高中英语人教版 (2019)必修 第二册Unit 4 History and traditions同步测试题

Unit 4 History and Traditions

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

(2020·泰安市6月模拟)

If you hear the word “castle” or the word “palace”， you may picture the same kind of building for both: large, made of stones, probably with a tower. And, of course, you're not entirely wrong, as those are features of both palaces and castles.

So then why bother to visit one royal building in the United Kingdom—Buckingham Palace and another in the same country— Windsor Castle? It turns out that there is a difference, and you can find it pretty plainly in these two popular buildings.

The Case for Castles

Castles were residences for royalty. But they were also intended as defensive seats. Say you're a king who has taken a particular area over. Now you have to hold it. So you build a castle and staff it with soldiers to defend your conquered territory and ensure it remains part of your kingdom.

Castles were built throughout Europe and the Middle East primarily for the protection of the king and his people. Some common features of castles include：

●thick walls and heavy gates to keep invaders out

●protective low walls for archers to shoot with cover

●high towers for keeping a lookout for the surrounding lands

●gatehouses for admitting allies instead of allowing enemies into the castle

 The Place for Palaces

Palaces, on the contrary, had no defensive purposes. They were first meant for showing off the great victory of the war. Palaces were where the spoils (战利品) of war might be displayed, along with grand architecture, massive banquet halls, golden table settings and maybe even hundreds of luxuriously decorated rooms.

While kings certainly took up residence in palaces as well as castles, nonmilitary royals might also have lived in (or still live in) palaces. Ministers could live in castles to show the power of their riches rather than their nonexistent military power. The term comes from Palatine Hill in Rome.

文章大意：本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了城堡和宫殿的不同之处。

1．Which of the following is one feature of castles？  B 

A．Low towers surrounding castles.

B．Defensive low walls for shooting.

C．Gatehouses allowing enemies into the castle.

D．Thick walls and heavy gates to lock invaders in.

解析：细节理解题。根据The Case for Castles部分的“protective low walls forarchers to shoot with cover”可知，用来射击的防御性低墙是城堡的特点之一。

2．Why were palaces first built？  D 

A．To accommodate ordinary soldiers.

B．To defend the king's conquered territory.

C．To show off the art of royal painting.

D．To display huge success of the war.

解析：细节理解题。根据The Place for Palaces部分的“They were first meant for showing off the great victory of the war.Palaces were where the spoils (战利品) of war might be displayed”，可知，最初建立宫殿是为了炫耀战争的胜利。

3．What is the main purpose of the text？  B 

A．To list the reasons for kings' living in palaces.

B．To make a comparison between castles and palaces.

C．To talk about the value of castles in modern times.

D．To show palaces are more popular than castles.

解析：写作目的题。根据第二段最后一句“It turns out that there is a difference，and you can find it pretty plainly in these two popular buildings.”以及下文中对城堡和宫殿的特点的介绍可知，本文是为了对比城堡和宫殿。

B

(2021·河南省南阳市一中月考)

Have you ever heard a rumor spread around by students at your school? Rumors, like fake news, can often misinform individuals and lead them to believe false information.

In an attempt to settle this problem, the country of Singapore has passed a bill that bans companies and individuals from publishing false information online.

This law, known as The Protection From Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Bill, has caused a public outcry (强烈的抗议), as the government has been given the power to remove content that it considers inaccurate or against the public's interest.

Since Singapore's citizens are part of different racial and religious groups, the government fears that rumors or fake news can increase tensions within an already small country.

With the new law coming into effect, Singapore's government now has the authority to monitor news sites, social media platforms, and other databases of information to determine whether the content is falsified. The government can order for the removal of fake news, and publishers of this information can receive prison time and fines up to one million Singapore dollars!

Critics fear that the bill threatens their freedom of speech and freedom of expression. Since national issues and world news are generally discussed on online platforms, many are concerned that this new bill will prevent individuals from talking freely and having healthy conversations.

Several companies, including Google, Facebook, and Twitter, have offices situated in Singapore, meaning that the new law will affect their company operations. Social media companies in Singapore could face a decline in activity, as users may fear posting their opinions and being punished by the government.

Others are concerned that the law does not clearly state what a “false statement” is. Such an ambiguity might allow the government to misuse their power, even though the intention is to curtail the mow of false information and rumors throughout Singapore.

This law does give rise to several concerns related to freedom and privacy and it will be interesting to see what Singapore's government will do to deal with this problem.

文章大意：本文是一篇新闻报道类文章。新加坡通过了一个旨在惩罚虚假新闻发布者法案，一些人认为这会影响到他们的言论自由而强烈抗议。

4．Why are some people against the bill？  C 

A．They think the bill can't get rid of fake news.

B．They belong to different racial and religious groups.

C．They think their freedom of speech may be harmed.

D．They don't want to increase tensions in their country.

