第03讲-阅读理解之词句猜测题-2022年高考英语二轮复习大提升增分策略(全国通用)

这是一份第03讲-阅读理解之词句猜测题-2022年高考英语二轮复习大提升增分策略(全国通用)，共12页。
根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义是高考阅读理解题出题方向之一，也是考查考生英语语言能力和文化品格的一种重要方式。词义猜测题可以针对单词、短语的意思进行命题考查，还可以针对某一句子的准确理解或代词的精确指代进行设题。除了直接考查单词或短语词义猜测外，在阅读理解文章中，总会有一些单词或短语超出了《考试大纲》词汇表的范围，但又没有附加注释，也需要考生猜测，这也是对词义猜测的一种间接考查。
【增分策略】
一、词义猜测题--线索猜词法(语法关系、逻辑关系、上下语境)
【例】(2021·全国卷甲) spke ur wn language. And my favrite: Safe. Safe meant cl. It meant hell. It meant dn't wrry abut it. Once, when trying a certain
trick n the beam(横杆),I fell nt the stnes, damaging a nerve in my hand,and Tby came ver, helping me up: Safe, man, Safe. A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their bards lud, shuting:“Safe! Safe! Safe!"And that's what mattered-landing tricks, being a gd skater.
29. What d the underlined wrds“Safe! Safe! Safe!” prbably mean?
A. Be careful! B. Well dne!
C. N way! D. Dn't wrry!
答案 B
解析 词义猜测题。
根据画线词后文“And that's what mattered-landing tricks,beingagd skater”可知:真正重要的是滑板的落地技巧掌握了才能算一名好的滑板玩家。再根据上句中的“when I landed the trick,my friends beat their bards lud,shuting...”可知:作者掌握了滑板落地技巧,因此他的朋友大声欢呼,夸赞他干得漂亮。因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。故选B。
二、代词指代题--就近与逻辑一致原则
【例】(2020·新高考全国卷I) In the mid-1990s,Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left a after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea. His visit， hwever， ende up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea:Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia..
9.What des the underlined wrd "that”in Paragraph2 refer t?
A. Develping a serius mental disease. B. Taking a guided tur in Central Asia.
C. Wrking as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. D. Writing an article abut the Aral Sea.
答案 D
解析 代词猜测题。
根据第二段的第一句话“他再次访问乌兹别克斯坦的结果比那要多得多”可推知that指代上一段的最后一句话也就是他去那里的目的，即写一本关于the Aral Sea消失的书。故选D。
【刷名校真题】
语法填空练习
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、阅读理解
In 1849, travelers ging frm the East Cast t the West Cast f the U.S. had three chices. They culd g by wagn(马车) acrss the dangerus land. They culd travel by sea t Panama, crss Panama by ft, and then sail t the West Cast. The third chice was t bard a sailing ship in New Yrk bund fr Califrnia. The jurney tk lng. Severe weather culd add as much as five extra mnths t the trip.
Culd there be any ther way t travel frm the Atlantic t the Pacific? The answer was a canal. A canal is a human-made waterway.
In the1850s,the U.S. and Britain negtiated treaty(条约) fr the rights t build canal. Hwever, this canal was never built.
Panama was anther lgical ptin fr a canal. With a canal in Panama, travel time culd be three mnths instead f eight mnths.
In 1879, France began t build a canal acrss Panama. This prject was led by Ferdinand, the experienced builder f the Suez Canal in Egypt. The French gvernment felt that he culd get the jb dne.
Unfrtunately, prblems began as sn as cnstructin started. It rained every day and temperatures climbed as high as 130 degrees. Trpical diseases caused illness r death t the majrity f wrkers. These factrs put a great deal f stress n the prject. The mney assigned t build the canal quickly ran ut. In 1899, France abandned the prject.
The U.S. Cngress decided t finish the canal. The U.S . gvernment paid $40 millin t France fr the cmpleted wrk and abandned equipment. In 1903, a treaty between the U.S. and Panama was signed paying Panama $10 millin fr the land fr the canal. This treaty als guaranteed $250,000 t Panama each year fr the use f its land and ensured its independence. This deal was viewed as a majr freign plicy achievement at the time.
