第01讲-阅读理解之细节理解题-2022年高考英语二轮复习大提升增分策略(全国通用)

第01讲 阅读理解之细节理解题-2022年高考英语二轮复习大提升增分策略

【题型概述】

细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解,特点是题干针对原文提到的某事物、现象或理论进行发问。有些问题考生可以直接从文中找到明确的答案,有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理,如计算、排序、判断、比较等。细节理解类题在高考试卷中占很大的比例,特别是在应用文、说明文和记叙文中,更是侧重对细节理解题的考查。

1. 掌握技巧,灵活运用

(1)细心审题,直接就题找答案提取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性尚(题眼),然后以此为线索运用略读及查读的技巧快速:得在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句, 仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案。

(2)变通理解,间接转述找答案

细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述,命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生,即对原句细微处做改动,摘取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点等。

(3)多点归纳,综合事实找答案

细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息,而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时,一定要全面捕捉相关信息,进行综合分析、归纳,切忌根据“一面之词”草率地得出结论。

2. 明确干扰,破除陷阱

(1)扩大或缩小范围

文章为了表达准确严密,经常通过加上相应的词语限制如涉及数量时常用many,almost all,nearly, more than, over, only afew,normally等限制。有些干扰项改变或去掉限定词语,甚至是扩大或缩小语言范围。

(2)偷换概念

命题者设计试题时往往把原文的概念偷换成另一个不同的概念。望文生义是造成错误的主要原因。

(3)正误并存

在干扰项中,某个句子或词语是正确的,其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面,正误并存,命题者常会借此以假乱真。

【增分策略】

一、直接信息题--原文定位法

【例】(2021·新高考全国卷I) Romecan be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社).The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night, and for that,you'll often get to stay in a central location(位置)with security and comfort.

21. What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel?

A.Comfort. B. Security.

C. Price. D. Location.

答案C

第一步 题干关键词:what,concern,stayin ahostel

第二步 原文定位点:Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社).

第三步 直接得答案:根据pricey可知“罗马对旅行的人来说可能很昂贵”,故选C项。

二、综合信息题--同义转化法、概念解析法、归纳事实法、数字计算法

【例】 (2021·全国卷甲)Paul Beer,head of rhino section at Port Lympne,said:"Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's

healthy,strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up,I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”

25.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino? A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities. C. She is in good condition. D. She is sensitive to heat.

第一步 题干关键词:What,Paul Beer say,the new born rhino

第二步 原文定位点:定位到原文第二段中引号中的第二句话

第三步 归纳事实法:She'shealthy,strong and already eager to playandexplore.她很健康,很强壮,已经渴望玩耍和探索了。由此可知PaulBeer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。

【刷名校真题】

Professor Heinz Wolff, who has died aged 89, was a bioengineering pioneer. He established the discipline, named it and, in a 60-year career, made significant contributions to medical research. But to the British public, he was best known as the “dotty scientist” who fronted The Great Egg Race, a BBC show in which colour-coded teams were set engineering challenges (the first was to transport an egg in a vehicle powered by rubber bands). With his trademark bow tie, half-moon glasses and Mittel-European accent, he looked really like Professor Branestawn, as described by W. Heath Robinson. Yet while he cheerfully exploited his reputation as an “odd egghead”, he was very serious about his work and inspired thousands of young people to consider scientific careers.

Born in Berlin in 1928, Heinz Wolff was the son of Jewish parents. His mother died in 1938, and the next year the family fled. They arrived in Britain on the day war was declared. “We really cut it rather fine,” he said on Desert Island Discs in 1998.After leaving school, he worked as a technician at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, where he invented a machine to count red blood cells, and then at the National Institute for Medical Research’s pneumoconiosis (尘肺) research unit in Cardiff, where he designed a means of measuring dust levels in coal miners. He went on to study at University College London and graduated with a first in physics and physiology. Then, in 1983, he founded the Institute for Bioengineering at Brunel University. His particular interest was in technologies to improve the lives of older people, but he was also heavily involved in space research and worked as an adviser to the European Space Agency.

