高中英语上教版必修二 Unit4.单元知识点讲解

Unit 4 Sports


【词汇和短语】
1. barely /ˈbɛəlɪ/ adv. 仅仅; 几乎不
2. hustle /ˈhʌsəl/ vt. 猛拉; 猛推
3. shoot /ʃuːt/ v. 射击; 猛冲; 拍摄 n. 新芽
4. severe /sɪˈvɪə/ adj. 严重的
5. critic /ˈkrɪtɪk/ n. 评论家; 批评者
6. challenging /ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/ . adj. 有挑战性的
7. ultimate /ˈʌltɪmɪt/ adj. 最终的
8. tough /tʌf/ adj. 坚强的;艰苦的;粗暴的
9. competitor /kəmˈpɛtɪtə/ n. 竞争对手; 参赛者
10. hoop /huːp/ n. 环;. (篮球) 篮圈
11. bend  /bɛnd/  v. 弯曲, 弯下; 低下 (头)
12. net /nɛt/ n. 网 vt. 净赚
13. goal /ɡəʊl/ n. 球门; 进球; 目标
14. relief /rɪˈliːf/ n. 宽慰; 安心 ; (痛苦、悲痛的) 解除; 救济金; 救济物资
15. relieve /rɪˈliːv/ vt. 缓解; 减轻; 解除
16. scream /skriːm/ v. (人因痛苦或恐惧而) 尖叫
17. crack /kræk/ v. . 使…破裂; 破裂; 破解 (难题、密码)
18. roll /rəʊl/ v. 滚动; (车辆) 缓行; (机器) 运转 n. 卷; 绕 (成柱形或团); 面包卷
19. breath /brɛθ/ n. 呼气
20. calm /kɑːm/ adj. 冷静的; 平静的 v. 使冷静; 使镇静
21. roar /rɔː/ v. (常指车辆) 轰鸣疾驰 ; 咆哮; 吼道
22. spot /spɒt/ . n. 斑点; 地点 v. 发现
23. incredible /ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl/ adj. 极好的 [表赞许] ; 难以置信的
24. bounce /baʊns/ v. 使…弹起; 弹起
25. crowd /kraʊd/ n. 人群 v. 聚集, 挤满; 挤进

【核心词组】
1. hang out 晾出; 闲逛
2. leave…off… 漏掉,不列入
3. work on 影响，对…起作用；继续工作；从事于…；
4. kick off (足球或橄榄球比赛的) 开球; 开始 (事件、比赛等); 踢掉 (鞋子)
5. break through 冲破 (障碍); . (克服困难和障碍而) 获得成功
6. turn over 翻转; . 翻身; 仔细考虑; 移交
7. step up 走上前去
8. calm down 使冷静下来; 冷静下来



【词汇重点】
A
1. barely /ˈbɛəlɪ/
1）. adv. You use barely to say that something is only just true or only just the case. 仅仅; 几乎不
例：Anastasia could barely remember the ride to the hospital.
阿纳斯塔西娅只勉强记得被送到了医院。
例：It was 90 degrees and the air conditioning barely cooled the room.
气温是90度，空调几乎没有使房间凉快下来。

2) . adv. If you say that one thing had barely happened when something else happened, you mean that the first event was followed immediately by the second. 刚刚
例：The water had barely come to a simmer when she cracked four eggs into it.
水刚开她就打了4个鸡蛋进去。

2. hustle /ˈhʌsəl/
1). vt. If you hustle someone, you try to make them go somewhere or do something quickly, for example by pulling or pushing them along. 猛拉; 猛推
例：The guards hustled Harry out of the car.
卫兵们把哈里从车子里拉了出来。

2). v. If you hustle, you go somewhere or do something as quickly as you can. 快速行进; 赶快做
例：You'll have to hustle if you're to get home for supper.
你想回家吃晚饭的话，得赶紧走了。

3). v. If someone hustles, they try hard to earn money or to gain an advantage from a situation. 奋力争取
例：I like it here. It forces you to hustle and you can earn money.
我喜欢在这里生活。这个想法迫使你拼命干活，这样可以挣到钱。
例：Hustling for social contacts isn't something that just happens. You have to make it happen.
社会关系不是说建立就建立起来的，你得想尽一切办法去争取。

4). vt. If someone hustles you, or if they hustle something, they try hard to get something, often by using dishonest or illegal means. 诈取 (通常用不正当或非法的手段) [美国英语]

例：Two teenage boys asked us for money, saying they were forming a baseball team. Anna said they were hustling us.
两个小男孩向我们要钱，说他们要成立棒球队。安娜说他们在骗钱。
例：He hustled several daytime jobs and finished his education at night.
他骗得了几份白班工作，利用晚上完成了学业。


3. shoot /ʃuːt/
1). vt. If someone shoots a person or an animal, they kill them or injure them by firing a bullet or arrow at them. 射死; 射伤
例：The police had orders to shoot anyone who attacked them.
警察得到命令可以向任何袭击他们的人开枪。
例：The man was shot dead by the police during a raid on his house.
这个人在一次对他家的突击搜查时被警察击毙了。
2). vi. To shoot means to fire a bullet from a weapon such as a gun. 射击
例：He taunted armed officers by pointing to his head, as if inviting them to shoot.
他指着自己的头来奚落武装警察，仿佛是在招惹他们开枪一样。
例：The police came around the corner and they started shooting at us.
警察来到拐角，他们开始朝我们开枪。

