专题03 阅读理解---说明文（知识清单）（含答案）2026年高考英语一轮复习知识清单（全国通用）

这是一份专题03 阅读理解---说明文（知识清单）（含答案）2026年高考英语一轮复习知识清单（全国通用），文件包含专题03阅读理解---说明文知识清单原卷版2026年高考英语一轮复习知识清单全国通用docx、专题03阅读理解---说明文知识清单解析版2026年高考英语一轮复习知识清单全国通用docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共70页， 欢迎下载使用。

01说明文五年高考考情统计
02说明文五年高考考情解读
1.选材范围
高考英语阅读理解科普类文章思想性和时代感强，题材涉及发明创造、科技创新、科技与生活、科学研究等。文章体裁一般为说明文，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站，文章的遣词造句地道，思维逻辑独具英语语言的特点。例如，2024年新高考I卷D篇来自于斯坦福大学网站的推文，文中提到生物多样性观测数据（bservatinal data）存在不准确的问题。2023年新高考全国I卷D篇选自美国全国公共广播电台NPR官网，文章介绍了“群体智慧（wisdm f crwds）”效应。
2.文体特征
科普说明文结构清晰，逻辑性强。根据说明对象的不同，可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。事物说明文的说明对象较为具体，主要通过描述事物的特质、功能来介绍事物；事理说明文的说明对象比较抽象，侧重于解释概念或现象的原理和影响，事理说明文难度较大，通常出现在阅读C、D篇。
3.设题规律
从命题来看，科普文阅读理解考查学生对语篇的整体理解能力及细节信息的提取和理解能力，题型包括细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题、主旨大意题，其中细节理解题和推理判断题占比最高。
4.解题策略
①分析语篇图式，使文章信息结构化
科普文语篇结构清晰，常见结构有总分式、递进式、并列式和连贯式。高考常见的是总分式和递进式。
总分式又分为三种：总分、总分总、分总。总分指的是先总体概括，再具体分述。若加上总结性语言，则属于总分总式。如2024年全国甲卷B篇，先总体概括了“Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways”，即动物可以通过很多方式表达它们的需求，然后具体分述了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带礼物来表达不同的情绪需求。语篇结构图使文本信息更直观，从命题视角预测考查点包含概括信息和详述内容。
递进式往往见于事理说明文，通常表现为由表及里、由现象到本质、由原因到结果的逻辑推进。如2024年浙江卷1月C篇探讨了艾伯塔省的冰雹抑制项目——播云所引发的担忧。文章从农民、项目管理人、科学家的不同视角分别陈述观点，提出解决方法并展望前景。根据语篇结构图，核心信息及预测命题分布点包括：项目的起因，不同人群的观点以及项目的前景。
并列式结构中的各部分内容没有主次之分，是平行结构，常见于按空间顺序组织的说明文。连贯式指按事物发展的过程、时间、因果等关系安排层次，前后内容互相承接。
②关注同义替换，让考点知识具象化
高考英语阅读中，同义替换常见于以下三种形式：同近义词/短语、词性的转换、上下义词。前两种形式相对简单。第三种上下义词中，上义词是抽象概述，下义词则是具体说明。
③识别逻辑连接，让内容联系显性化
阅读中常见的逻辑连接包括：并列and/r/als ...、转折hwever/yet/but ...、因果because f / since ...、举例fr example / fr instance / such as / like ..、指代等。
④谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文去伪存真
一般说来，正确选项为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”“偷梁换柱”“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。
“张冠李戴”是命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，或者把文中不同地方的信息拼接在一起从而改变了原文的意思。
“偷梁换柱”类型是用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个表示程度、限定的词汇，造成句意的改变。
“无中生有”类型往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，貌似非常正确，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。
“以偏概全”则是以局部代替整体，进行不合理关联或者不准确的概括。在下文的例子中，同学们可以更加清楚直观地了解干扰项的特点，在解题时，绕开陷阱，去伪存真。
03阅读理解说明文高频题型
04阅读理解说明文选项特点
1.正确选项特征
2.干扰选项特征
05阅读理解说明文解题思路
1.细读文章重点
关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。
2.明确说明对象
通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。
3.弄清说明顺序
在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。
4.把握作者态度
说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。
5.吃透长难句子
学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。
6.学会适当放弃
无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。
06阅读理解说明文备考建议
历年高考命题有许多相似和相通之处，在高三的复习中回顾和研究高考真题是非常必要的，对备考有很好的指导作用。如，2024 年高考新课标Ⅰ卷第33题 : What des Daru’s study fcus n? 与 2023 年新课标Ⅰ卷第 34 题 : What did the fllw-up study fcus n? 都考查了语篇研究的重点，2024 年高考新课标Ⅰ卷第 35 题 : What is Daru’s suggestin fr bidiversity apps? 与 2023 年新课标Ⅰ卷第 31 题 : What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw? 都考查了作者的建议。
1.夯实词汇基础，重视长难句分析
《普通高中英语课程标准》明确指出，学生需掌握约4 500个词汇及习惯用语、固定搭配。词汇是阅读基础，需重视新课标词汇，尤其是选择性必修教材中的词汇。历年高考阅读常出现高难度词汇，因此，扩大词汇量、注重词汇深度与广度至关重要。应引导学生在主题语境中积累专业词汇，关注词汇基本义与衍生义的联系，解开熟词生义的难题，并通过构词法的学习应对高考中日益增多的派生词和合成词。同时，句子也是阅读的基础，若无法准确把握各种句子的意义，便难以完成深度阅读，无法全面理解语篇。常用句式结构，如定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句等是语篇的黏合剂。因此，在教学中，应注重基本句型结构的分析，提高学生分析长难句子的能力。
2.培养语篇定位能力，发展高阶思维
获取和处理信息，理解文本逻辑关系是一项基本的阅读技能。科技说明文包含大量信息，要求学生快速定位、筛选和整合信息，以便准确理解文章主旨和细节。在巩固学生语言基础后，可将文本改编为七选五阅读练习，引导学生依据主题大意、文章结构思维导图定位关键信息点，培养细节理解和归纳整理能力。此外，科技说明文常含新发现与传统对比，要求学生具备明辨和批判性思维能力，能分析评估信息的可靠性和合理性，形成独立见解。英语教学应注重英语思维培养，尤其是批判性思维和创新能力，鼓励学生关注科技问题，去质疑、探究，并提出观点和建议。通过外刊阅读、思维练习、提问与讨论等多样化教学，激发学生语言能力，拓宽和深化思维，提高思辨能力，发展高阶思维。
3.关注跨学科融合，教学联系实际
科技说明文阅读的难点在于其话题涉及专业概念，所以增加科学知识储备对阅读大有裨益。在课堂讲解、案例分析中，应注重跨学科融合，将英语教学与物理、化学、生物等学科知识相结合，强化学生对科技说明文中科技概念、原理和应用的理解，扩大阅读量和知识面，建立扎实的科技知识基础，让学生在不同学科背景下学习和使用英语。同时，科技说明文与社会发展和生活实际紧密相连。在教学过程中，教师应提供丰富的英文原版科技说明文阅读材料，鼓励学生关注科技前沿动态；设计与学生生活和科技密切相关的情境模拟活动，提升阅读兴趣和语言运用能力；鼓励学生参与实际项目，如社区服务、社会实践，以在项目式学习中培养科学素养和科技思维，提高语言的实用价值。
4.重视培养中国情怀和多元视野
科技说明文常涉及国家科技最新成果和前沿动态。高考英语命题通过精选科技说明文，旨在引导学生关注新兴技术、社会趋势等，激发他们的探索精神和创新意识，增强民族自豪感和爱国情怀，提升科学素养和综合素质。在阅读过程中，教师应凸显教学情感价值，发挥英语课程思政功能，通过多角度选择阅读素材，运用阅读、讨论、实践等多维度方式，引导学生探讨科技语篇背后的文化内涵、价值观念和民族智慧，感受中国科技发展的独特魅力和文化底蕴，培养中国情怀和社会责任感。
01 态度推断题
1.命题方式
设问方式以“What is….attitude tward …?”等引出问题，注意把握好询问当事人或者作者立场态度。
31. What is Ducke’s attitude tward the Saint Lukas’ services? (2024全国甲卷)
28. What is the authr’s attitude tward Carnegie’s understanding f argument? (2024九省联考卷)
35. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies? (2023新课标I卷)
2.题型解读
3.解题步骤
第一：结合题干人物和内容定位原文出现在哪一（些）段；然后仔细比对该句言外之意；