解析：推理判断题。根据第三段“...the government has been given the power to remove content that it considers inaccurate or against the public's interest.”及第六段第一句“Critics fear that the bill threatens their freedom of speech and freedom of expression.”可知，一些人强烈地抗议新法案是因为新法案给政府赋予了删除不准确或不符合公共利益的内容的权力。这些人认为这会影响到他们的言论自由。故C项正确。

5．What does the government have the right to do under the new law？  A 

A．Punish publishers of fake news.

B．Monitor telephone conversations.

C．Prohibit certain people from going online.

D．Fine fake-news makers any amount of money.

解析：细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句“The government can order for the removal of fake news, and publishers of this information can receive prison time and fines up to one million Singapore dollars！”可知，新法案生效后政府有权惩罚虚假新闻制造者。故A项正确。

6．How will the new law affect social media companies in Singapore？  D 

A．Their users' privacy may be disturbed.

B．Their income will increase very slowly.

C．Their illegal activities will come to light.

D．Their social media may become less active.

解析：细节理解题。根据第七段第二句“Social media companies in Singapore could face a decline inactivity, as users may fear posting their opinions and being punished by the government.”可知，社交媒体的使用者因害怕发表言论受到惩罚而降低活跃度。故D项正确。

7．What does the underlined word in paragraph 8 probably mean？  D 

A．Prove.　　　　　　 B．Accelerate.

C．Promote.　 D．Decrease.

解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段“the government fears that rumors or fake news can increase tensions within an already small country”可知，新加坡政府通过这个法案的初衷就是为了避免虚假新闻在国内造成局势紧张。画线单词所在句的意思为：如此模糊的概念可能允许政府在这方面滥用权力，尽管政府的意图是为了抑制错误信息和流言蜚语在新加坡境内的传播。故该词义为“减少”，所以D项正确。

Ⅱ.阅读七选五

September 23 marks the start of a new season.   1.F   In Great Britain, the third season of the year usually has only one name: autumn. But if you travel across the Atlantic, you'll find that people use both fall and autumn interchangeably when referring to this time of year, making it the only season in the English language with two widely accepted names.   2.C 

According to Dictionary. com, fall isn't a modern name that followed the more traditional autumn. The two terms are actually first recorded within a few hundred years of each other, with the term fall being used even a bit earlier.

  3.G   The word is of Germanic origin and meant “picking” or “collecting” , a nod to the act of gathering and preserving crops in the field before winter. In the 1500s, English speakers began referring to the season separating the hot and cold months as either the fall of the leaf or the spring of the leaf, or fall and spring for short.   4.D   By the end of the 1600s, autumn, from the French word“automne” and the Latin “autumnus” , had overtaken fall as the standard British term for the third season.

Around the same time England adopted autunm, the first-ever British American colonists (殖民者) were voyaging to North America.   5.B   While the former fell out of fashion overseas, it established itself in the local vocabulary by the time America won its independence. Today, using both words to describe the season before winter is still a unique American behavior.

A. The Americans prefer using fall to using autumn.

B．With them they brought the words fall and autumn.

C．So what is it about the season that makes it so special?

D．But for some reason, only spring had staying power in Britain.

E．It is time to gather apples, rice and other things for the farmers.

F．However, what exactly you should call that season depends on where you are.

G．Before either word appeared, the season between summer and winter was known as harvest.

文章大意：本文是说明文，主题语境是“人与社会”。文章介绍了秋天在英语中两种不同的叫法及其历史渊源。

1．考查细节支撑句。空前提到了“a new season”，空后讲大不列颠和大西洋彼岸对这一季节叫法的不同，故F项符合语境，选项中的“that season”和“depends on where you are”分别与文中内容对应。

2．考查承上启下句。空前提到秋天有两种叫法，下文是对此的解释，C项“那么是什么让这个季节变得如此特别？”连接上下文，符合题意。

3．考查细节支撑句。上文提到了一个季节的两种叫法，结合下文的“The word”可知，空处所填句中应用一个有关秋季另一种叫法的单词，G项“在两个词出现之前，夏季和冬季之间的季节被称为harvest”。符合题意。

4．考查细节支撑句。上文讲到在16世纪，以英语为母语的人开始用树叶的落下(简称fall)或生长(简称spring)来指代炎热和寒冷的月份之间的那个季节，空后提到了17世纪末，autumn取代fall成为指代第三个季节的标准英国用词，由此推断，空处应说明spring一词的情况，故选D。

5．考查细节支撑句。空前讲大约在英格兰采用autumn来指代秋天的同一时间，第一批去美国的英国殖民者开始漂洋过海到了北美，空后提到前一个词虽然在大洋彼岸不再流行，但却在美国独立后站稳了脚跟。B项中的“them”“they”对应了空前的“the first-ever British American colonists(殖民者)”，B项中的“fall”对应了空后的“the former”。

Ⅲ.语法填空

Undoubtedly, Britain is a nation of hat wearers. From taking off hats   1.to   launching mortar boards (学位帽) in the air, hats have long been associated with ceremonies and practices.Even the history of the country can   2.be told   (tell) through hats.