3).v. If someone or something shoots in a particular direction, they move in that direction quickly and suddenly. 猛冲
例：They had almost reached the boat when a figure shot past them.
他们几乎快要到达船上时，一个人影冲过他们身旁。
4). v. When people shoot a movie or shoot photographs, they make a movie or take photographs using a camera. 拍摄
例：He'd love to shoot his film in Cuba.
他很乐意在古巴拍摄他的电影。
5). n. Shoot is also a noun. 拍摄
例：...a barn presently being used for a video shoot.
…一个目前被用于电视拍摄的谷仓。
6). n. Shoots are plants that are beginning to grow, or new parts growing from a plant or tree. 新芽
例：Prune established plants annually as new shoots appear.
每年嫩芽长出来时，要给长成的植物剪枝。

4. severe /sɪˈvɪə/
1). adj. You use severe to indicate that something bad or undesirable is great or intense. 严重的
例：...a business with severe cash flow problems.
…一个有严重现金流转问题的企业。
例：Shortages of professional staff are very severe in some places.
专业人员的短缺在一些地方十分严重。

2). adj. Severe punishments or criticisms are very strong or harsh. (惩罚、批评) 严厉的
例：This was a dreadful crime and a severe sentence is necessary.
这是一种骇人听闻的罪行，重判是必要的。

【同义词】
severely adv. 严重地
例：The UN wants to send food aid to 10 countries in Africa severely affected by the drought.
联合国想给予10个受旱灾严重影响的非洲国家食品援助。
An aircraft overshot the runway and was severely damaged.
一架飞机冲出了跑道后严重受损。

5. critic /ˈkrɪtɪk/
1). n. A critic is a person who writes about and expresses opinions about things such as books, movies, music, or art. 评论家
例：Mather was a film critic for many years.
马瑟做过多年的电影评论家。
2). n. Someone who is a critic of a person or system disapproves of them and criticizes them publicly. 批评者
例：The newspaper has been one of the most consistent critics ever of the government.
该报纸是政府最坚持的批评者之一。

6. challenging /ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/
1）. adj. A challenging task or job requires great effort and determination. 有挑战性的
例：Mike found a challenging job as a computer programmer.
迈克找到了一份富有挑战性的工作——当电脑程序师。

2). adj. If you do something in a challenging way, you seem to be inviting people to argue with you or compete against you in some way. 挑衅的
例：Mona gave him a challenging look.
莫娜挑衅地看了他一眼。

7. ultimate /ˈʌltɪmɪt/
1). adj. You use ultimate to describe the final result or aim of a long series of events. 最终的
例：He said it is still not possible to predict the ultimate outcome.
他说现在还不可能预测最终的结果。
2). adj. You use ultimate to describe the original source or cause of something. 最终的; 根本的
例：Plants are the ultimate source of all foodstuffs.
植物是所有食物的最终来源。
3). adj. You use ultimate to describe the most important or powerful thing of a particular kind. 终极的
例：My experience as player, coach and manager has prepared me for this ultimate challenge.
我做球员、教练和经理人的经历已经使我为这终极挑战作好了准备。
Treachery was the ultimate sin.
背叛曾是弥天大罪。
例：Experience the ultimate adventure!
去体验最有刺激的冒险吧！

8. tough /tʌf/
1). adj. A tough person is strong and determined, and can tolerate difficulty or suffering. 坚强的
例：He built up a reputation as a tough businessman.
他树立起了一个坚强生意人的名声。
2). adj If you describe someone as tough, you mean that they are rough and violent. 粗暴的
例：
He had shot three people dead earning himself a reputation as a tough guy.
他已开枪打死了3个人，为自己赢得了一个硬汉的名声。
3). adj. A tough way of life or period of time is difficult or full of suffering. 艰苦的
例：She had a pretty tough childhood.
她度过了一个非常艰苦的童年。

9. competitor /kəmˈpɛtɪtə/
1). n. A company's competitors are companies who are trying to sell similar goods or services to the same people. 竞争对手
例：The bank isn't performing as well as some of its competitors.
这家银行没有它的一些竞争对手表现好。
2). n. A competitor is a person who takes part in a competition or contest. 参赛者
例：One of the oldest competitors won the individual silver medal.
其中一个年纪最大的参赛者赢得了个人银牌。

10. hoop /huːp/
1). n. A hoop is a ring made of wood, metal, or plastic. (木头、金属或塑料制成的) 环
例：A boy came towards them, rolling an iron hoop.
一个男孩滚着一个铁环朝他们走来。
2). n. A basketball hoop is the ring that players try to throw the ball into in order to score points for their team. (篮球) 篮圈

B
1. bend  /bɛnd/ 
1). v.  When you bend, you move the top part of your body downward and forward. Plants and trees also bend. 弯下
例：I bent over and kissed her cheek.
我俯身亲吻了她的面颊。
例：She bent and picked up a plastic bucket.
她弯腰拎起一个塑料桶。
2). v.  When you bend your head, you move your head forward and downward. 低下 (头)
例：Rick appeared, bending his head a little to clear the top of the door.
里克来了，他稍稍低头避开门框。
3). v. When you bend a part of your body such as your arm or leg, or when it bends, you change its position so that it is no longer straight. 弯曲 (身体某个部位); 弯曲
例：These cruel devices are designed to stop prisoners from bending their legs.
这些残酷的刑具是设计来限制犯人弯腿的。
4). vt.  If you bend rules or laws, you interpret them in a way that allows you to do something they would not normally allow you to do. 篡改; 歪曲 (规则等)
例：A minority of officers were prepared to bend the rules.
少数官员准备篡改规则。