第二：区分不同人物态度。注意区分试题询问的是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度；
第三：态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wnderfully, successfully, unfrtunately, dubtfully 等。
跟踪训练1 (2024全国甲卷阅读C篇片段)
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The annual arrival f the Saint Lukas is anther attempt t imprve the situatin. Fr 10 mnths every year, the train stps at abut eight statins ver tw weeks, befre returning t the reginal capital t refuel and restck(补给). Then it starts all ver again the next mnth. Mst statins wait abut a year between visits.
Dctrs see up t 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allws fr basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the dctrs and their assistants wrking and living in such little space but still staying fcused and very cncerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance fr many rural peple t get the treatment they want. ”
31. What is Ducke’s attitude tward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.B. DubtfulC. Ambiguus.D. Cautius.
跟踪训练2 (2023新课标II卷阅读D篇片段)
…
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
35. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
02 段落大意题
1.命题形式
常见命题形式：What is Paragraph X mainly abut?
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut? (2025全国二卷)
26. What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut? (2024新课标I卷)
2.思维导图
3.解题策略
第一步：结合题干定位到相应段落。
第二步：寻找段落主题句。解答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中；若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。
第三步：留意段落大意题干扰项四大特点：①过于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范围②以偏概全，主次不分。以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内容③移花接木，偷换概念。选项中定语和状语影响语意范围，或者把属于A的内容放在B上④主观臆测，无中生有。选项中关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际含义与文章主题无关。
第四步：确定段落关键词。段落中反复出现的词汇一般就是段落关键词，往往需要出现在正确选项中。
跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷D篇片段)
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It shuld be nted that nne f the items n wastED’s menu was technically made frm garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples f meat cuts and prduce that mst restaurants wuld never cnsider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish cllars, rejected sweet ptates, and cucumber butts were all re-apprpriated and, with the help f a number f gd chefs, turned int excellent cuisine.
…
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Why the ingredients were used.B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made f.D. Where the ingredients were bught.
跟踪训练 (2024新课标I卷B篇片段)
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Leigh Tindale’s dg Charlie had a serius heart cnditin. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared t put him t sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dg’s suffering s much that she was able t keep him alive fr an additinal five mnths. And Priscilla Dewing reprts that her hrse, Nappy, “mves mre easily and rides mre cmfrtably” after a chirpractic adjustment.
…
26. What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?
A. Steps f a chirpractic treatment.
B. The cmplexity f veterinarians’ wrk.
C. Examples f rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness f hlistic medicine.
01写作手法题
高考阅读理解主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，其共同目的就是增强说服力，服务于段落或篇章的主旨。
1.命题形式
32. Hw des the authr present the issue in the first paragraph? (2025全国一卷)
34. What is the functin f the quted statements in paragraph 4? (2024九省联考卷)
32. Hw is paragraph 3 mainly develped?
2.解题策略
①根据文章题材来判断。
记叙文多采取以时间为序、以空间为序、以故事情节发展为序等叙事方式进行写作。
说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比等方式使说明更清晰或更具说服力。
议论文大多通过举例子、列数字、引名言、作对比是使得观点更可信，更有权威性。
②根据“原文定位”来判断。
先根据题干判断是具体某段还是全文写作手法，然后寻找标志词，进而找到答案。
跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷D篇片段)
Micrplastics have becme a cmmn surce f pllutin acrss the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and n the Himalayas, stuck inside vlcanic rcks, filled the stmachs f seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snw. They are even appearing inside humans.
…
32. Hw des the authr present the issue in the first paragraph?
A. By quting an expert.B. By defining a cncept.
C. By giving examples.D. By prviding statistics.
跟踪训练2 (2024九省联考D篇片段)
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Begin by helping yur child learn sympathy (“Ben is crying. What's making him s sad?”), then suggest hw he culd reslve the prblem (“Maybe he wuld feel better if yu let him play the ball.”). When yur child shares r shws empathy (同理心) tward a friend, praise him (“Ben stpped crying! Yu made him feel better.”).
