists hld themselves t unrealistically high standards and becme self-critical if they believe they fail t meet these standards. Perfectinists are als likely t feel shame if they experience failures, which ften leads them t avid situatins where they are anxius they might fail.
Althugh peple see the pursuit f excellence as a gd thing, n the extreme end, it might d harm. Researchers have fund that perfectinism is assciated with depressin, anxiety, and eating disrders. Besides, peple wh are mre strngly identified with perfectinist qualities have reprted higher levels f verall psychlgical unease.
Giving up n perfectin desn’t mean being less successful. In fact, because mistakes are an essential part f learning and grwing, accepting imperfectin can actually help peple in the lng run.
One pssible alternative t perfectinism invlves develping a grwth mindset. Unlike thse with fixed mindsets, wh see their skill levels as unchangeable, thse with grwth mindsets believe they can imprve their abilities by learning frm their mistakes. Parents can help their children develp healthier attitudes tward failure: praise their children fr making an effrt even if their results are imperfect, and help the children learn t persevere (坚持) when mistakes happen.
Anther ptential alternative is t develp self-sympathy. Think abut hw yu wuld respnd t a friend if he has made a majr mistake. Odds are, yu’d prbably respnd with kindness and understanding, knwing that yur friend meant well. The idea behind self-sympathy is that we shuld treat urselves kindly and avid being cnsumed by negative emtins.
After all, it’s pssible t make peace with perfectinism and develp a healthier way f setting gals fr yurself.
1． What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A．The features f perfectinists.B．The standards f perfectinism.
C．The situatins f perfectinism.D．The experiences f perfectinists.
2． What can we infer frm paragraph 3?
A．The pursuit f excellence des harm t peple.B．Perfectinism may wrsen mental health states.
C．The perfectinist qualities are easy t identify. D．A high level f unease signals a stable mindset.
3． What sets grwth and fixed mindsets apart?
A．Hw t change attitudes.B．Hw t evaluate children.
C．Hw t imprve abilities.D．Hw t perceive mistakes.
4． Hw can ne develp self-sympathy?
A．By accepting neself after failures.B．By aviding making majr mistakes.
C．By respnding t friends with care.D．By understanding negative emtins.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了完美主义的特点、其可能带来的危害，以及摆脱完美主义的两种替代方式——培养成长型思维和自我同情。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Perfectinists hld themselves t unrealistically high standards and becme self-critical if they believe they fail t meet these standards. Perfectinists are als likely t feel shame if they experience failures, which ften leads them t avid situatins where they are anxius they might fail. (完美主义者给自己设定了不切实际的高标准，如果他们认为自己没有达到这些标准，就会自我批评。完美主义者在经历失败时也可能感到羞耻，这通常会让他们避免担心自己可能会失败的情况)”可知，第二段主要讲述了完美主义者的特征。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Researchers have fund that perfectinism is assciated with depressin, anxiety, and eating disrders. Besides, peple wh are mre strngly identified with perfectinist qualities have reprted higher levels f verall psychlgical unease. (研究人员发现，完美主义与抑郁、焦虑和饮食失调有关。此外，那些更强烈认同完美主义特质的人表示自己整体心理不安的程度更高)”可推知，完美主义可能会使心理健康状况恶化。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Unlike thse with fixed mindsets, wh see their skill levels as unchangeable, thse with grwth mindsets believe they can imprve their abilities by learning frm their mistakes. (与那些认为自己的技能水平不可改变的固定型思维模式的人不同，成长型思维模式的人认为他们可以通过从错误中学习来提高自己的能力)”可知，成长型思维和固定型思维的区别在于如何看待错误。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据第六段“Think abut hw yu wuld respnd t a friend if he has made a majr mistake. Odds are, yu’d prbably respnd with kindness and understanding, knwing that yur friend meant well. The idea behind self-sympathy is that we shuld treat urselves kindly and avid being cnsumed by negative emtins. (想想如果你的朋友犯了大错，你会如何回应他。你很可能会以善意和理解回应，因为你知道你的朋友是出于好意。自我同情背后的理念是，我们应该善待自己，避免被负面情绪所吞噬)”可知，培养自我同情的方式是像对待朋友一样善待自己，在犯错时以善良和理解回应自己，避免被负面情绪消耗，这本质上是在失败后接受自己。故选A项。
【变式2-2】（24-25高三·广东肇庆·一模）
Nwadays, many Chinese turists are s trubled by hliday crwds that seeking ut unheralded (冷门的) destinatins has becme a trend knwn as “reverse travel”. Aside frm prviding peple with better travel experiences with fewer crwds, reverse travel als meets their need fr nvelty and uniqueness.
A key driver f travelers heading t lesser-knwn cities is cst. While the Labr Day hliday saw recrd numbers f dmestic travelers, average spending per persn remained belw pre-pandemic levels accrding t a reprt. Htels in lesser-knwn cities can be five times cheaper than in Beijing r Shanghai.
The reverse travel trend has seen surging bkings in smaller cities, driven mstly by yung peple escaping the crwds n Shanghai’s Nanjing Rad r in Beijing’s Frbidden City. Wang Xinyu is ne f them. During the Labr Day hliday, she left fr Weihai, a less famus city fr traveling. “Nt nly can I experience the lcal way f life by wandering thrugh a park r explring a market, but the htel here als csts nly a third f the price f Nanjing’s dwntwn htels — it’s much mre cst-effective,” says Wang.
Hwever, escaping large ppular cities desn’t guarantee better experiences. The recent virality f niche (小众的) travel spts has revealed frmerly hidden gems (宝石) t mre travelers, but many small twns and rural areas aren’t well equipped t handle the new turist influx. Handan, a city f 9 millin in Hebei Prvince, suffered vercrwding during the Labr Day hliday when it was listed as the seventh mst ppular “niche” travel spt by scial media. Thse wh cme with high hpes f idyllic (田园风的) breaks ften instead find limited public transprt, entertainment facilities, and charm. Sme even reprt bredm.
N destinatin r time is perfect. Either visitrs see famus sites and face the crwds, r head ff the beaten track and endure wrse accmmdatin and transprt ptins. “With the crazy amunt f peple traveling nw, yu have t let g f smething if yu want sme peace and quiet,” says Mr. Zhai, a turism researcher frm Beijing.
1． Why des the authr mentin Wang Xinyu’s traveling experience?
A．T explain hw t chse htels.B．T intrduce Weihai’s scenic spts.
C．T present reverse travel’s advantages.D．T prve yung peple lve traveling.
2． What might have caused unpleasant reverse traveling experiences?
A．Lw budget way f traveling.B．Higher htel csts during hlidays.
C．Overcrwding in famus destinatins.D．Inadequate facilities in small destinatins.
3． What might be Mr. Zhai’s attitude t traveling?
A．Travelers prefer unheralded spts.B．Travelers need t think carefully.
C．Traditinal turs are in decline.D．Reverse travel is a new trend.
4． What wuld be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Reverse Travel: Trends and TrublesB．Cst-effective Hlidays Gain Ppularity
C．Hliday Crwds Truble Chinese TuristsD．Famus Attractins VS Small Destinatins
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“反向旅行”这一新兴旅游趋势，包括其背后的原因、优势以及可能带来的问题。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段“Wang Xinyu is ne f them. During the Labr Day hliday, she left fr Weihai, a less famus city fr traveling. “Nt nly can I experience the lcal way f life by wandering thrugh a park r explring a market, but the htel here als csts nly a third f the price f Nanjing’s dwntwn htels — it’s much mre cst-effective,” says Wang. (王馨宇就是其中之一。劳动节假期期间，她去了威海，一个不太有名的旅游城市。王馨宇说：“我不仅可以通过在公园漫步或逛市场来体验当地的生活方式，而且这里的酒店价格也只有南京市区酒店价格的三分之一——这要划算得多。”)”可知，王馨宇的旅行经历展示了反向旅行的好处，即能体验当地生活方式且费用较低。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Hwever, escaping large ppular cities desn’t guarantee better experiences. The recent virality f niche travel spts has revealed frmerly hidden gems t mre travelers, but many small twns and rural areas aren’t well equipped t handle the new turist influx. (然而，逃离大型热门城市并不能保证有更好的体验。最近小众旅游景点的流行向更多的旅行者揭示了以前隐藏的宝石，但许多小镇和农村地区并没有很好的设施来应对新的游客涌入。)”可知，小型旅游目的地的设施不足可能导致不愉快的反向旅行体验。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“N destinatin r time is perfect. Either visitrs see famus sites and face the crwds, r head ff the beaten track and endure wrse accmmdatin and transprt ptins. “With the crazy amunt f peple traveling nw, yu have t let g f smething if yu want sme peace and quiet,” says Mr. Zhai, a turism researcher frm Beijing. (没有完美的目的地或时间。游客要么去看著名的景点，面对人群，要么走不寻常的路，忍受更差的住宿和交通选择。北京的一位旅游研究员翟先生说：“现在旅行的人太多了，如果你想要一些宁静，你就必须放弃一些东西。”)”可知，翟先生认为旅行者需要仔细考虑，权衡利弊，做出选择。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nwadays, many Chinese turists are s trubled by hliday crwds that seeking ut unheralded destinatins has becme a trend knwn as “reverse travel”. (如今，许多中国游客被假日人群所困扰，以至于寻找鲜为人知的目的地已成为一种被称为“反向旅行”的趋势。)”和最后一段“N destinatin r time is perfect. (没有完美的目的地或时间。)”以及文章中间部分介绍了反向旅行的优势和可能带来的问题可知，这篇文章主要讨论了反向旅行的趋势及其带来的麻烦，所以选项A：“反向旅游：趋势与问题”适合作为文章标题。故选A。
考向03 新事物说明文
【例3-1】（25-26高三·江西上进联考·阶段检测）
Exercising has many health benefits. Sn, it culd help lwer yur electricity bill! Instead f spending hurs charging yur wearable devices, scientists frm the United Kingdm have develped a nan device that generates electricity frm running energy.
The flexible nangeneratr (纳米发电机), which turns sme mechanical energy int electricity, culd becme as useful in creating clean energy as slar cells. A study published in Nan Energy shwed it prduces 1,000 milliwatts f pwer — a 140-fld increase ver traditinal 10-milliwatt nangeneratrs.
“What’s really exciting is that ur little device with high energy harvesting efficiency culd ne day rival the pwer f slar panels and culd be used t run anything frm self-pwered sensrs t smart hme systems that run withut ever needing a battery change,” explains Md Delwar Hussain, a researcher at the University f Surrey and lead authr f the study.
Researchers have created a new nangeneratr that cllects and turns the energy frm everyday mvements int electricity. It uses materials that becme electrically charged when in cntact. Think f hw rubbing a balln n smene’s hair makes it stick t each ther because f static electricity (静电). Instead f ne electrde (电极) passing energy by itself, the new device has a relay f wrkers wh shift mechanical energy, like running, int electricity. Each electrde cllects a charge and then passes it n t the next electrde. The accumulating charge creates mre energy in a prcess knwn as the charge regeneratin effect.
Hussain says the ultimate gal is t use these nangeneratrs t capture and use energy frm everyday mvements, like yur mrning run, mechanical vibratins, cean waves, r pening a dr. “The key innvatin with ur nangeneratr is that we’ve enhanced the technlgy with 34 tiny energy cllectrs using a laser technique that can be scaled up fr manufacture t increase energy efficiency further.” Hussain says.
Fr nw, the researchers are wrking n launching a cmpany that uses nangeneratrs like the ne in the study t create self-pwered, harmless healthcare sensrs. These devices culd then expand t ther sectins f health technlgy.
1． What des the underlined wrd “rival” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Absrb.B．Balance.C．Reflect.D．Match.
2． What des paragraph 4 mainly talk abut?
A．Hw the nangeneratr wrks.B．Why the device needs electrdes.
C．When static electricity wrks in ballns.D．What the charge regeneratin effect is.
3． What’s the feature f nangeneratr?
A．It requires daily battery replacement.B．It mainly captures energy frm sprts.
C．It adpts efficiency-bsting technlgy.D．It is t expensive fr mass prductin.
4． What is the main purpse f the passage?
A．T advertise a fitness prduct.B．T intrduce a nvel generatr.
C．T shw hw t generate electricity.D．T explain the benefits f exercise.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新型纳米发电机，它能将日常运动的能量收集并转化为电能，并有望在效率和功率上媲美太阳能电池板。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词前的“What’s really exciting is that ur little device with high energy harvesting efficiency...(真正令人兴奋的是，我们这种能量收集效率很高的小型设备……)”及后面的“culd be used t run anything frm self-pwered sensrs t smart hme systems that run withut ever needing a battery change(可以用来运行任何东西，从自供电传感器到智能家居系统，而不需要更换电池)”可知， 前文提到该纳米发电机“能量收集效率高”，后文补充其可用于驱动自供电传感器、不需要换电池的智能家居系统等，说明该纳米发电机将来有望媲美太阳能板。故可推知rival意为“与……相匹敌，比得上”。 故选D。
2．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Researchers have created a new nangeneratr that cllects and turns the energy frm everyday mvements int electricity. It uses materials that becme electrically charged when in cntact.(研究人员创造了一种新的纳米发电机，它可以收集日常运动产生的能量并将其转化为电能。它使用的材料在接触时会带电)”及“Instead f ne electrde (电极) passing energy by itself, the new device has a relay f wrkers wh shift mechanical energy, like running, int electricity. (新的设备不是由一个电极单独传递能量，而是有一组“接力工人”将机械能（如跑步）转化为电能)”可知，本段主要解释了纳米发电机的工作原理。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The key innvatin with ur nangeneratr is that we’ve enhanced the technlgy with 34 tiny energy cllectrs using a laser technique that can be scaled up fr manufacture t increase energy efficiency further. (我们的纳米发电机的关键创新在于，我们使用一种可扩大生产规模的激光技术，集成了34个微型能量收集器，从而进一步提高了能源效率)”可知，这种纳米发电机的特点是采用了能提高效率的技术。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段“scientists frm the United Kingdm have develped a nan device that generates electricity frm running energy(来自英国的科学家已经开发出一种纳米装置，可以通过运行的能量发电)”引出话题，接着第三段“What’s really exciting is that ur little device with high energy harvesting efficiency culd ne day...(真正令人兴奋的是，我们这个能量收集效率很高的小设备有一天可能……)”介绍了新型纳米发电机的发展前景；第四段“It uses materials that becme electrically charged when in cntact. Think f hw rubbing a balln n smene’s hair makes it stick t each ther because f static electricity (静电). Instead f ne electrde (电极) passing energy by itself, the new device has a relay f wrkers wh shift mechanical energy, like running, int electricity.(它使用的材料在接触时会带电。想象一下，在某人的头发上摩擦气球是如何因为静电而粘在一起的。这种新设备不是由一个电极自己传递能量，而是有一组“接力工人”将机械能（如跑步）转化为电能)”介绍其工作原理；第五段“The key innvatin with ur nangeneratr is that...(我们的纳米发电机的关键创新在于……)”介绍其创新技术特点。由此可知，全文核心是向读者介绍这种新颖的发电机。故选B。
【例3-2】（25-26高三上·四川绵阳三台中学·月考）
As bird numbers fall wrldwide, scientists are using algrithm (算法)-pwered apps t gather data abut bird species.
