高考英语一轮复习语法能力突破必备(讲解+精练题)--01名词和主谓一致(解析版)

这是一份高考英语一轮复习语法能力突破必备(讲解+精练题)--01名词和主谓一致(解析版)，共12页。试卷主要包含了名词和主谓一致等内容，欢迎下载使用。
I. 名词的种类
特别注意名词类别的相互转换
个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
抽象名词与个体名词的转换
II. 名词的数
规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表
III. 考点：名词的构词法
分考点1：名词的后缀
后缀法是动词转换为名词、形容词转换为名词以及名词转换为名词的常用方法，常考的后缀有-in,-ness,-ment,-ure等，具体如下表：
分考点2：常考名词与形容词的转换
（1）beauty n．漂亮-beautiful adj．漂亮的cnfidence n.自信-cnfident adj.自信的day n.白天-daily adj.日常的educatin n.教育-educatinal adj.教育的finance n.金融-financial adj.金融的meaning n.含义-meaningful adj.有意义的traditin n.传统-traditinal adj.传统的wealth n.财富-wealthy adj.富有的
（2）absence n．缺席-absent adj．缺席的cnvenience n.方便；便利-cnvenient adj.便利的difference n.差别；差异-different adj.不同的distance n.距离-distant adj.遥远的evidence n.证据-evident adj.明显的imprtance n.重要性-imprtant adj.重要的independence n.独立-independent adj.独立的patience n.耐心-patient adj.有耐心的silence n.沉默-silent adj.沉默的
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
例 句
意 义
名词性质
①She held sme flwers in her hand.
②The trees are nw in flwer
花儿
个体名词
开花
抽象名词
①Yuth is beautiful.
②He is a yuth f twenty
青春
抽象名词
年轻人
个体名词
①They have achieved remarkable success in their wrk.
②—Hw abut the Christmas evening party?
—I shuld say it was a success.
成功
抽象名词
成功的事
个体名词
例 句
意 义
名词性质
①Irn is a kind f metal.
②Please lend me yur irn.
铁
物质名词
熨斗
个体名词
①He brke a piece f glass.
②He brke a glass.
玻璃
物质名词
玻璃杯
个体名词
①I bught a chicken this mrning
②Please help yurself t sme chicken
小鸡
个体名词
鸡肉
物质名词
具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连
用，表示某一次短暂的动作
①—I’d like______infrmatin abut the management f yur htel,please.
—Well, yu culd have____wrd with the manager. He might be helpful
A.sme,a B.an,sme C.sme,sme D.an,a
②They sent us wrd f the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词）
A.a B.an C./ D.the
③Culd we have wrd befre yu g t the meeting? 话（个体名词）
A.a B.an C./ D.the
类例：have a dream/a rest/a smke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussin/a lk
take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)
/make a decisin/make a change/give a cry f pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try
表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示
其中的一部分
①Many peple agree that___knwledge f English is a must in____internatinal trade tday.
A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the
a knwledge f truth(知道实际情况)
give a fuller knwledge f China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)
have a knwledge f shrthand(有速记的知识)
②If there were n examinatin, we shuld have______at schl.
A.the happiest time B.a mre happier time
C.much happiest time D.a much happier time
③ is mney.
A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times
抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结
果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰
①Oh, Jhn. _____yu gave me!
A.Hw a pleasant surprise B.Hw pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise
②She lked up when I shuted.
A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in sme surprise
其它例子：The gift came as a cmplete surprise t me. We have had sme unpleasant surprise
③It is_____wrk f art that everyne wants t have a lk at it.
