专题04 阅读理解---议论文（知识清单）（含答案）2026年高考英语一轮复习知识清单（全国通用）

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01五年高考议论文考情统计
02五年高考议论文考情解读
1.选材范围
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
2.文体特征
议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。议论文通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题（引论）—分析问题（本论）—解决问题（结论）”。由此可见，要理解议论文有两个关键点，一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构——三段论式结构。
3.设题规律
从命题来看，阅读理解议论文考查学生对语篇的整体理解能力及细节信息的提取和推断能力，题型包括细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题、主旨大意题，其中推理判断题和主旨大意题占比最高。
03五年高考议论文高频题型
04阅读理解议论文选项特点
1.正确选项特征
2.干扰选项特征
05阅读理解议论文解题思路
1.抓住论点主旨
阅读议论文最重要的是抓住文章的论点，找到文章的论点也就把握了文章的主旨。一般来说，作者会在开头段落交代文章的论点，因此，细读文章首段尤为重要。
议论文多采用“倒三角形”结构，因此“首段”和“段首”就是做题最大的要领，据此可以做好写作意图题、主旨大意题和标题推断题。
2.理清文章结构
议论文一般采用“总分总”的结构，作者先给出论点，然后从不同方面（正面，反面）进行论证，最后给出总结或者自己的观点。文章中会出现较为明显的转折，递进，并列或者归纳总结等的逻辑关系词。考生在阅读时，要理清文章结构，找到论点的基础上进而理解作者给出的论据，突破细节理解题和推理判断题。
3.体会语言特点
能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。
4.注意干扰规律
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：prbably, pssibly, may, usually, might, mst f, mre r less, relatively, be likely t, nt necessary, althugh, yet, in additin, tend t等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, nly, cmpletely, nne, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
01 细节理解题
1.命题方式
细节理解题在阅读理解议论文占有一定比例，核心是落实“原文定位”和“同义替换”。
28. What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1? (2025全国一卷)
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence? (2021新课标I卷)
2.思维导图
3.解题步骤
概括信息题要求学生通过思维分析对原文中比较分散或复杂的信息进行归纳概括。为了增加细节信息试题的难度,命题人有时也会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题,一个细节理解题涉及一段内的多个信息点或者多段的具体内容,需要考生进行概括和归纳后才能回答。
跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷阅读C篇片段)
While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead.
…
28. What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A. Cars ften get stuck n the rad.
B. Traffic accidents ccur frequently.
C. Peple walk less and drive mre.
D. Pedestrians fail t fllw the rules.
跟踪训练2 (2024新课标I卷阅读C篇片段)
…
Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies – say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces.
…
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hld students’ attentin.
B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.
C. They help develp advanced skills.
D. They are mre infrmative than text.
02 推理判断题
1.命题形式
推理判断题考查考生推理和判断的能力，以及深层次的阅读理解能力。主要考查隐含推断题、观点态度题、写作意图题、文章出处题、文章类型题、读者对象题等。在进行推断时，要透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文、主观臆断。
30. What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? (2025全国一卷)
34. What is the authr's attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence? (2021新课标I卷)
2.思维导图
3.解题策略
①“立足原文，只推一步”：根据原文内容简单推理，一步即可推得。
②选项中一般不出现绝对概念，如nly、never、all、abslutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用能够留有一些余地的词汇，如ften、usually、smetimes、sme、may、might、can、culd、prbably等。
跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷D篇片段)
…
Life n city streets started t change decades ag. Whle neighburhds were destryed t make way fr new rad netwrks and kids had t play elsewhere. Sme cmmunities fught back. Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” Similar campaigns ccurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we nw have ver twenty millin cars fr just ver twenty-six millin peple, amng the highest rate f car wnership in the wrld.
…
30. What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?
A. They bsted the sales f cars.
B. They turned ut largely ineffective.
C. They wn gvernment supprt.
D. They advcated building new parks.
跟踪训练 (2021新课标I卷D篇片段)
…
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
…
34. What is the authr's attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
01文章大意题
何一篇文章都有自己的主旨，所以我们在阅读一篇文章时，首先要弄清楚的就是文章的主旨，明确主旨之后才能进一步理解文章的深层内容和主题意义。主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握文章整体内容和中心思想的能力。
1.命题形式
31. What des the text mainly talk abut? (2024新课标II卷)
31. What is the text mainly abut? (2022全国甲卷)
2.思维导图
3.解题策略
①利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意
说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。
②利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意
有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。
③利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意
有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ shrt, all in all, in cnclusin, in a wrd等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。
④利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意
有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
⑤利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题
有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
跟踪训练1 (2024新课标I卷C篇)
We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
28. What can be learned abut BMF frm paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety f fd.B. It requires day-t-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-t-table distance.D. It relies n farmer’s markets.