By early1913, the canal was nearly cmplete. On September 26,1931, an ld tugbat was the first ship thrugh the canal. Thusands f peple watched and cheered.
Time, mney, and pssibly even lives have been saved as ships use the shrter rute frm cean t cean prvided by the canal. The Panama Canal, a highway f water, is a phenmenn.
1．What des the underlined wrd “phenmenn” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A．DisasterB．Wnder.C．Case.D．Supply.
2．What caused France t stp wrk n the canal?
A．France incrrectly believed in Ferdinand.
B．Ferdinand managed anther canal prject in Egypt.
C．Trpical diseases infected mst wrkers n the prject
D．The U.S. gvernment paid France and tk ver the prject.
3．What can be inferred abut the building f the Panama Canal?
A．It caused feelings f hate between France and the U.S.
B．It strengthened the relatinship between Panama and the U.S.
C．It united the peple living n the east and west casts f the U.S.
D．It created pressure n the relatinship between Britain and the U.S.
4．What is the purpse fr writing the text?
A．T persuade readers t visit the Canal.
B．T infrm readers abut the Canal and its histry.
C．T tell interesting facts abut wh built the Canal.
D．T state building the Canal was a gd plitical decisin.
【来源】江西省八所重点中学（九江一中、吉安一中等）2021届高三下学期4月联考英语试题（含听力）
【答案】1．B
2．C
3．B
4．B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了巴拿马运河的建造历史及其意义。
1．
词句猜测题。通读全文，根据最后一段划线词句上一句“Time, mney, and pssibly even lives have been saved as ships use the shrter rute frm cean t cean prvided by the canal.(由于运河为船只提供了从一个大洋到另一个大洋的较短航线，时间、金钱，甚至可能还有生命得以挽救。)”可知，巴拿马运河的开通对于航行来说就是个奇迹。从而推测划线词句中“The Panama Canal, a highway f water, is a phenmenn.(巴拿马运河，一条水上高速路，是一个phenmenn)”中划线词汇为“奇迹”意思。选项B“奇迹”与之最为接近。故选B项。
2．
细节理解题。根据第六段中“Trpical diseases caused illness r death t the majrity f wrkers. These factrs put a great deal f stress n the prject. (热带病使大多数工人生病或死亡。这些因素给这项工程施加了很大的压力。)”可知，法国之所以停止运河建设是因为热带病感染了这个项目的大多数工人。故选C项。
3．
推理判断题。根据第七段中“In 1903, a treaty between the U.S. and Panama was signed paying Panama $10 millin fr the land fr the canal. This treaty als guaranteed $250,000 t Panama each year fr the use f its land and ensured its independence. ( 1903年，美国和巴拿马签署了一项条约，向巴拿马支付1000万美元购买运河的土地。该条约还保证每年向巴拿马提供25万美元用于其土地的使用，并确保其独立。)”可以推知，巴拿马运河的建造加强了巴拿马和美国之间的关系。故选B项。
4．
推理判断题。通读全文，根据第二段“Culd there be any ther way t travel frm the Atlantic t the Pacific? The answer was a canal. A canal is a human-made waterway.( 从大西洋到太平洋还有其他的旅行方式吗？答案是一条运河。运河是人造水道。)”以及后面几段内容可知，本文主要是让读者了解巴拿马运河及其历史。故选B项。
The sund that wke Damian Languell at 8:15 in the mrning was s lud he assumed it came frm inside his huse in Wade, Maine. As he gt up t investigate, he heard anther sund, this ne cming mst definitely frm utside. Lking ut f his bedrm windw, he nticed a tree envelped in smke abut 500 yards away. A car wrapped arund the tree's base, its engine n fire.