One such example is the wl prject, where researchers placed mre than 1,600 recrders t track where the endangered species spends its time. But that’s a lt fr a human t srt thrugh. “There’s n way we can listen t that— nt even clse, right?” says Cnnr Wd, a researcher leading the wl prject. “We need flexible tls t identify as many bird species as pssible.”
In 2016, Cnnr Wd apprached Stefan Kahl, a cmputer scientist at Chemnitz University, t help create an algrithm that prcesses bird sunds recrded in the wild. Tw years later, the team launched the fficial BirdNET app, which allws peple t uplad their wn recrdings frm varius devices. The app cnverts a bird’s sng int an image f sundwaves knwn as spectrgram (声谱图). Then, the image is fed int the app’s algrithm which can accurately shw the unique frequency changes, timing, and amplitude (振幅) f a particular call. “These patterns that the algrithms find are much mre subtle and fine-grained than what any human culd d,” says Kahl.
It turns ut this team actually can prcess this fld f data—they just need a little help frm BirdNET, an AI-pwered system that can identify mre than 6,000 species f birds just by their calls. Wd and his team recently used BirdNET t create the first ecsystem-wide assessment f sptted wl ppulatins acrss the Sierra Nevada. This infrmatin shws wl ppulatin trends that can bst restratin and cnservatin effrts.
Over the past decade, several apps have ppped up that use AI t identify different bird sunds. Hwever, like mst AI-based technlgy, these apps aren’t withut limitatins. In 2023, eclgist Pérez-Granads fund that BirdNET didn’t always register a bird’s sng, and smetimes misidentified it as anther species.
There are sme ways t lessen these risks, including accunting fr uncertainty using statistical mdels r manually ging thrugh identificatins t duble check data. Fr a 2022 study, Wd and his team assessed the accuracy f BirdNET submissins, and fund their data culd successfully reprduce the knwn migratry rutes f several Nrth American and Eurpean birds. And mre research shws AI can identify bird behavirs and distributin, which is critical fr cnservatin.
1． Why d researchers need flexible tls accrding t paragraph 2?
A．Bird sngs are hard t hear in recrdings.B．There are t many recrdings t prcess.
C．Recrdings have lts f backgrund nise.D．Manual wrk ften leads t mre mistakes.
2． Hw des BirdNet identify bird species?
A．By analyzing bird call patterns.B．By recrding vides and sunds.
C．By shwing bird images and clips.D．By describing bird behavir details.
3． What d the findings f Cristian Pérez-Granads suggest?
A．BirdNET detects bird species accurately.B．BirdNET helps prtect endangered birds.
C．Algrithms clearly underperfrm humans.D．AI-based tls may have certain prblems.
4． What is suggested t imprve BirdNET’s perfrmance?
A．Mapping glbal bird distributin patterns.B．Expanding the BirdNET’s recrding range.
C．Cmbining manual and technical methds.D．Imprving the accuracy f the submissins.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，围绕“AI技术助力鸟类保护”展开，介绍了BirdNET应用程序的开发背景、工作原理，以及其在鸟类数据收集和种群评估中的作用，同时也提及该类AI工具的局限性及改进方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“One such example is the wl prject, where researchers placed mre than 1,600 recrders t track where the endangered species spends its time. But that’s a lt fr a human t srt thrugh. “There’s n way we can listen t that— nt even clse, right?” says Cnnr Wd, a researcher leading the wl prject. “We need flexible tls t identify as many bird species as pssible.”(猫头鹰项目就是这样一个例子：研究人员放置了1600多台记录仪，追踪这种濒危物种的活动地点。但这些数据量太大，人类根本无法逐一处理。“我们不可能听完所有录音 —— 完全不可能，对吧？” 猫头鹰项目的负责人、研究员康纳・伍德说道，“我们需要灵活的工具，来识别尽可能多的鸟类物种”)”可知，研究人员需要灵活工具的核心原因是记录仪产生的录音数据过多，人力难以处理。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The app cnverts a bird’s sng int an image f sundwaves knwn as spectrgram. Then, the image is fed int the app’s algrithm which can accurately shw the unique frequency changes, timing, and amplitude f a particular call. (该应用将鸟鸣声转换为名为声谱图的声波图像。随后，这张图像会被输入应用的算法中，算法能准确识别特定鸣叫的独特频率变化、时长和振幅)”可知，BirdNET通过分析鸟鸣的频率、时长、振幅等模式来识别鸟类物种。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Hwever, like mst AI-based technlgy, these apps aren’t withut limitatins. In 2023, eclgist Pérez-Granads fund that BirdNET didn’t always register a bird’s sng, and smetimes misidentified it as anther species. (然而，和大多数AI技术一样，这些应用也并非没有局限性。2023年，生态学家佩雷斯-格拉纳多斯发现，BirdNET有时无法识别出鸟鸣声，有时还会将其误判为其他物种的声音)”可知，佩雷斯-格拉纳多斯的发现表明“基于AI的工具（如BirdNET）可能存在一定问题”。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“There are sme ways t lessen these risks, including accunting fr uncertainty using statistical mdels r manually ging thrugh identificatins t duble check data. (有一些方法可以降低这些风险，包括使用统计模型考虑不确定性，或通过人工逐一核对识别结果来复查数据)”可知，改进BirdNET性能的方法包括技术手段（统计模型）与人工手段结合”。故选C项。
解｜题｜技｜巧
1. 破解专业术语，依靠上下文定义
技巧点拨：新事物说明文必然引入新概念或专业术语。其定义或解释往往就在该词出现的句子或前后文中。
经典例题分析（例3-1，第1题）：要猜出“rival”的词义，需看上下文。前文说设备“能量收集效率高”，后文说它能“用来运行任何东西...而不需要更换电池”。这种强大的功能暗示其未来有望达到或比得上太阳能电池板的水平。因此，“match”（匹配，比得上）是最佳释义。
2. 评估事物特征，区分“主要”与“次要”——技巧点拨：新事物的特点可能有很多，但问题往往聚焦于其最核心、最创新的那一个。
经典例题分析（例3-1，第3题）：选项A、B、D都是可能存在的侧面或推断，但文章明确指出了“关键创新（The key innvatin）”在于使用了“34个微型能量收集器和激光技术”来提高能效。这才是它最核心的特征。
3. 审视技术局限，理解发展的客观性——技巧点拨：一篇严谨的说明文在介绍新事物优势的同时，往往会客观提及它的局限性或挑战。
经典例题分析（例3-2，第3题）：第五段通过转折词“Hwever”和生态学家的具体发现，明确指出AI工具并非完美，存在识别失败和误识别等问题。这直接揭示了AI工具存在某些问题。
注｜意｜事｜项
主旨目的题，看全局而非局部：判断文章主要目的或选择标题时，要统览全文，看它是否覆盖了“是什么（新事物介绍）— 如何工作 — 有何优势 — 有何局限 — 未来展望”这个完整链条。
区分“现状”与“愿景”：注意区分文章哪些部分描述的是当前已实现的功能，哪些是对未来的展望或假设（如“culd”, “may”, “ne day”）。勿将愿景当作已实现的事实来答题。
答案源于文本，而非个人知识：对于前沿科技，切勿用自己有限的常识去判断。必须严格依据文章给出的信息进行推理，即使它与你的常识相悖。
【变式3-1】（25-26高三上·江苏盐城七校联盟·月考）
Heart disease is the leading cause f death in the United States. A transplant (移植) is the nly treatment available t patients with end-stage heart failure, but there is a severe shrtage f heart dnrs. That means there’s an urgent need t develp new ways t regenerate a diseased heart. Nw the gd news is that the wrld’s first cmplete 3D-printed heart, made using the patient’s wn cells and materials, has been created in a lab.
Until nw, success has been limited t printing nly simple tissues withut bld vessels (血管). “This is the first time anyne has successfully printed an entire heart anywhere,” said team leader Tal Dvir.
The 3D-printed heart is nly abut a third the size f an actual human heart and it desn’t actually wrk. But it’s a grundbreaking step tward engineering custmized (定制的) rgans that can be transplanted with less risk f rejectin. Dvir nted that scientists have managed t print a 3D structure f a heart befre, but nt with cells r bld vessels. The use f bilgical materials frm a patient is key t successful engineering f tissues and rgans.
Ideally, the bimaterial shuld pssess the same bichemical and mechanical prperties f the patients’ wn tissues. This way, their bdies will be less likely t reject the rgan, making transplants much safer.
While the 3D-printed heart is abut a third the size f a human heart, the same technlgy can be used t print a nrmal-sized ne. The team’s next step is t culture (培养) printed hearts in the lab and “teach them t behave” like real hearts. Then, researchers plan t transplant the 3D-printed heart int lab animals.
“Our results demnstrate the ptential f ur apprach t engineering persnalized tissue and rgan replacement in the future,” Dvir said. “Maybe in 10 years, there will be rgan printers in the finest hspitals arund the wrld, and these prcedures will be cnducted rutinely.”
1． What can be inferred frm the wrld’s first cmplete 3D-printed heart?
A．It makes rgan transplants risk-free.
B．It bridges gaps in bilgical rgan printing.
C．It slves the dnr shrtage fr heart transplants.
D．It has the same prperties as natural heart tissues.
2． What des Dvir imply abut the previus 3D-printed heart structures in paragraph 3?
A．They were ready fr transplant t animals.
B．They matched the size f real human hearts.
C．They lacked cell-based bilgical cmpnents.
D．They cntained cmplete bld vessel netwrks.
3． What will Dvir’s team d in the future?
A．They will first test printed hearts n humans.
B．They will fcus n curing early heart failure.
C．They will change the bilgical materials used.
D．They will imprve the heart’s functinal perfrmance.
4． What’s Dvir’s attitude twards the 3D printing technlgy?
A．Psitive.B．Dubtful.C．Negative.D．Indifferent.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇科技类说明文，主要介绍了世界上首个利用患者自身细胞和材料3D打印的完整心脏的突破性进展，并展望了该技术在器官移植领域的应用前景。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Until nw, success has been limited t printing nly simple tissues withut bld vessels (血管). “This is the first time anyne has successfully printed an entire heart anywhere,” said team leader Tal Dvir.(到目前为止，所取得的成果仅仅是能够打印出不含血管的简单组织。团队负责人塔尔·德维尔表示：“这是首次有人在某地成功打印出完整的心脏。”)”可知，这是首次有人成功打印出完整心脏，此前仅能打印无血管的简单组织，因此推断该成果填补了生物器官打印的空白。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Dvir nted that scientists have managed t print a 3D structure f a heart befre, but nt with cells r bld vessels.( Dvir指出，科学家们此前确实曾成功打印出心脏的三维结构，但所使用的并非细胞和血管。)”可知，科学家此前打印的心脏结构不含细胞或血管，说明过去的打印结构缺乏生物细胞成分。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“The team’s next step is t culture (培养) printed hearts in the lab and “teach them t behave” like real hearts.(该团队接下来的步骤是在实验室中培养打印心脏，并“教会它们像真正的心脏那样运作”。)”可知，团队下一步将培养打印心脏并教会它们像真实心脏一样工作，因此推断他们将改善心脏的功能性能。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据文章末段Dvir的发言““Our results demnstrate the ptential f ur apprach t engineering persnalized tissue and rgan replacement in the future,” Dvir said. “Maybe in 10 years, there will be rgan printers in the finest hspitals arund the wrld, and these prcedures will be cnducted rutinely.”(Dvir说“我们的研究结果表明，我们的方法在实现个性化组织和器官替换方面具有潜在应用价值。也许在十年后，世界各地顶尖的医院里将会配备器官打印设备，相关手术也将成为常规操作。”)”可知，我们的成果展示了未来个性化器官替代的潜力，及对10年后器官打印机普及的乐观预测，可见其态度是积极肯定的。故选A。
【变式3-2】(2024·福建泉州·一检)
Stanfrd assistant prfessr Ruike Zha published a grundbreaking medical breakthrugh in Nature: using a tiny 2 mm micr-rbt, she increased the success rate f bld clt (血块) remval frm a mere 11% t an amazing 90%, sending shckwaves thrugh the medical wrld.
In mdern sciety, abut ne in every dzen peple may experience a bld clt in their lifetime. It is widely knwn that bld clts are the leading cause f strkes and heart attacks. During treatment, the ability t quickly and effectively restre bld flw becmes a matter f life and death.
Unfrtunately, traditinal mechanical methds have a lw success rate. The prcess is like trying t pick up brken tfu with chpsticks — nt nly is success unlikely, but the situatin may even wrsen. Bld clts may break apart while being defrmed, resulting in small pieces stuck in hard-t-reach areas.
Hwever, Prfessr Zha’s 2 mm micr-rbt enters bld vessels (血管) and, using high-speed rtatin (旋转), generates frces t reduce the clt size t 5%. It’s like when yu press and rub sft things, like hair, between yur hands. The frce makes them stick tgether int a small ball. The micr-rbt wrks similarly, using pressure t bring the clt cmpnents tgether, making them easier t remve. This prcess requires n drugs, causes n vessel damage, and effectively releases trapped red bld cells back int bld.
