高中英语人教版(2019)必修第一册 初高中英语衔接知识点背诵清单
展开名词变复数①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可数名词直接加-s。不规则变化的名词复数1.通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：foot—feet goose—geese鹅tooth—teeth牙齿 mouse—mice老鼠man—men男人 woman—women女人2.有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：sheep—sheep绵羊 deer—deer鹿Chinese—Chinese中国人Japanese—Japanese日本人means—means方法 series—series系列species—species物种crossroads—crossroads 十字路口spacecraft—spacecraft航天器3.由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：gentleman—gentlemen绅士Englishman—Englishmen英国男子policeman—policemen男警察chairwoman—chairwomen女主席businessman—businessmen商人craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人注意：German，human的复数形式为Germans，humans。 冠词不定冠词 a 、an的基本用法：1. 泛指一个人或某物:He saw a dog.2. 泛指某一类人或物: A horse is a useful animal.3.表示数量“一”(但数的概念没有one强烈):I bought a book .4.表示首次提到的人或物：Long long ago, there was a king ....5.用在序数词、形容词比较级、最高级前：a second/third cup of tea （再一；又一）a better life; a most handsome young man 6.抽象不可数名词具体化： a big surprise a great success a knowledge of English a coffee catch a heavy rain 7.用在某些固定词组中： a lot of after a while as a matter of face定冠词the的基本用法1.特指人或物: Show me the photo of the boy.2.谈话双方都知道的人或事物: Open the window，please.3.指上文提到的人或事物: I have a car. The car is red.4. 指世界上独一无二的事物: the sun/the earth5. 序数词, 形容词最高级前: the first lesson, the easiest way6. 某些形容词前, 表示某一类人: the poor, the blind7. 姓氏复数前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”: the Greens 方位词前、西洋乐器名称前: on the left play the piano 9. 普通名词构成的专有名词前，江河湖海山脉群岛及国家和党派团体等名词前: the Great Wall, the Yangzi River, the Party10. 逢十的复数名词或年代、朝代前in the fifties, in the 1870’s11. 用在某些固定词组中：by the way, in the open air, in the end 代词的单复数单 数复 数代词的分类第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主 格Iyouhe she itweyouthey宾 格meyouhim her itusyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhis her itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimself herself itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves 时态1. 一般现在时（do/does）常与表示频度的副词如 always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day等连用。例子：Tom gets up early every morning. 2. 一般过去时（did）常与表示过去的时间状语yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then等连用例子：Yesterday we went to the park.3. 一般将来时（be going to do sth或者shall / will + do）常见时间标志词tomorrow，soon，next Monday/weekend，this afternoon/evening等。例子：He’s going to New York next week.4. 现在进行时（be doing）常见时间标志词now, at the moment等例子：What are you doing now? -- I am reading a book. 5. 过去进行时（was/were doing）常见时间标志：just then那时; at this/that time在这/那时; at this time yesterday在昨天这个时候例子：We were swimming at this time yesterday. 6. 现在完成时（have/has done）常用的时间状语有yet, already, ever, lately, recently，since+时间点，for+一段时间，these days, so far, up to now, ever since, since then, by the time, for a long time, over the past few years等例子：We have done our homework.7. 过去完成时（had done）表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。构成：“助动词 had + 过去分词”，其中 had 通用于各种人称。例子：They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到达旅馆之前，他们已经吃过了早饭。被动语态一般现在时结构： am/is/are + done一般过去式结构： was/were + done一般将来时结构： will + be + doneam/is/are + going to be + done现在完成时结构： have/has + been + done现在进行时结构： am/is/are + being + done过去进行时结构： was/were + being + done过去完成时结构： had + been + done情态动词结构： can/could/should/must/may/might等情态动词 + be + done形容词比较级和最高级变化规则形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则：1. 一般直接在词尾加er/est:如tall-taller-tallest. great strong quick long fresh few tall2. 以e结尾的单词去e加er/est:如wide-wider-widest. nice brave fine strange late wide3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，把y变为i,再加er/est:如busy-busier-busiest.lazy ugly happy lucky healthy busy4. 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的单词，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er/est:如big-bigger-biggest.fat red thin hot wet5. 部分双音节词，多音节词在词前面加more或most（比较级more+ adj；最高most+ adj)：如serious-more serious-most serious.interesting delicious carefully popular careful useful dangerous beautiful important terrible active serious6、不规则变化：good/ well-better-best.bad /ill-worse-worst.many/much-more-most. little/few-less-least.far-farther/further-farthest/furthest.形容词变副词规则一般情况+lyeg. quick-quikly少数以元音字母+e结尾去e+lyeg. true-truly大部分+e结尾的词直接+lyeg. nice-nicely辅音字母+y结尾y变i+lyeg. easy-easilyle结尾去e+lyeg. simple-simplyll结尾只+lyeg. full-fullyic结尾的词（public-publicly）除外+allyeg. basic-basically