Grabbing buckets f water, he and his wife ran t the crash site. Up clse, the accident lked wrse. The car was split nearly in tw, and the tree was where the driver's seat ught t have been, as if planted there. N ne shuld have survived this crash, and yet there was 20- year-ld Quintin Thmpsn, his terrified face pressed against the driver's side windw, in visible pain.
Languell tried putting ut the fire with his buckets f water but failed. When the flames gt int the frnt seats, he knew he had t get the yung man ut. S Languell pened the car's back dr and climbed in. Using a pcket knife he'd brught with him, he cut thrugh Thmpsn's seat belt. Nw that Thmpsn was free, Languell pulled him ut, and dragged him t safety befre the entire car was in flames.
It is empathy that drve Languell t help, just as he said, "My heart ges ut t Thmpsn. When yu are that clse t that level f hurt, yu feel it s directly." Fr his heric actin, Languell was added t the list f real-life heres changing the wrld.
5．Where was the first sund actually frm?
A．A huse n fire.B．A car crash.
C．The bedrm windw.D．The basement.
6．What d we knw abut Quintin Thmpsn?
A．He saved his car frm fire.B．He was successfully rescued.
C．He remained calm all the time.D．He was capable f helping himself ut.
7．Which f the fllwing best explains "empathy” underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Hnesty.B．Wisdm.C．Sympathy.D．Respnsibility.
8．Which wrds can best describe Damian Languell?
A．Daring and generus.B．Caring and grateful.
C．Curageus and nble.D．Ambitius and reliable.
【来源】Unit 6 单元综合测试（外研版2019选择性必修二）
【答案】5．B
6．B
7．C
8．C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章记叙了Damian Languell勇敢地救出了一起车祸中的幸存者Quintin Thmpsn的故事。因为他的英勇行为，Languell被列入了现实生活中改变世界的英雄名单。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中The sund that wke Damian Languell at 8:15 in the mrning was s lud he assumed it came frm inside his huse in Wade, Maine.(清晨8点15分， Damian Languell被吵醒的声音太大了，以至于他以为那声音是从缅因州Wade的家中传出来的)以及A car wrapped arund the tree's base, its engine n fire.(一辆汽车绕在树的底部，发动机着火了)可推知，第一个声音实际上是车祸发出的。故选B。
6．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句Nw that Thmpsn was free, Languell pulled him ut, and dragged him t safety befre the entire car was in flames.(现在Thmpsn自由了，Languell把他拉了出来，在整辆车起火之前把他拉到安全的地方)可知，Quintin Thmpsn成功获救。故选B。
7．词义猜测题。根据下文My heart ges ut t Thmpsn. When yu are that clse t that level f hurt, yu feel it s directly.(我很同情汤普森。当你接近那种程度的伤害时，你会直接感受到)可推知，正是这种同情心促使Languell伸出援手的，由此可知，划线单词意思为“同情心”。故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中S Languell pened the car's back dr and climbed in. Using a pcket knife he'd brught with him, he cut thrugh Thmpsn's seat belt. Nw that Thmpsn was free, Languell pulled him ut, and dragged him t safety befre the entire car was in flames.(他用随身携带的小刀割断了Thmpsn的安全带。现在Thmpsn自由了，Languell把他拉了出来，在整辆车起火之前把他拉到安全的地方)可知，Languell不怕危险将Thmpsn从车里救了出来。由此可知，Languell很勇敢；根据最后一段中Fr his heric actin, Languell was added t the list f real-life heres changing the wrld.(因为他的英勇行为，朗格尔被列入了现实生活中改变世界的英雄名单)可推知，Languell的行为很高尚。故选C。
【点睛】
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解中常考题型之一，可以大致分为
① 定义猜词，可以根据定义信息和举例猜测词义。如文中常用refer t，be called或that’s t say，such as等。
② 逻辑猜词可以根据同义词、反义词、因果关系词等猜测词义，例如，similarly,the same as,but,hwever,while,n the ther hand,since ,because等，所猜词与这些提示词前/后面部分的含义一样、相反或是前因后果。
③ 语法猜词，可以根据构词法，再结合上下文进行猜词。
④ 语境猜词，猜测词义离不开上下文的语境，通过上下文提供的情景和线索进行合理的分析，同时还要关注其所在的整段及整篇文章。
⑤ 指代猜词即找出人称代词、指示代词、关系代词或关系副词等所指代的内容，做题时要注意指代词的位置，以便于判断，然后用所找的指代内容替换划线代词，核实其逻辑、意义、位置等是否一致，最后比较所找部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。
如第三小题，根据下文My heart ges ut t Thmpsn. When yu are that clse t that level f hurt, yu feel it s directly.(我很同情汤普森。当你接近那种程度的伤害时，你会直接感受到)可推知，正是这种同情心促使Languell伸出援手的，故划线单词意思为“同情心”。故选C。
A large bdy f research has been develped in recent years t explain many aspects f willpwer. Mst f the researchers explring self-cntrl d s with an bvius gal in mind: Hw can willpwer be strengthened? If willpwer is truly a limited resurce, as the research suggests, what can be dne t make it stay strng?