2. net /nɛt/
1). n. Net is a kind of cloth that you can see through. It is made of fine threads woven together so that there are small equal spaces between them. 网

2). n. A net is a piece of netting which is used as a protective covering for something, for example to protect vegetables from birds. (保护性的) 网罩
例：I threw aside my mosquito net, jumped out of bed and drew up the blind.
我撩开蚊帐，跳下床，拉开百叶窗。

3). n. A net is a piece of netting which is used for catching fish, insects, or animals. (用于捕猎的) 罗网
例：Several fishermen sat on wooden barrels, tending their nets.
几个渔民坐在木桶上修补他们的鱼网。
4). vt. If you net a fish or other animal, you catch it in a net. 捕捞
例：I'm quite happy to net a fish and then let it go.
我特别喜欢捞到一条鱼后再把它放了。
5). vt. If you net something, you manage to get it, especially by using skill. (尤指运用技巧) 获取
例：Two fourth-quarter drives netted a grand total of 21 yards.
第4节的两次击球总计获得了21码。
6). vt. If you net a particular amount of money, you gain it as profit after all expenses have been paid. 净赚
例：He netted profit of $1.85 billion from three large sales of stock.
他通过3大笔股票销售，净赚了18.5亿美元。

3. goal /ɡəʊl/
1）. n. In games such as football or hockey, the goal is the space into which the players try to get the ball in order to score a point for their team. 球门
例：The Dragons had only one shot on goal.
龙队只有一次射门。
2).n. In games such as football or hockey, a goal is when a player gets the ball into the goal, or the point that is scored by doing this. 进球
例：They scored five goals in the first half of the match.
他们在上半场进了5个球。
3). n. Something that is your goal is something that you hope to achieve, especially when much time and effort will be needed. 目标
例：It's a matter of setting your own goals and following them.
这是一个设定自己的目标并努力实现它们的问题。

4. relief /rɪˈliːf/
1). n. If you feel a sense of relief, you feel happy because something unpleasant has not happened or is no longer happening. 宽慰; 安心

例：I breathed a sigh of relief.
我安心地松了一口气。

2). n. If something provides relief from pain or distress, it stops the pain or distress. (痛苦、悲痛的) 解除
例：...a self-help programme which can give lasting relief from the torment of hay fever.
…一个可以永久解除花粉热折磨的自助疗方。
3). Relief is money, food, or clothing that is provided for people who are very poor, or who have been affected by war or a natural disaster. 救济金; 救济物资
例：Relief agencies are stepping up efforts to provide food, shelter, and agricultural equipment.
救济机构正在加紧努力提供食物、住处和农业设备。

5. scream /skriːm/
1). v. When someone screams, they make a very loud, high-pitched cry, for example, because they are in pain or are very frightened. (人因痛苦或恐惧而) 尖叫
例：Women were screaming; some of the houses nearest the bridge were on fire.
女人们在尖叫；最靠近桥的一些房屋在燃烧。
2). n. Scream is also a noun. 尖叫
例：Hilda let out a scream.
希尔达发出了一声尖叫。

3.) v. If you scream something, you shout it in a loud, high-pitched voice. 尖声说
例："Brigid!" she screamed. "Get up!"

6. relieve /rɪˈliːv/
1). vt. If something relieves an unpleasant feeling or situation, it makes it less unpleasant or causes it to disappear completely. 缓解; 减轻; 解除
例：Drugs can relieve much of the pain.
药物可以大大缓解疼痛。
2). vt. If someone or something relieves you of an unpleasant feeling or difficult task, they take it from you. 使解脱; 使摆脱
例：A part-time bookkeeper will relieve you of the burden of chasing unpaid invoices.
一名兼职簿记员将使你摆脱追讨欠款的负担。

3). v. If you relieve someone, you take their place and continue to do the job or duty that they have been doing. 接 (某人) 的班; 接替
例：At seven o'clock the night nurse came in to relieve her.
7点钟时值夜班的护士进来接了她的班。
4). v. If someone is relieved of their duties or is relieved of their post, they are told that they are no longer required to continue in their job. 使解除 (职务); 使免除 (职位) [正式] [usu passive]
例：
The officer involved was relieved of his duties because he had violated strict guidelines.
该名军官因违反了严格的准则而被解除了职务。

7. crack /kræk/
1). v. If something hard cracks, or if you crack it, it becomes slightly damaged, with lines appearing on its surface. 使…破裂; 破裂
例：A gas main had cracked under my neighbour's garage and gas had seeped into our homes.
邻居家车库下的煤气主管道破裂了，煤气渗漏进我们家。
2). v If something cracks, or if you crack it, it makes a sharp sound like the sound of a piece of wood breaking. 使…噼啪作响; 发出辟裂声
例：Thunder cracked in the sky.
空中雷声炸响。
3). vt. If you crack a hard part of your body, such as your knee or your head, you hurt it by accidentally hitting it hard against something. 撞击
例：He cracked his head on the pavement and was knocked cold.
他的头撞着了路面，撞昏了。
4). vt. When you crack something that has a shell, such as an egg or a nut, you break the shell in order to reach the inside part. 叩开
例：Crack the eggs into a bowl.
把鸡蛋打到碗中。
5). vt. If you crack a problem or a code, you solve it, especially after a lot of thought. 破解 (难题、密码)
例：He has finally cracked the system after years of painstaking research.
经过数年的艰苦研究，他最终破译了该系统。
6). vi If someone cracks, they lose control of their emotions or actions because they are under a lot of pressure. (精神) 垮掉
例：She's calm and strong, and she is just not going to crack.
她冷静而坚强，决不会垮掉的。

