人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Unit 1 People of Achievement学案

Unit 1 People of Achievement

Section B Learning about Language

1、学会本节单词、短语。

2、掌握本节语法重点。

1. circumstance  

词性_______ 意思________

in/under the circumstance 在这种情况下；既然如此

under any circumstance 在任何情况下；无论如何

in/under no circumstance 决不；无论如何都不

You should fit your style of living to your circumstance.

你应当让你的生活方式适应环境。

练习：Due to __________ (circumstance) beyond our control the lecture was put off.

非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，去掉后也不会影响对全句的理解，它与先行词之间往往用逗号隔开。

The summer holiday, which we're looking forward to, is drawing near.

我们所期盼的暑假即将到来。

一、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词

引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：

关系代词 which, who, whom, whose, as

关系副词when, where等
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.

水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。

He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.

他将把野餐推迟到5月1日，那时他将有空。
关系词在句中所作成分：

关系代词：主语、宾语、表语、定语

关系副词：状语

The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.

这个男孩，他的爸爸是一位工程师，学习很努力。

Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for years.

我再次来到波士顿，我多年没来了。

二、as的用法

as 也可以作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。

（1）as 引导限制性定语从句时，主要用在固定搭配 such. . .as, the same . . . as中。

He is not the same man as he was. 他和以前不一样了。

（2） as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代主句的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，常译为“正如”。

Smoking is harmful to one's health, as is known to us all. 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。

（3）as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前。

As I have pointed out, it is important to include vegetables in our diet.

正如我所指出的，蔬菜在日常饮食中很重要。

（4）as引导的非限制性定语从句常可看作固定结构，如：

as is known to us 众所周知

as is reported 正如所提及的那样

as we all know 众所周知

as has been said before 正如之前所说

三、使用非限制性定语从句时的注意事项

（1）that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。

在非限制性定语从句中，用who, whom指代人，用which 指代物。

She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well.

她很喜欢讲法语，而且讲得确实很好。

（2）当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词、指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。

They went to London, where they lived for six months.

他们去了伦敦，在那儿住了六个月。

（3）非限制性定语从句可以补充说明整个主句。

In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which was understandable.

在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。
（4）非限制性定语从句表原因时，不用why引导，而用 for which 代替 why。

I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting.
我已经告诉了他们我没有参加会议的原因。

四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

（1）形式不同

限制性定语从句与主句之间无逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。

This is the best passage that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的文章。

I read a passage last night, which is very interesting. 我昨天晚上读了一篇文章，它非常有趣。

（2）作用不同

限制性定语从句可以修饰名词或代词，与先行词关系密切，若缺少，句意则不完整。非限制性定语从句修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，对先行词仅起补充说明作用，若缺少，句意仍相对完整。

Do you remember the man who taught us English? 你记得教我们英语的那个人吗？

She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.

她和家人都骑车去上班，这有助于他们保持健康。

可通过以下两个例句对比理解两者的区别：

His brother who is 19 years old is serving in the army now.

他的一个19岁的哥哥正在部队服役。 (他有不止一个哥哥）

His brother, who is 19 years old, is serving in the army now.

他的哥哥今年19岁，正在部队服役。 (他只有一个哥哥）

（3）翻译不同

限制性定语从句的句子一般先译从句，后译先行词，即把从句放在先行词前，译为“……的＋先行词”。非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译主句，后译从句，形成两个分句。

He is the man who lives next to me. 他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。

He is a warm-hearted man, who lives next to me. 他是个热心肠的人，住在我的隔壁。

（4）关系词不同

关系代词 that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；在非限制性定语从句中，所有关系词都不可省略。

Mr. White, whom you met yesterday, is one of my old friends.

你昨天遇到的怀特先生是我的一个老朋友。 (非限制性定语从句，whom在从句中作宾语，不能省略）

五、特殊结构“名词／代词＋of + which/whom”
There are 30 chairs in the hall, most of which are new.

大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。
六、关系代词、人称代词、指示代词的选择

关键是判断句子结构：

非限制性定语从句一选关系代词

并列句一选人称代词或指示代词
He came late again and this made his boss angry.

他又迟到了，这使他的老板很生气。

This is my smart phone and it was bought yesterday.

这是我昨天买的智能手机。

I met Professor Xu, who told me the result of the election.

我遇到了许教授，他告诉了我选举的结果。

练习：1. The course normally attracts about 100 students per year, of _________up to half will be from abroad.

2. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________she opened with her late husband Les.
3. Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, __________ small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.
4. That summer, __________the other teams enjoyed their vacations, we met every day and practised passing and kicking the football.
5. Kate, ___________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.

6. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, __________the weather may be better.

答案

重点词汇

1. circumstance

语法解析

1. whom 2. which 3. where 4. when 5. whose 6. when