29. What infrmatin des the cnvenient app ffer?
A. Real-time weather changes.B. Current cnditin f the plants.
C. Chemical pllutants in the sil.D. Availability f pre-seeded pds.
30. What can be cncluded abut BMF emplyees?
A. They have a great passin fr sprts. B. They are devted t cmmunity service.
C. They are fnd f sharing daily experiences. D They have a strng envirnmental awareness.
31. What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. BMF’s majr strengths.B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s glbal influence.D. BMF’s technical standards.
跟踪训练2 (24-25高三下·云南·阶段练习)
I’m smebdy wh’s very realistic abut everything. I dn’t live in illusins and hpes, but tackle the things which cme at hand. Sme days are extrardinary fantastic when I simply cannt stay away frm my garden and park. Garden isn’t ding anything great yet, but many plants have cme up. Want yur veggies t last and prduce well? Start frm seeds, better yet, yur wn seeds. My favrites are tmates, bell peppers, zucchinis, cucumbers and all herbs. Basically, I prefer meals with very few ingredients, and these vegetables fit the bill.
Yesterday, Jetpack sent a ntificatin that AI assistant is available. Well, apparently, there’s a need t plish everything t the mst perfect perfectin, make it impersnal, but grammatically crrect. Fr me, the value f a blg is the persnal tuch, the individual experience, the simple lives and the things we take fr granted, but need n a daily basis. I believe the mst interesting blgs are the nes which disclse the persnal experiences, give us an insight in the persnality f that blgger and shw the very unique features he r she has.
Lts f peple have already a very cmplex relatinship with reality. Sme live in the virtual bubble and when they cme ut, the actual things make them inadequate fr the real life. Why shuld I be wrried abut virtual belngings and prperties when I still need a real bed t sleep in and a real rf ver my head? Our pain is als real, and we dn’t need virtual fd, air r water t survive.
I’ve always been amazed by the human intelligence. By the unbelievable ptential it has. I’ve been always amazed by the pwer f the human brain. I certainly hpe the human intelligence prevails (占上风). It has taken s lng t cme t this high level f cgnitive abilities. I enjy discussins with real peple. We all have shrtages; we all have flaws. That’s what it means t be human. Please, stp the AI. At least restrict its use instead f putting it everywhere, like right nw n yur blg and website.
1．Why is the garden mentined in paragraph 1?
A．Everything is very real in the garden.
B．The garden is wrthy f being visited.
C．The authr earns his living by gardening.
D．Authr’s favrite veggies are grwing in the garden.
2．Which is nt favred by the authr in blg?
A．T express ne’s unique and persnal qualities.
B．T disclse the individual experiences and lives.
C．T perfect everything withut grammatical errrs.
D．T give readers an insight in the persnality f that blgger.
3．What’s the authr’s attitude t AI?
A．Expectant.B．Resistant.C．Supprtive.D．Indifferent.
4．What’s the passage mainly abut?
A．Cmparing human and AI intelligence.
B．The authr’s view n blgging and AI influence.
C．The authr’s fndness fr real life, against AI veruse.
D．The significance f balancing between virtual and real life.
02 写作意图题
1.命题设计
每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出 来，而是隐含在文章 之中。因此，这类问题要求考生在理解文章总体内 容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。
35. What is the authr's purpse in writing the text? (2024新课标II卷)
63. What wuld the authr prbably discuss in the paragraph that fllws? (2011安徽卷)
2.思维导图
3.解题思路
①主旨推断法。
写作意图与文章主旨密切相关，因此，解答这类题跟解答主旨大意题和选择文章标题一样，用略读法，即重点关注文章首尾段和各段的首尾句，找到主题句，抓住文章主旨，然后由主旨来推断作者的写作目的。议论文、新闻报道、说明文等，其主题句多在文首。
②文体推断法。
①应用文广告的目的是吸引更多顾客、游客、读者、订户、观众等订阅或前往（t attract readers）。
②记叙文的目的是分享有趣的经历、告诉一个有趣的故事（t entertain readers）、或给读者某种启示。
③说明文的目的是使读者获得某种知识（t infrm readers），提出建议、劝告或呼吁有关部门给予重视。
④议论文的目的通常是说服读者接受或赞同某一观点（t persuade readers），倡导某种做法等。
跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷B篇片段)
Given the astnishing ptential f AI t transfrm ur lives, we all need t take actin t deal with ur AI-pwered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan fr Living with Artificial Intelligence cmes in. This absrbing new bk by Catrina Campbell is a practical radmap addressing the challenges psed by the frthcming AI revlutin (变革).
In the wrng hands, such a bk culd prve as cmplicated t prcess as the cmputer cde (代码)that pwers AI...
As we sn cme t learn frm AI by Design，...
AI will affect us all, and if yu nly read ne bk n the subject, this is it.
35．What is the authr's purpse in writing the text?
A．T recmmend a bk n AI.
B．T give a brief accunt f AI histry.