7). v. If your voice cracks when you are speaking or singing, it changes in pitch because you are feeling a strong emotion. (嗓音) 突然变化
例：Her voice cracked and she began to cry.
她失声哭了起来。
8). v. If you crack a joke, you tell it. 说 (笑话)
例：He drove a Volkswagen, cracked jokes, and talked about beer and girls.
那时他开着一辆大众牌汽车，讲着笑话，谈论着啤酒和女孩。

8. roll /rəʊl/
1). v. When something rolls or when you roll it, it moves along a surface, turning over many times. 滚动
例：The ball rolled into the net.
球滚进了网。
2). v. If you roll somewhere, you move on a surface while lying down, turning your body over and over, so that you are sometimes on your back, sometimes on your side, and sometimes on your front. 打滚
例：When I was a little kid I rolled down a hill and broke my leg.
我小的时候曾滚下山摔断了腿。
3). vi. When vehicles roll along, they move along slowly. (车辆) 缓行
例：The truck quietly rolled forward and demolished all the old wooden fencing.
卡车静静地缓慢前行，毁了所有旧木栅栏。
4). vi. If a machine rolls, it is operating. (机器) 运转
例：He slipped and fell on the step as the cameras rolled.
在相机拍摄时，他滑倒在了台阶上。
5). vi. If drops of liquid roll down a surface, they move quickly down it. (液体) 滚落
例：She looked at Ginny and tears rolled down her cheeks.
她看着金尼，泪珠顺着脸颊淌下。
6). vt. If you roll something flexible into a cylinder or a ball, you form it into a cylinder or a ball by wrapping it several times around itself or by shaping it between your hands. 卷; 绕 (成柱形或团)
例：He took off his sweater, rolled it into a pillow, and lay down on the grass.
他脱下毛衣，卷成一个枕头，然后在草地上躺了下来。
7）. n. A roll is a small piece of bread that is round or long and is made to be eaten by one person. Rolls can be eaten plain, with butter, or with a filling. 面包卷
例：He sipped at his coffee and spread butter and marmalade on a roll.
他抿了一口咖啡，将黄油和果酱涂在了面包卷上。

9. breath /brɛθ/
1). n. Your breath is the air that you let out through your mouth when you breathe. If someone has bad breath, their breath smells unpleasant. 呼气
例：I could smell the whisky on his breath.
我能从他的呼气中闻到威士忌酒味。
2). n. When you take a breath, you breathe in once. 呼吸
例：He took a deep breath, and began to climb the stairs.
他深深地吸了一口气,然后开始爬楼梯。
例：Gasping for breath, she leaned against the door.
她靠在门上,大口喘着气,
3). If you go outside for a breath of fresh air or for a breath of air, you go outside because it is unpleasantly warm indoors. (到户外) 透口气
例：I had to step outside for a breath of fresh air.
我得到外面去透口气。
4). If you describe something new or different as a breath of fresh air, you mean that it makes a situation or subject more interesting or exciting. 带来新气象
例：Her brisk treatment of an almost taboo subject was a breath of fresh air.
她对一个几乎是禁忌话题的干脆处理令人耳目一新。
5). When you get your breath back after doing something energetic, you start breathing normally again.
例：I reached out a hand to steady myself against the house while I got my breath back.
我伸出一只手撑在房子上使自己站稳,缓口气。
6). If you are out of breath, you are breathing very quickly and with difficulty because you have been doing something energetic. 喘不过气
例：She was slightly out of breath from running.
她跑过后有点上气不接下气。
7). You can use in the same breath or in the next breath to indicate that someone says two very different or contradictory things, especially when you are criticizing them. 自相矛盾
例：He hailed this week's arms agreement but in the same breath expressed suspicion about the motivations of the United States.
他赞扬了这周的武器协定,可自相矛盾的是又表示了对美国的动机的怀疑。
8). If you are short of breath, you find it difficult to breathe properly, for example, because you are ill. You can also say that someone suffers from shortness of breath. 气短
例：She felt short of breath and flushed.
她感到气短,脸也红了。
9). If you say something under your breath, you say it in a very quiet voice, often because you do not want other people to hear what you are saying. 低声地
例：Walsh muttered something under his breath.
沃尔什低声嘀咕了什么。

10. calm /kɑːm/
1). adj. A calm person does not show or feel any worry, anger, or excitement. 冷静的; 平静的
例：She is usually a calm and diplomatic woman.
她通常是个冷静而圆滑的女人。
例：Try to keep calm and just tell me what happened.
试着保持冷静，告诉我发生了什么。
2). n. Calm is also a noun. 冷静; 平静
例：He felt a sudden sense of calm, of contentment.
他突然感受到了内心的平静和满足。
3). adj. If someone says that a place is calm, they mean that it is free from fighting or public disorder, when trouble has recently occurred there or had been expected. 平静的
例：The city of Sarajevo appears relatively calm today.
萨拉热窝市今天显得相对平静了些。
4）. adj. If the sea or a lake is calm, the water is not moving very much and there are no big waves. 平静无波的
例：...the safe, calm waters protected by an offshore reef.
…由近海礁脉保护的安全、平静无波的海域。
5). adj. Calm weather is pleasant weather with little or no wind. 风和日丽的
例：Tuesday was a fine, clear and calm day.
星期二是晴空万里、风和日丽的一天。
6）. v. If you calm someone, you do something to make them feel less angry, worried, or excited. 使冷静; 使镇静
例：The ruling party's veterans know how to calm their critics.
执政党中的资深官员们深谙安抚批评者之道。
例：She was breathing quickly and tried to calm herself.
她呼吸急促，试图使自己镇定下来。