Wolff had made his first appearance on TV on Panorama in 1966, encouraging Richard Dimbleby to swallow a “radio pill”. On The Great Egg Race, which ran from 1979, his task was to get opponent teams representing organizations such as the chemical company ICI. Challenges included building a hovercraft(气垫船) from a lawnmower(割草机), and inventing a bicycle that could ride on water. Marks were awarded for entertainment value and technical accomplishment. The show ended in the mid-l980s, but Wolff continued to judge scientific competitions, on TV and elsewhere. A natural entertainer with an inexhaustible curiosity about the world, he said he’d be happy to dress up as a clown if it got children interested in science.

1．What does the underlined sentence “We really cut it rather fine” in paragraph 2 mean?

A．We fled from Germany in time. B．We settled down at the cost of punishment.

C．We led a comfortable life in Britain. D．We didn’t have much time for the declaration.

2．Which of the following statements is TRUE of Heinz Wolff according to the passage?

A．He used to major in physics and physiology.

B．His family left Berlin after World War II began.

C．He invented a machine while in University College London.

D．His interest lay in helping those living in war-stricken areas.

3．Heinz Wolff didn’t mind looking ridiculous as long as ________.

A．he could keep being curious about the world

B．he could combine entertainment and technology

C．he could help arouse children’s interest in science

D．he could appear on TV to judge scientific competitions

4．Which of the following can best Heinz Wolff?

A．Aggressive. B．Passionate. C．Optimistic. D．Pioneering.

【来源】河南省重点高中2021-2022学年高三上学期阶段性调研联考二英语试题

【答案】1．A

2．A

3．C

4．D

【解析】

【分析】

本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了生物工程学的先驱海因茨·沃尔夫教授的生平和贡献。

1．

词句猜测题。根据画线句前的“Born in Berlin in 1928, Heinz Wolff was the son of Jewish parents. His mother died in 1938, and the next year the family fled. They arrived in Britain on the day war was declared.”可知，沃尔夫1928年出生于柏林，父母是犹太人。他的母亲于1938年去世，第二年全家逃亡，他们在宣战当天到达了英国，由此可知画线句的意思是“及时逃离了德国”，故选A。

2．

细节理解题。根据第二段“He went on to study at University College London and graduated with a first in physics and physiology.”（他继续在伦敦大学学院学习，并以物理学和生理学第一名的成绩毕业）可知，沃尔夫曾主修物理学和生理学，故选A。

3．

细节理解题。根据最后一段“he said he’d be happy to dress up as a clown if it got children interested in science.”（他说他很乐意打扮成小丑如果它能让孩子们对科学感兴趣）可知，只要能引起孩子们对科学的兴趣，沃尔夫就不在乎自己的外表有多滑稽，故选C。

4．

推理判断题。根据第一段“Professor Heinz Wolff, who has died aged 89, was a bioengineering pioneer.”（享年89岁的海因茨·沃尔夫教授是生物工程学的先驱）可知，沃尔夫的贡献是开创性的，故选D。

The two giant pandas living at Ouwehands Dierenpark in the Dutch city of Rhenen staged a charming debut(初次登台) for hundreds of long- awaited admirers on Tuesday afternoon.

After six weeks since their arrival on April 12, Wu Wen, the female giant panda made tentative steps into her outdoor enclosure(围场). She threw herself at the first bamboo plant. she saw and started to chew. Xing Ya, the male, sat on a rock to enjoy the early summer sunshine. Wu Wen and Xing Ya, both three-and-a-half-year old, will stay at Ouwehands for 15 years. Native to south central China, they belong to a species which counts only 1,864 individuals.

" Both are in perfect health and adapt well to their new home, " said Zhang Hongwen, chief economist of China’s National Forestry and Grassland Administration."I am glad to see that Wu Wen and Xing Ya are so popular in the Netherlands. Their stay will surely promote Sino-Dutch cooperation relating to the protection of forest and biodiversity.

Martijn van Dam, Dutch State Secretary for Economic Affairs, Sad, "From today on, Dutch children will get to know Wu Wen and Xing Ya.They can get inspired by all the beautiful and powerful things nature has offered.

China has succeeded in stopping the decline of the number of pandas. China also makes efforts to maintain the natural habitat of the giant pandas. We would also like to contribute to that."

He stressed, "Wu Wen and Xing Ya underline these good developments. Let this be a sign of hope that with joint forces we can protect our nature worldwide, and let this be the beginning of a wave of inspiration for the new generation."

5．What did Wu Wen do after she went outdoors?

A．She walked step by step.

B．She threw herself on a rock.