C．T clarify the definitin f AI.
D．T hnr an utstanding AI expert.
跟踪训练2 (2025·四川·二模)
In his new bigraphy f Rbert Crumb, Dan Nadel, a cmics (漫画) expert, writes that his subject agreed t participate in the prject under ne cnditin: “that I be hnest abut his faults, lk clsely at his urges, and examine the racially charged aspects f his wrk.” Crumb, hnest in his wrk as an undergrund cmics pineer, expected the same frm his bigrapher. And Nadel fulfilled.
That desn’t mean Crumb: A Cartnist’s life is a hatchet jb. Far frm it, Nadel expresses intense admiratin fr Crumb’s art and deep sympathy fr his trubled upbringing. Nadel tracks Crumb’s artistic prgress, frm wrking with his brther Charles n adlescent cmics influenced by childhd heres like Carl Barks and Jhn Stanley, t designing greeting cards fr American Greetings, and finally t sinking int a bundless release f subcnscius chas.
When it cmes time t explre Crumb’s prblematic representatins f black peple, Nadel neither excuses the artist nr issues simple criticism. Crumb’s wrk ften embraced the racist prejudices he absrbed frm his white, pstwar American upbringing, and his art was an unpleasant reflectin f thse influences. Accrding t Nadel, essentially it is bth prejudiced and blaming, pinting fingers at himself, the reader and the entire culture, and there are never happy endings in Crumb Land.
Nr happy beginnings. Crumb was brn in 1943 in Philadelphia, the yungest f five children in a family marked by mental illness and frequent mves. This instability shaped his early life and created a sense f discnnectin that wuld last thrughut his career.
Nadel als investigates Crumb’s later years, including his time in San Francisc, where he became a majr figure in the cunterculture, but always kept questining it. Crumb’s fame grew, but he cntinued t refuse t be categrized, seeing himself as separate frm the very culture that celebrated him.
Generusly illustrated with wrk thrughut Crumb’s career, Crumb is an artist bigraphy that cnnects the wrk t the life stry withut frcing r simplifying anything. It wrks as cultural histry; yu wn’t find a sharper analysis f the undergrund cmics mvement. Nadel hnrs the cmplexity f his subject, even, perhaps particularly, when it gets ugly.
35．What is the authr’s purpse in writing the text?
A．T analyze the undergrund cmics mvement.
B．T recmmend a bk n a cmics pineer.
C．T examine the influence f upbringing n art.
D．T hnr the friendship with a frmer clleague.
01 阅读理解议论文答题误区
1.混淆论点与论据，误将事实当观点
议论文中，作者会通过数据、研究结果、案例等论据支撑论点，但部分考生会将论据本身等同于作者的核心观点。
真题例证：2024年新课标I卷C篇对比纸质阅读与数字阅读，提到“研究表明纸质阅读在复杂任务中更有效”，这是论据；而作者的观点是“不同媒介适合不同学习场景，纸质文本在需要专注的学习中不可替代”。若误将“研究结果”当作作者观点，会错选与“数字阅读无效”相关的选项。
2.过度推断，脱离文本加戏
考生常基于自身经验或常识对原文进行过度解读，超出文本信息范围。
真题例证：2025 年全国一卷C篇批判城市设计过度围绕汽车，提到“澳大利亚汽车保有率高”。部分考生可能推断“作者反对发展汽车产业”，但原文仅强调“需平衡交通与行人需求”，并未否定汽车本身，过度推断会导致选错态度相关选项。
3.忽视上下文逻辑，孤立理解词句
词义猜测或句意理解题中，考生易仅通过单词表面含义判断，忽略上下文的因果、转折等逻辑关系。
真题例证：2023年全国乙卷D篇提到“历史叙述需结合文本与物品”，其中cnversatin一词需结合上下文“literate与 nn-literate社会的接触”“历史的另一半”，才能理解其指“历史（的完整叙述）”，若孤立理解为“对话”则会选错。
4.主旨理解片面，聚焦细节忽略整体
考生常因过度关注某段细节（如举例、数据），而忽略全文核心论点。
真题例证：2024 年全国甲卷D篇围绕“小说结局的合理性”展开，首段讨论《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》的结局，中段分析不同文体的结局特点，末段引出《Writer’s Digest》的作用。若仅关注首段细节，会误以为主旨是 “讨论某部小说的结局”，而实际主旨是 “如何理解和写作合理的结局”。
5.态度判断偏差，混淆 “客观陈述” 与 “主观态度”
作者可能客观引用不同观点，但考生易将 “引用的观点” 当作 “作者的态度”。
真题例证：2023 年全国乙卷C篇提到 “英国烹饪节目影响饮食文化”，既引用 “节目促进多样化烹饪”，也提到 “传统饮食减少”，但作者的态度是 “肯定节目对烹饪习惯的积极影响”。若误将 “传统饮食减少” 当作作者的否定态度，会错选负面倾向的选项。
02 阅读理解议论文误区应对
1.区分论点与论据，抓标志词定位核心观点
论点常出现在首尾段、转折句（如hwever，in fact）或总结句（如in cnclusin）中；论据多为“研究表明”“例如”“数据显示”等引导的内容，作用是支撑论点。
2025年全国一卷D篇关于微塑料治理，“煮沸过滤可减少80% 微塑料”是研究结果（论据），而作者观点是“该方法为减少微塑料接触提供了潜在路径”（通过still, the findings shw...明确）。
2.坚持“原文有据”，拒绝“无中生有”
选项必须在原文中找到直接依据，若选项内容是 “可能合理但原文未提及”，则为过度推断。
2024年新课标I卷D篇提到“生物多样性数据存在偏差”，选项“应禁止公民科学家参与数据收集” 属于过度推断，原文仅建议“引导公民科学家补充不足数据”。
3.依托上下文逻辑，破解词句含义
词义猜测题需关注“同义/反义关系”（如 but，hwever 提示反义）、“指代关系”（如this，it指代前文内容）或“举例解释”（如 such as 后的具体例子）。
2024 年全国甲卷C篇 a ntch，前文提到“狗擅长取回物品”，后文说“猫能带回随机物品给主人”，可推断该短语意为“做得更好”（通过对比逻辑判断）。
4.梳理逻辑结构，精准定位主旨