11. roar /rɔː/
1）v. If something, usually a vehicle, roars somewhere, it goes there very fast, making a loud noise. (常指车辆) 呼啸疾驰
例：A police car roared past.
一辆警车呼啸而过。
2）. v. If something roars, it makes a very loud noise. 咆哮; 轰鸣
例：The engine roared, and the vehicle left forward.
引擎轰鸣，车子猛地向前驶去。
3). n. Roar is also a noun. 咆哮声; 轰鸣声
例：...the roar of traffic.
…车辆的轰鸣声。
4). v. If someone roars with laughter, they laugh in a very noisy way. 哄然 (大笑)
例：Max threw back his head and roared with laughter.
马克斯把头向后一甩，哄然大笑。
5). v. If someone roars, they shout something in a very loud voice. (人) 吼道; 吼 [书面]
例："I'll kill you for that," he roared.
“我要为此杀了你，” 他吼道。
例：During the playing of the national anthem the crowd roared and whistled.
奏国歌时，人群又吼又吹口哨。
6). n. Roar is also a noun. 吼叫声
例：There was a roar of approval.
响起了一片表示赞成的喊叫声。

12. spot /spɒt/
1).n. Spots are small, round, coloured areas on a surface. 斑点
例：The leaves have yellow areas on the top and underneath are powdery orange spots.
叶子上端有黄色斑块，下方有粉状橙色斑点。
2). n. Spots on a person's skin are small lumps or marks. (皮肤上的) 小疙瘩; 斑
例：My brother's face was covered with spots.
我弟弟曾满脸疙瘩。
3). n. You can refer to a particular place as a spot. 地点
例：They stayed at several of the island's top tourist spots.
他们在岛上几个最好的旅游景点呆过。
4）. v. If you spot something or someone, you notice them. 发现
例：Vicenzo failed to spot the error.
维森佐没能发现这个错误。
5）. n. A spot of a liquid is a small amount of it. 滴; 点 [英国英语]
例：Spots of rain had begun to fall.
雨点已经开始落下来了。
6). If you do something on the spot, you do it immediately. 当即; 当场
例：James was called to see the producer and got the job on the spot.
詹姆斯被叫去见那个制片人，当即得到了那份工作。

13. incredible /ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl/
1). adj. If you describe something or someone as incredible, you like them very much or are impressed by them, because they are extremely or unusually good. 极好的 [表赞许]
例：The wildflowers will be incredible after this rain.
这场雨过后，野花将开得非常好。
2). adj. If you say that something is incredible, you mean that it is very unusual or surprising, and you cannot believe it is really true, although it may be. 难以置信的
例：It seemed incredible that people would still want to play football during a war.
在战争期间人们仍然想踢足球，这似乎不可思议。
3). adj. You use incredible to emphasize the degree, amount, or intensity of something. 非常的
例：
I work an incredible amount of hours.

【同根词】
incredibly 极好地
例：Their father was incredibly good-looking.
他们的父亲十分英俊。

incredibly 难以置信地
例：Incredibly, some people don't like the name.
令人难以置信的是，有些人不喜欢这个名字。

14. bounce /baʊns/
1）. v. When an object such as a ball bounces or when you bounce it, it moves upward from a surface or away from it immediately after hitting it. 使…弹起; 弹起
例：My father would burst into the kitchen bouncing a tennis ball.
我父亲会拍打着网球闯进厨房。
例：...a falling pebble, bouncing down the eroded cliff.
…弹跳着滚下被蚀悬崖的一块卵石。
2）. n. Bounce is also a noun. 弹
例：The wheelchair tennis player is allowed two bounces of the ball.
残疾网球运动员可以有两次弹球的机会。
3). v. If sound or light bounces off a surface or is bounced off it, it reaches the surface and is reflected back. 使…反射; 反射
例：Your arms and legs need protection from light bouncing off glass.
你的双臂和双腿需要保护，免受玻璃反射光的照射。
4). v. If something bounces or if something bounces it, it swings or moves up and down. 使…跳动; 跳动
例：Her long black hair bounced as she walked.
她长长的黑发在她走路时摆动着。
例：The car was bouncing up and down as if someone were jumping on it.
车上下颠簸，仿佛有人正在上面跳动。
5).v. If you bounce on a soft surface, you jump up and down on it repeatedly. 蹦跳
例：She lets us do anything, even bounce on our beds.
她允许我们做任何事，甚至是在床上蹦跳。
6). v. If someone bounces somewhere, they move there in an energetic way, because they are feeling happy. (因为开心) 蹦跳着走
例：Moira bounced into the office.
莫伊拉蹦蹦跳跳地走进办公室。