C．She enjoyed the sunshine.

D．She ate a bamboo plant.

6．What did Zhang Hongwen say about the two pandas?

A．They belong to an endangered species.

B．People in the Netherlands love them.

C．They inspire young children to protect nature.

D．Hundreds of people have been scared by them.

7．What does the underlined word"that" in Paragraph 4 refer to?

A．Stopping the increase of panda numbers.

B．Welcoming pandas to the Netherlands.

C．Protecting pandas and their habitat.

D．Learning more about the nature of pandas.

8．What is the main idea of this passage?

A．Two giant pandas meet the public in the Netherlands.

B．Giant pandas adapt to the lite in foreign countries easy.

C．Giant pandas are becoming fewer and fewer.

D．How China protects giant pandas.

【来源】广东省华南师范大学附属中学2021-2022学年高三1月模拟考试英语试题

【答案】5．D

6．B

7．C

8．A

【解析】

【分析】

这是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了两只大熊猫在荷兰雷嫩市的动物园初次登场，受到了很多关注。

5．细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句“She threw herself at the first bamboo plant. she saw and started to chew.”可知，雌性大熊猫武雯来到户外后就去了竹子旁边然后开始咀嚼，也就是在吃竹子。故选D项。

6．细节理解题。根据第三段引述的原话“I am glad to see that Wu Wen and Xing Ya are so popular in the Netherlands.”可知，他乐于看到两只大熊猫在荷兰很受欢迎，也就是荷兰人民都很喜欢大熊猫。故选B项。

7．词义猜测题。根据第四段“China has succeeded in stopping the decline of the number of pandas. China also makes efforts to maintain the natural habitat of the giant pandas.”可知，前两句指出中国成功地让大熊猫数量不再减少，也努力地保护大熊猫的自然栖息地，划线句表示荷兰方面也愿意为此做出贡献，这个that应该指代前两句中做出的行动，即保护大熊猫和它们的栖息地。故选C项。

8．主旨大意题。作为新闻报道，在文章开头就说明了主要内容“The two giant pandas living at Ouwehands Dierenpark in the Dutch city of Rhenen staged a charming debut(初次登台) for hundreds of long- awaited admirers on Tuesday afternoon.”即两只大熊猫在荷兰初次登台与公众见面。故选A项。

【点睛】

词义猜测题是阅读理解中常见的一种题型，要求考生准确理解文中某些关键单词或词组的含义，包括对超纲词义的推断以及熟词生义的猜测，需要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的含义。猜测词义的方法一般有以下几种：1.通过构词法（派生、合成、转化）猜测。2.通过已有的同义词或反义词猜测，即在上下文找出该生词的其他表示方法，由此推断其含义。3.通过同位语猜测。4.通过解释性的词语，如that is，that is to say，in other words等，以及标点符号，如破折号、括号等引出的对该词的解释性词、句猜测。5.通过具体语境中体现出来的某种关系，如因果关系、转折关系等进行猜测。第3小题是对代词指代义的推测，一般都需要先理解句意然后在前文中确定所指代的内容：主语、宾语或某个名词，有时代词的单复数形式也能帮助我们确定具体所指。

Ants keep traffic flowing by changing their behavior to meet changing conditions, according to new research.

For their experiment, researchers from the University of Toulouse and the University of Arizona focused on Argentine ants, which are only 2-3 millimeters long and frequently move from colony (栖息地) to colony depending on how far food is. Tapping into the ants' talent for fast commutes (通勤), the researchers constructed bridges between their colonies. The bridges varied in width from a fifth to three-quarters of an inch.

Then the researchers sat back and monitored the traffic. To their surprise, even when those narrower bridges were nearly overloaded, there were no 20-ant pile-ups. And traffic remained steady regardless of how crowed the bridges were because ants could adjust to the flow of road conditions.

"When crowding on the path increased, ants assessed it locally and adjusted their speed accordingly to avoid any interruption of traffic flow," the researchers said. "Moreover, ants avoided entering a crowded path and made sure the bridge was never overloaded."

The lesson for humans? The traffic problem mostly lies in our loss of the quality that the ants have. You've probably noticed it on your own commute to work. Driving is fun when there're few cars on the road-a lane-change (车道变换)here, a little acceleration there. Then traffic slows down. But some impatient drivers still constantly move between lanes.