…
34. What is the functin f the quted statements in paragraph 4?
A. Giving examples.B. Explaining cncepts.
C. Prviding evidence.D. Making cmparisns.
02 下段预测题
1.命题设计
31. What might the authr cntinue talking abut? (2023全国乙卷)
63. What wuld the authr prbably discuss in the paragraph that fllws? (2011安徽卷)
2.解题思路
①从第一段入手。实用类说明文只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容, 顺藤摸瓜, 即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。
②从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。
跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷B篇片段)
…
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
31. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
跟踪训练2 (2025全国二卷B篇片段)
Fr many centuries, peple used windmills t grind (磨碎) wheat int flur r pump water frm deep undergrund when electricity was discvered in the 1ate 1800s,peple living in remte areas began t use them t prduce electricity. This al1wed them t peple in almst all1 areas f the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the curse 1970s, peple started becming cncerned abut the pllutin that is created when cal and gas are burned t prduce electricity. Peple als realized that the supply f cal and gas wuld nt last frever. Then, wind was rediscvered, thugh it means higher casts. Tday, there is a glbal mvement t supply mre and mre f ur electricity thrugh the use f wind.
63. What wuld the authr prbably discuss in the paragraph that fllws?
A. The advantage f wind pwer.
B. The design f wind pwer plants.
C. The wrldwide mvement t save energy.
D. The glbal trend twards prducing pwer frm wind.
03标题概括题
阅读理解说明文选标题这个类型出现几率高，难度也大，往往出现在最后一题，需要整体把控文章结构、关键词汇、选项特点做出自己的判断。
1.思维导图
2.解题思路
①主题段法。标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。
②主题句法。解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
③关键词法。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
3.解题策略
①正面肯定法。在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
②反面否定法。撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。
③排除干扰法。研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。
跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷C篇)
When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. In the past year, Detrinidad sent ut mre than 70,000 plants. Her success is just ne example f increased time at hme leading t an explsin in the huseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashin right nw,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher frm the University f Flrida. “Peple wh live in plant-rich envirnments reprt a higher life satisfactin rating, ” she says. “Adding mre nature t ur envirnment can change ur md and hw we think.” Plants can imprve ur state f mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing ur level f crtisl, the stress hrmne (激素) in ur bdy.
“Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”
If yu’re amng the grups f peple wh are enjying the mental and physical health benefits f surrunding yurself with plants, dn’t beat yurself up if ne (r a few!) desn’t make it. “Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says.
31. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Time t Replace HuseplantsB. Plants Bst Yur Md
C. Tips n Chsing HuseplantsD. Plants Brighten Yur Hme
跟踪训练2 (2024全国甲卷B篇)
Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音)that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
27. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Tips n Finding a Smart CatB. Understanding Yur Cat's Behavir
C. Have Fun with Yur CatD. Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy
01 阅读理解说明文答题误区
1.细节理解偏差
考生容易因没有细心看选项和原文的细微差别，而做出错误判断。在判断选项时，忽略一些起限定作用的词语，如“大约”“可能”“所有”等，导致对原文信息的错误理解。在2024年新高考I卷D篇中，关于生物多样性记录的研究，选项中若对研究结果的范围、程度等表述与原文有细微差异，考生可能难以察觉，从而误选。
2.主旨把握不准
部分考生不能准确把握文章的核心主旨，容易受到文中细节的干扰，以偏概全。如 2024 年新高考 II 卷 C篇介绍巴比伦微农场（BMF），若考生只关注到其某一个优势，如减少运输排放，而忽略其他关键信息，就可能误判文章主旨。
3.推理判断过度
推理判断题中，考生可能会出现推理过度的情况，加入自己的主观想法，超出文章所给信息的范围；或者推理不足，未能充分挖掘文章的隐含信息。比如 2023年新高考II卷中关于保护城市野生自然的文章，在推断相关措施的影响时，考生可能过度推断其效果，或者没有从文章细节中推断出合理的结论。
4.答题方法不当
部分考生为节约时间，先看题再在文中找答案，这种方式可能导致答题片面不完整，因为对文章缺乏整体把握。还有的考生答题跟着感觉走，依据答案字数多少、是否能在原文找到词语等不科学的标准来判断答案。
02 阅读理解说明文误区应对
1.注重细节比对
采用原文定位法，根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关句子，仔细比对选项与原文的差异，尤其关注那些容易改变语义的关键词。在 2024 年全国一卷关于交通方式碳排放及绿色燃料的文章中，对于选项中关于某种交通方式特点或减排措施的描述，要在原文中精准定位并细致比对。
2.整体理解文章
通读全文，明确文章的说明对象、结构和逻辑顺序，从整体上把握文章主旨。可以通过分析文章的开头、结尾以及每段的关键句来提炼主旨。如2024年全国二卷介绍英国市场小镇的文章，需综合各小镇的特色描述来确定文章主旨。
3.合理推理判断
依据文章提供的信息进行推理，既不主观臆断，也不浅尝辄止。注意文章的逻辑关系和细节暗示，从多角度思考问题。以2024年新课标II卷关于人工智能书籍的文章为例，在推断作者观点或书籍意图时，要从书中观点、作者论述重点等方面综合推理。
4.运用科学方法
先快速浏览文章，了解大意和结构，再阅读题干，带着问题有针对性地阅读文章，最后结合文章内容和自己的理解进行答题。平时要通过练习，形成科学的答题思维，避免凭感觉答题。
03 阅读理解说明文满分策略
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、态度推断题注重“原文定位”和“观点区分”，弄清来龙去脉再判断。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。
七、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。
阅读理解说明文综合能力提升
真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分做题技巧和应试思维
01 (2025浙江1月卷)
A nvel design apprach t gardening has been gaining in ppularity wrldwide. Referred t as matrix planting, this apprach aims fr nature t d a lt mre f the heavy lifting in the garden, and even sme f the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and pwer tls, it’s based n an elegantly simple principle: t garden mre like nature des.
The cncept was brn when German city planners sught t plant large areas f parkland after Wrld War II in a reprducible way that wuld need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that culd be used mdularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are gruped s that they will grw tgether abve and belw grund, frming a cperative ecsystem that cnserves water and discurages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudlf’s gardens ppularized this style, adding artistic flavrs t the planting mixes while playing with clr and frm, including fur-seasn interest and serving the needs f wildlife. Beautiful year-rund, they invite yu t enjy the smallest detail, frm the sund f grasses in the gentle wind t the sculpture f dd-lking seed heads.