 3.Dating   (date) back to medieval England, the flat cap became a symbol of working class culture in the 19th and 20th centuries.The Edwardian era was   4.a   golden age of hats, when the decorations became even more delicate, ranging from flowers, birds to fruits.The pork pie hat, starting in the mid-19th century, was the   5.choice   (choose) for many well-dressed Victorian citizens.Decades later it   6.gradually   (gradual) became a key feature of London street style.By the 1960s, though, hats faded out of people's sight because of the rise of private cars.It was the Royal Wedding

 7.held   (hold) in 2011 that contributed to the return of hat wearing.For example, Hat Works Museum—the only museum in Stockport featured in hats and hat making—is   8.more popular   (popular) than ever, with a distinct increase among its visitors.

 9.What   marks Britain out on the world stage is the large number of hats that can be called its own.The variety of hats in Britain   10.reflects   (reflect) its multicultural background and rich cultural heritage.

文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。简要介绍了英国的帽子发展史。

解析：

1．考查介词。根据空前的From及空后的launching可知，此处考查固定用法from...to...“从……到……”。故用介词to。

2．考查动词的语态。分析句子结构可知，tell和句子主语the history of the country构成被动关系，故谓语用被动形式。故用be told。

3．考查非谓语动词。date和句子谓语became之间没有连词，故用其非谓语动词形式，且固定词组date back to意为“追溯到”，和句子主语the flat cap构成逻辑上的主谓关系。故用其现在分词形式。

4．考查冠词。golden age意为“黄金时代”，是可数名词单数形式，其前无限定词修饰，此处在文中第一次提及，且golden的发音以辅音音素开头。故用不定冠词a修饰。

5．考查名词。根据语境，且与定冠词the呼应可知，此处用其名词形式。

6．考查副词。修饰动词应用副词，故用副词gradually修饰动词became。

7．考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，hold和句子主语the Royal Wedding构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用其过去分词作后置定语。本句是一个强调句，即：It is＋被强调部分＋that＋句子剩余部分，对句子主语the Royal Wedding进行强调。

8．考查形容词的比较级。与语境中的than呼应可知，此处用形容词比较级，作is的表语。

9．考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，表示“……的事物”。故用连接代词What。

10．考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处为一般性描述，应用一般现在时，且主语为The variety，故此处谓语用第三人称单数形式reflects。

Ⅳ.短文改错

(2021·广东省七校联合体第一次联考)

Last weekend, after pay a visit to the city of New York, I visited the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, where lies in Washington, D．C..

The museum, which covers a area of 18, 000 square meters, is made of 24 exhibition halls. All kinds of planes, rockets, missiles and spaceship of great importance and variously old instruments that famous pilots and astronauts used are on display.In addition, I see copies of some satellites and aircraft.More interestingly, I tried operating on some aircraft by myself.During the visit, I took lots of pictures as well.

This brief visit helped myself learn much about the history of human space exploration. It made me more interesting in science and technology.

答案：

Last weekend, after  a visit to the city of New York, I visited the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution,  lies in Washington, D．C..

The museum, which covers  area of 18, 000 square meters, is made  of 24 exhibition halls. All kinds of planes, rockets, missiles and  of great importance and  old instruments that famous pilots and astronauts used are on display.In addition, I  copies of some satellites and aircraft.More interestingly, I tried operating on some aircraft by myself.During the visit, I took lots of pictures as well.

This brief visit helped  learn much about the history of human space exploration. It made me more  in science and technology.

解析：

1．考查非谓语动词。根据该句中的介词after可知，该处作介词after的宾语。故用动名词形式。

2．考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句为包含非限制性定语从句的复合句，句中the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution为先行词，关系词指代先行词且在从句中作主语。故用which引导该定语从句。

3．考查冠词。area是发音以元音音素开头的单词。故用不定冠词an。

4．考查介词。be made up of为固定搭配，意为“由……组成；由……构成”。此处表示：这个博物馆面积达18 000平方米，由24个展厅构成。

5．考查名词的数。spaceship为可数名词，根据该句中的All kinds of可知，该处应用其复数形式。

6．考查形容词。该词修饰名词instruments，表示“各种各样的老式仪器”。故用形容词形式。

7．考查动词的时态。根据本文首句中的Last weekend可知，本文叙述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。故将see改为saw。

8．考查介词。operate为及物动词，在该处意为“操作”，后面直接跟宾语，故删除介词on。此处表示：更有趣的是，我亲自尝试操作了一些飞行器。

9．考查代词。此处表示：此次短暂的参观帮助我了解了很多人类太空探索的历史。此处作help的宾语，故用me。

10．考查形容词。此处表示：这让我对科学技术更感兴趣。由该句中的me可知，该处修饰人，表示“感兴趣的”。故用形容词interested。