通读全文后，用 “首段+各段首句+末段” 梳理逻辑（如“提出问题—分析原因—给出建议”），主旨通常是作者的核心主张。
2023 年全国乙卷D篇，首段“历史不能仅靠文字”，中段举例“文字与物品结合的必要性”，末段 “需同时读文本与物品”，主旨可总结为“物品在历史叙述中不可或缺”。
5.通过情感词 判断作者态度
关注形容词（如 effective，prblematic）、副词（如 unfrtunately，surprisingly）及转折词（如 yet，nevertheless），区分客观陈述（无情感词）与主观态度（有明确情感倾向）。
2024 年新课标I卷B篇中，作者描述 Farber 的整体医疗方法时，用 amazed，wrked s well等词体现肯定态度，可直接对应appreciative类选项。
03 阅读理解议论文满分策略
1.阅读理解议论文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。
2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。
3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。
4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段概括引领作用。
5.长难句落实“括号法”—(从句)(非谓语)(介词短语)(名词短语)。
6.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。
阅读理解议论文综合能力提升
真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分做题技巧和应试思维
01 (2025全国一卷)
While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead.
Dutch authrs Thalia Verkade and Marc te Brömmelstret are bthered by facts like these. In their new bk Mvement: Hw t Take Back Our Streets and Transfrm Our Lives, they call fr a rethink f ur streets and the rle they play in ur lives.
Life n city streets started t change decades ag. Whle neighburhds were destryed t make way fr new rad netwrks and kids had t play elsewhere. Sme cmmunities fught back. Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” Similar campaigns ccurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we nw have ver twenty millin cars fr just ver twenty-six millin peple, amng the highest rate f car wnership in the wrld.
We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities? The authrs f Mvement have it right: it’s time t think differently abut that street utside yur frnt dr.
28. What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A. Cars ften get stuck n the rad.B. Traffic accidents ccur frequently.
C. Peple walk less and drive mre.D. Pedestrians fail t fllw the rules.
29. What were the Canadian jurnalist and ther campaigners trying t d?
A. Keep their cities livable.B. Prmte cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families.D. Make expressways accessible.
30. What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? (推理判断题)
A. They bsted the sales f cars.B. They turned ut largely ineffective.
C. They wn gvernment supprt.D. They advcated building new parks.
31. What can be a suitable title fr the text? (标题概括题)
A. Why the Rush?B. What’s Next?
C. Where t Stay?D. Wh t Blame?
02 (2024新课标I卷)
Is cmprehensin the same whether a persn reads a text nscreen r n paper? And are listening t and viewing cntent as effective as reading the written wrd when cvering the same material? The answers t bth questins are ften “n.” The reasns relate t a variety f factrs, including reduced cncentratin, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency t multitask while cnsuming digital cntent.
When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding. The benefits f print reading particularly shine thrugh when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – t nes that require mental abstractin – such as drawing inferences frm a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related t paper’s physical prperties. With paper, there is a literal laying n f hands, alng with the visual gegraphy f distinct pages. Peple ften link their memry f what they’ve read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说).” Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.
Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies – say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.
28. What des the underlined phrase “shine thrugh” in paragraph 2 mean? (猜测词义题)
A. Seem unlikely t last.B. Seem hard t explain.
C. Becme ready t use.D. Becme easy t ntice.
29. What des the shallwing hypthesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.B. Digital texts are simpler t understand.
C. Peple select digital texts randmly.D. Digital texts are suitable fr scial media.
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hld students’ attentin.B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.