What’s astnishing is that this innvatin is inspired frm subway TBMs, tunnel-bring machines (盾构机). The way tunnel-bring machines efficiently handle hard sil and rck in narrw spaces inspired the creatin. This brilliant Chinese researcher miniaturized the enrmus undergrund machine t a size tens f thusands f times smaller and adapted it fr use in human bld vessels.
Currently, the technlgy has been successfully tested n pigs. While mst f these studies remain in the labratry phase, the breakthrugh itself is exciting. This technlgy may sn extend beynd bld clts t address issues like kidney stnes r gallstnes.
1． Hw des the authr present the breakthrugh in paragraph 1?
A．By explaining a technical term.B．By cntrasting the statistics.
C．By prviding the study’s backgrund.D．By citing an authrity.
2． What is the advantage f Zha’s micr-rbt ver traditinal methds?
A．It generates bld mre rapidly.B．It prevents clts frm frming again.
C．It is recyclable and ecnmical.D．It raises success rate and reduces side effects.
3． What des the authr try t illustrate by mentining TBMs?
A．The cst f medical rbtics.B．The reasn behind the numerus trials.
C．The inspiratin behind the innvatin.D．The imprtance f mdern machinery.
4． What is the last paragraph abut?
A．Chice f new research methds.B．Pssible directin fr further study.
C．Necessity fr tests n mre animals.D．Ptential applicatin f the inventin.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，讲述了斯坦福大学Ruike Zha教授研发2毫米微型机器人，将血栓清除成功率从11%提升至90%，灵感来自盾构机技术，未来或可应用于肾结石等治疗。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Stanfrd assistant prfessr Ruike Zha published a grundbreaking medical breakthrugh in Nature: using a tiny 2 mm micr-rbt, she increased the success rate f bld clt (血块) remval frm a mere 11% t an amazing 90%, sending shckwaves thrugh the medical wrld.(斯坦福大学助理教授赵瑞克在《自然》杂志上发表了一项具有开创性的医学突破成果：她利用一个仅有 2 毫米大小的微型机器人，将血块清除的成功率从原本的 11%大幅提升至令人惊叹的 90%，这一成果在医学界引起了巨大轰动。)”可知，文章第一段通过比较数据说明。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Hwever, Prfessr Zha’s 2 mm micr-rbt enters bld vessels (血管) and, using high-speed rtatin (旋转), generates frces t reduce the clt size t 5%. It's like when yu press and rub sft things, like hair, between yur hands. The frce makes them stick tgether int a small ball. The micr-rbt wrks similarly, using pressure t bring the clt cmpnents tgether, making them easier t remve. This prcess requires n drugs, causes n vessel damage, and effectively releases trapped red bld cells back int bld.(然而，赵教授研发的2毫米微型机器人能够进入血管内部，并通过高速旋转产生力量，将血块缩小至 5%。这就好比你用手掌相互按压并揉搓柔软的物体，比如头发，从而让它们粘连成一个小球。微型机器人的工作原理也是如此，它利用压力将血块成分挤压在一起，使其更容易被清除。这个过程无需药物，不会对血管造成损伤，并能有效地将被困住的红细胞重新释放回血液中。)”可知，赵教授的微型机器人相较于传统方法提高了成功率，并减少了副作用。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“What’s astnishing is that this innvatin is inspired frm subway TBMs, tunnel-bring machines (盾构机). The way tunnel-bring machines efficiently handle hard sil and rck in narrw spaces inspired the creatin.(令人惊讶的是，这一创新的灵感来源于地铁中的隧道掘进机。隧道掘进机能够在狭窄空间内高效地处理坚硬的土壤和岩石，这一特点激发了这一创新的诞生。)”可知，作者提及TBMs是为了说明这项创新背后的灵感来源。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Currently, the technlgy has been successfully tested n pigs. While mst f these studies remain in the labratry phase, the breakthrugh itself is exciting. This technlgy may sn extend beynd bld clts t address issues like kidney stnes r gallstnes.(目前，该技术已在猪身上成功进行了测试。虽然这些研究大多仍处于实验室阶段，但这一突破本身令人振奋。这项技术或许很快就会从治疗血栓领域拓展到解决诸如肾结石或胆结石等问题。)”可知，最后一段讲到了这项发明的潜在应用。故选D。
专题01 高考真题练
A
（2025·全国·高考Ⅱ卷）
When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. In the past year, Detrinidad sent ut mre than 70,000 plants. Her success is just ne example f increased time at hme leading t an explsin in the huseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashin right nw,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher frm the University f Flrida. “Peple wh live in plant-rich envirnments reprt a higher life satisfactin rating, ” she says. “Adding mre nature t ur envirnment can change ur md and hw we think.” Plants can imprve ur state f mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing ur level f crtisl, the stress hrmne (激素) in ur bdy.
“Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”
If yu’re amng the grups f peple wh are enjying the mental and physical health benefits f surrunding yurself with plants, dn’t beat yurself up if ne (r a few!) desn’t make it. “Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says.
1． Hw was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A．It faced tugh cmpetitin.B．It suffered a great lss.
C．It gt lts f financial supprt.D．It went surprisingly well.
2． What is ne f Knuth’s findings abut plants?
A．They appeal mre t students.B．They purify the envirnment.
C．They raise the crtisl level.D．They enhance prductivity.
3． What des Detrinidad try t explain by mentining dctrs and lawyers?
A．The necessity f scial skills.B．The meaning f sustainability.
C．The imprtance f repeated effrts.D．The value f prfessinal pinins.
4． What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Time t Replace HuseplantsB．Plants Bst Yur Md
C．Tips n Chsing HuseplantsD．Plants Brighten Yur Hme
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. (当Snja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Snja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Bst Yur Md (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
B
（2025年浙江省1月高考英语真题）
As new technlgies take n increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push t make them genderless. “Peple are steretyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered bjects in very traditinal ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanfrd assciate prfessr f rganizatinal behavir. Remving gender frm the picture altgether seems like a simple way t fix this. Yet as Martin has fund in her wrk, gender is ne f the fundamental ways peple frm cnnectins with bjects, particularly thse designed with human characteristics.
In her study, Martin asked participants t rate their attachment t male, female, and genderless versins f a digital vice assistant and a self-driving car knwn as “Miuu.” It was fund that gender increased users’ feelings f attachment t these devices and their interest in purchasing them. Fr example, participants said they wuld be less likely t buy a genderless vice assistant than versins with male r female vices.
While gendering a prduct may be gd marketing, it may als strengthen utdated r harmful ideas abut pwer and identity. The steretypes cmmnly assciated with men, such as cmpetitiveness and dminance, are mre valued than thse assciated with wmen. These qualities, in turn, are mapped nt prducts that have been assigned a gender.
Martin’s study als fund that creating a genderless bject was difficult. Fr instance, if an bject’s name was meant t sund genderless, like Miuu, participants wuld still assign a gender t it — they wuld assume Miuu was a “he” r “she.”
Martin sees a silver lining, hwever: She believes that anthrpmrphism (拟人化) “prvides an pprtunity t change steretypes.” When wmen are put int psitins f leadership like running cmpanies, it reduces negative steretypes abut wmen. Similarly, anthrpmrphized prducts culd be created t take n steretype-incnsistent rles — a male rbt that assists with nursing r a female rbt that helps d calculatins, fr instance.
1． What is the purpse f making new technlgies genderless?
A．T reduce steretypes.B．T meet public demand.
C．T cut prductin csts.D．T encurage cmpetitin.
2． What were the participants prbably asked t d in the study?
A．Design a prduct.B．Respnd t a survey.
C．Wrk as assistants.D．Take a language test.
3． Why is it difficult t create genderless bjects?
A．They cannt be mass-prduced.B．Naming them is a challenging task.
C．Peple assume they are unreliable.D．Gender is rted in peple’s mind.
4． What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut?
A．The quality f genderless prducts.B．The upside f gendering a prduct.
C．The meaning f anthrpmrphism.D．The steretypes f men and wmen.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B
【导语】本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘Peple are steretyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered bjects in very traditinal ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanfrd assciate prfessr f rganizatinal behavir. Remving gender frm the picture altgether seems like a simple way t fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants t rate their attachment t male, female, and genderless versins f a digital vice assistant and a self driving car knwn as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study als fund that creating a genderless bject was difficult. Fr instance, if an bject’s name was meant t sund genderless, like Miuu, participants wuld still assign a gender t it — they wuld assume Miuu was a ‘he’ r ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, hwever: She believes that anthrpmrphism (拟人化) ‘prvides an pprtunity t change steretypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。
C
（2025·全国·高考一卷）
Micrplastics have becme a cmmn surce f pllutin acrss the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and n the Himalayas, stuck inside vlcanic rcks, filled the stmachs f seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snw. They are even appearing inside humans.
Nw, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level f micrplastics in water frm yur tap (水龙头): biling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Envirnmental Science & Technlgy Letters, researchers frm China fund that biling tap water fr just five minutes — then filtering it after it cls — culd remve at least 80 percent f its micrplastics.
Crucially, this prcess relies n the water cntaining enugh calcium carbnate (碳酸钙) t trap the plastics. In the study, biling hard water cntaining 300 milligrams f calcium carbnate led t an almst 90 percent drp in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams f calcium carbnate, biling reduced the level f plastics by just 25 percent. Additinally, the research didn’t include all types f plastics. The team fcused nly n three cmmn types — plystyrene, plyethylene and plyprpylene — and they didn’t study ther chemicals previusly fund in water such as vinyl chlride.
Still, the findings shw a ptential path frward fr reducing micrplastic expsure — a task that’s becming increasingly difficult. Even bttled water, scientists fund earlier this year, cntains 10 t 1,000 times mre micrplastics than riginally thught.
Scientists are still trying t determine hw harmful micrplastics are — but what they d knw has raised cncerns. The new study suggests biling tap water culd be a tl t limit intake. “The way they demnstrated hw micrplastics were trapped thrugh the biling prcess was nice,” Carline Gauchtte-Lindsay, an envirnmental engineer f the University f Glasgw in Sctland wh was nt invlved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We shuld be lking int upgrading drinking water treatment plants s they remve micrplastics.”
1． Hw des the authr present the issue in the first paragraph?
A．By quting an expert.B．By defining a cncept.
C．By giving examples.D．By prviding statistics.
2． What determines the effectiveness f trapping micrplastics in water?
A．The hardness f water.B．The length f cling time.
C．The frequency f filtering.D．The type f plastic in water.
3． What des the authr try t illustrate by mentining bttled water in paragraph 4?
A．The imprtance f plastic recycling.B．The severity f the micrplastic prblem.
C．The danger in verusing pure water.D．The difficulty in treating plluted water.
4． What is Gauchtte-Lindsay’s suggestin abut?
A．Chice f new research methds.B．Pssible directin fr further study.
C．Need t invlve mre researchers.D．Ptential applicatin f the findings.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Micrplastics have becme a cmmn surce f pllutin acrss the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and n the Himalayas, stuck inside vlcanic rcks, filled the stmachs f seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snw. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this prcess relies n the water cntaining enugh calcium carbnate (碳酸钙) t trap the plastics. In the study, biling hard water cntaining 300 milligrams f calcium carbnate led t an almst 90 percent drp in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams f calcium carbnate, biling reduced the level f plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings shw a ptential path frward fr reducing micrplastic expsure — a task that’s becming increasingly diffcult. Even bttled water, scientists fund earlier this year, cntains 10 t 1,000 times mre micrplastics than riginally thught. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demnstrated hw micrplastics were trapped thrugh the biling prcess was nice,” Carline Gauchtte-Lindsay, an envirnmental engineer f the University f Glasgw in Sctland wh was nt invlved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We shuld be lking int upgrading drinking water treatment plants s they remve micrplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Carline Gauchtte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Carline Gauchtte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
专题02 优秀模拟题
A
(25-26·云南昭通一中等三校·实用性联考卷（四）)
The rbt, shaped like a sup can with a runded bdy, stands n a wearer’s shulder like a parrt. It can speak fluent Anishinaabemwin, an Indigenus (土著的) language spken by the Anishinaabe natin f Nrth America. Danielle Byer, a 24-year-ld Anishinaabe rbticist, created the “Skbt” t cmmunicate in endangered Indigenus languages. By enabling yung speakers t practice with an engaging partner, she aims t keep these languages alive despite the grwing dminance f English.
New AI technlgies are revlutinizing the way we apprach language preservatin. Mst AI translatin systems require vast training data fr accuracy, and mdels fr high-resurce languages like English and Spanish are typically trained n millins f parallel sentence pairs. Hwever, Indigenus languages ften have little public data, psing significant challenges fr standard translatin methds. T address this, Jared Cleman, a cmputer scientist at Lyla Marymunt University, develped a tl that instructs a large language mdel in the grammar and vcabulary f a target language, ensuring grammatical accuracy in the utput sentences.
Since different cmmunities have different cultural traditins, training AI mdels n material in Indigenus languages, particularly ancestral stries and flk tales, can lead t unintended cnsequences. As Cleman explained, certain stries are traditinally tld nly during the wintertime in his cmmunity. “Hw d yu maintain that traditin if it’s available nline?” he says. In ther wrds, AI mdels d nt understand cultural nuance (细微差别). If they are nt trained apprpriately, they can mishandle sensitive cultural infrmatin.
Indigenus researchers are undertaking AI language preservatin initiatives t prmte greater accessibility and diversity at the frefrnt f technlgical innvatin. As researchers Uma Pradhan and Jyeeta Dey have explained, AI language preservatin helps address histrical injustice fr cmmunities previusly discuraged r even prhibited frm speaking their native tngues. These initiatives nt nly supprt language revitalizatin (复兴) by increasing the number f speakers but als emphasize the cultural significance f these languages within technlgical spaces lng dminated by English, Mandarin Chinese and a handful f ther glbal languages.
1． What is the functin f the first paragraph?