"Traffic jams are common in human society where some people are focusing on their own personal objectives," the researchers said. "In contrast, ants share a common goal: the survival of the colony, thus they're expected to act cooperatively to get food."

The research also suggests that the ever-widening of highways may never free us from traffic jams. As long as we drive along with our own agendas, no matter how many other people are on the road, we'll always end up in a traffic jam. Indeed, less space may be a good thing. It leaves less room for personal choices and forces us to take a page from the driving handbook of ants.

9．What did the researchers do to the ants in the experiment?

A．They fed them with much delicious food.

B．They trained them to avoid heavy traffic.

C．They built bridges linking their colonies.

D．They improved their colonies constantly.

10．How did the ants behave during the experiment?

A．They worked together to remove the road blocks.

B．They sped up to get out of the traffic jam quickly. .

C．They made their way carefully in the given direction.

D．They adjusted themselves for the flow of the traffic.

11．What is the biggest cause of the traffic jam in human society?

A．Poor road const ruction. B．People's inability to adjust.

C．People's selfish driving. D．Too many vehicles on roads.

12．What is the text mainly about?

A．What ants help us do for driving safety.

B．What ants can teach us about traffic jams.

C．Why ants drive much better than humans.

D．Why ants are best at handling traffic jams.

【来源】广东省深圳市高级中学2021届高三第三次阶段性测试（10月）英语试题

【答案】9．C

10．D

11．C

12．B

【解析】

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了，从研究蚂蚁能保证交通畅通的研究可以得出，蚂蚁“拥有共同目标”的品质可以避免交通堵塞，这是人类需要学习的品质。

9．细节理解题。由第二段的句子“Tapping into the ants' talent for fast commutes (通勤), the researchers constructed bridges between their colonies.”可知，研究人员利用蚂蚁快速通勤的天赋，在它们的栖息地之间架起了桥梁。故选C项。

10．推理判断题。由第四段的句子“"When crowding on the path increased, ants assessed it locally and adjusted their speed accordingly to avoid any interruption of traffic flow," the researchers said. "Moreover, ants avoided entering a crowded path and made sure the bridge was never overloaded."”可知，研究人员发现当道路上的拥挤程度增加时，蚂蚁会对其进行局部评估，并相应地调整速度，以避免交通流受到任何干扰，此外，蚂蚁避免进入拥挤的小径，并确保大桥不会超载；可以推断出蚂蚁能根据交通流进行调整。故选D项。

11．细节理解题。由倒数第二段的句子“Traffic jams are common in human society where some people are focusing on their own personal objectives”可知，交通堵塞在人类社会很普遍，是因为有些人把注意力集中在自己的个人目标上，此处的their own personal objectives指的是人的自私，所以人类社会交通堵塞的最大原因是开车人的自私。故选C项。

12．主旨大意题。由第一段的句子“Ants keep traffic flowing by changing their behavior to meet changing conditions, according to new research.”（最新研究显示，蚂蚁通过改变行为来满足不断变化的条件，从而保持交通畅通。）、倒数第三段的句子“The lesson for humans? The traffic problem mostly lies in our loss of the quality that the ants have.”（给人类的教训？交通问题主要在于我们失去了蚂蚁的品质。）、倒数第二段“"Traffic jams are common in human society where some people are focusing on their own personal objectives," the researchers said. "In contrast, ants share a common goal: the survival of the colony, thus they're expected to act cooperatively to get food."”（交通堵塞在人类社会很普遍，是因为有些人把注意力集中在自己的个人目标上，然而蚂蚁有一个共同的目标：蚁群的生存，因此它们需要合作行动来获取食物。）和最后一段的句子“It leaves less room for personal choices and forces us to take a page from the driving handbook of ants.”（它给个人选择留下了更少的空间，并迫使我们从蚂蚁驾驶手册中翻开一页。）可知，蚂蚁拥有的“共同目标”的品质，能避免交通堵塞，这是人们需要学习的品质，来避免交通堵塞。所以短文主要的内容是蚂蚁能教我们什么是交通堵塞。故选B项。

【点睛】

推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分-推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分-推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。如在第2小题中，第四段的句子“"When crowding on the path increased, ants assessed it locally and adjusted their speed accordingly to avoid any interruption of traffic flow," the researchers said. "Moreover, ants avoided entering a crowded path and made sure the bridge was never overloaded."”，这是已知部分，通过结合原文进行合理地逻辑判断，可以推断出蚂蚁能根据交通流进行调整。故选D项。

The Government has proposed to spend money developing wireless charging roads in the UK as part of a £ 40 million plan. Wireless charging roads could be developed to recharge electric cars while they drive along to solve some problems about limited equipment to encourage ownership of these vehicles and ensure better air quality. The Government has promised the money to developing both on-street and wireless charging to help transformation from internal combustion engine(内燃机) cars to electric cars.