C. They help develp advanced skills.D. They are mre infrmative than text.
31. What des the authr imply in the last paragraph? (推理判断题)
A. Students shuld apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers shuld prduce their wn teaching material.
C. Print texts cannt be entirely replaced in educatin.
D. Educatin utside the classrm cannt be ignred.
03 (2021全国甲卷)
Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance (毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
32. What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A. They're unfair. B. They're cnservative. C. They're bjective.D. They're strict.
33. What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science? (推理判断题)
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They lk up t great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D. They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
34. Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A. Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.B. Less discriminatin against wmen.
C. Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.D. Changes in peple's scial psitins.
35. What is the best title fr the text? (标题概括题)
A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many Frms
C. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck
模拟专区：精选名校真题好题，帮你锤炼做题技巧，助力冲刺备考圆梦高考
04（25-26高三上·广东深圳·开学考试）
Will artificial intelligence (AI) replace my jb? This is a questin that many peple think abut these days. At present, the applicatin f AI rbtics in prfessinal fields, as well as ChatGPT’s abilities t write essays, slve cmplex prblems and mre, have heightened mral cncerns.
Sme peple see AI as the ultimate cure fr sciety’s mst fundamental prblems, while thers fear that AI will vertake human intelligence. These tw views are based n the assumptin that AI is better and smarter than humanity and may ultimately replace human decisin-making. But given the fact that technlgy is the prduct f human civilizatin, the challenge frm AI is smething we have created fr urselves as we keep pushing ur wn bundaries. In ther wrds, AI’s prgress, functins and future directin are all determined by the human brain.
Befre AI becmes a threat t humanity, the internatinal cmmunity shuld reach an agreement n the rle it is t play. Mre imprtantly, related laws and regulatins must ensure that AI will benefit sciety and prevent it frm threatening human life. Rbts, fr example, are believed t develp emtinal intelligence smetime, which enables them t recgnize, understand and express emtins in a way that is similar t humans, but we must avid AI cpying human emtins. Withut legal restrictins, AI may becme a scial disaster.
The AI-driven new industrial revlutin is irreversible. This, like previus nes, which intrduced changes that had been unimaginable befre, will certainly affect human emplyment. But it always turned ut humanity was able t adapt t each industrial revlutin and create new frms f emplyment. Therefre, it’s unnecessary t wrry AI will replace ur jbs. While technlgy advances at a rapid pace, what we need t d is t welcme the AI era rather than blck its unflding fr fear f the unknwn.
1．What des the authr imply abut AI’s future? (推理判断题)
A．It will be t cmplex t cntrl.
B．It depends n human innvatin.
C．It will be regulated mre strictly.
D．It may utperfrm the human brain.
2．Hw can we prevent AI’s ptential threat?
A．By stirring emtins.B．By blcking functins.
C．By setting restrictins.D．By changing regulatins.
3．What des the underlined wrd “irreversible” in the last paragraph mean? (猜测词义题)
A．Undesirable.B．Unavidable.
C．Unpredictable.D．Unbelievable.
4．What des the writer suggest readers d with the cming f the AI era?
A．Deal with it psitively.B．Accept it passively.
C．Respnd t it randmly.D．Defend it uncnditinally.
05（2026高三·全国·专题练习）
D yu ever hear a friend speak n a tpic with the belief that “everyne” thinks the same way? D yu ften find yurself surrunded in a scial media feed that is cmpletely tailred t yu and yur beliefs, reading alng withut the immediate realizatin?
A scial media ech chamber (回音室) is when ne experiences a tailred media experience that leave ut ppsing viewpints and differing vices. Scial media sites like Facebk, Twitter, and YuTube cnnect grups f like-minded users tgether based n shared cntent preferences. As a result, peple see and take in infrmatin accrding t ur preexisting beliefs and pinins. Scial media cmpanies therefre rely n algrithms (算法) t assess ur interests and fld us with infrmatin that will keep ur attentin. The algrithms fcus n what we “like”, and “share” t keep feeding cntent that makes us cmfrtable.
In rder t truly get access t all infrmatin and t evaluate ur media, we must give urselves the pprtunity t step ut f ur cmfrt zne. While this becmes increasingly challenging, there are things we can d. The first step is t beef up yur media cnsumptin surces. Adding in a few media surces with differing pinins will allw yu t at least understand what peple are saying utside f yur ech chamber. Next, read each thing yu see with a critical eye. Make sure that each thing yu accept as truth is truly fact. Lastly, attempt t search ut reliable new surces that are knwn fr trying their best t leave ut false infrmatin. By accepting that ur media buffet n scial media is a prduct f ur present beliefs and pinins, we can wrk t make sure we are nt sim-ply stuck in a scial media ech chamber.
1．What is a result f the scial media ech chamber?
A．Peple cntact like-minded nline users effectively.