A．T criticize the limits f rbt technlgy.
B．T detail the Anishinaabe language histry.
C．T analyze language revitalizatin challenges.
D．T intrduce the tpic with a specific example.
2． What is a majr challenge in using AI fr Indigenus language translatin?
A．Lack f public data fr training.
B．High cst f develping AI mdels.
C．Resistance frm Indigenus cmmunities.
D．Cmplexity f English and Spanish grammar.
3． Why des Jared Cleman mentin the traditin f telling stries nly in winter?
A．T argue that stries shuld nt be tld nline.
B．T shw that AI can help recrd seasnal activities.
C．T explain hw AI mdels learn frm seasnal data.
D．T illustrate the risk f AI ignring cultural nuances.
4． What is the main purpse f AI language preservatin initiatives?
A．T revive languages and address histrical injustice.
B．T bst AI-driven creativity and language diversity.
C．T scale dwn the use f English and Mandarin tngues.
D．T make AI translatin systems mre accurate and reliable.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人工智能在土著语言保护中的应用、挑战及意义。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The rbt, shaped like a sup can with a runded bdy, stands n a wearer’s shulder like a parrt. It can speak fluent Anishinaabemwin, an Indigenus (土著的) language spken by the Anishinaabe natin f Nrth America. Danielle Byer, a 24-year-ld Anishinaabe rbticist, created the “Skbt” t cmmunicate in endangered Indigenus languages.(这个机器人外形像一个圆形的汤罐，像鹦鹉一样站在使用者的肩膀上。它能说一口流利的Anishinaabemwin语，这是北美Anishinaabe族人说的土著语言。24岁的Anishinaabe机器人专家Danielle Byer发明了“Skbt”，用濒危的土著语言进行交流。)”以及第二段中“New AI technlgies are revlutinizing the way we apprach language preservatin.(新的人工智能技术正在彻底改变我们保护语言的方式)”可知，第一段通过一个具体的例子引入了文章的主题——利用人工智能保护土著语言。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Hwever, Indigenus languages ften have little public data, psing significant challenges fr standard translatin methds.(然而，土著语言通常很少有公开数据，这给标准的翻译方法带来了重大挑战。)”可知，使用人工智能翻译土著语言的主要挑战是缺乏公开的训练数据。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Since different cmmunities have different cultural traditins, training AI mdels n material in Indigenus languages, particularly ancestral stries and flk tales, can lead t unintended cnsequences. As Cleman explained, certain stries are traditinally tld nly during the wintertime in his cmmunity. “Hw d yu maintain that traditin if it’s available nline?” he says. In ther wrds, AI mdels d nt understand cultural nuance (细微差别). If they are nt trained apprpriately, they can mishandle sensitive cultural infrmatin.(由于不同的社区有不同的文化传统，用土著语言的材料，特别是祖先的故事和民间故事来训练人工智能模型，可能会导致意想不到的后果。正如科尔曼解释的那样，在他的社区里，某些故事传统上只在冬天讲。“如果可以在网上看到，你怎么能保持这个传统呢？”他说。换句话说，人工智能模型不理解文化细微差别。如果训练不当，它们可能会错误处理敏感的文化信息。)”可知，Jared Cleman提到只在冬天讲故事的传统是为了说明人工智能忽视文化细微差别的风险。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“As researchers Uma Pradhan and Jyeeta Dey have explained, AI language preservatin helps address histrical injustice fr cmmunities previusly discuraged r even prhibited frm speaking their native tngues. These initiatives nt nly supprt language revitalizatin (复兴) by increasing the number f speakers but als emphasize the cultural significance f these languages within technlgical spaces lng dminated by English, Mandarin Chinese and a handful f ther glbal languages.(正如研究人员Uma Pradhan和Jyeeta Dey所解释的那样，人工智能语言保护有助于解决以前被劝阻甚至禁止说母语的社区所遭受的历史不公。这些举措不仅通过增加说母语的人数来支持语言复兴，还强调了这些语言在长期由英语、普通话和其他几种全球语言主导的技术空间中的文化意义。)”可知，人工智能语言保护计划的主要目的是复兴语言并解决历史不公。故选A。
B
(25-26高三上·江苏淮阴中学·期中)
Fr sprts fans, attending a live match with their favrite team playing is exciting. Fr the visually challenged, hwever, this usually means giving up the cmmentary (解说) frm TV bradcasts and relying n their cmpanins t knw what’s ging n in the game. Hping t change the situatin, OneCurt has created a clever tactile (触觉的) device, aiming t make the excitement f live sprts accessible t all.
The device, a tactile display, is designed t sit cmfrtably n the user’s lap. Its surface is a faithful cpy f the game field r curt, with the plays being turned int vibratins (震动) that fans can fllw with their fingertips. As the ball mves acrss the curt r field, the crrespnding vibratin n the device als shifts psitin.
Currently, the device supprts three ppular sprts: basketball, ftball, and baseball, the latter f which was put t the test during the MLB’s 2024 All-Star Weekend, prving its functinality and reliability. OneCurt explains that they cllect ball and player psitinal data tracked at the league level. This data is then translated int a special tactile language, which is presented as trackable vibratins n the device’s surface.
Recently, the Prtland Trail Blazers became the first NBA team t partner with OneCurt. The device is available at hme games at n additinal cst. The team welcmed blind Paralympian Anthny S. Ferrar t shw the device at wrk. While using it, the athlete was excited t discver hw quickly the players were mving n the curt. “This was a life-changing experience, and I can’t wait until devices like this are applied acrss the bard in all sprts and events,” Ferrar said. The device is f great help t the visually challenged fllwing a game at hme, but it really shines at an in-stadium event, where fans can take in the live game in frnt f them and feel the energy f like-minded sprts fans.
1． Why des the authr mentin “cmmentary frm TV bradcasts” in paragraph 1?
A．T shw the awkward situatin the visually challenged face.
B．T intrduce the ppularity that TV sprts bradcasts enjy.
C．T highlight the rle live sprts cmmentary plays in a match.
D．T cmpare different ways that peple fllw sprts games.
2． What is special abut the tactile device’s surface design?
A．It cnnects t smartphnes fr vice guidance.
B．It adjusts its shape accrding t different sprts rules.
C．It displays real-time player data thrugh visual signals.
D．It cpies the game field and uses vibratins t present plays.
3． What des the example f MLB’s 2024 All-Star Weekend shw?
A．The device is adaptable t many sprts.
B．Baseball enjys a grwing ppularity amng fans.
C．The device is cnsidered bth practical and reliable.
D．Mre data supprt is badly needed frm sprts leagues.
4． What can be inferred abut the tactile device frm the last paragraph?
A．It requires further develpment t supprt mre sprts.
B．It may becme mre widely used in varius sprts events.
C．It is currently available at mst NBA teams’ hme games.
D．It will sn replace TV cmmentary fr the visually challenged.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B
【来源】江苏省淮阴中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中调研测试英语试题
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了OneCurt开发的触觉设备，通过震动模拟球场动态，帮助视障人士实时感受篮球、足球和棒球比赛，已在NBA和MLB赛事中测试应用，获残奥运动员高度评价。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Fr sprts fans, attending a live match with their favrite team playing is exciting. Fr the visually challenged, hwever, this usually means giving up the cmmentary (解说) frm TV bradcasts and relying n their cmpanins t knw what’s ging n in the game. Hping t change the situatin, OneCurt has created a clever tactile (触觉的) device, aiming t make the excitement f live sprts accessible t all.(对于体育迷来说，与自己支持的球队一起观看现场比赛是一件令人兴奋的事情。然而，对于视力有障碍的人来说，这通常意味着要放弃电视转播中的解说内容，而要依靠同伴来了解比赛的进展情况。为了改变这种状况，OneCurt公司研发了一种巧妙的触觉设备，旨在让所有人都能享受到现场体育赛事的精彩)”可知推，文章第一段提到电视转播中的解说内容是为了说明视力障碍者在观看体育赛事时所面临的尴尬处境，从而引出下文设备。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Its surface is a faithful cpy f the game field r curt, with the plays being turned int vibratins (震动) that fans can fllw with their fingertips. As the ball mves acrss the curt r field, the crrespnding vibratin n the device als shifts psitin.(其表面与比赛场地或球场的形状完全一致，比赛中的动作会转化为振动，球迷们可以通过指尖感受到这些振动。当球在球场或场地上来回移动时，设备上的相应振动位置也会随之变化)”可知，触觉设备的表面设计复制了比赛场地，并通过震动来展示比赛情况。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Currently, the device supprts three ppular sprts: basketball, ftball, and baseball, the latter f which was put t the test during the MLB’s 2024 All-Star Weekend, prving its functinality and reliability.(目前，该设备支持三项流行的运动：篮球、足球和棒球。其中棒球这项运动在2024年美国职业棒球大联盟全明星周末期间进行了测试，证明了其功能性和可靠性)”可知，作者引用2024年美国职业棒球大联盟全明星周末比赛作为例子，说明该设备被认为既实用又可靠。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The device is available at hme games at n additinal cst.(该设备在主场赛事中是免费提供的，无需额外付费)”及““This was a life-changing experience, and I can’t wait until devices like this are applied acrss the bard in all sprts and events,” Ferrar said.(费拉罗表示：“这是一次改变人生的经历，我迫不及待地希望这类设备能在所有体育赛事和活动中全面普及。”)”可推知，该设备在未来有可能会在各类体育赛事中得到更广泛的应用。故选B。
C
（2025·浙江台州·一模）
Brn between the mid-1990s and early 2010s, Gen Z is ften labelled as “digital natives”. Therefre, it may cme as a surprise that Gen Z is turning away frm screens and heading utdrs. Frm frest bathing t camping trips, mre yung adults are embracing nature as part f their lives.
Digital burnut is driving change. Gen Z spends mre time nline than any ther generatin, with daily screen time averaging 6-9 hurs. Accrding t a recent survey by Pew Research Centre, ver 60% f Gen Z respndents reprted feeling verwhelmed by the pressures f staying digitally cnnected. Therefre, nature ffers an escape. Fr Gen Z, being utdrs isn't just leisure, it’s a frm f essential self-care.
Irnically, the very platfrms driving digital burnut are nw fuelling nature engagement. Scial media is nt just part f the prblem but it’s als part f the slutin. Ppular hashtags such as #Hiking, #Ice Bathing, #RunningClubs, and #VanLife have received billins f views nline. Health and lifestyle influencers share experiences f these activities, reframing nature as desirable and reachable. Althugh access t nature is still limited by safety cncerns, cst, and urban density, Gen Z is adapting as best as they can. Frm sharing equipment t jining utdr clubs, they’re finding creative ways t reclaim public spaces.
Recnnecting with nature is als driven by envirnmental values. Frm ec-turism t zer-waste hiking, Gen Z appraches utdr time with purpse. Gen Z is reshaping glbal mvements, using scial media t spread climate advcacy and redefine sustainable living. This generatin is embracing utdr experiences that are lw-cst, lw-tech, and deeply fulfilling. Amngst all these activities, run clubs and scial fitness events have explded in ppularity.
With a grwing number f Gen Z passinate abut spending time utdrs, it’s evident that many are turning t nature t restre balance, fster cnnectin, and cntribute t a healthier wrld.
1． What d the numbers in paragraph 2 shw?
A．Gen Z’s digital verexpsure.B．Gen Z’s preference fr screens.
C．The necessity f digital cnnectin.D．The phenmenn f nline addictin.
2． Which best describes scial media’s rle fr Gen Z?
A．Duble-edged.B．Prblem-causing.C．Fun-riented.D．Ever-changing.
3． What can be inferred frm paragraph 4?
A．Online platfrms advcate ec-turism.B．Gen Z has strng envirnmental awareness.
C．Engaging in utdr activities is challenging.D．Scial fitness events require high-end equipment.
4． What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Frm Clicks t Cliffs: The Call f the WildB．Beynd the Screen: The Truth f Outdr Lives
C．Gen Z is Swapping Screen Time fr Green TimeD．Scial Media is Leading Gen Z t Outdr Trips
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了“数字原住民”Z世代参加森林、徒步、零废露营等“低成本、低技术、高满足”的自然活动，以此恢复身心平衡并践行环保理念。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Gen Z spends mre time nline than any ther generatin, with daily screen time averaging 6–9 hurs. Accrding t a recent survey by Pew Research Centre, ver 60% f Gen Z respndents reprted feeling verwhelmed by the pressures f staying digitally cnnected. (Z世代的上网时间比其他任何一代人都长，日均屏幕使用时长达到6到9小时。根据皮尤研究中心近期的一项调查，超过60%的Z世代受访者表示，持续保持数字连接的压力让他们感到不堪重负)”可推知，这些数字旨在说明Z世代过度接触数字设备。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Irnically, the very platfrms driving digital burnut are nw fuelling nature engagement. Scial media is nt just part f the prblem but it's als part f the slutin. (讽刺的是，正是那些造成数字倦怠的平台，如今也在推动人们投身自然；社交媒体既是问题的一部分，也是解决方案的一部分)”可推知，社交媒体对Z世代而言是“双刃剑”。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Recnnecting with nature is als driven by envirnmental values. Frm ec-turism t zer-waste hiking, Gen Z appraches utdr time with purpse. Gen Z is reshaping glbal mvements, using scial media t spread climate advcacy and redefine sustainable living. (与自然重新建立联结，同样受到环保价值观的驱动。从生态旅游到零废弃徒步，Z 世代以明确的目标对待户外时光。他们正在重塑全球运动，借助社交媒体传播气候倡导理念，重新定义可持续生活方式)”可推知，Z世代具有强烈的环保意识。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“Brn between the mid-1990s and early 2010s, Gen Z is ften labelled as “digital natives”. Therefre, it may cme as a surprise that Gen Z is turning away frm screens and heading utdrs. Frm frest bathing t camping trips, mre yung adults are embracing nature as part f their lives. (出生于20世纪90年代中期至21世纪10年代初的Z世代，常被贴上“数字原住民”的标签。因此，他们逐渐远离电子屏幕、走向户外的行为或许会让人感到意外。从森林浴到露营旅行，越来越多的年轻人正将亲近自然纳入生活的一部分)”可知，文章核心围绕Z世代从长时间使用电子设备（屏幕时间）转向参与户外活动（绿色时间）展开，既体现了转变，又点明了核心对象和行为。C项“Gen Z is Swapping Screen Time fr Green Time! (Z世代把屏幕时间换成绿色时间！)”精准概括这一主题，适合作为文章的标题。故选C项。
D
(25-26高三上·山东泰安·期中)
The US gvernment is currently weighing a crucial decisin: whether t grant African lins prtectin under the Endangered Species Act, which wuld prhibit the imprt f lin trphies int the U.S., marking a significant step fr an endangered species. This prpsal raises a pressing questin: why is it still legal t hunt lins fr sprt when they are vanishing frm the wild?