Aviding temptatin (诱惑) is an effective methd fr maintaining self-cntrl, which is called the “ut f sight, ut f mind” principle. One recent study, fr instance, fund ffice wrkers less attracted t candy in the desk drawer than that n tp f their desks, in plain sight.
The research suggesting that we pssess a limited reservir f self-cntrl raises a trubling questin. When we face t many temptatins, are we t fail? Nt necessarily. Researchers dn’t believe that ne’s willpwer is ever cmpletely exhausted. Rather, peple appear t hld sme willpwer in reserve, saved fr future demands. The right mtivatin allws us t tap int thse reserves, allwing us t carry n even when ur self-cntrl strength has been run dwn. High mtivatin might help vercme weakened willpwer-at least t a pint.
Willpwer may als be made less vulnerable（脆弱）t being exhausted in the first place. Researchers wh study self-cntrl ften describe it as being like a muscle that gets tired with heavy use. But there is anther aspect t the muscle cmparisn, they say. While muscles becme exhausted by exercise in the shrt term, they are strengthened by regular exercise in the lng term. Similarly, regular practices f self-cntrl may imprve willpwer strength.
The evidence frm willpwer-exhaustin studies als suggests that making a list f reslutins n New Year’s Eve is the wrst pssible apprach. Being exhausted in ne area can reduce willpwer in ther areas, s it makes mre sense t fcus n a single gal at a time. In ther wrds, dn’t try t quit smking, adpt a healthy diet and start a new exercise plan at the same time. Taking gals ne by ne is a better apprach. Once a gd habit is in place, Baumeister says, yu’ll n lnger need t draw n yur willpwer t maintain the behavir. Eventually healthy habits will becme rutine, and wn’t require making decisins at all.
9．Frm the studies in the passage we learn that .
A．peple have unlimited self-cntrl
B．high mtivatin ensures ne’s success
C．willpwer is hardly cmpletely exhausted
D．t many temptatins ften lead t failure
10．The underlined phrase “tap int” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably means .
A．make use fB．run ut f
C．buildD．increase
11．The authr cmpares self –cntrl t muscles .
A．t prve the lng-term effect f willpwer
B．t shw the significance f regular exercise
C．t argue that self-cntrl can he easily used up
D．t explain the benefits f practicing self-cntrl
12．T develp a gd habit, which f the fllwing des the authr prefer?
A．“I will give up dessert and d exercise.”
B．“I will set three gals this new semester.”
C．“I will read an English nvel every mnth.”
D．“I will keep myself frm any temptatin.”