B．Peple keep reading fr mre differing viewpints.
C．Peple rely n algrithms t evaluate their interests.
D．Peple nly get infrmatin cnfirming their beliefs.
2．What des “beef up” underlined in Paragraph 3 mean? (猜测词义题)
A．Track.B．Imprve.C．Prvide.D．Identify.
3．Which f the fllwing can help us get ut f the ech chamber?
A．Criticizing fake news n scial media.
B．Expsing urselves t ppsing vices.
C．Researching primary surces f infrmatin.
D．Accepting ur present beliefs and pinins.
4．What is the purpse f the text? (推理判断题)
A．T call n peple t use algrithms frequently.
B．T ask peple nt t take in infrmatin blindly.
C．T prmte the use f varius scial media sites.
D．T infrm peple f new technlgy develpments.
06（2025·安徽合肥·模拟预测）
With all the wars, fighting and sadness in the wrld tday, it’s nt nly necessary, but als essential t have a gd sense f humr just t help us get thrugh each and every day f ur lives. Putting a smile n smene’s face when yu knw they are feeling dwn in the dumps (处于沮丧中), as the saying ges, makes me feel gd and warms my heart.
Hw wuld yu feel if yu culd nt jke arund with yur wife, husband, child, c-wrker, neighbr, clse friend, r even just smene that yu are standing in line with at yur crner stre? I am always saying things that make thers smile r laugh, even if I dn’t knw the persn I’m jking arund with. My grandma always fund humr in everything she did, even if it was the hardest jb anyne culd imagine. This nt nly relieves stress in any situatin, but als is cmmn curtesy (礼貌) t speak t thers that are arund yu.
I knw f a few peple that dn’t have a funny bne in their bdies, as they say. Everyne arund them culd be rlling n the flr after hearing a great jke and they wuld sit there withut the slightest smile n their face. They dn’t get the jke that makes thers laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, lking at me as if I were frm uter space. Hw can peple nt get a really funny jke?
Laughing is essential t keep yur stress levels under cntrl. Withut humr we wuld find urselves with a lt f psychlgical prblems, r n a lt f medicatins t keep us frm ging crazy. There is t much sadness in this present wrld. It drives peple crazy. We all need t find a way t bypass the sadness and bring a little light int ur lives. S, I believe ur best medicine is t get tgether and tell sme jkes and have sme fun laughing tgether.
1．In which aspect is humr useful accrding t the authr?
A．It makes peple mre cnfident.B．It can pick up peple’s spirits.
C．It can help rid the cruelty in the wrld.D．It can help peple get n well with thers.
2．What des the phrase “busting a gut” in the third paragraph mean? (猜测词义题)
A．Explaining carefully.B．Speaking lud.
C．Keeping silent.D．Laughing hard.
3．What’s the main purpse f the text?
A．T talk abut his wn understanding f humr.
B．T encurage peple t be humrus in daily life.
C．T intrduce a practical way t get thrugh daily life.
D．T cnvince peple f the pwer f being ptimistic abut life.
4．What is the authr’s attitude twards the present wrld? (态度推断题)
A．Neutral.B．Satisfied.C．Critical.D．Indifferent
07（2025·河北秦皇岛·模拟预测）
I wuld never describe myself as being a cynic (愤世嫉俗者), it’s a persn wh has negative pinins abut ther peple and things peple d. While I might be dubtful abut ur ability t unite and address significant challenges, that’s based n evidence. Wh wuldn’t be cncerned when cnsidering the current events we face? That’s what I might have argued befre I read Zaki’s new bk, Hpe fr Cynics. Afterwards, I felt a sense f pity: I might be part f the prblem.
Zaki, a prfessr f psychlgy and the directr f the Stanfrd Scial Neurscience Lab, presents a picture f cynicism’s hld n us. And its ptential impacts n ur future and persnal well-being. In 2018, nly 32% f the Americans surveyed said that “mst peple can be trusted”, cmpared with nearly 50% in 1972. During this prcess, cynicism has taken rt as a respnse t many challenges.
But, Zaki argues, it’s an wn gal: expecting the mst negative utcmes is self-harming. It weakens ur cnnectins with thers and discurages us frm tackling issues that matter. Say climate crisis. Expecting the mst negative utcmes als harms ur chances f finding happiness in the here and nw. The ppular belief that cynics are just smarter and mre realistic isn’t necessarily justifiable. Zaki pints ut that cynics perfrm wrse at cgnitive (认知) tests and are less effective at identifying untrustwrthy peple and lies than nn-cynics. “200,000 years ag, the peple wrrying abut the dangers n the hrizn prbably did better than their friend relaxed by the sunset, but nw being verly anxius can lead us t verestimate the chances f frightening but rare events,” he says.