Scientific evidence underscres the urgency. A recent study estimates as few as 32,000 lins remain in the wild, with sme experts fearing the true number is lwer. While the primary drivers f their decline are habitat lss and retaliatry killings by humans, trphy hunting adds unsustainable pressure. Each year, apprximately 600 mre lins are killed fr sprt, apprximately 60 percent f which are shipped t the U.S. as trphies.
The damage caused by trphy hunting runs deeper than the initial kill. The preferred target is the adult male lin whse remval destabilizes the entire pride. When new males take ver, they frequently kill all the cubs generated by the previus leader, wiping ut a generatin within the pride. This practice is als evlutinarily damaging, as it remves the strngest, healthiest males vital fr prtecting their prides and passing n strng genes t future generatins.
Sme argue that trphy hunting brings mney t lcal cmmunities. Yet, studies shw that nly abut 3% f the incme actually reaches them. Mst f the mney ges t gvernments r freign cmpanies. The mney that des cme int Africa frm hunting pales in cmparisn t the billins generated frm turists wh cme just t watch wildlife. If lins and ther animals cntinue t disappear frm Africa, this vital surce f incme will end, adversely impacting peple all ver Africa.
Despite decades f discussin abut refrming hunting practices, lin numbers cntinue t fall. As the nly big cat nt currently prtected by the Act, the African lin stands at a crssrads. Granting them prtectin and banning trphy imprts wuld send a pwerful glbal message: the time t act is nw, befre this icnic species is lst frever.
1． What will be the direct result if African lins are prtected by the Act?
A．Lin hunting wuld becme illegal wrldwide.
B．The imprt f lin trphies int the U.S. wuld be banned.
C．The number f lins in the wild wuld immediately increase.
D．Lcal cmmunities in Africa wuld receive mre financial supprt.
2． What impact des killing a male lin have accrding t the passage?
A．It nly leads t the death f the male lin itself.
B．It encurages the survival f the weak lins.
C．It causes the new lin king t kill all the cubs.
D．It weakens the genetic quality f the lin pride.
3． What can advance sustainable develpment in Africa?
A．Enhancing regulated trphy hunting.B．Prmting wildlife-watching turism.
C．Applying fr mre internatinal funds.D．Encuraging cmmunity-led hunting.
4． What is the main idea f the passage?
A．African lins are facing extinctin due t varius human activities.
B．Male lins play a key rle in maintaining the balance f lin prides.
C．Wildlife turism is mre prfitable than trphy hunting in Africa.
D．The U.S. shuld prtect African lins by banning lin trphy imprts.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了美国是否应将非洲狮列入《濒危物种法案》保护名单，禁止狮子战利品进口，以应对狮子数量急剧下降的问题。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The US gvernment is currently weighing a crucial decisin: whether t grant African lins prtectin under the Endangered Species Act, which wuld prhibit the imprt f lin trphies int the U.S., marking a significant step fr an endangered species.(美国政府目前正在权衡一个关键决定：是否根据《濒危物种法案》给予非洲狮保护，这将禁止狮子战利品进口到美国，这是对濒危物种采取的重要一步。)”可知，如果非洲狮受到该法案的保护，狮子战利品进口到美国将被禁止。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“This practice is als evlutinarily damaging, as it remves the strngest, healthiest males vital fr prtecting their prides and passing n strng genes t future generatins.(这种做法在进化上也是有害的，因为它会移除最强壮、最健康的雄狮，而这些雄狮对于保护它们的狮群和将强壮的基因传递给后代至关重要。)”可知，杀死一只雄狮会削弱狮群的遗传质量。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The mney that des cme int Africa frm hunting pales in cmparisn t the billins generated frm turists wh cme just t watch wildlife. If lins and ther animals cntinue t disappear frm Africa, this vital surce f incme will end, adversely impacting peple all ver Africa.(与那些仅仅为了观赏野生动物而来的游客所带来的数十亿美元相比，狩猎给非洲带来的收入相形见绌。如果狮子和其他动物继续从非洲消失，这一重要的收入来源将结束，对非洲各地的人们产生不利影响。)”可知，促进野生动物观赏旅游可以促进非洲的可持续发展。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The US gvernment is currently weighing a crucial decisin: whether t grant African lins prtectin under the Endangered Species Act, which wuld prhibit the imprt f lin trphies int the U. S., marking a significant step fr an endangered species.(美国政府目前正在权衡一个关键决定：是否根据《濒危物种法案》给予非洲狮保护，这将禁止狮子战利品进口到美国，这是对濒危物种采取的重要一步。)”可知，文章的主旨是美国应该通过禁止狮子战利品进口来保护非洲狮。故选D。
E
(25-26高三上·山东临沂·期中)
The tiny wrm Caenrhabditis elegans has a brain just abut the width f a human hair, yet it can crdinate and calculate cmplex mvements as it hunts fr fd. Daniela Rus, a cmputer scientist at MIT, was s deeply impressed by the elegance and efficiency f this wrm’s brain that she c-funded a cmpany, Liquid AI, t build a new type f artificial intelligence.
Many researchers including Rus think making traditinal AI mre brainlike culd create flexible and perhaps smarter technlgy. “T imprve AI truly, we need t absrb insights frm neurscience (神经科学),” says Kanaka Rajan, a cmputatinal neurscientist at Harvard University.
Mike Davies, wh directs the Neurmrphic Cmputing Lab, ntes such technlgy wn’t fully replace rdinary cmputers r traditinal AI mdels — instead, many systems will cexist in the future. Imitating brains is nt a new idea. In the 1950s, Frank Rsenblatt created the perceptrn, a highly simplified mdel f brain nerve cell cmmunicatin with a single layer f cnnected artificial neurns. This basic design later helped inspire deep learning. Yet cnsuming vast amunts f data and energy, mst tday’s AI mdels are unable t adapt easily t new situatins r learn frm single experiences like a brain, and are criticized as “brute frce and inefficient.” Currently, AI develpment has tw paths — “scale-up” vs. “efficiency-fcused” — with an uncertain future while brain-inspired neurmrphic cmputing prgress hasn’t jined mainstream AI.
Inspired by the wrm, Rus wrked with Ramin Hasani’s team t create liquid neural netwrks. Unlike traditinal deep learning with fixed pst-training settings, these netwrks are mre flexible and can learn like living things. By cpying wrm neurns with mathematical frmulas and slving cmputing prblems, they can wrk in real time. Tests shwed with just 34 artificial neurns a small liquid netwrk wrked better than a traditinal AI with 250,000 settings in drne tasks. Liquid AI has wrked with DARPA t test aircraft mdels and launched the 7-billin-setting LFM-7B, which perfrms better than similar traditinal language mdels.
Thugh needing much cmputing pwer and nt necessarily mre energy-saving, liquid neural netwrks are an imprtant step tward realistic, brain-like AI. As Rus says, “I’m excited abut Liquid AI because I believe it culd change the future f AI and cmputing.”
1． What mainly inspired Daniela Rus t establish Liquid AI?
A．The limitatins f traditinal AI mdels.
B．The efficiency f the tiny wrm’s brain.
C．The wrm’s cperative fd-hunting skills.
D．The pursuit f mre flexible and smarter technlgy.
2． What des Mike Davies suggest abut future AI develpment?
A．Brain-like technlgy has little practical value.
B．Neurmrphic cmputing will dminate the AI field.
C．Different AI systems may wrk tgether in the future.
D．Traditinal AI mdels will be cmpletely abandned.
3． What makes liquid neural netwrks special?
A．They have fixed settings after training.
B．They depend n few mathematical frmulas.
C．They wrk wrse than traditinal AI in tasks.
D．They can learn flexibly like living creatures.
4． What is the main idea f the last paragraph?
A．Liquid AI has bth limits and value.
B．Brain-like AI has been fully achieved.
C．Traditinal AI is mre reliable than liquid AI.
D．Liquid AI will definitely cntrl the AI market.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍受线虫大脑启发，研究人员研发出液态神经网络这一新型人工智能，阐述其优势、特点，同时提及传统人工智能的局限及未来AI发展趋势。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Daniela Rus, a cmputer scientist at MIT, was s deeply impressed by the elegance and efficiency f this wrm’s brain that she c-funded a cmpany, Liquid AI, t build a new type f artificial intelligence.(麻省理工学院的计算机科学家丹妮拉·鲁斯被这种线虫大脑的精巧和高效深深打动，于是与人共同创办了Liquid AI公司，旨在研发一种新型人工智能。)”可知，线虫大脑的高效是丹妮拉·鲁斯创办Liquid AI的主要灵感来源。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Mike Davies, wh directs the Neurmrphic Cmputing Lab, ntes such technlgy wn’t fully replace rdinary cmputers r traditinal AI mdels — instead, many systems will cexist in the future.(神经形态计算实验室主任迈克·戴维斯指出，这种技术不会完全取代普通计算机或传统人工智能模型——相反，未来多种系统将共存。)”可知，迈克·戴维斯认为未来不同的人工智能系统可能会协同工作。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Inspired by the wrm, Rus wrked with Ramin Hasani’s team t create liquid neural netwrks. Unlike traditinal deep learning with fixed pst-training settings, these netwrks are mre flexible and can learn like living things.(受到蠕虫的启发，鲁斯与拉明·哈萨尼的团队合作创建了液体神经网络。与训练后设置固定的传统深度学习不同，这些网络更灵活，能够像生物一样学习。)”可知，液态神经网络的特别之处在于它们能像生物一样灵活学习。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Thugh needing much cmputing pwer and nt necessarily mre energy-saving, liquid neural netwrks are an imprtant step tward realistic, brain-like AI.(尽管需要大量计算能力，且不一定更节能，但液态神经网络是迈向逼真、类脑人工智能的重要一步。)”可知，该段既提到了液态神经网络的局限性，也指出了其价值，即液态AI既有局限也有价值。故选A项。
F
(25-26高三上·福建百校联考·期中)
Lts f papers have been published n the advantages f bilingualism (双语制). Beynd the cnversatinal drs it can pen, bilingualism is suppsed t imprve the ability t ignre distractins, plan cmplex tasks and update beliefs as new infrmatin arrives. Mst strikingly, numerus studies have even shwn that bilinguals develp a later dementia (痴呆), perhaps f arund fur years, n average. A study frm 2019 shwed that bilingualism des mitigate age-related decline.
The biggest benefits seem t cme t thse wh master their secnd languages fully. Switching languages frequently in the curse f a day may be particularly imprtant. A bit f university French des nt, unfrtunately, cnvey the same advantages as deep knwledge and lng experience. Studies f interpreters and translatrs have prvided sme f the strngest evidence fr a bilingual advantage. Fr example, they are faster at jumping back and frth between simple additin and subtractin prblems than mnlinguals, suggesting generally better cgnitive (认知) cntrl.
Studies have fund striking evidence that in prer parts f the wrld multilingual peple shw the strngest advantages frm speaking several languages. Where schling is limited, researchers assumed that bilingualism exercises children’s brains in a way that their schling may nt.
Age plays a rle, t. Studies suggest that the effects f languages n the brain are strnger fr yung children and the ld than they are fr yung adults. One meta-analysis n the tpic revealed that 25 studies ut f 45 fund a bilingual advantage in children yunger than six, while nly 17 fund them in children aged 6-12.
But all these studies take fr granted the mental superpwer that yu get frm language study: being able t talk t peple yu culd nt have spken t, r understd, therwise. Even if yu cannt be fluent frm infancy (幼儿), that shuld be mre than enugh reasn t give it a g.
1． What des the underlined wrd“ mitigate” mst likely mean in paragraph 1?
A．Speed.B．Wrse.C．Reduce.D．Ignre.
2． Wh will mst likely shw a strng bilingual advantage?
A．A translatr wh uses tw languages in everyday life.
B．A prfessr wh reads academic papers in anther language.
C．A scial media influencer wh ccasinally uses freign phrases.
D．A turist wh can manage basic cnversatins in a secnd language.
3． What can be inferred abut the “bilingual advantage” frm the text?
A．It’s nly determined by the number f invlved languages.
B．It’s strngest fr thse with higher educatin.
C．It’s limited fr children living in pr areas.
D．It’s bvius in yung kids and senirs.
4． What is the main idea f the text?
A．The cgnitive benefits f bilingualism are cnsistent and universal.
B．Bilingualism prvides cgnitive advantages that vary in strength.
C．Mastering multiple languages is the key t preventing dementia.