It takes a lt f thught t lk this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first cnsideratin. Led by the cncept f “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjy the same sil, sun and weather cnditins, and arrange them accrding t their patterns f grwth.
The benefits are substantial fr bth gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s eclgy can develp well. Established matrix gardens shuld nt need the life supprt we give mst gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Cmpared t traditinal garden plts, they increase carbn absrptin, reduce strm water runff and bst habitat and bidiversity significantly.
28. What des the underlined wrd “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? (猜测词义题)
A. Running ut f.B. Keeping away frm.
C. Putting up with.D. Taking advantage f.
29. Why was the idea f matrix planting intrduced?
A. T cntrl weeds in large gardens.B. T bring in freign species f plants.
C. T cnserve sil and water resurces.D. T develp lw-maintenance parkland.
30. Which f the fllwing best describes Piet Oudlf’s gardens? (活动评价题)
A. Traditinal.B. Odd-lking.C. Tasteful.D. Well-prtected.
31. Which f the fllwing can be a suitable title fr the text? (标题概括题)
A. The future f gardening is WILDB. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need mre CARED. Old garden plts wrk WONDERS
02 (2024浙江1月卷)
In the race t dcument the species n Earth befre they g extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have cllected billins f recrds. Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. Thugh they are useful fr detecting shifts in the number and variety f species in an area, a new Stanfrd study has fund that this type f recrd is nt perfect.
“With the rise f technlgy it is easy fr peple t make bservatins f different species with the aid f a mbile applicatin,” said Barnabas Daru, wh is lead authr f the study and assistant prfessr f bilgy in the Stanfrd Schl f Humanities and Sciences. “These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable?”
Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number f bservatin-nly recrds did nt lead t better glbal cverage. Mrever, these data are biased and favr certain regins, time perids, and species. This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby. These data are als biased tward certain species with attractive r eye-catching features.
What can we d with the imperfect datasets f bidiversity?
“Quite a lt,” Daru explained. “Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places – and even species – that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image.”
32. What d we knw abut the recrds f species cllected nw?
A. They are becming utdated.B. They are mstly in electrnic frm.
C. They are limited in number.D. They are used fr public exhibitin.
33. What des Daru’s study fcus n?
A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.
C. Observatinal data.D. Mbile applicatins.
34. What has led t the biases accrding t the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Pr quality f upladed pictures.
C. Imprper way f sampling.D. Unreliable data cllectin devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestin fr bidiversity apps? (推理判断题)
A. Review data frm certain areas. B. Hire experts t check the recrds.
C. Cnfirm the identity f the users.D. Give guidance t citizen scientists.
03 (2023新课标I卷)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
32. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut? (段落大意题)
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
34. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies? (态度推断题)
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
04 (2023全国乙卷)
What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
28. What d peple usually think f British fd?
A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutritin.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputatin.
29. Which best describes ckery prgramme n British TV? (事件评价题)
A. Authritative.B. Creative.C. Prfitable.D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?
A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.
31. What might the authr cntinue talking abut? (预测下段题)
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.
B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies f big eaters.
模拟专区：精选名校真题好题，帮你锤炼做题技巧，助力冲刺备考圆梦高考
05（24-25高三下·河北秦皇岛·阶段练习）
Bering Sea snw crabs (蟹) are well suited fr Arctic (北极的) cnditins. But the sutheastern Bering Sea is changing t mre subarctic cnditins thrugh a prcess called brealizatin (北方化), accrding t a reprt released by the Natinal Oceanic and Atmspheric Administratin. It’s a prcess that’s als happening in ecsystems n land in Alaska. As a result, cld-water species like snw crabs mve away r struggle t survive, while species typically fund in warmer regins may spread int brealized areas.
“Like an Arctic ecsystem n land arund Ktzebue is traditinally tundra and frzen, yu dn’t have plants. But as yu brealize, yu get mre plants, even trees. S yu can imagine what a huge transfrmatin it is t g frm treeless areas t frests. And it’s the same type f thing ging frm ice-assciated t ice-free all year,” Mike Litzv, the lead authr f the reprt, said.
This brealizatin, brught n by human-caused climate change, has mre negative effects n snw crabs in the sutheastern Bering Sea. That includes shifts in fd availability fr snw crabs, which means the species may face starvatin, and an increased incidence f bitter crab disease. These were all evident in 2018–2019 when the special barrier — a cld pl f water in the Bering Sea — disappeared, bringing n extreme ecsystem changes that allwed different species f grundfish t mve further nrth. Litzv and his team had previusly cnfirmed that a cmbinatin f these factrs caused the crash f snw crab ppulatins between the years 2018 and 2019, when the species decreased by mre than 90%. The ppulatin still hasn’t recvered.
After the last tw back-t-back years withut a cmmercial fishery, fishermen have als nt fully recvered. The new reprt indicates the fishery may be entirely displaced in the cming decades. “The recent changes are nt part f a ne-ff event and ecsystem-wide changes are expected t cntinue t affect snw crab ppulatins in the future,” Litzv said.
1．What can be learned abut brealizatin? (推理推断题)
A．It is unique t the Bering Sea.B．It is usually a natural prcess.
C．It can cause bidiversity changes.D．It has a negative wrldwide effect.
2．Why des Litzv mentin Ktzebue’s ecsystem?
A．T shw the pace f Arctic warming.B．T explain the impact f brealizatin.
C．T illustrate the value f the ecsystem.D．T discuss features f Arctic cnditins.
3．What challenge d snw crabs face?
A．The fd shrtage.B．The fishery develpment.
C．The threat frm fish.D．The delay f cld pls.
4．What’s the best title f the text? (标题概括题)
A．Climate Change Hits Arctic WildlifeB．Brealizatin Is Becming a New Trend
C．Bering Sea Will Lse Snw Crabs SnD．Eclgical Shifts Drive Snw Crab Decline
06（2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测）
D yu knw which letter was the last ne t be added t the English alphabet? Or what is the name f the galaxy that ur planet Earth is part f? In 2009, Clin Camerer and his clleagues were amng the first nes t study hw ur brains respnd t trivia (琐事) questins like these, because they wanted t see what happens in ur brains when we feel curius.
T d this, they ran a brain imaging study that allwed researchers t see which brain regins are activated as peple engage in mental activities like seeing, thinking, selecting, and s n.