As a self-described “recvering cynic”, Zaki has made small but pwerful changes in his wn life. First, he has becme mre cnscius f cynical thughts, nticing when he is cming t “unnecessarily cld cnclusins” and interrupting them with facts. Tellingly, Zaki has nticed that cming t the cnclusins is mst cmmn when he’s sleep-lacking r stressed; cynicism is a kind f burnut. Zaki als practices what he calls “psitive talk”: spreading wrd, within his circles, f acts f genersity r kindness. I think it is this “persnal cunter-prgramming” t cynicism.
1．Why did the authr initially refuse t be labeled as a cynic?
A．Her dubt made much sense.B．Her view was widely accepted.
C．She disliked such type f persn.D．She had great faith in her ability.
2．What may be the cause f cynicism? (推理判断题)
A．Burning desires fr well-being.B．Decreased faith in each ther.
C．Cnstant emergence f challenges.D．Negative attitudes t the future.
3．Why is it bad fr a persn t expect the wrst?
A．It fuels ignrance f dangers.B．It ges against the ppular belief.
C．It discurages realistic thughts.D．It des damage t ur scial bnds.
4．What des Zaki’s practice f vercming cynicism suggest?
A．Psitive talk prmtes kind acts.B．Actin speaks luder than wrds.
C．Minr yet impactful changes matter.D．High mental pressures relate t burnut.
08（24-25高三下·宁夏中卫·阶段练习）
Thinking back n the cllege recmmendatins I’ve written, a pattern ccurs: The mst successful students are never merely great students. They are devted t at least six ther pursuits. Hw can a kid write such detailed reading jurnals n Dante, excel in painting and find the time t edit the schl newspaper, vlunteer at her city cuncilman’s ffice, run a half-marathn, take phtgraphy classes and write prize-winning petry n the side?
“Our age respects the specialist,” writes Rbert Twigger, “but humans are natural plymaths (博学者) .” It’s nt just the yungsters wh can jin the plymath party.
The sumptin that learning stps when yu leave university is at dds with the evidence. It appears that a great deal depends n the nucleus basalis. This bit f the brain prduces significant amunts f acetylchline that regulates the rate at which new cnnectins are made between brain cells. This in turn determines hw readily we frm memries f varius kinds.
S what’s the trick t letting the acetylchline flw mre plentifully? Twigger again: Peple as ld as 90 wh actively acquire new interests retain their ability t learn. But if we stp taxing the nucleus basalis, it begins t dry up. In sme lder peple it has been shwn t cntain n acetylchline. But simply attempting new things seems t ffer benefits t peple. After nly shrt perids f trying, the ability t make new cnnectins develps.
Tw years ag, I had sme newfund headspace t write a piece fr The New Yrk Times. I had n idea if I’d be able t keep up the writing while being a dad and a teacher and a runner, but I thught I’d give it a try. And a few mnths later I started blgging fr The Ecnmist as well. Adding new activities t my plate seems t have given me a new surce f energy, and smetimes when I’m wrn ut, I’m als, strangely, uplifted.
It undervalues ur lives t willingly enter int mindless rutines. Make stuff. Pursue a new interest. Cnsider career changes, even if yu dn’t actually make ne. Stp this, start that. D smething new. Cme n, it’s gd fr yu.
1．What des the authr find abut the mst successful students?
A．They are gifted in arts.
B．They are all-rund athletes.
C．They have wide-ranging interests.
D．They make effrts t prmte the public gd.
2．What des the authr intend t illustrate by quting Twigger in paragraph 4? (推理判断题)
A．Hw t enhance the brain’s capacity fr learning.
B．Why humans are natural plymaths.
C．What is the key t a gd memry.
D．What t d t age slwly.
3．Hw des the authr describe writing in his spare time? (推理判断题)
A．It makes him struggle t balance many rles.
B．It recharges his passin and enthusiasm.
C．It enables him t fllw his daily rutines.
D．It makes him questin his career chices.
4．What des the authr suggest readers d?
A．Find their true interest and specialize in it.
B．Priritize academic achievement.
C．Break their cmfrt znes and enjy new challenges.
D．Seek ut grundbreaking and pineering wrk.
09（25-26高三上·湖北武汉·开学考试）
In 1910, the Ls Angeles Times ran a stry abut a by tasked with pening a valve (阀门) n a steam-pwered water pump t release built - up pressure. His entire jb was staring at the machines all day, an incredibly bring task. The “lazy” by, hwever, invented an autmatic release that let the pump run prperly, winning his freedm — and in ding s, creating the first autmatic steam engine.
Thugh the stry may be fictinal, the by’s behavir reflects a deeper truth: When we feel lazy, we ften lk fr easier ways, trying t imprve prcesses and save time and effrt. In ther wrds, laziness can drive innvatin.
In recent years, sme psychlgists and business leaders have cme t grasp this insight, shifting ur view f what laziness really means. Walter Chrysler is said t have nted: “I always chse a lazy persn t d a hard jb because a lazy persn will find an easy way t d it.”