D．The value f bilingualism lies in enhanced scial cmmunicatin.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了双语能力带来的认知优势，同时说明该优势的强弱会受语言掌握程度、所处环境、年龄等因素影响，最后强调即使不从小精通，学习第二语言也有重要价值。
1．词义猜测题。根据上文“Mst strikingly, numerus studies have even shwn that bilinguals develp a later dementia, perhaps f arund fur years, n average(最值得关注的是，多项研究均表明，双语使用者患上痴呆症的时间平均会推迟约四年。)”可知，双语制可以延缓痴呆症的发病，即减少与年龄相关的衰退，所以mitigate在此处意为“减少”。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Studies f interpreters and translatrs have prvided sme f the strngest evidence fr a bilingual advantage.(对口译员和笔译员的研究为双语优势提供了一些最有力的证据。)”可知，在日常生活中使用两种语言的翻译人员最有可能表现出强大的双语优势。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Studies suggest that the effects f languages n the brain are strnger fr yung children and the ld than they are fr yung adults.(研究表明，语言对大脑的影响在幼儿和老年人中比在年轻人中更强。)”可知，双语优势在幼儿和老年人中很明显。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。首段是主旨段，根据“Lts f papers have been published n the advantages f bilingualism. Beynd the cnversatinal drs it can pen, bilingualism is suppsed t imprve the ability t ignre distractins, plan cmplex tasks and update beliefs as new infrmatin arrives. Mst strikingly, numerus studies have even shwn that bilinguals develp a later dementia, perhaps f arund fur years, n average. A study frm 2019 shwed that bilingualism des mitigate age-related decline.(许多论文都发表了关于双语能力优势的研究。除了能够打开对话交流的大门之外，双语能力还被认为可以提高忽略干扰、规划复杂任务以及在新信息出现时更新认知的能力。最引人注目的是，大量研究甚至表明，双语者患痴呆症的时间平均会推迟大约四年。2019 年的一项研究表明，双语能力确实能缓解与年龄相关的衰退)”可知，本文阐述了双语能力能带来认知优势。后文围绕它展开论述，但这种优势并非统一不变：先指出“完全掌握第二语言、频繁切换语言”的人能获得最大优势，再说明贫困地区的多语者优势更显著，最后通过研究数据证实“幼儿和老年人的双语优势强于年轻人”，清晰呈现优势强度受“语言掌握程度、所处环境、年龄”等因素影响的差异特征，选项B(双语能力能带来认知优势，但优势强度存在差异)与分析相吻合。故选B。
G
（2024-25高三·湖南湘西州·一模）
Hydrgen (氢) fuel cells make electricity by cmbining hydrgen and xygen, and the nly prduct is water. They start fast, wrk efficiently, and prduce zer emissins. Hwever, mst fuel cells still depend n platinum(a chemical element) as the catalyst (催化剂). Platinum is rare and very expensive, s large-scale use is difficult.
A team f Chinese scientists has ffered a strng slutin. Their study, published in Nature, shws that an irn-based catalyst can d the jb while using far less platinum. The team, led by Prf. Dan Wang and Prf. Zhang Sujiang, designed a structure they call “inner activatin, uter prtectin”. The active irn atms sit inside tiny hllw (中空的) shells, while a hard carbn layer utside prtects them.
Think f each particle (颗粒) like a set f nested shells. The irn atms are fixed n the inner curved surface. The uter carbn shell keeps the particle stable. This setup makes xygen pieces escape mre easily, s the reactin runs faster. It als blcks harsh chemicals that wuld damage the catalyst ver time.
Tests supprt the design: the irn atms are in the right places and stay steady during use. Cmputer mdels explain why it wrks — the uter layer gently pushes away xygen pieces, s they dn’t stick t tightly t the irn inside.
The perfrmance is impressive fr a catalyst withut platinum. The fuel cell lses less energy, prduces less f a harmful xygen-based chemical, and stays active fr a lng time. It reached abut 0.75 W/cm2 and kept abut 86% f its activity after ver 300 hurs.
This Chinese breakthrugh matters. Firstly, it lwers csts and eases pressure n rare-metal supply chains by replacing much platinum with irn. Besides, the simple “inner activatin, uter prtectin” rule can guide new catalysts fr fuel cells, and metal-air batteries. Mrever, lnger-lasting parts lwer csts fr backup pwer, helping clean technlgy grw faster. In shrt, smart atmic design frm China ffers a practical path tward cleaner air, strnger energy security, and prgress tward climate gals.
1． What prblem des the study mainly target?
A．The limited applicatin f platinum.B．The danger f string hydrgen.
C．The cstly reliance n platinum.D．The slw start f fuel cells.
2． Hw des the authr develp paragraph 3?
A．By explaining the wrking principle.B．By evidencing the benefits f platinum.
C．By detailing the prcedure f the research.D．By distinguishing irn atms and the carbn layer.
3． What is the significance f the study?
A．It makes metal-air batteries available.B．It prmises a greener energy future.
C．It helps cut csts f irn-based catalysts.D．It remves the cncern abut energy security.
4． What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A．Metal-Air Batteries: The Next Hit
B．Irn Over Platinum: China’s Breakthrugh
C．Why Fuel Cells Becme Vital t Achieving Climate Gals
D．Hw an Innvative Structure Replaces Traditinal Fuel Cells
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了氢燃料电池环保高效但依赖昂贵稀有的铂催化剂，中国科学家团队在《自然》发表研究，以“内激活外保护”铁基催化剂减少铂用量，性能佳且成本低，对清洁能源发展意义重大。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Hwever, mst fuel cells still depend n platinum(a chemical element) as the catalyst (催化剂). Platinum is rare and very expensive, s large-scale use is difficult.(然而，目前大多数燃料电池仍依赖铂（一种化学元素）作为催化剂。而铂资源稀缺且价格昂贵，因此大规模应用存在困难)”可知，研究针对的是解决因依赖铂而带来的高成本障碍。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Think f each particle (颗粒) like a set f nested shells. The irn atms are fixed n the inner curved surface. The uter carbn shell keeps the particle stable. This setup makes xygen pieces escape mre easily, s the reactin runs faster. It als blcks harsh chemicals that wuld damage the catalyst ver time.(可以把每个颗粒想象成一组相互嵌套的外壳。铁原子固定在内侧的弯曲表面上。外层的碳外壳使颗粒保持稳定。这种结构使得氧气颗粒更容易逸出，因此反应进行得更快。它还能阻挡那些会随着时间推移而损害催化剂的强效化学物质)”可知，作者通过解释其工作原理展开第三段内容。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“The fuel cell lses less energy, prduces less f a harmful xygen-based chemical, and stays active fr a lng time. It reached abut 0.75 W/cm2 and kept abut 86% f its activity after ver 300 hurs.(这种燃料电池能更有效地储存能量，产生的有害的含氧化学物质更少，并且能长时间保持活跃状态。其功率密度达到了约0.75瓦/平方厘米，并且在超过300小时的使用后仍能保持约86%的活性)”以及第六段“Mrever, lnger-lasting parts lwer csts fr backup pwer, helping clean technlgy grw faster. In shrt, smart atmic design frm China ffers a practical path tward cleaner air, strnger energy security, and prgress tward climate gals.(此外，更耐用的部件能够降低备用电源的成本，从而促进清洁能源技术的快速发展。简而言之，来自中国的智能原子设计为实现更清洁的空气、更稳固的能源安全以及朝着气候目标迈进提供了一条切实可行的途径)”可知，这项研究预示着一个更加环保的能源未来。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文主线可知，文章先指出燃料电池因依赖铂而成本高、难以规模化的痛点，继而呈现中国团队提出的以铁替铂的内激活外保护新设计，说明这一结构如何一方面让氧更易脱附、加快反应，另一方面隔绝有害介质、延长寿命；随后给出数据支撑，功率密度约零点七五瓦每平方厘米，连续运行三百余小时后仍保持约百分之八十六活性；最后落到意义层面，减少对稀贵金属的依赖、降低系统成本、加速清洁技术落地。由此可知，“钢铁超越铂：中国的突破”准确概括本文标题。故选B。
H
(25-26高三上·广东中山·第二次联考)
Staring at the bkcases in my study, packed with s many great bks that had remained unread, I heard a lud vice in my head — “Shame n yu! Hw can yu leave these masterpieces unread?”
The first bk I picked up was Mntaigne’s Essays. T my surprise I discvered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my wn faded hand-writing. S I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I als fund sentences underlined. Only this time I wndered: Why did I underline this sentence? It’s the next ne that is imprtant!
Clearly, my way f reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed ver the years. This raised the larger questin f rereading. It cmes in many frms. There’s vluntary rereading, the result f a willful decisin t revisit a bk ne has admired, r a bk that has left ne with sme unanswered questins. This kind f planned revisit culd als be fr cnfirming certain details in the text, r fr checking n the mves f a given character. A devted teacher might als wish t refresh his clseness t a wrk, and thus avid teaching thrugh the same ld written ntes with sprific (让人瞌睡的) effects.
Cntrarily, there’s invluntary rereading. The riginal reading was either frgtten r s ttally absrbed that the new chance encunter with the text prduced surprise and astnishment. My reactin t the renewed reading n lnger crrespnded t the riginal experience, and I was n lnger sure that I recgnized myself as the same reader.
Then there are what ne might call subcnscius (潜意识的) rereadings, thse that ccur withut the specific act f reading, much as the memry f a tune can keep cming back t the mind withut its actually being heard again. This frm f remembered cntact with a bk can accmpany us during a lifetime and cntinue t strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may ver the years recite t urselves pems learnt by heart lng ag, which have becme part f ur self-recgnitin.
All f these ways f reading are valuable. Renewed cntact with a nvel r a pem can activate the search fr a better knwledge f the self. The new reading a frm f revisin, uncvers the change in us. The newness is nt in the text. It is we wh have evlved. In the prcess f rereading, ur utlk has als been significantly changed. Rereading makes it pssible fr us t see the wrld arund us, urselves included, in a new light.
1． Accrding t the authr, what culd be a purpse f vluntary rereading?
A．T imprve the quality f teaching.B．T learn frm admirable characters.
C．T cllect details fr writing nvels.D．T help making imprtant decisins.
2． Accrding t Paragraph 4, what can invluntary rereading bring abut?
A．Unexpected reading experience.B．Ttal cncentratin n new bks.
C．Changed preferences fr bks.D．Enhanced reading skills.
3． What can be learnt abut subcnscius rereading?
A．It prevents memry frm fading.B．It helps make wh we are.
C．It invlves actual reading.D．It wrks best with petry and music.
4． What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Accessing Masterpieces thrugh Rereading.B．Rereading: Vluntary r Invluntary?
C．Rereading: Pursuit f Truth.D．Transfrmative Pwer f Rereading.
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自己对重新阅读的感悟和想法，认为重新阅读能更好地了解自我，能让我们以新的眼光来看待周围的世界，包括自己。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段“A devted teacher might als wish t refresh his clseness t a wrk, and thus avid teaching thrugh the same ld written ntes with sprific (让人瞌睡的) effects.(一位敬业的教师可能也希望重新建立与作品的亲密关系，因此避免通过具有催眠效果的相同的旧笔记来进行教学)”可知，教师通过主动再读更新内容，提高教学质量是主动再读的目的之一。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Cntrarily, there’s invluntary rereading. The riginal reading was either frgtten r s ttally absrbed that the new chance encunter with the text prduced surprise and astnishment. My reactin t the renewed reading n lnger crrespnded t the riginal experience, and I was n lnger sure that I recgnized myself as the same reader.(相反，还有一种非自愿的重读现象。最初的阅读要么被遗忘，要么被完全沉浸其中，以至于再次与该文本相遇时，会产生惊喜和诧异之感。我对重新阅读的反应不再与最初的体验相符，而且我也不再确定自己还是那个读者)”可知，非主动再读能让读者感到与最初体验不符合的反应，因此能带来意料之外的阅读体验，故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“This frm f remembered cntact with a bk can accmpany us during a lifetime and cntinue t strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may ver the years recite t urselves pems learnt by heart lng ag, which have becme part f ur self-recgnitin.(这种与书籍的“记忆性接触”能够伴随我们一生，并不断强化和塑造我们。同样地，在岁月的流逝中，我们可能会反复吟诵那些早已熟记于心的诗，这些诗已成为我们自我认知的一部分)”可知，潜意识再读有助于进一步塑造自我，是我们认知的一部分，故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Rereading makes it pssible fr us t see the wrld arund us, urselves included, in a new light.(重读使我们有可能以一种新的眼光看待我们周围的世界，包括我们自己)”和后文对重新阅读的介绍可知，文章主要论述了重新阅读的重要意义，即再读具有提升读者对作品、自我及世界认知的力量，故D项“重新阅读的变革力量”符合文章标题。故选D。
I
（24-25高三·皖南八校·一联）
A recent study by NYU Abu Dhabi reveals that space rays, high-energy particles (粒子) frm space, may generate the energy necessary t supprt undergrund life n planets and mns in ur slar system. This discvery challenges the lng-held belief that life can nly live near sunlight r vlcanic heat.
The research, published in the Internatinal Jurnal f Astrbilgy and led by Dimitra Atri, shws that space rays are nt always harmful. In fact, they can help micrscpic life (微生物) survive. When space rays hit undergrund water r ice, they break water mlecules (分子) apart, releasing electrns (电子). On Earth, sme bacteria can use these electrns fr energy, just as plants use sunlight. This prcess, called radilysis (辐射分解), can sustain life in dark and cld places withut sunlight.
Using cmputers, the researchers explred hw much energy this prcess culd generate n Mars and the icy mns f Jupiter and Saturn. These mns are thught t have hidden water beneath their thick ice layers. The study fund that Saturn’s mn Enceladus has the greatest ptential t supprt life thrugh radilysis, fllwed by Mars and Jupiter’s mn Eurpa.
“This discvery changes the way we think abut where life might exist,” said Atri. “Instead f lking nly fr warm planets with sunlight, we can nw cnsider places that are cld and dark, as lng as they have sme water beneath the surface and are expsed t space rays. Life might be able t survive in mre places than we ever imagined.”
The study als intrduces the cncept f the Radilytic Habitable Zne, which is different frm the traditinal “Gldilcks Zne”. Since space rays are widespread in space, there may be many mre life-supprting places in the universe.
The findings prvide new guidance fr future space missins. Instead f nly lking fr signs f life n the surface, scientists might als explre undergrund envirnments n Mars and the icy mns, using tls that can detect chemical energy created by space radiatin. This research pens up exciting new pssibilities in the search fr life beynd Earth and suggests that even the cldest and darkest crners f the slar system culd harbr life.
1． What cmmn sense des the NYU study mainly challenge?
A．Space rays have caused great harm.B．Life merely depends n slar energy.
C．Alien life really exists n ther planets.D．Vlcanic heat is needed n icy mns.
2． Hw des radilysis help sustain life?
A．By generating light needed by life.B．By reflecting sunlight t water belw icy layers.
C．By separating water mlecules t free electrns.D．By making dark and frzen areas warmer.