They fund that fr questins abut which participants had reprted high curisity, parts f the brain typically assciated with reward lit up. These areas usually light up when we are expecting that smething gd r rewarding is abut t happen. Imagine hw yu feel just befre watching a cncert r a mvie yu’ve been eager t see.
Next came the Reveal. When participants finally gt the answers t the questins, the parts f their brains that are typically assciated with memry and learning became active. Even mre telling was that these areas were mre strngly activated when the initial guess was incrrect than when it was crrect.
Simply put, what these findings suggest is that curisity sets up an anticipatin f a reward (fr the crrect answer), and nce we receive the reward (the crrect answer), the brain acts t cnslidate (巩固) ur memry s that we learn the crrect answer. This learning is strnger if we have initially failed rather than succeeded.
And such learning frm failure is als stickier. Even after ten days, Camerer and clleagues fund that participants culd remember the crrect answers t the questins they had initially guessed incrrectly, shwing that failure can make us curius t learn the crrect answer, and nce we learn it, it sticks fr lnger as well.
1．Which aspect f the human brain des Clin Camerer’s study fcus n?
A．Its respnse t curisity. B．Its state during learning.
C．Its functin develpment.D．Its develpment with age.
2．The brain’s reward system will be activated when ________.
A．the imaginatin ges wildB．peple engage in leisure activities
C．anticipatin levels increaseD．peple witness smething gd
3．Accrding t the Reveal part, what may make ur brains mre eager t learn? (细节理解题)
A．Incrrect chices.B．A better reward.
C．An active atmsphere.D．Cnfusing questins.
4．Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm? (标题概括题)
A．The Art frm Trivia QuestinsB．Must-Have Abilities f Successful Peple
C．Unslved Mysteries in the WrldD．The Secrets t Being a Super Learner
07（2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测）
CPR and basic first aid care are skills that millins acquire. Nw this same type f training is available fr mental health. Sigma Theta Alpha (STA), a prfessinal health rganizatin at UCnn (University f Cnnecticut), has taken the lead t bring the prgram t campus, ensuring each student can benefit frm it.
Mental Health First Aid training is a natinal initiative that is perfrmed lcally by Mental Health Cnnecticut, a statewide nn-prfit rganizatin. The grup has cme t UCnn three times fr training. “We intrduce infrmatin n mental illness with the basic facts. We dn’t teach hw t diagnse — we d the ppsite. Labeling and jumping t cnclusins based n symptms and behavirs are harmful and dangerus, because that is fr prfessinals,” says Valerie Cper, a cmmunity educatr fr the rganizatin.
Like CPR, Mental Health First Aid is a universal experience taught the same way everywhere. The prgram is split int classrm-style wrk, watching vides, and simulatin f real-life issues. The actin plan taught wrks under the acrnym f ALGEE — Assess fr risk f harm, Listen nn-judgmentally, Give reassurance and infrmatin, Encurage apprpriate prfessinal help, and Encurage self-help and ther supprt strategies. “Being a mental health first aider is t listen nn-judgmentally and create a space f trust,” says Cper. “We teach peple that listening will be mre imprtant than anything they say.”
UCnn nursing majr Lisa Iwanicki, 18, is a member f Sigma Theta Alpha. Iwanicki says she gt a lt ut f the simulatin activities. “It was cl t be in a rm with peple wh wanted t help make a change. It was nt just abut learning the signs f mental illness, but what smene can d in the cmmunity t help,” says Iwanicki. “Recvery is pssible. The mst imprtant thing is t keep peple hpeful. Yu have t try and try.”
1．What is the aim f Sigma Theta Alpha? (细节理解题)
A．T evaluate students’ behavirs.B．T teach students basic first aid skills.
C．T treat students’ health issues.D．T enhance students’ mental well-being.
2．What shuld be stressed in cmmunicatin accrding t Valerie Cper?
A．Giving persnal suggestins.B．Aviding rush judgement.
C．Creating a private space.D．Reducing interactin.
3．What did Lisa Iwanicki learn accrding t the last paragraph?
A．The best way t treat mental illness.B．The key t prviding assistance.
C．The benefits f helping the cmmunity.D．The different signs f bdy recvery.
4．What is the passage mainly abut? (文章大意题)
A．A student care prject at UCnn.B．Develpment f CPR skills.
C．A prfessinal health rganizatin.D．Campus activities f UCnn.
08（25-26高三上·湖北·开学考试）
It’s a prblem that has annyed many hrrr mvie makeup artists: Hw d yu give smene the appearance f having a secnd head? Seemingly t fake ut hunters, many butterflies have fund their wn slutins t this prblem, with cmplicated patterns and structures n their wings that create what lk like secnd heads n their backsides. Nw, in a new study, researchers at the Indian Institutes f Science Educatin and Research (IISER) dive deeper int the rigins f these “false heads”.
Previus studies have shwn these false heads help cnfuse hunters: Damage t the back end f a butterfly’s wings near the false head has less impact n vital behavirs such as flying and mating than damage t the butterfly’s real head. Scientists had lng therized that butterflies’ false heads arse because five key traits (特征) — namely false feelers, nticeable clratin, wing patterns that cntain special lines, large spts, and head like shapes — evlve (进化) tgether t redirect predatr attentin. But n ne had traced the evlutinary histry f these traits.
Evlutinary eclgists at IISER began by analyzing images f nearly 1,000 species f butterflies and marking hw many f the false head traits each species exhibited. The researchers then cnstructed a phylgenetic tree (系统树), which allwed them t visualize hw clsely related false-headed species were t ne anther, as well as hw each f the traits evlved ver time. Cmputatinal mdeling f this tree revealed that fur f the five false head traits all evlved in a crrelated manner, while als shwing the rder in which the traits first appeared within butterflies.
The researchers prpse that the separate traits integrated int a single, cmplex false head trait because f a cmmn selective frce: attacks frm hunters. Hwever, questins remain n the exact advantages that these distinctive defense mechanisms prvide t the butterflies that use them.
1．Why is “makeup artist” mentined in the first paragraph? (推理推断题)
A．T supprt a scientific thery.B．T illustrate a filming technique.
C．T intrduce an evlutinary trick.D．T justify a lng-held assumptin.
2．What might previus studies fcus n?
A．The develpment f the five traits.B．The special behavirs f butterflies.
C．The defensive functin f false heads.D．The evlutin theries f butterflies.
3．What did IISER scientists d in the new study?
A．They classified wing patterns f butterflies.
B．They recnstructed histry f trait evlutin.