A.s unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.s an unusual
规 则
例 词
1
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, wman-wmen, ft-feet, gse-geese, muse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep, deer, series, means, wrks, fish, species
3
只有复数形式
ashes, trusers, clthes, thanks, gds, glasses, cmpasses, cntents
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
peple, plice, cattle, staff
5
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
audience, class, family, crwd, cuple, grup, cmmittee, gvernment, ppulatin, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
custms(海关), frces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), lks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7
表示“某国人”
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Eurpeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Prtuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-wman结尾的改为-men,-wmen
Englishmen, Frenchwmen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sns-in-law, lkers-n, passers-by, stry-tellers, by friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grwn-ups, husewives, stpwatches
将两部分变为复数
wmen singers, men servants
名词后缀-age
抽象名词后缀，表示动作或结
果、状态或状况、数量或费用
shrt-shrtage 缺乏
marry-marriage 婚姻
percent-percentage 百分比；百分率
-ance,-ence
抽象名词后缀，表示行动或状况
appear-appearance 外表；出现differ-difference 不同
-ancy,-ency
抽象名词后缀，表示性质或状况
expect-expectancy 期待
tend-tendency趋势；趋向
emergent-emergency紧急情况；突发事件
-dm
表示状况或状态
free-freedm自由wise-wisdm 智慧
-ics
表示“······的科学（或艺术、活动）”
ecnmic-ecnmics 经济学physic-physics物理学athlete-athletics 田径运动
-in,
-tin,
-sin,
-atin,
-itin
由动词转换成名词，表示行为的过程、结果、状况
elect-electin 选举
divide-divisin分割；分开
rganize-rganizatin 组织；机构
cmpete-cmpetitin 竞争
-ity,-ty
抽象名词后缀，表示性质或状态
respnsible-respnsibility责任；责任心
special-specialty 专长；特色食品
-ment
抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、过程或结果
replace-replacement替代
develp-develpment 发展
imprve-imprvement 改善；改进
-ness
加在形容词后构成抽象名词，表
示状态、性质、特点等
dry-dryness 干燥
kind-kindness善意
happy-happiness幸福
-ship
抽象名词后缀，表示状态、性质、品质、资格等
relatin-relatinship 关系
member-membership成员资格；会员身份
friend-friendship 友谊
-th
由形容词和动词转换成名词，表
示性质、状态、情况、行为等
warm-warmth 温暖
lng-length 长度
grw-grwth生长
arrive-arrival 到达
survive-survival 生存
fail-failure失败；衰竭
press-pressure 压力
-al
表示动作的状态和结果
-ure
抽象名词后缀，表示行为、过程、结果等
-er,-r
表示“······的人（或物）”
carry-carrier携带者
begin-beginner初学者
direct-directr 主管
perate-peratr操作者；经营者
-ian
构成人称名词，表示“专长于·····的人”
technique-technician 技术人员music-musician 音乐家
-ist
构成人称名词，表示“从事······的人；······的信仰者；······的使用者”
special-specialist 专家
pian-pianist 钢琴家
science-scientist 科学家
（3）access n．（使用或进入的）机会，权利；通道一accessible adj.易使用的；易接近的knwledge n.知识-knwledgeable adj.有见识的value n.价值-valuable adj.有价值的；贵重的
（4）agriculture n．农业-agricultural adj．农业的culture n.文化-cultural adj.文化的nature n.自然-natural adj.自然的center n.中心-central adj.中心的
（5）anger n．怒气-angry adj．愤怒的hunger n.饥饿-hungry adj.饥饿的health n.健康-healthy adj.健康的nise n.噪声-nisy adj.喧闹的taste n.味道；爱好；口味-tasty adj.美味的
（6）base n．基础；根据-basic adj．基本的；必需的benefit n.好处；益处-beneficial adj.有利的energy n.精力-energetic adj.精力充沛的type n.类型-typical adj.典型的
（7）chemistry n．化学-chemical adj．化学的curisity n.好奇心-curius adj.好奇的variety n.多样化-varius adj.各种各样的safety n.安全-safe adj.安全的fluency n.流利-fluent adj.流利的accuracy n.准确（性）-accurate adj.准确的
（8）advance n．前进；进步；进展-advanced adj．先进的delight n.高兴-delighted adj.高兴的danger n.危险-dangerus adj.危险的fl n.傻瓜-flish adj.愚蠢的pride n.自豪；骄傲-prud adj.自豪的strength n.力气-strng adj.强壮的frtune n.运气-frtunate adj.幸运的
分考点3：“f+n”结构
(1)“f+n.”结构中的名词是抽象名词时，相当于该名词所对应的形容词的意思，说明被修饰词具有某种特征或属性，在句中可作表语、定语或宾语补足语。具有该用法的名词有：use,imprtance, help, value, interest, benefit 等。这些名词前可用great，n，little，sme，any，nt much等修饰，以表示不同程度。
(2)“f+n”.结构中的名词表种类、数量、度量等时，表示不同的人或物的共同特征，此时名词前通常有冠词。常用的这类名词有：size，type, kind, price, height, depth,length,weight，age，shape，clr等。
·These tw rms are f the same size.这两间房一样大。
(3)“f+n”结构还可以表示人的特点、特性，常用的有“f＋wisdm／wealth／educatin／curage／achievement／ability”等。
·Yur sister is a girl f wisdm.你妹妹是一个有智慧的女孩。
Ⅳ.主谓一致
巩固练习：
单句填空：
1.Hwever,ten years ag, this distinctive technique was clse t cmplete___________(disappear).