3． What des the underlined wrd “harbr” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Cntrl,B．Hide.C．Extend.D．Transfrm.
4． What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Space Rays Prvide Energy fr Hidden Life.B．Icy Mns Hld Mre Water Than Mars.
C．Vlcanic Heat Is N Lnger Needed fr Life.D．Gldilcks Zne Is Redefined by Sunlight.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了纽约大学阿布扎比分校的一项研究表明来自太空的高能粒子——空间射线，可能为太阳系内行星和卫星的地下生命提供必要的能量，这一发现挑战了传统观念，并为未来太空任务提供了新方向。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“This discvery challenges the lng-held belief that life can nly live near sunlight r vlcanic heat.(这一发现打破了长期以来的认知——生命只能在阳光或火山热源附近存活)”可知，这项研究挑战了生命只能依赖太阳或火山热源这一传统观念，也就是挑战了生命仅仅依赖于太阳能这一观念。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When space rays hit undergrund water r ice, they break water mlecules (分子) apart, releasing electrns (电子). On Earth, sme bacteria can use these electrns fr energy, just as plants use sunlight. This prcess, called radilysis (辐射分解), can sustain life in dark and cld places withut sunlight.(当宇宙射线撞击地下水源或冰层时，会分解水分子并释放电子。在地球上，某些细菌能像植物利用阳光那样，通过这些电子获取能量。这种被称为“辐射分解”的过程，能在黑暗寒冷、没有阳光的环境中维系生命)”可知，辐射分解通过分解水分子释放电子，为微生物提供能量，从而维持生命。故选C项。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“This research pens up exciting new pssibilities in the search fr life beynd Earth and suggests that even the cldest and darkest crners f the slar system culd harbr life.(这项研究为在地球以外寻找生命开辟了令人兴奋的新可能性，并表明即使是太阳系中最冷、最黑暗的角落也可能harbr生命)”可知，这项研究为在地球以外寻找生命开辟了令人兴奋的新可能性，表明即使是太阳系中最冷、最黑暗的角落也可能藏有生命，由此可知，划线词harbr意为“藏有”，与B项“Hide”意思相近。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“A recent study by NYU Abu Dhabi reveals that space rays, high-energy particles (粒子) frm space, may generate the energy necessary t supprt undergrund life n planets and mns in ur slar system.(纽约大学阿布扎比分校最近的一项研究表明，来自太空的高能粒子——空间射线，可能会产生支持我们太阳系内行星和卫星上地下生命所需的能量)”可知，文章主要介绍了纽约大学阿布扎比分校的一项研究表明来自太空的高能粒子——空间射线，可能为太阳系内行星和卫星的地下生命提供必要的能量，故A项“Space Rays Prvide Energy fr Hidden Life(空间射线为隐藏的生命提供能量)”概括了文章的主要内容，适合作为文章标题。故选A项。
J
(24-25高三·浙江ZFJ联盟·一联)
As we enter a perid f prfund ecnmic uncertainty, presaged (预示) by recent high-prfile layffs and a culture f “quiet quitting”, thinking abut the future f wrk might well seem a daunting (令人生畏的) prspect.
Indeed, an ever-increasing digital skills gap threatens t stp businesses adpting the game-changing technlgies that will help t pwer grwth in the mnths and years ahead. Fr instance, with each exciting new technlgy cmes a grwing cncern abut whether we have a digitally savvy (精明的) wrkfrce ready t take advantage f it. After all, keeping the wrkfrce up t speed with the latest advances is a key element f the digital transfrmatin prcess, which will prve essential if we hpe t imprve business prductivity and efficiency alngside ur effrts t achieve sustained grwth.
Likewise, at the Wrld Ecnmic Frum’s annual meeting in Davs, the cybersecurity skills gap was named as ne particular area f cncern. There’s gd reasn fr this fcus: if businesses can’t prtect themselves against external threats, they risk ging backwards. And that’s befre they even start thinking abut achieving grwth. This is why we need t address the digital skills gap urgently.
Well, we shuld start by changing the narrative t help us recruit and retain frm a mre diverse pl f talent, giving businesses a far better chance f finding the up-t-date digital skills they need. And, when it cmes t engaging and empwering the current wrkfrce, learning and develpment pprtunities will be key, helping emplyees t imprve their skills fr the benefit f bth themselves and their emplyers.
T make this all happen, leaders and emplyers must demnstrate a cmmitment t teaching their wrkfrces digital skills by setting clear expectatins and prviding all the resurces required. One apprach, fr example, wuld be t fcus n the ptential in the existing talent pl by identifying thse already skilled in digital capabilities and supprting them t up skill their clleagues. Creating a culture f learning, with an emphasis n persnal grwth, can be an impressive mtivatr in the wrkplace.
Of curse, it’s all well and gd saying that digital skills are vital, but a wrkfrce with purely hard skills will nt future-prf a business. There’s a need fr sft skills that supprt the brader gal, s as nt t neglect the ther cmpetencies required in a digital transfrmatin: cmmunicatin, critical thinking, creative design skills, and leadership. T explit the technlgy t its full ptential, such qualities are equally imprtant.
Fundamentally, getting the interactin right between humans and technlgy will be paramunt if businesses are t succeed. As a result, human skills must nt be underestimated. Every business will need a range f peple with a variely f skills — nt nly thse well-versed in math, engineering, and science, but als thse with creative minds and leadership qualities.
1． The writer’s main cncern in the digital transfrmatin prcess is .
A．the threats frm technlgyB．the challenge f upskilling wrkfrces
C．the culture f quiet quittingD．the shrtage f experienced wrkers
2． It can be learned frm Paragraph 4 and 5 that .
A．the wrkplace plays a key rle in a cmpany
B．high requirements f recruitment ensure a sund wrkfrce
C．emplyers shuld develp a learning culture inside their wrkfrces
D．business leaders shuld fcus n the training f the existing talent pl
3． What des the underlined wrd “paramunt” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A．Crucial.B．Beneficial.C．ChallengingD．Inspiring
4． What might be the purpse f the passage?
A．T advcate the necessity f imprving digital skills.
B．T warn humans f the ptential prblems with technlgy.
C．T stress the imprtance f cmbining hard skills with sft skills.
D．T urge cmpanies t make a balance between hard skills and sft skills.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C
【原文】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了在当前经济不确定性背景下，数字技能缺口对企业采用新技术、推动增长的阻碍，强调提升员工数字技能对数字转型的重要性。
1．细节理解题。 根据第二段中的句子“Fr instance, with each exciting new technlgy cmes a grwing cncern abut whether we have a digitally savvy (精明的) wrkfrce ready t take advantage f it. After all, keeping the wrkfrce up t speed with the latest advances is a key element f the digital transfrmatin prcess, which will prve essential if we hpe t imprve business prductivity and efficiency alngside ur effrts t achieve sustained grwth. (例如，随着每一项令人兴奋的新技术的出现，人们越来越担心我们是否有一支精通数字技术的员工队伍准备好来利用它。毕竟，让员工跟上最新进展是数字化转型过程的关键要素，如果我们希望在实现持续增长的同时提高业务生产力和效率，这将至关重要。)”可知，作者在数字化转型过程中主要关注的是劳动力技能是否能跟上。故选B项。
1．细节理解题。根据第四段的句子“And, when it cmes t engaging and empwering the current wrkfrce, learning and develpment pprtunities will be key, helping emplyees t imprve their skills fr the benefit f bth themselves and their emplyers.(此外，当涉及到参与和授权当前劳动力时，学习和发展机会将是关键，帮助员工提高他们的技能，从而使他们自己和雇主都受益。)”和第五段的句子“Creating a culture f learning, with an emphasis n persnal grwth, can be an impressive mtivatr in the wrkplace.(创造一种学习的文化，强调个人成长，可以成为一个令人印象深刻的工作场所的动力。)”可知，雇主应在员工队伍中培养学习文化。故选C项。
1．词句猜测题。划线单词下文的句子“As a result, human skills must nt be underestimated(因此，人类技能不可低估)”强化人类技能的必要性；条件句“if businesses are t succeed(如果企业要成功)”暗示这是成功前提。因此，paramunt意为“至关重要的”，与crucial意义一致。故选A项。
1．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其倒数第二段中“Of curse, it's all well and gd saying that digital skills are vital, but a wrkfrce with purely hard skills will nt future-prf a business. There's a need fr sft skills that supprt the brader gal, s as nt t neglect the ther cmpetencies required in a digital transfrmatin: cmmunicatin, critical thinking, creative design skills, and leadership.(当然，数字技能是至关重要的说法很好，但仅仅拥有硬技能的员工并不能保证企业的未来发展。我们需要软技能来支持更广泛的目标，这样就不会忽视数字化转型所需的其他能力：沟通、批判性思维、创造性设计技能和领导能力。)”可推知，文章的目的是讲述企业在数字化转型过程中要关注劳动力技能的提高，也不能忽视数字化转型所需的其他能力，强调硬技能和软技能结合的重要性。故选C项。
K
（2025·湖南长沙四大名校·模拟）
France banned smartphnes in primary and secndary schls in 2018 t imprve fcus, reduce scial media expsure, and cntrl cyberbullying. Fllwing this, the Netherlands and Hungary intrduced similar bans in 2024, while the UK debates cmparable legislatin. The critical debate centers n whether such bans meaningfully enhance students’ mental health.
The urgency is undeniable. A 2021 U.S. Surgen General reprt dcumented a 40% surge in persistent hpelessness amng American high schlers between 2009 and 2019. The number wh seriusly cnsidered killing themselves went up by 36%. What makes these findings all the wrse is that 48% f mental-health prblems (like depressin and anxiety) that emerge during adlescence will plague peple fr the rest f their lives.
It is tempting t cnnect these trends with the increased availability f smartphnes, but establishing a causal cnnectin is difficult. The brain underges prfund changes during adlescence, meaning that any research n the effects f smartphne use needs t cnsider the develpmental age f the children being studied as well as their precise smartphne habits.
Sme studies reveal that unfettered (不受限制的) access t scial media n smartphnes at critical mments when the brain is changing may cause prblems. Amy Orben at the University f Cambridge surveyed 17,409 peple aged 10-21, analyzing the relatinship between scial media use and life satisfactin. The findings shw that girls wh increased their scial media use ver the curse f a year were significantly less satisfied if the increase tk place when they were between 11 and 13. Bys shwed the same trend when increases tk place when they were 14 r 15 years ld.
Hw much f this will change by banning phnes in schls is unclear. Victria Gdyear at Britain’s University f Birmingham cmpared the mental well-being f students in schls that implemented restrictive smartphne plicies with thse with relaxed plicies. She als mnitred verall screentime. Her results shw that, while thse wh spent mre time n a smartphne verall did have a decline in mental well-being, there was n difference between the tw grups. She and her clleagues argue that setting up plicies at schls alne is simply nt enugh.
1． Hw is the secnd paragraph mainly develped?
A．By analyzing causes.B．By listing data.
C．By fllwing time rder.D．By examining differences.
2． What des the underlined wrd “plague” mst likely mean?
A．Imprve.B．Affect.C．Cure.D．Ignre.
3． What can we infer frm Orben’s research?
A．Smartphnes cause great harm t teenagers’ brain.
B．Ages make a difference t teenagers’ understanding f life.
C．Girls are mre likely t be affected by scial media than bys.
D．Unrestricted scial media use leads t a decline in life satisfactin.
4． What is Gdyear’s attitude t banning smartphnes in schls?
A．Supprtive.B．Indifferent.C．Skeptical.D．Critical.
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了法国、荷兰和匈牙利等国家在学校禁止使用智能手机的情况，以及这种禁令是否能有效改善学生的心理健康。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“A 2021 U.S. Surgen General reprt dcumented a 40% surge in persistent hpelessness amng American high schlers between 2009 and 2019. The number wh seriusly cnsidered killing themselves went up by 36%.(2021年美国卫生局局长的一份报告显示，2009年至2019年间，美国高中生持续绝望的比例上升了40%。认真考虑自杀的人数上升了36%。)”可知，第二段通过列举数据来展开论述。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“A 2021 U.S. Surgen General reprt dcumented a 40% surge in persistent hpelessness amng American high schlers between 2009 and 2019. The number wh seriusly cnsidered killing themselves went up by 36%. What makes these findings all the wrse is that 48% f mental-health prblems (like depressin and anxiety) that emerge during adlescence will plague peple fr the rest f their lives.(美国卫生局局长2021年发布的一份报告显示，在2009年至2019年期间，美国高中生中长期感到绝望的人数激增了40%。而认真考虑过自杀的学生人数则上升了36%。让这些发现更加糟糕的是，青春期出现的48%的心理健康问题（如抑郁和焦虑）将 plague 人们的余生。)”可知，青少年时期出现的心理健康问题（如抑郁、焦虑）会对人生产生长久影响。plague在此处意为 “困扰、影响”，与 affect”语义最接近。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“The findings shw that girls wh increased their scial media use ver the curse f a year were significantly less satisfied if the increase tk place when they were between 11 and 13. Bys shwed the same trend when increases tk place when they were 14 r 15 years ld.(研究结果表明，如果女孩在11岁到13岁之间增加社交媒体的使用量，她们的满意度会显著降低。男孩在14岁或15岁时增加社交媒体的使用量也表现出同样的趋势。)”可知，无限制地使用社交媒体会导致生活满意度下降。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Her results shw that, while thse wh spent mre time n a smartphne verall did have a decline in mental well-being, there was n difference between the tw grups. She and her clleagues argue that setting up plicies at schls alne is simply nt enugh.(她的研究结果表明，虽然总体上花更多时间在智能手机上的人心理健康确实有所下降，但两组之间并没有差异。她和她的同事认为，仅仅在学校制定政策是不够的。)”可知，Gdyear对在学校禁止使用智能手机持怀疑态度。故选C。
L
（2025·浙江宁波镇海中学·以测代练）
Researchers have develped a nvel inhalable (吸入式的) drug delivery system fr lung cancer using mucadhesive prtein nanparticles (MPNs) inspired by marine mussels’ (贻贝) characteristics.