C．They innvated methds f studying butterflies.
D．They analyzed the survival benefits f false heads.
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text? (标题概括题)
A．T survive? False a Secnd Head
B．Cnfused? Phylgenetic Tree Helps
C．D Key traits Enhance Insects’ Survival?
D．Des Evlutin Reshape Butterflies’ Bdies?
09（25-26高三上·湖北·开学考试）
The Caspian Sea, the wrld’s largest inland water bdy, is declining, accrding t a new study published in Cmmunicatins Earth & Envirnment. The study reprts the water surces that typically feed the sea are cntributing less and less water. S much s that these surces cannt keep up with evapratin (蒸发). If glbal temperatures rise by 2°C, the sea’s water levels culd drp by 16-32 feet, which means 4 ut f 10 ecsystem types unique t the Caspian Sea wuld disappear cmpletely.
The Caspian Sea is hme t a variety f life. Six sturgen (鲟鱼) species live within the sea. In the Caspian Sea, sturgen typically reside in shallwer waters during the summer and fall and lay eggs in the rivers that flw int the sea. A drp in water levels wuld prevent them frm accessing these grunds, which culd lead t ppulatin decline. The sea is als a ht spt fr sme seabirds. They usually take shelter in the castal wetlands, but it’s pssible thse culd dry up as well.
The Caspian Sea tuches five cuntries — Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan — and a drp in water levels culd seriusly impact trade rutes vital t the ecnmies f these cuntries, as lw water levels culd prevent ships frm dcking (入港). Besides, the expsed dry seabed is likely t release dust cntaining industrial pllutants and salt, psing serius threats t human health. A drpping water level culd als alter the climate f the regin, thus impacting the area’s agriculture.
But all hpe is nt lst. “Sme Caspian Sea level decline appears unavidable,” Simn Gdman frm the University f Leeds said in a press release. “Hwever, with the anticipated effects unflding ver a few decades, it shuld be pssible t find ways t prtect bidiversity while safeguarding human interests and well being. That might sund like a lng timescale, but, given the immense plitical, legal and practical challenges invlved, it is advisable t start actin as sn as pssible t give the best chance f success.”
1．What is a fundamental driver fr the Caspian Sea’s water crisis?
A．Reduced inflw f feeder rivers.
B．Industrial pllutin f castal plants.
C．Increased evapratin f the Caspian Sea.
D．Sudden disappearance f the ecsystems.
2．Why are sturgen ppulatins threatened by the decline f water levels?
A．Seabirds cmpete fr their fd.B．They lse access t castal wetlands.
C．They can’t reach rivers t reprduce.D．The shallwer summer habitats dry up.
3．What culd be a likely cnsequence f the drying prcess? (推理推断题)
A．Establishment f trade rutes.B．Release f seabed pllutants.
C．Expansin f lcal agriculture.D．Alteratin f reginal integratin.
4．What des Simn Gdman’s suggest t address the prblem? (细节理解题)
A．Lcal cmmunity relcatin.B．Resignatin t bidiversity lss.
C．Emphasis n ecnmic interests.D．Urgent crss-brder cperatin.
10（25-26高三上·广东·阶段练习）
Regardless f hw famus they are, and despite the star treatment they receive, many celebrities make it a pint t give back t charities. Sme have even set up their wn private fundatins. Their widely publicised visits t trubled areas f the wrld help t raise awareness f issues such as famine and pverty. Accrding t Jane Cper f Unicef UK, celebrities have a unique ability t reach huge numbers f peple, many f whm might nt therwise be engaged in charitable causes. She pinted ut that famus faces had played a significant rle in raising funds in recent years, and their energies had prduced tangible results, such as enabling millins f children in prer cuntries t attend schl.
But in spite f these successes, there is evidence t suggest that celebrity endrsement (代言) may be verrated. In a survey f members f the public t find ut if celebrity invlvement wuld encurage peple t dnate, researchers fund that the impact was nt as great as previusly thught. When shwn a list f well-knwn rganisatins and famus peple wh represent them, ver half f respndents were unable t match the celebrity with the cause. What’s mre, three quarters claimed that they didn’t respnd t celebrity endrsement in any way. The survey als shwed that a few names did stand ut as being assciated with particular charities. But the presence f a celebrity in a campaign, was nt a significant factr when it came t a decisin t dnate time r mney. Instead, the majrity f peple cntribute because f persnal cnnectins in their lives and families which make a charity imprtant t them.
In anther study aimed at yung peple, mst participants cited a cmpelling (无法抗拒的) missin as their main mtivatin t give. The secnd mst imprtant drive was if a friend r peer recmmended supprting a particular cause. Only tw percent f respndents said they were mtivated by celebrity endrsement. This seems t cntradict the general assumptin that teenagers are particularly influenced by famus peple. One pssible explanatin is that there is a general fatigue (疲倦) with celebrity culture. There is als a suspicin that the stars are the nes wh benefit mst when they ffer t d charity wrk. Sme critiques have accused that celebrities might actually take attentin away frm issues by attracting mre attentin than the causes they represent.
S taking all these issues int accunt, is it time fr charities t rethink their campaign strategies and lk fr alternative ways t reach new audiences? Whichever pint f view yu favur, there seems t be pprtunities fr mre research int hw charity campaigns might develp relatinships with celebrities t maximise their ptential. This in turn will pen up mre engagement, and better targeted campaigns — which can nly benefit thse wh really matter — the peple and animals that are in need f assistance.
1．What des the underlined wrd “tangible” in Paragraph 1 prbably mean? (猜测词义题)
A．Cntrversial.B．Celebrated.C．Definite.D．Temprarily.
2．Which f the fllwing statements is crrect accrding t Paragraph 2?
A．Celebrity invlvement is key t mtivating peple t dnate.
B．All peple are nt influenced by celebrities in charity dnatins.
C．Mst peple cntribute t charities because they are inspired by the family.
D．Nne f the peple believe celebrities make any difference t their dnatin.
3．The third paragraph is mainly abut ________. (段落大意题)
A．hw yung peple react t celebrity culture
B．wh is t blame fr taking attentin away frm charities
C．what mainly mtivates yung peple t be engaged in charitable giving
D．why yung peple are rarely influenced by celebrities in charity dnatins
4．What is the authr’s attitude twards celebrity ding charities? (态度推断题)
A．Objective.B．Psitive.C．Negative.D．Unclear.