【来源】四川省仁寿第一中学南校区2020-2021学年高二4月月考英语试题
【答案】9．C
10．A
11．D
12．C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。短文列举了关于意志力的几种研究和观点，作者认为有了明确的目标，良好的自我监督和练习，就可以在面对诱惑时使意志力保持坚强。
9．细节推理题。根据第三段Researchers dn’t believe that ne’s willpwer is ever cmpletely exhausted. Rather, peple appear t hld sme willpwer in reserve, saved fr future demands.可知，研究人员不相信人的意志力会完全耗尽，他们还有备用的和为将来需求节省的意志力。所以从文章中的研究我们了解到意志力几乎没有完全丧失。故C选项正确。
10．猜测词义题。由第三段“The right mtivatin allws us t tap int thse reserves, allwing us t carry n even when ur self-cntrl strength has been run dwn.”可知，正确的动机使我们能够利用这些储备，即使我们的自我控制能力已经被消耗殆尽，我们仍然可以继续前进。所以通过上下文的语境，判断出“tap int”指利用，与make use f同义。故A选项正确。
11．推理判断题。根据第四段While muscles becme exhausted by exercise in the shrt term, they are strengthened by regular exercise in the lng term. Similarly, regular practices f self-cntrl may imprve willpwer strength.可知，虽然肌肉在短期内会因运动而疲惫不堪，但长期而言，它们会通过经常锻炼而增强。同样规律的自我控制可以提高意志力。两者相比是为了说明同一个道理：长期的锻炼和自我控制的好处。所以作者把自我控制比作肌肉是为了解释自我控制的好处。故D选项正确。
12．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Taking gals ne by ne is a better apprach. Once a gd habit is in place, yu’ll n lnger need t draw n yur willpwer t maintain the behavir. Eventually healthy habits will becme rutine, and wn’t require making decisins at all.可知，作者认为一个接一个的制定目标是一个更好的方法。一旦养成好习惯，你就不再需要依靠意志力来维持自己的行为。最终健康的习惯将成为惯例，而且不需要做任何决定。所以C项“I will read an English nvel every mnth.”是先设立目标，然后成为好习惯，作者更喜欢这种目标。故C选项正确。
【点睛】
根据事物的定义或者对事物总体的概括，从而判断出哪些具体事物或者具体的实践应该属于定义的范围或者是概括的范围是我们经常见到的推理判断题的题型。要解决这样的判断题，首先要讲对事物的定义或者对事物的总体概括要读清楚，然后根据对比4个选项，哪个选项在定义或者概括范围内的。哪个就是正确的答案。
由倒数第二段Taking gals ne by ne is a better apprach. Once a gd habit is in place, yu’ll n lnger need t draw n yur willpwer t maintain the behavir. Eventually healthy habits will becme rutine, and wn’t require making decisins at all.可知，作者认为一个接一个的制定目标是一个更好的方法。一旦养成好习惯，你就不再需要依靠意志力来维持自己的行为。最终健康的习惯将成为惯例，而且不需要做任何决定。C项“I will read an English nvel every mnth.”是先设立目标，然后成为好习惯，作者更喜欢这种目标。故小题4的正确选项为C选项。
The rapid grwth in skyscrapers wrldwide has led t a high demand fr windw washers since mst f these buildings feature large glass panes (窗格) t highlight their breathtaking views.
Thugh the jb ffers a handsme salary, dangling alngside multi-stry structures is dangerus, and accidents are nt uncmmn. Hwever, if Israel-based cmpany Skyline Technlgies has its way, the dangerus chre may sn be taken care f by Ozm, an intelligent windw cleaning rbt.
"As a sciety, we've becme t cmfrtable watching peple hanging ff the sides f 30-stry buildings," says Yarn Schwarez, c-funder and CEO f Skyline Rbtics. "N salary culd justify allwing peple t put their lives in the hands f a system f rpes."
Much like humans, Ozm is placed n platfrms suspended frm the buildings and uses its arms and brushes t clean the dirt n the glass panes. A 3D map f the building's surface prgrammed int its system allws the rbt t skillfully handle bstacles as it mves up and dwn the structure. Cmputer visin and tuch sensrs enable it t mve ut f the way in case f unexpected events, such as the sudden pening f a windw.
Unlike current windw washers, the rbt cleaner des nt require sap t clean the glass. Instead, it uses distilled water (蒸馏水) and a prcess called dirt absrptin t d the jb. Schwarez explains, "We use pure water t absrb and remve the salts, the minerals, the ils, and the dirt frm the building. We are envirnmentally-friendly."