15. crowd /kraʊd/
1). n. A crowd is a large group of people who have gathered together, for example, to watch or listen to something interesting, or to protest about something. 人群
例：A huge crowd gathered in a square outside the Kremlin walls.
一大群人聚集在了克里姆林宫墙外的广场上。
例：It took some two hours before the crowd was fully dispersed.
用了大约两个小时才把人群完全驱散。
2). n. A particular crowd is a group of friends, or a set of people who share the same interests or job. 一帮 (朋友); 一群 (志趣相投的人) [非正式]
例：All the old crowd have come out for this occasion.
所有老朋友都前来参加了这次活动。
3). v. When people crowd around someone or something, they gather closely together around them. 聚集
例：The hungry refugees crowded around the tractors.
饥饿的难民们围在拖拉机旁。
4). v. If people crowd into a place or are crowded into a place, large numbers of them enter it so that it becomes very full. 挤满; 挤进
例：Hundreds of thousands of people have crowded into the centre of the Lithuanian capital, Vilnius.
几十万人涌进了立陶宛首都维尔纽斯的中心。
例：One group of journalists were crowded into a minibus.
一群记者挤满了一辆面包车。
5). v. If a group of people crowd a place, there are so many of them there that it is full. 挤满
例：Thousands of demonstrators crowded the streets shouting slogans.
数千名示威者喊着口号，挤满了街道。

【核心词组】
1. hang out
1). 晾出
例：I was worried I wouldn't be able to hang my laundry out.
我担心不能把洗的衣服晾到外面去。
2). 闲逛
例：I often used to hang out in supermarkets.
我过去常常到超市闲逛。

2. leave…off… 漏掉,不列入
例：She has been deliberately left off the guest list.
她被故意从客人名单里漏掉了。

3. work on 影响，对…起作用；继续工作；从事于…；
We work on improving visual acuity.
我们致力于提高视觉敏锐度。

4. kick off
1）. (足球或橄榄球比赛的) 开球
例：They kicked off an hour ago.
他们是1小时前开球的。

2）. In American football, when the players kick off, they resume a game by kicking the ball. (足球比赛中) 重新开始

3）. If an event, game, series, or discussion kicks off, or is kicked off, it begins. 开始 (事件、比赛等)
例：The shows kick off on October 24th.
展览从10月24日开始。
例：The mayor kicked off the party.
市长揭开了宴会的序幕。

4）. If you kick off your shoes, you shake your feet so that your shoes come off. 踢掉 (鞋子)
例：She stretched out on the sofa and kicked off her shoes.
她在沙发上伸了个懒腰然后踢掉鞋子。
5）. To kick someone off an area of land means to force them to leave it. 赶走
例：We can't kick them off the island.
我们不能把他们从岛上赶走。

5. break through
1）. If you break through a barrier, you succeed in forcing your way through it. 冲破 (障碍)
例：Protesters tried to break through a police cordon.
抗议者们试图冲破警察的封锁线。
2）. If you break through, you achieve success even though there are difficulties and obstacles. (克服困难和障碍而) 获得成功
例：There is still scope for new writers to break through.
新作家们还有取得成功的空间。

6. turn over
1）. If you turn something over, or if it turns over, it is moved so that the top part is now facing downward. 翻转
例：Liz picked up the blue envelope and turned it over curiously.
莉兹捡起那个蓝色的信封，好奇地把它翻过来。
例：The buggy turned over and Nancy was thrown out.
那辆婴儿车翻倒了，南希被甩了出来。
2）. If you turn over, for example, when you are lying in bed, you move your body so that you are lying in a different position. 翻身
例：Ann turned over in her bed once more.
安在床上又翻了一次身。
3）. If you turn something over in your mind, you think carefully about it. 仔细考虑
例：Even when she didn't say anything you could see her turning things over in her mind.
即使在她什么也不说时，你也能看得出她脑子里在考虑事情。
4）. If you turn something over to someone, you give it to them when they ask for it, because they have a right to it. 交; 移交
例：I would have to turn the evidence over to the police.
我将不得不把证据交给警察。

7. step up 走上前去
8. calm down
1）. 使冷静下来; 冷静下来
例：Calm down for a minute and listen to me.
冷静一下，听我说。
例：I'll try a herbal remedy to calm him down.
我会尝试用一种香草疗法使他平静下来。
2）. 使平息下来; 平息下来
例：We will go back to normal when things calm down.
一切平息下来后，我们将恢复正常。

【单元语法】
1.分词做状语；
2. 分词复习；
3. 语法拓展：独立主格

一、现在分词做状语
1.动词-ing形式作时间状语：
动词-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，几乎每个动词-ing形式作时间状语时，都可以转换为一个时间状语从句，特别是动词-ing形式的完成式。要特别注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作之间的时间关系。
动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系
动词-ing短语的含义
动词-ing形式的位置
动词-ing形式所表示的动作一发生，谓语动词表示的动作就立即发生，用动词-ing形式的一般形式作状语
意为“当……的时候”，可以转换成“on+动词-ing”结构
放在句首
常用的这类动词多是表示一个极短暂动作的动词：
arrive到达
close关闭
hear听见
leave离开
open打开
return归还
see看见
动词-ing形式：Hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
时间状语从句：When they heard the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
on+动词-ing：On hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。
动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系
动词-ing短语的含义
动词-ing形式的位置
动词-ing形式所表示的动作在进行过程中，谓语动词表示的动作发生了，在这种情况下，可以用动词-ing形式短语作状语，但一般在它的前面加上when或while
意为“当……的时候”
放在句首、句末均可
动词-ing形式：Be careful when crossing the street.
时间状语从句：Be careful when you are crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
动词-ing形式：While playing the piano,she got very excited.
时间状语从句：While she was playing the piano,she got very excited.
当她弹钢琴时（过程中），她变得十分兴奋。
动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系
动词-ing短语的含义
动词-ing形式的位置
在动词-ing形式所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动词所表示的动作才发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式作状语
意为“在……之后”，可转换成“after+动词-ing”结构
放在句首、句末均可
动词-ing形式：Having turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
时间状语从句：After he had turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
after+动词-ing：After turning off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
关上收音机之后，他开始温习功课。
动词-ing形式：Having received his letter,I decided to write back.
时间状语从句：After I had received his letter,I decided to write back.
after+动词-ing：After receiving his letter,I decided to write back.
收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。