11（24-25高三下·山东青岛·阶段练习）
Last September, several hundred tmat lvers gathered n a sunny, breezy day in Prtland, Oregn fr Tmat Fest. Agricultural researcher Matt Davis was handing ut samples f experimental tmates which were dry-farmed.
Dry-farming, a frm f agriculture that desn’t require irrigatin, has rts stretching back millennia. But in the 20th century, the practice largely fell ut f widespread use. Tday, hwever, farmers are nce again experimenting with dry farming as they struggle with water shrtages, which are being exacerbated by rising temperatures and mre frequent and intense drughts linked t climate change.
It’s a cmmn miscnceptin that dry farming means grwing plants withut water. Instead, dry-farmed plants take up misture stred in the grund rather than sprinkled (洒) frm abve. Thus, sites must generally receive mre than 50 centimeters f annual precipitatin (降水量) t create misture in the sil, and the sil must be cmpsed f fine grains that help preserve that water ver time.
Dry-farming wn’t slve all f agriculture’s wes (问题), but it ffers a way frward. Farmers have nticed that dry-farmed plts cntain nly abut a fifth f the weeds that grw in irrigated plts. Nt having t pull up as many weeds can translate int labr savings. Cupled with nt having t manage irrigatin facilities, dry-farming can simplify a grwing peratin.
In 2016 and 2017, Alex Stne and Jennifer Wetzel frm Oregn State University grew different varieties f winter squash in Crvallis. The pair irrigated sme vegetable fields and dry-farmed thers. After harvesting the squash and leaving them in strage fr fur mnths, they fund that abut 80% f the rughly 1,250 dry-farmed winter squash were still marketable while the number drpped t 50% ut f the rughly 1,150 irrigated winter squash.
“Yu get t really learn what the envirnment gives yu, and yu learn t respnd accrdingly.” Michael Jhnsn, a specialist at the University f Arizna says, “A relatinship develps between the crpping system and the farmer.”
1．What des the underlined wrd “exacerbated” in Paragraph 2 prbably mean? (猜测词义题)
A．Highlighted.B．Imprved.C．Wrsened.D．Relieved.
2．What can we knw abut dry-farming?
A．It helps grw plants withut water.
B．It is an effective methd t address envirnmental prblems.
C．It enjyed great ppularity in the 20th century.
D．It has requirements fr the cmpsitin f sil.
3．What did Stne and Wetzel discver abut dry-farming in their experiment?
A．It makes the grwing prcess simpler.
B．Its prduce cntains less water.
C．It tends t prduce lnger-preserved crps.
D．Its verall harvests tend t be higher.
4．What might be Jhnsn’s attitude twards dry farming? (态度推断题)
A．Supprtive.B．Neutral.C．Cnservative.D．Skeptical.
12（25-26高三上·广西·开学考试）
Why did the cw g t Hllywd? Because it wanted t be in the m-vies! Get it? Because “m” is the sund a cw makes!
This is an example f a dad jke. Anyne can make a dad jke — yu dn’t have t be a parent. Mst f the time it’s just a jke that uses a very bvius and predictable pun (双关语). Dad jkes are usually thught t be pretty harmless, and maybe even cause feelings f lve.
And researchers have fund that humr may actually be an imprtant tl fr parents. A team frm the US wanted t find ut mre abut the effect humr can have when it is used by parents when raising their children. Mre than 300 peple aged between 18 and 45 tk part in a survey. They were asked t say whether they agreed r disagreed with a number f statements abut humr in parenting. These included their memries f whether humr was used by their wn parents, and if they might use it with their wn children.
Mre than 70% f the participants said they believed humr can be a useful tl in parenting. And 55% said that they had been raised by parents wh used humr in their parenting. The study als fund that peple whse parents used humr were mre likely t say they had a gd relatinship with their parents. Many participants even said they’d like t take a curse t learn abut hw they culd use humr in parenting.
S why des it wrk? The researchers said family life can be stressful, and humr can be a gd way t reduce stress levels in the hme. But that desn’t just mean telling mre dad jkes—humr culd be used instead f anger t relieve a stressful situatin, fr example.
1．Hw did the authr intrduce the phrase “dad jke”?
A．By giving an example.B．By making a definitin.
C．By explaining where t use it.D．By shwing its hidden meaning.
2．In which aspect d researchers plan t figure ut the functin f humr?
A．Family harmny.B．Scial gatherings.
C．Parenting skills.D．Parenting stress.
3．What is paragraph 4 mainly abut? (段落大意题)
A．The benefits f using humr in educatin.
B．Different types f humr used by parents.
C．The disadvantages f humr in family relatinships.
D．Participants’ views n the use f humr in parenting.
4．What might be talked abut in the fllwing paragraph? (下段预测题)
A．Hw humr deals with pressure.B．What effect humr has n hme.
C．Which humr shuld be stressed.D．Why humr makes peple happy.
13（2025·陕西安康·模拟预测）
A team f scientists at Clumbia University has develped an artificial intelligence mdel called general expressin transfrmer (GET) t predict hw genes within a cell influence its behavir. This breakthrugh has the ptential t deepen ur understanding f cancer and genetic diseases.
Inspired by the apprach used t train ChatGPT, GET learns the rules f gene regulatin — hw genes are turned n r ff r adjusted in activity — a prcess knwn as gene expressin. This prcess determines which prteins are prduced and in what quantities, which is critical since prteins are invlved in nearly every bdily functin.
While still in its early stages, GET culd fllw in the ftsteps f AlphaFld2, the AI system that predicts prtein structures and was hnred with the 2024 Nbel Prize in Chemistry. Bth gene regulatin and prtein structure are pivtal t life, and disturbance in either can lead t disease. Raul Rabadan, ne f the study’s authrs, described this as part f a brader revlutin (革命) in bilgy, transfrming it int a predictive science.
The GET mdel was trained using data frm ver 1.3 millin nrmal human cells acrss 213different cell types, a departure frm previus effrts that ften fcused n abnrmal cells like thse fund in cancers. Remarkably, the mdel culd predict the behavir f a specific cell type, such as astrcytes (星状细胞组织) in the central nervus system, even when data frm that cell type was left ut during training.