Ozm is als expected t be much mre efficient than humans. While it currently takes three cleaners 480 hurs each t clean the windws f a 40-stry glass building, the rbt will single-handedly cmplete the task in just 80 hurs. Hwever, unlike ther rbts, Ozm will nt replace human wrkers. It will nly make their jbs safer by lifting them t the rle f supervisrs, wh will be remtely cntrlling the peratin frm belw.
Whether Ozm, which is still underging testing, des as gd a jb as human remains t be seen.
13．Which f the fllwing can best replace the phrase "has its way" in paragraph 2?
A．Succeeds.B．Hesitates.
C．Struggles.D．Exists.
14．What can we learn abut Ozm frm the passage?
A．It requires chemicals t clean.
B．It has truble crssing bstacles.
C．It perates with great efficiency.
D．It wrks withut human helpers.
15．What is the authr's attitude twards the future applicatin f Ozm?
A．Optimistic.
B．Dubtful
C．Uncnceded.
D．Objective.
16．What is the best tile fr the text?
A．Ozm: a Duble-edged Swrd.
B．Ozm: a Smart Windw Cleaner.
C．Windw Washing: a Dangerus Jb.
D．Windw Washing: a Blessing in Disguise.
【来源】四川省成都市第七中学2021届高三高考考前热身考试英语试题
【答案】13．A
14．C
15．D
16．B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。介绍一种能清洁摩天大楼窗户玻璃的新型机器人Ozm的工作原理，优势。但是Ozm是否能像人类一样发挥良好的作用还有待观察。
13．
词义猜测题。根据下文the dangerus chre may sn be taken care f by Ozm, an intelligent windw cleaning rbt.可知清洗摩天大楼窗户这样的杂事可以由该公司的智能机器人来做，因此可知该公司的这项技术应该是成功的。故选A。
14．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段Ozm is als expected t be much mre efficient than humans. Ozm也被认为比人类的效率更高。While it currently takes three cleaners 480 hurs each t clean the windws f a 40-stry glass building, the rbt will single-handedly cmplete the task in just 80 hurs.可知相对人工清理一栋40层楼的玻璃建筑，人工需要480小时，而该机器人仅需80小时。可知 Ozm 的工作效率很高。故选C。
15．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Ozm is als expected t be much mre efficient than humans.可知作者认为该机器人能大大提高效率，然而却不能完全取代人工清洁。 根据最后一段Whether Ozm, which is still underging testing, des as gd a jb as human remains t be seen.目前仍在测试中的Ozm是否能像人类一样发挥良好的作用还有待观察。由此判断出作者对Ozm未来的应用持客观的态度。故选D。
16．
主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句Hwever, if Israel-based cmpany Skyline Technlgies has its way, the dangerus chre may sn be taken care f by Ozm, an intelligent windw cleaning rbt，然而，如果以色列公司天际线技术(Skyline Technlgies)能够成功的话，这种危险的家务可能很快就会由智能窗户清洁机器人Ozm来处理。以及下文对于对于 Ozm的工作原理，优势的介绍。可知，短文的最佳标题为“Ozm：智能窗户清洗工”故选B。
【点睛】
把握文章的主旨大意主要有三种方法：
1.找准主题句，如本题的主题句在第二段的最后一句。
2.看文章篇幅主要在讲什么。
3.根据选项标题逆向推理文章可能会说些什么，如果和文章内容不匹配的不能选。
根据第二段最后一句Hwever, if Israel-based cmpany Skyline Technlgies has its way, the dangerus chre may sn be taken care f by Ozm, an intelligent windw cleaning rbt，然而，如果以色列公司天际线技术(Skyline Technlgies)能够成功的话，这种危险的家务可能很快就会由智能窗户清洁机器人Ozm来处理。以及下文对于对于 Ozm的工作原理，优势的介绍。可知，短文的最佳标题为“Ozm：智能窗户清洗工”故小题4选 B 。