2.动词-ing形式作原因状语
动词-ing形式作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句，同时也可以转变为一个原因状语从句，动词-ing形式的完成式也经常用来作原因状语。和作时间状语一样，也要注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作的时间关系。
A.动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或者几乎同时发生时，用动词-ing形式的一般式。
动词-ing形式：Not recognizing the voice,he refused to give the person his address.
原因状语从句：Because he didn’t recognize the voice,he refused to give the person his address.
因为没听出这个人的声音，所以他没把自己的地址给他。
动词-ing形式：Being so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep.
原因状语从句：Because he was so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep.
他因为太生气了而不能入睡。
动词-ing形式：Forgetting his manners,he put his feet up on the desk.
原因状语从句：As he forgot his manners,he put his feet up on the desk.
此时他忘记了风度，一抬腿把脚放在了书桌上。
补充：若作状语的动词-ing形式含有心理活动的意义，则这个状语一般是表示原因的，如：know，think，forget，learn等。
B.动词-ing形式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式。
动词-ing形式：Having been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.
原因状语从句：Because/As he had been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.他已去过长城许多次了，故上周他没去。
动词-ing形式：Not having received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him.
原因状语从句：Because he hadn’t received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him.
因为没收到父亲的信，所以他决定打个电话给父亲。

3.动词-ing形式作让步状语
动词-ing形式作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句。有时，动词-ing形式前可带有连词although，whether，even if，even though。
动词-ing形式：Although working from morning till night,his father didn’t get enough food.
让步状语从句：Although his father worked from morning till night,he didn’t get enough food.
虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命干，但还不能糊口。

4.动词-ing形式作方式或伴随状语
动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的，它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。此时，一般情况下，动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。它没有相应的状语从句可转换，但可以用并列句来转换。
动词-ing形式：They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.
并列句：They sang and laughed;they came into the classroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。
注意：在动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况时，动词-ing形式表示的是次要动作，而谓语动词表示的是主要动作。在上例中，came（进来）是主要动作，singing，laughing是次要动作，是伴随着came这一动作而有的。所以这句不能写为：
（误）They sang and laughed,coming into the classroom.

5.动词-ing形式作结果状语
动词-ing形式作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间有逗号。有时为了突出结果，分词前带有thus。它可以转换为结果状语从句。
动词-ing形式：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,thus causing the delay.
结果状语从句：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,so it caused the delay.
公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽搁了。

二、过去分词做状语
1.过去分词作状语的基本用法
过去分词和过去分词短语也可以在句子中作状语，用来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随 等情况。但该状语一般表示一个次要的动作。并且，它一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句。
表时间：
Asked how old she was,Mary said it was a secret.（Asked表时间）
当被问到年龄时，玛丽说那是个秘密。
表原因：
Confused by the stones flying at them from all sides,the boys ran into the building.
（Confused表原因）从四面八方向男孩们飞来的石头把他们弄糊涂了，于是他们跑进了那幢大楼里。
表条件：
Given more water,the fish couldn’t die.（Given表条件）如果多给些水，这些鱼就不会死。
表让步：
Even though defeated again,the scientist didn’t give up.（defeated表让步）
尽管又失败了，这位科学家仍没有放弃。
表条件/时间：
Seen from a spaceship,the earth looks like a blue green white ball.（Seen表时间/条件）
从飞船上看，地球像一个蓝色、绿色、白色相间的大球。