2. His pems speak f the_________ (lnely) f the mines, the deaths f fellw wrkers and the distance between mdern life and his undergrund wrk.
3. Cmpared t ther ndle____________(variety) frm Nrthwest China, biangbiang ndles is als well knwn utside f Xi'an.
4.The chance f this___________(adventurer) survival is very slim.
5. Carsn wrte abut hw islands were frmed and hw____________（current）change and merge（融合）.
6. Brn in Pland in 1867,Marie Curie is famus fr her wrk n radiactivity, and was twice a __________(win) f the Nbel Prize.
7.It was he that first set up private schls and received students frm every walk f life withut _________(cnsider) f their scial status.
8. Few places in Eurpe are develping tward a cashless future as quickly as Sweden, which is nw enjying the _____________(cnvenient) f electrnic payment.
9.Nvember 21st is Wrld Televisin Day. TV is ne f the greatest(inventin) f the 20th century.
10.We shuld remember these ___________(her)names frever.
语法填空：
A seed bank stres seeds t preserve genetic diversity; hence it is a type f gene bank. Many peple may wnder 1.________the seeds are stred. One f the majr reasns is t preserve the genes that plant grwers need t increase the yield（产量），disease resistance, drught tlerance, nutritinal quality,and the taste f crps. Anther is t prevent 2.____________(lse) f genetic diversity in rare r endangered plant species in 3.__________ effrt t cnserve bidiversity. Many plants4.___________(grw) centuries ag by humans are used less frequently nw;seed banks ffer a way t preserve that histrical and cultural value. Cllectins f seeds stred 5._______________cnstant lw temperature and lw water level are guarded against reductin f genetic resurces which are therwise maintained in field cllectins. These alternative “ living" cllectins can 6__________(damage) by natural disasters, utbreaks f disease 7.__________war. Cntaining valuable infrmatin abut evlved strategies t reduce plant stress, seed banks are cnsidered seed8._________(library),and can help t create genetically mdified（调整过的）versins f 9.___________(exist) seeds. The wrk f seed banks ften spans decades and even centuries. Mst seed banks are10.__________(public) funded and seeds are usually available fr research that benefits the public.
解析：
单句填空：
1．cnsumptin 句意为：在过去的十年里，瓷器热推动了高消费。high是形容词，应修饰名词，设空处意为“消费”，应用cnsumptin，且其为不可数名词，故填cnsumptin。
2．flexibility 句意为：著名的中国舞狮表演者真正拥有出色的灵活性和技术，它们需要多年的练习才能使其完美。分析句子结构可知，此处被形容词wnderful修饰，作动词wn的宾语，应用名词形式，且flexibility 为不可数名词，故填flexibility。
3．achievements 句意为：钟南山长期致力于重大传染病的研究、预防和治疗，并且取得了很多成就。achievement 在此处意为“成就；功绩”，为可数名词，根据设空处前的a lng recrd f 可知，此处应用复数形式，故填achievements。
4．buyer's 句意为：由于一位当地买家不愿谈判，这68件文物不得不被英国警方继续扣押。根据空后的unwillingness 和句意可知，buyer和 unwillingness 之间为所属关系，应用名词所有格形式，故填buyer＇s。
5．researchers＇句意为：这些云冈研究人员的尝试是技术帮助保护文化遗产的一个很好的例子。此处 researcher 被These限定，应用复数形式，且researcher与attempt之间为所属关系，应用名词所有格。
语法填空：
1．disappearance 句意为：然而，十年前，这种独特的技术几乎完全消失。设空处应填名词作介词t的宾语，disappearance 意为“消失”，为不可数名词。故填disappearance。
2．lneliness 句意为：他的诗歌讲述了煤矿的荒凉、同事们的死亡，以及现代生活与他在地下的工作之间的距离。此处位于定冠词the和介词f之间，应用名词lneliness。故填lneliness。
3．varieties 句意为：与中国西北地区的其他种类的面条相比，biangbiang面在西安以外的地方也很有名。variety 在此处意为“种类”，是可数名词，且由前面的ther可知，此处表示“其他的面条种类”，不止一种，应用复数形式。故填varieties。
规则
情 况
举 例
语
法
一
致
原
则
以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词
用复数形式。
His father is wrking n the farm.