Experts like Mark Gerstein f Yale Schl f Medicine and Jian Ma f Carnegie Melln University have praised the mdel’s ability t tackle ne f bilgy’s greatest challenges: understanding hw the same genme (基因组) can drive diverse behavirs in different cell types. Humans have abut 20,000 genes, but their expressin varies widely acrss cell types, such as neurns, muscle cells, r skin cells. While much f this regulatry “grammar” remains unclear, GET represents a significant step tward decding it. This advancement culd ultimately lead t new insights int health and disease, ffering hpe fr mre precise and effective treatments.
1．What d the scientists prbably expect frm GET?
A．Changing prteins’ structure and quantity.
B．Helping uncver gene regulatin rules.
C．Predicting human behavirs by genes.
D．Imprving human psychlgical health.
2．What des the underlined wrd “pivtal” mean in Paragraph 3? (猜测词义题)
A．Fundamental.B．Permanent.C．Unpredictable.D．Beneficial.
3．What sets the GET mdel apart frm previus nes?
A．It included the central nervus system.
B．It invlved a larger amunt f cell types.
C．It cncentrated mre n human behavirs.
D．It emplyed data frm nrmal human cells.
4．What will prbably be talked abut in the fllwing paragraph? (下段预测题)
A．The ptential applicatins f GET in medicine.
B．The technical limitatins f the GET mdel.
C．The challenges the GET mdel will face.
D．The different pinins n the GET mdel.
14（25-26高三上·广东·阶段练习）
Saring abve a desert expanse in an aircraft, tw scientists lked dwn with trained eyes at trees and bushes. After an hur’s flight, ne f the scientists jtted in his bk, “Lk here fr prbable metal”. Meanwhile, abard anther plane cruising ver a muntainus terrain, scientists sent a message t ther cunterparts n the grund, “Gld pssible.” Walking acrss hilly grund, fur scientists dcumented their findings,” This grund shuld be searched fr metals. “Frm an airplane hvering ver a hilly wasteland, a scientist sent back by radi ne wrd,” Uranium.”
Nne f the scientists pssessed X-ray eyes: they had n supernatural pwers fr lking dwn belw the earth’s surface. They were merely emplying ne f the mst cutting- edge methdlgies fr lcating minerals in the grund-using trees and plants as indicative markers that certain minerals may lie beneath the grund n which the trees and plants take rt and flurish. This apprach t mineral explratin is predicated upn the principle that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind f bushes and trees that grw n the surface.
At Watsn Bar Creek, a brk six thusand feet high in the muntains f British Clumbia, Canada, a mineral search grup gathered bags f tree seeds. Bxes were filled with small branches frm the trees. Rts were dug and put int bxes. Each bag and bx was carefully marked. In a scientific labratry the parts f the frest trees were burned t ashes and tested. Each small part was examined t learn whether there were minerals in it.
Analysis f the rts, branches, and seeds disclsed an absence f silver. But small amunts f gld were detected in the rts, with lwer gld cncentratins present in the branches and seeds. The seeds grwing nearest t the tree trunk had mre gld than thse grwing n the ends f the branches.
Had the trees nt prvided indicatins f gld in the grund, the scientists wuld nt have allcated funds fr digging int the depths. They did excavate and uncvered additinal gld reserves belw the surface. Further digging revealed substantial quantities f the precius metal.
1．Why culd scientists tell pssible mineral existence frm plants?
A．Scientists are trained t see thrugh the earth’s surface and detect minerals.
B．Sme minerals deep in the earth can influence the type f surface vegetatin.
C．The rts can absrb and transprt minerals t branches and seeds in large quantities.
D．Plants grwing in mineral- rich areas have unique shapes easy t identify frm the air.
2．The study f the plants’ rts, branches, and seeds suggests that ________.
A．branches tend t hld mre gld than rts
B．rts cntain less gld than seeds near the trunk
C．gld cntent in branches far frm the trunk is higher than in seeds
D．seeds clser t the trunk likely have mre gld than thse at branch ends
3．Hw des the writer supprt trees and plants indicate minerals? (写作手法题)
A．By presenting a case study.
B．By listing different types f minerals.
C．By making a cmparisn.
D．By explaining the chemical mechanism.
4．What wuld be the best title fr the passage? (标题概括题)
A．Scientists Study Tree Cmpnents fr Gld.
B．Trees and Plants: Clues t Undergrund Minerals.
C．New Ways f searching fr Undergrund Minerals.
D．The Prcess f Gld Explratin in Trees and Plants.卷别
主题
话题
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1
2
1
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328+126
1
1
2
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320+156
1
3
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332+124
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2
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295+103
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2
2023全国乙卷
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319+149
2

2
2022新课标I卷
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344+130
3
1
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299+131
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3
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339+153
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1
1
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300+127
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1
1
1
2021新课标II卷
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307+133
4

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2
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1
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同义替换
与原文关键信息相同含义的不同表达
信息归纳
对分散或复杂的信息进行概括或比较
正话反说
把原文中的意思反过来表达意思明了
原文原词
利用原文原词作为正确选项比较简单
张冠李戴
是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容
无中生有
符合生活常识，但不是该文章的内容
曲解文意
极其相似但是细节处与原文有些出入
颠倒是非
在意思上与原文大相径庭或完全相反
正误参半
选项内容部分正确，部分和原文错误
类别
高频词汇
乐观支持类
ptimistic乐观的；psitive肯定的；favrable 支持的，赞同的；supprtive支持的；apprving赞成的；appreciative感激的
客观中立类
bjective客观的；neutral中立的；cautius谨慎的
消极反对类
negative否定的；ppsite相反的；unfair公正的；dubtful怀疑的；indifferent漠不关心的；critical批评的；irnic讽刺的；skeptical质疑的；disappinted失望的；disapprving不赞同的；pessimistic悲观的；dismissive轻蔑的，不屑一顾的
模棱两可类
ambiguus模棱两可的；unclear不清楚的
形式
含义
标志词
by giving examples
通过举例
fr example, fr instance
by analyzing causes
通过分析原因
as a result/cnsequence
by giving definitins
通过下定义
that is t say
by listing data/statistics
通过列数字
increase by 13%
by describing a prcess
通过描述过程
first, secnd, third, finally
by fllwing time rder
遵循时间顺序
in 1920，in the 1940s, nwadays
by making cmparisns/cntrast
通过对比
but, while
by making classificatins
通过分类
first, next, then
by analyzing cause and effect
通过分析因果
That is because….
by fllwing space rder
遵循空间顺序
由近及远，由外到内