Our brains are naturally inclined tward laziness. Unlike ur ancestrs, wh had t cnserve energy t cmpete fr fd, flee predatrs, and fight, we n lnger face survival as a daily cncern. It might seem natural t be “lazier,” but the ppsite has happened. Accrding t the U.S. Bureau f Labr Statistics, Americans nw sleep less and wrk mre than befre; wrker prductivity has risen 400 percent since 1950. Our culture teaches us that ur wrth depends n hw hard we wrk. S we push even harder t prduce mre.
Yet there’s a big, sad paradx: The harder we wrk, the less prductive we becme. When demands rise, we tend t push harder. But withut rest and recharge, we grw less efficient, make mre mistakes, and feel less engaged.
S hw can we make labr mre meaningful and life mre fulfilling? Current research in psychlgy and neurscience pints t valuing a wandering mind. Take breaks, let thughts drift — learn t be idle. This week, ntice dwntime in yur day, empty spaces n yur calendar. Instead f filling them with mre wrk, just sit n the sfa and be, as pet Mary Oliver put it, “idle and blessed.”
1．What is the authr’s attitude t the by pening the valve? (态度推断题)
A．Dismissive.B．Supprtive.C．Ambiguus.D．Dubtful.
2．What can be cncluded frm paragraph 4? (推理判断题)
A．Cntemprary sciety respects creativity.
B．Americans are living a wrse life than befre.
C．Our ancestrs cnsidered wrk unbearable.
D．Peple nwadays still need t struggle with pverty.
3．What des the underlined wrd “paradx” in paragraph 5 mean? (猜测词义题)
A．Wild imaginatin.B．Unclear explanatin.
C．Strange cntradictin.D．Rare phenmenn.
4．What is the authr’s purpse writing the text?
A．Cmpare the ld and new views n laziness.
B．Criticize irrespnsible attitude twards hard wrk.
C．Advise peple t abandn the value f hard wrk.
D．Inspire peple t stay refreshed fr better wrk and life.
10（24-25高三下·江苏盐城·阶段练习）
During a party, the hst suggested we each share a significant mment frm the year. As ne wman shared hw her pttery (制陶技艺) class had allwed her t explre her creative side, anther cheekily said, “Oh, yu culd ttally turn it int a side hustle (副业).” Befre she even finished the sentence, I exclaimed, “N! Dn’t mnetize yur hbby!”
I am speaking this frm my persnal experience! My writing f financial pinin pieces stems frm (源于) what was nce a hbby. I shared my experiences with persnal finance n a little blg, which eventually became pprtunities fr speaking engagements, freelance writing and even bk deals. Hwever, as this became my fulltime career, the wrk, despite being aligned with (与……一致) my areas f interest and skill, lst the fun factr that mtivated me in the beginning.
It als shifted hw my brain assessed my ther hbbies. Every area f interest turned int a ptential mneymaker — r I eschewed certain hbbies when they were time and energy cnsuming, and wuldn’t yield a prfit in the shrt run.
Oh, hw wrng I was.
The pandemic slwed dwn my wrk fr a perid, which frced me t face up t the fact that I therwise had little t fill my time utside f reading r watching televisin. As much as I find thse activities relaxing, I lnged fr mre creativity and stimulatin frm a hbby. S in the last tw years, I’ve taught myself t crchet (编织). Althugh it desn’t bring me any incme, it has yielded significant, nn-financial returns. There is a recnnectin with my creative self, a sense f accmplishment frm learning a new skill, and the benefit f challenging my mind and bdy t learn new ways f mving. Yes, crchet is a skill set I culd easily mnetize, but prfit margins wuld be nnexistent if yu did the maths n cst f supplies and the hurs f labr fr ne piece. Instead, I dnate my creatins r give them away fr birthdays and hlidays.
As smene wh has had multiple streams f incme her entire adult life, I understand that there’s a benefit t having mre than ne way t earn mney. But sme hbbies shuld simply be hbbies. We are allwed t create and learn fr persnal enrichment, even if it csts us sme mney — and earns nne.
1．What happened after the authr turned her hbby int a career?
A．She discvered mre f her ptential.
B．She gained little pleasure ut f the wrk.
C．She changed her areas f interest and skill.
D．She learned t assess hbbies in varius ways.
2．What des the underlined wrd “eschewed” in paragraph 3 prbably mean? (猜测词义题)
A．Pursued.B．Enjyed.C．Avided.D．Cnsidered.
3．What des the authr say abut her crchet hbby?
A．It is hardly prfitable.
B．It helps imprve her math skills.
C．It can make her birthday mre meaningful.
D．It fails t give her a sense f accmplishment.
4．What can be the best title f the text? (标题概括题)
A．It’s kay t mnetize a hbbyB．Never take up a hbby just fr fun
C．It’s never t late t start a new hbbyD．Dn’t turn yur hbby int a side hustle卷别
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