These systems work similarly to a Scalextric toy car. Wireless charging uses a process called electromagnetic induction(电磁感应) to move energy. On the ground is a pad in which electricity is passed through a set of wire to generate a magnetic field. It is then moved to a receiver on the underside of the car. Once the technology works, it could mean that drivers can fill up their car as they drive along, meaning there could be longer periods between charging.

The proposal was made in Department for Transport (DfT) and could also see charging points positioned at service stations and car parks. New homes will also, where permitted, be built with some points. David Martell, of the electric car charging company BP Chargemaster, said: “Wireless charging will make driving an electric vehicle as similar as possible to driving a petrol car but without going to the petrol station frequently.”

This is not the first time that wireless charging roads have been proposed as a number of firms have developed technologies. Renault partnered with Qualcomm and VEDECOM Tech to develop a road to test the technology’s capability. The 100-metre test track was said to be capable of a charge up to 20 kilowatts at speeds up to, and over, 62 miles per hour (nearly 100 kmh).

13．What does the UK government do according to paragraph 1?

A．It tries to solve problems of air pollution. B．It supports the development of electric vehicles.

C．It has planned to introduce modern transportation. D．It limits the use of internal combustion engine cars.

14．What does the second paragraph focus on?

A．How the electric cars get charged. B．How a Scalextric toy car functions.

C．How the wireless road systems run. D．How the new technology benefits people.

15．How does David Martell find the new technology?

A．It makes electric cars easy to drive. B．It gets petrol cars unfavorable.

C．It gives rise to many new car parks. D．It saves drivers’ trips to petrol stations.

16．Why does the author mention the figures in the last paragraph?

A．To announce the progress of the new technology. B．To prove the effect of wireless charging roads.

C．To encourage the cooperation among different firms. D．To show the efficiency of the wireless road systems.

【来源】江西省临川第一中学2020-2021学年高三上学期第二次英语调研

【答案】13．B

14．C

15．D

16．D

【解析】

【分析】

本文是一篇说明文。在英国，政府正致力于发展无线充电道路系统。无线充电道路可以在电动汽车行驶时为它们充电。

13．

细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The Government has proposed to spend money developing wireless charging roads in the UK as part of a £ 40 million plan. ”（英国政府计划投入4000万英镑，用于英国无线充电道路的建设。）及“The Government has promised the money to developing both on-street and wireless charging to help transformation from internal combustion engine(内燃机) cars to electric cars”（英国政府已承诺投入资金，用于发展街上充电和无线充电，以帮助内燃机汽车向电动汽车转变。）可知，英国政府支持电动汽车的发展。选项B与文意相符，故选B。

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主旨大意题。根据第二段首句“These systems work similarly to a Scalextric toy car”（这些系统的工作原理类似于 Scalextric 玩具车。）以及下文对无线充电道路系统工作原理的具体介绍可知，可知该段主要讲了它是怎样运行的。选项C与文意相符，故选C。

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推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Wireless charging will make driving an electric vehicle as similar as possible to driving a petrol car but without going to the petrol station frequently”（无线充电将使驾驶电动车辆尽可能类似于驾驶汽油车，但不必经常去加油站。）可知，新科技（无线道路充电系统）为司机们省去了去加油站的路程。选项D符合题意，故选D。

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推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Renault partnered with Qualcomm and VEDECOM Tech to develop a road to test the technology’s capability.The 100-metre test track was said to be capable of a charge up to 20 kilowatts at speeds up to, and over, 62 miles per hour (nearly 100 kmh). ”（雷诺与高通和威迪康科技合作，开发了一条测试该技术能力的道路。据说这条100米长的测试跑道在时速62英里(接近100公里/小时)的情况下最高可以充电20千瓦。）可知，本段中谈及的数据是为了表明无线充电道路的效能。选项D符合题意，故选D。