T study English well is nt easy.
Reading in the sun is bad fr yur eyes.
What he said is very imprtant fr us all.
由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
what I bught were three English bks.
What I say and d is (are) helpful fr yu.
由连接词and或bth…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物
时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有n, each, every 或mre than a (an)/ne,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或n+单数名词和由sme, any n, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.
Lucy and Lily are twins
The writer and artist has cme.
Every student and every teach is in the classrm.
Many a by and many a girl likes it.
N by and n girl likes it.
Each f us has a new bk. Is everyne here tday?
Smebdy is speaking in class. Everything arund us is matter
若nne f 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
Nne f the sugar was left.
Nne f us has (have) been t America.
在定语从句里，关系代词that, wh, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
Thse wh want t g please write their names n the blackbard.
He is ne f my friends wh are wrking hard.
He is the (nly) ne f my friends wh is wrking hard.
在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致
It is I wh am ging t the cinema tnight.
It is we wh are ging t the cinema tnight.
如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式
The plice are lking fr the lst child.
The cattle are eating grass in the field.
His family has mved t the suth .(他的一家)
His family are watching TV.（他的家人）
Class fur is n the third flr.（四班）
Class Fur are unable t agree upn a mnitr.（四班的学生）
由a lt f /lts f/ plenty f/ a heap f/ heaps f/ the rest f/the majrity f+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
There are a lt f peple in the classrm.
Three-furths f the surface f the earth is sea.
50 percent f the students in ur class are girls.
此外，还有a number f +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number f +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。
A number f students have gne t the farm t help the farmer pick apples.
The number f pages in this bk is three hundred.
在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致
There cmes the bus.
On the wall are many pictures.
Such is the result.
Such are the facts.
Between the tw hills stands a mnument.
逻
辑
意
义
一
致
原
则
What, wh, which, any, mre, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。
Which is yur bag?
Which are yur bags?
Are any f yu gd at English?
Has any f yu gt a pen?
All can be dne has been dne.
All is ging well.
All have been taken ut.
All have gne t Beijing.
表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。
Thirty minutes is enugh fr the wrk..
Twenty punds is t dear.
如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式
Frty kils f water are used every day.
若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
The United States is smaller than China.
“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting stry-bk.
表数量的短语“ne and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
One and a half apples is left n the table.
一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, plitics, physics 以及news, wrks 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，
它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
The paper wrks was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。
I dn’t think physics is easy t study.
trusers, glasses, clthes, shes, scissrs (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair f 等量词修饰时（clthes被a suit f 修饰）谓语动词用单数。
My glasses are brken.
The pair f shes under the bed is his.
“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。
The ld are taken gd care f there.
The beautiful gives pleasure t all.
就
近
/远
一
致
原
则
当两个主语由either r, neither nr, nt nly but als ,whether r 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。
Either the teacher r the students are ur friends.
Neither he nr they are whlly right.
Neither they nr he is whlly right.
Is neither he nr they whlly right?
there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。
There are tw chairs and a desk in the rm.
There is a desk and tw chairs in the rm.
主语后面跟有with, tgether with, except, but, like, as well as, n less than, rather than, mre than, besides, alng with, including, in additin t 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。
Mr. Green, tgether with his wife and children, has cme t China.
A wman with a baby was n the bus.
Nbdy but Jim and Mike was n the playgrund.
She, like yu and Tm, is very tall.
The girls as well as the by have learned t speak Japanese.
N ne except my teachers knws anything abut it.