2.关于过去分词和动词-ing形式作状语
A.过去分词或动词-ing形式作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语。此外，过去分词与句子的主语之间应是动宾关系，而动词-ing形式与句子的主语之间应是主谓关系。
从山顶上看，这座城市非常美丽。
过去分词短语作状语：
Seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.（句子的主语是the city）
=If/When it is seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.（从句与主句的主语一致）
动词-ing短语作状语：
Seeing from the hill,you can see the whole city is beautiful.（句子的主语是you）
=If/When you see from the hill,the city is beautiful.（从句与主句的主语不同）
注意：过去分词或动词-ing形式作状语时，状语逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语一致。
（误）Seeing from the hill,the city is beautiful.
（seeing的逻辑主语是you，所以句子的主语应用you，而不是the city。）
加热到100℃，水就沸腾了。
过去分词短语作状语：
（正）Heated to 100℃,water will boil.（句子的主语是water）
（正）Heated to 100℃,water boils.（讲述的是自然现象）
（误）Heating to 100℃,water boils.（heating逻辑上的主语应该是人，而非water）
状语从句作状语：
If/When it is heated to 100℃,water will boil.（从句与主句的主语一致）
If/When we heat it to 100℃,water will boil.（从句与主句的主语不同）
B.过去分词短语或动词-ing短语所表示的动作如果和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，则要放在句首；如果它表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，则要放在句尾。
Finding the door locked,Tom went home.（原因）看到门锁着，汤姆就回家去了。
Tom went home,finding the door locked.（结果）汤姆回到家，发现门锁着。
切记：一般来讲，表示时间、原因、条件、让步等的分词短语多放在句首，而表示结果、伴随的分词短语多放在句尾。
Not knowing her address,I can’t write to her.（原因）因为不知道她的住址，我没法给她写信。
The old woman died in 1967,leaving her sons a lot of money.（结果）
这位老妇人于1967年去世，给她的儿子们留下了一大笔钱。
Greatly moved by the hero,she decided to study harder.（原因）
被英雄人物深深地感动，她决心更加努力地学习。
补充：有些过去分词和动词-ing形式用作介词或连词
according to按照
granted认为
including包括
supposing假设，假如
According to his report,the situation is getting serious.根据他的报告，形势变得严峻了。
Many people including the old go to work without any pay on Saturday.
许多人包括老人们都参加了星期六的义务劳动。
Supposing he won’t pass the exam,what should he do?假如他通不过考试，他该怎么办？

2.独立主格
我们在前面讲到过去分词（短语）和动词-ing形式（短语）作状语时，它们的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时过去分词短语和动词-ing短语带有自己的主语（即它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系），这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词或代词主格担任，放在过去分词短语和动词之间，我们称之为独立主格。一些含独立主格的句子可以转化为含状语从句的复合句。另一些含独立主格的句子则可以转化为含两个简单句的并列句。
独立主格：（正）It being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.（It是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语）
说明：It being Sunday构成独立主格结构，在句子中作原因状语。
（误）Being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.今天是星期天，你不必去上学。
说明：being的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以此句是错误的。
原因状语从句：Because it is Sunday,you needn’t go to school.
（it是从句主语，you是主句主语）因为今天是星期天，所以你不必去上学。
独立主格：All the officials having arrived,the meeting was declared open.
（All the officials是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语）官员们都到齐了才宣布开会。
时间状语从句：After/When all the officials had arrived,the meeting was declared open.
（all the officials是从句主语，the是主句主语）等官员们都到齐了才宣布开会。
补充：分词作独立主格时，前面有时可以加with或without。
The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green.
所有的树都变成了嫩绿色，使得公园很漂亮。
独立主格：Weather permitting,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow.
（Weather是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语）天气允许的话，我们后天就去颐和园。
条件状语从句：If weather permits,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow.
（weather是从句主语，we是主句主语）如果天气允许的话，我们后天去颐和园。
独立主格：All the work done,you can have a rest.
（All the work是过去分词逻辑上的主语）
并列句：All the work is done and you can have a rest.所有的工作都做完，你们就可以休息了。
独立主格：The plan carried out,everything is all right.
（The plan是过去分词逻辑上的主语）
并列句：The plan is carried out and everything is all right. 计划已经实施，一切进展顺利。


【课堂练习】
1.That’s not a new car.It’s a __________ car.
A.using B.used C.use D.having used
2.Do you have a letter __________ in English?
A.writing B.written C.to write D.having been written
3.I want __________ America.
A.visit B.to visit C.visiting D.visited
4.After reading the letter,he went on __________ a reply.
A.to write B.write C.writing D.written
5.Nathan Hale refused __________ for the enemy.
A.working B.worked C.to work D.to be working
6.The teacher advised us __________ more English after class.
A.to speak B.speak C.speaking D.spoke
7.I advised her __________ the next day,because she had been given such a lot of work to do.
A.not to go B.against going C.not go D.would not go
8.A:Does it matter,Doctor?
B:No,__________.I advise you __________ more exercise.
A.something wrong;to take B.the place hurts;take
C.nothing serious;to take D.nothing wrong;take
9.In order to protect the environment,we are not allowed __________ the waste as we used to.
A.to burn up B.burning up C.to burn down D.burning down
10.Amy advised her __________ the winter vacation with her cousin.
A.not spend B.not spending C.not to spend D.don’t spend
11.Please keep your eyes __________ and your month __________.
A.open;close B.opened;closed C.open;closed D.opened;close
12.If a pan of oil catches fire,__________ the pan.
A.cover B.covering C.covered D.to cover
13.I’m busy,for I have scores of wounded soldiers __________.
A.look B.to take care C.looking at D.to take care of
14.All of us agreed __________ the meeting at that hall.
A.hold B.to hold C.holding D.on holding
15.He decided __________ his holiday in Shanghai.
A.spends B.spent C.spending D.to spend
16.He likes __________ on the sofa.But today he doesn’t like __________ there.Would you like __________ there?
A.lie;lie;lie B.lying;lying;lying C.to lie;lying;to lie D.lying;to lie;to lie
17.An old man who was walking along the street stopped __________ to me.
A.talk B.to talk C.talking D.talked
18.You must remember __________ this letter.It’s very important.
A.posting B.post C.to post D.posted
19.I can remember __________ this letter.I posted it on Sunday morning.
A.posting B.post C.to post D.posted
20.At last the workers had their pay __________.
A.rose B.risen C.raise D.raised

1.1-5 BBBAC 6-10 AACAC 11-15 CADBD 16-20 DBCAD