Lung cancer remains ne f the leading causes f cancer-related deaths wrldwide. Nn-small cell lung cancer, accunting fr 85% f cases, is difficult t treat due t delayed detectin and the deleterius effects f traditinal treatments, where anticancer drugs circulate thrughut the bdy and damage healthy tissues.
Inhaled therapies ffer a prmising alternative, delivering drugs directly t the lungs. Hwever, the efficiency f this apprach has been affected by the lung’s mucsal (粘膜的) barriers and immune cells. Building n this, cllabrative research develped MPNs fr lung cancer treatment. This apprach takes advantage f the gluey feature f marine mussel prteins.
This characteristic allws the nanparticles t be firmly attached t the lung’s mucsal surfaces,ensuring that the drugs are released precisely in tumr (肿瘤) areas while minimizing expsure in healthy tissues. As a result, side effects are reduced. Additinally, the natural breakdwn prperties and lw immune respnse f mussel prteins make the treatment safer and help the drugs stay lnger in the lungs, bsting their effectiveness.
In lung cancer animal mdels, the drug-laded nanparticles effectively reduced tumr spread and invasin after being delivered thrugh a breathing machine and remaining attached t the lung’s mucsal surface fr an extended time. This advancement hlds the ptential t enhance patient access t lung cancer treatment, as the simplified inhalable drug administratin culd be self-managed at hme. Furthermre, this apprach may significantly imprve patients’ quality f life by reducing the need fr hspital visits.
The study has als drawn attentin frm researchers in the wider scientific cmmunity. Dr. Hana Lee frm Seul Natinal University described the MPNs as a “guided missile” in cancer treatment — precise, efficient, and minimally invasive. This level f precisin ffered a rare cmbinatin f specificity and simplicity nt ften fund in cnventinal treatments.
1． What des the underlined wrd “deleterius” mean?
A．Temprary.B．Harmful.C．Unpredictable.D．Mild.
2． What feature f mussels helps advance the study?
A．Immune system.B．Mucsal barriers.
C．Stickiness prperties.D．Tumr-killing substances.
3． Why did Dr. Hana Lee cmpare MPNs t a “guided missile”?
A．T emphasize targeting accuracy.B．T suggest the military use f MPNs.
C．T challenge previus cancer treatment.D．T shw the new evidence f the research.
4． What is the main idea f the passage?
A．Mussels’ texture aids in technlgical advancements.
B．Nvel lung cancer treatment utperfrms ld methds.
C．Bi-inspired nanparticles imprve lung cancer therapy.
D．Researchers cllabrate t unlck the mystery f lung cancer.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种受贻贝特性启发、用于肺癌治疗的新型吸入式药物递送系统及其科学原理与应用前景。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Nn-small cell lung cancer, accunting fr 85% f cases, is difficult t treat due t delayed detectin and the deleterius effects f traditinal treatments, where anticancer drugs circulate thrughut the bdy and damage healthy tissues.(非小细胞肺癌占病例的85%，由于检测滞后以及传统治疗的deleterius作用（抗癌药物会随血液循环至全身并损害健康组织），其治疗难度很大)”可知，传统治疗带来的是不好的、有害的影响，所以“deleterius”意思是“有害的”，与 B选项“Harmful”同义。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Building n this, cllabrative research develped MPNs fr lung cancer treatment. This apprach takes advantage f the gluey feature f marine mussel prteins. (在此基础上，合作研究开发了用于肺癌治疗的MPNs。这种方法利用了海洋贻贝蛋白的粘性特征)”可知，贻贝蛋白的粘性特征促进了这项研究的发展。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Dr. Hana Lee frm Seul Natinal University described the MPNs as a “guided missile” in cancer treatment — precise, efficient, and minimally invasive. (首尔国立大学的Hana Lee博士将MPNs描述为癌症治疗中的“制导导弹”——精准、高效且微创)”可推知，Dr. Hana Lee将MPNs比作“制导导弹”是为了强调其靶向肿瘤的精准性。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Researchers have develped a nvel inhalable (吸入式的) drug delivery system fr lung cancer using mucadhesive prtein nanparticles (MPNs) inspired by marine mussels’ (贻贝) characteristics. (研究人员受海洋贻贝特性的启发，开发了一种新型的吸入式肺癌药物递送系统——黏附蛋白纳米颗粒)”及全文内容可知，文章围绕受贻贝启发研发的黏附蛋白纳米颗粒展开，介绍其通过精准给药改善肺癌治疗的优势。C选项“Bi-inspired nanparticles imprve lung cancer therapy(生物启发的纳米颗粒改善肺癌治疗)”最能概括文章主旨。故选C。
M
（2025·重庆·三调）
What d yu d as spring sets in? Taking ff yur warm winter cat, and putting it away? Fr humans, taking ff winter cats is a ne-minute task. As it turns ut, nt all animals are s capable.
Snwshe rabbits live in the muntain ranges f Nrth America, and have a pure white cat during the winter time t match the snwy surrundings and t help avid being caught. And they take ff winter cats fr a darker brwn fur clr t match the dirt and leaves after the snw melts in the spring. Sunds like a great way t escape frm their natural enemies, right? Hwever, cncern begins when scientists begin lking at hw the warming climate will impact the rabbits.
There are mre and mre white rabbits in the middle f a brwn habitat, where the snw has already melted away. This is a prblem fr them, as they are mre easily seen by their natural enemies, giving them a “mismatch” prblem. Snwshe rabbits time the cat change in spring frm white t brwn based n the change in day length, nt the temperature r the presence f snw in their habitat. Nwadays, the snw is melting a week n average befre the change in day length signals the change in cat clr, leaving the rabbits expsed t their natural enemies.
Sme predictins put the rabbits in up t 8 weeks f a white cat in a brwn, snwless habitat by the end f this century. This timeline culd spell dm fr their ppulatins, as their natural enemies will have nearly 2 mnths f easily sptting them.
Frtunately, scientists have fund areas with snwshe rabbits in clr frm white t brwn in the same place, meaning the timing f the cat change can be influenced by the envirnment. Snwshe rabbits reprduce quickly, and if the clr change timing is passed dwn then it is pssible fr rabbits t change cats accrdingly. By prtecting areas with variable nes, we can give snwshe rabbits the pprtunity t adapt t the changing climate.
1． Why des the authr mentin humans’ taking ff winter cats?
A．T stress climate change is influential.
B．T imply animals shuld be taken care f.
C．T shw bnds between man and animals.
D．T lead t the prblem f snwshe rabbits.
2． What has made scientists wrry abut snwshe rabbits?
A．They fail t keep their white clr.
B．They are active in freezing winter.
C．They can’t get rid f white fur when snw melts.
D．They are easily caught by hunters n snwy days.
3． What can be inferred frm the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4?
A．Mre rabbits will be killed.
B．Rabbits’ enemies are strnger.
C．The rabbit ppulatin will sht.
D．The rabbits may die ut in future.
4． Which f the fllwing can best cnclude the text?
A．Natural SelectinB．Imprtance f Clrs
C．Survival f the FittestD．Timing f Cat Change
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍雪鞋兔因气候变暖面临毛色与环境不匹配的生存问题及应对希望。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Fr humans, taking ff winter cats is a ne-minute task. As it turns ut, nt all animals are s capable.(对人类来说，脱下冬衣是一分钟的任务。事实证明，并非所有动物都有这种能力。)”可知，作者通过人类脱冬衣的轻松，引出动物，尤其是雪鞋兔面临的换毛难题，从而自然过渡到文章主题。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Nwadays, the snw is melting a week n average befre the change in day length signals the change in cat clr, leaving the rabbits expsed t their natural enemies.(如今，平均来说，雪在日照时长变化预示换毛颜色之前一周就融化了，这让兔子暴露在天敌面前。)”可知，科学家担忧的是雪提前融化，而雪鞋兔仍依据日照时长换毛，导致它们在无雪环境中因白色毛发易被天敌发现。故选C项。
3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“Sme predictins put the rabbits in up t 8 weeks f a white cat in a brwn, snwless habitat by the end f this century. This timeline culd spell dm fr their ppulatins, as their natural enemies will have nearly 2 mnths f easily sptting them.(一些预测指出，到本世纪末，雪鞋兔在棕色无雪的栖息地中可能会有长达8周的白色皮毛。这段时间可能会给它们的种群带来厄运，因为它们的天敌将有近两个月的时间很容易发现它们。)”可知，长时间毛色与环境不匹配会使雪鞋兔被天敌捕食的风险大幅增加，因此，画线句暗示“更多兔子将被猎杀”符合语境。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是尾段中的“Frtunately, scientists have fund areas with snwshe rabbits in clr frm white t brwn in the same place, meaning the timing f the cat change can be influenced by the envirnment. Snwshe rabbits reprduce quickly, and if the clr change timing is passed dwn then it is pssible fr rabbits t change cats accrdingly.( 幸运的是，科学家在某些地区发现了同一地点的雪鞋兔毛色从白色到棕色不等，这意味着换毛时机可以受到环境的影响。雪鞋兔繁殖迅速，如果这种控制换毛时间的特性能够遗传下去，那么它们就有可能根据环境变化相应地调整毛色。)”可知，文章围绕雪鞋兔因气候变暖面临毛色适应挑战，既提到其生存危机，也指出它们通过快速繁殖和环境适应可能延续种群，体现了“适者生存”的自然法则，所以“适者生存”最能概括全文核心。故选C项。
N
（2025·江苏南京南师大附中·5月模拟）
Cast yur mind back t the last time yu ate at a restaurant. Wh were yu with? Hw did the fd taste? Did yu get sme fd n yur pants? This ability t mentally time travel t a past event is called episdic memry (情节记忆). But hw much f what yu just recalled is wrng? In a new study, Nichlas Diamnd explred hw faithful ur episdic memry is.
We all knw that memry is nt a perfect recrd f the past: we frget and we smetimes remember incrrectly. Earlier studies have shwn that varius factrs, such as emtinal intensity r misleading questins, can lead t false memries. Thus, there has been a widespread belief that human memry is highly subject t errr. Yet these studies are usually cnducted under relatively artificial cnditins in the labratry. Very little is knwn abut the accuracy f memries fr real-wrld experiences, nes that make up ur lives utside the labratry.
T address the issue, Nichlas Diamnd assessed participants’ memries fr a cntrlled audi-guided art tur in his research. Yunger and lder adult participants freely recalled the event, describing their experiences in as much detail as they culd, after delays ranging frm tw days t tw years. Diamnd then decmpsed these memries int basic details (e.g. actins, sensry elements, irrelevant infrmatin, etc.), and measured their accuracy against the grund truth.
In cntrast t scientists’ previus predictins f an ver 50% recall errr rate, research results revealed episdic memry accuracy was very high verall (93% — 95%), althugh errrs were indeed detectable (76% f participants made at least ne). Mrever, this level f accuracy did nt decline in lder participants r in lder memries, even thugh memry quantity and vividness did. In a wrd, althugh ur episdic memries fade with age and time, the memries we d recall remain highly accurate.
S, yu can g ahead and have faith in yur memries that include, unfrtunately, the nes abut getting fd n yur pants.
1． Which f the fllwing best describes human memry in the ppular belief?
A．Unaffected.B．Cmplex.
C．Unreliable.D．Faithful.
2． Why did Nichlas cnduct a new study?
A．T justify a previus thery.B．T bridge a research gap.
C．T imprve real-wrld memries.D．T adjust labratry cnditins.
3． What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．Research results.B．Research principles.
C．Research subjects.D．Research prcess.
4． What d we learn abut the research results?
A．Mre than 50% f memries were incrrectly recalled.
B．Mst participants made n memry errrs during recall.
C．Episdic memry accuracy did nt decline with age and time.
D．Memry vividness and quantity remained the same in the elderly.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究颠覆了“人类情景记忆高度不准确”的传统认知，通过真实场景实验证明，尽管记忆会随时间褪色，但保留的细节准确率非常高，且不受年龄和时间影响。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Thus, there has been a widespread belief that human memry is highly subject t errr. (因此，人们普遍认为人类的记忆非常容易出错)”可知，普遍观念是人类的记忆容易出错，因此可以用“不可靠”形容人类的记忆。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Yet these studies are usually cnducted under relatively artificial cnditins in the labratry. Very little is knwn abut the accuracy f memries fr real-wrld experiences, nes that make up ur lives utside the labratry. (然而，这些研究通常是在实验室相对人为的条件下进行的。对于构成我们真实生活的现实经历的记忆准确性，人们知之甚少)”和第三段中“T address the issue, Nichlas Diamnd assessed participants’ memries fr a cntrlled audi-guided art tur in his research. (为解决这一问题，Nichlas Diamnd在其研究中通过受控的音频导览艺术参观来评估参与者的记忆情况)”可知，实验室研究存在局限性，且缺乏对现实世界记忆的研究，Nichlas的新研究正是为了填补这一空白。故选B项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“T address the issue, Nichlas Diamnd assessed participants’ memries fr a cntrlled audi-guided art tur in his research. Yunger and lder adult participants freely recalled the event, describing their experiences in as much detail as they culd, after delays ranging frm tw days t tw years. Diamnd then decmpsed these memries int basic details (e.g. actins, sensry elements, irrelevant infrmatin, etc.), and measured their accuracy against the grund truth. (为解决这一问题，Nichlas Diamnd在其研究中通过受控的音频导览艺术参观来评估参与者的记忆情况。年轻和年长的成年参与者分别在间隔两天到两年不等的时间后，自由回忆这次活动，并尽可能详细地描述他们的体验。随后，Diamnd将这些记忆分解为基本要素，如行为动作、感官细节、无关信息等，并对照真实情况来测量其准确度)”可知，该段依次描述研究流程：艺术参观实验、参与者自由回忆、记忆细节分解、准确度测量。故选D项。
4．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Mrever, this level f accuracy did nt decline in lder participants r in lder memries, even thugh memry quantity and vividness did. (此外，尽管记忆的数量和生动性有所下降，但记忆的准确度在年长参与者或较久远的记忆中并未降低)”可知，情节记忆的准确性不随年龄和时间下降。故选C项。