2026届高三英语二轮高效复习讲义阅读理解素养培优（三）社科类新名词题专项突破（Word版附解析）

这是一份2026届高三英语二轮高效复习讲义阅读理解素养培优（三）社科类新名词题专项突破（Word版附解析），共2页。
社会科学类新名词题是近几年高考命题的常考选材。此类选材话题新颖，具有鲜明的时代特色。
专家说考情
这类文章围绕核心新名词(如 digital minimalism 等)展开，结构清晰、逻辑性强，旨在考查考生快速学习、信息整合及逻辑迁移能力，具体特点有三个方面：
1.以核心概念为纲，结构多为 “提出概念→解释机理→举例 / 引申应用”，题目围绕这一逻辑链，考查对概念内涵、外延及发展脉络的整体把握。
2.考查重点是概念内部的因果、对比、转折、类比等逻辑关系，而非信息本身或是否认识专业名词，核心是理解作者对名词的解释和论证。
3.词义猜测题和细节理解题的线索及答案，均需围绕核心概念的定义或解释来寻找，而非孤立信息。
名师说对策
A
(2024·浙江1月卷阅读D)The Stanfrd marshmallw (棉花糖) test was riginally cnducted by psychlgist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged fur t six at a nursery schl were placed in a rm.A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed n a table.Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat，they wuld be given a secnd treat.Then they were left alne in the rm.Fllw-up studies with the children later in life shwed a cnnectin between an ability t wait lng enugh t btain a secnd treat and varius frms f success.
As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day.We’re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats，but by ur cmputers，phnes，and tablets—all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld，and ur brains develped a respnse mechanism t these treats that reflected their value—a feeling f reward and satisfactin.But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us，dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries，we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag，and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.
A similar prcess is at wrk in ur respnse t infrmatin.Our frmative envirnment as a species was infrmatin-pr，s ur brains develped a mechanism that prized new infrmatin.But glbal cnnectivity has greatly changed ur infrmatin envirnment.We are nw ceaselessly bmbarded (轰炸) with new infrmatin.Therefre，just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin，we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin，resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd”in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章通过20世纪60年代一项针对孩子的棉花糖实验引出作者观点——身处网络时代，我们每天都受到大量信息的诱惑，要学会做有选择的信息消费者。
1.What did the children need t d t get a secnd treat in Mischel’s test？
A.Take an examinatin alne.
B.Shw respect fr the researchers.
C.Share their treats with thers.
D.Delay eating fr fifteen minutes.
D [细节理解题。根据第一段“Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat，they wuld be given a secnd treat.”可知，孩子们如果等待15分钟再吃糖，就会得到第二份奖励，故选D项。]
2.Accrding t Paragraph 3，there is a mismatch between .
A.the calrie-pr wrld and ur gd appetites
B.the shrtage f sugar and ur nutritinal needs
C.the rich fd supply and ur unchanged brains
D.the tempting fds and ur effrts t keep fit
C [细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句话可知，我们获取热量所需付出的成本和努力大大减少，也就是说现在我们能够轻易获取充足的食物了，但是我们的大脑仍然和数千年前一样，因此这两者之间是不匹配的，故选C项。]
3.What des the authr suggest readers d？
A.Absrb new infrmatin readily.
B.Be selective infrmatin cnsumers.
C.Use diverse infrmatin surces.
D.Prtect the infrmatin envirnment.
B [推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，作者建议我们要谨慎地对待信息消费，抵制那些对我们的精神健康有害的诱惑信息，以达到高效管理时间的目的。因此可推知，作者建议读者要做有选择的信息消费者，故选B项。]
4.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text？
A.Eat Less，Read Mre
B.The Bitter Truth abut Early Humans
C.The Later，the Better
D.The Marshmallw Test fr Grwn-ups
D [标题归纳题。本文围绕棉花糖实验展开，从最初针对幼儿园孩子的测试引入，说明棉花糖对孩子的影响，再类比到成人身上，阐述了在充斥着各类信息的大环境下，我们成年人也应该学会抵制不良信息带来的诱惑，做一个有选择的信息消费者，因此文章重点介绍了成人面临的“棉花糖实验”，故D项最适合作文章标题。故选D项。]
B
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C)The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism，including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks，and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s，I divided the bk int tw parts.In part ne，I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism，starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable，befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy： the digital declutter.This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days.At the end f the thirty days，yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne，I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter.In ding s，I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1，600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter.Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them，and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters，I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use.Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices，which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter.Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章以一本书展开，介绍了数字极简主义并倡导简单的数字生活方式。
5.What is the bk aimed at？
A.Teaching critical thinking skills.
B.Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C.Slving philsphical prblems.
D.Prmting the use f a digital device.
B [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism”，第二段中的“digital lives”和最后一段中的“a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle”可知，本书旨在倡导一种简单的数字生活方式。故选B项。]
6.What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean？
A.Clear-up.B.Add-n.
C.Check-in.D.Take-ver.
A [词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的“step away frm”可知，画线词表示“清除，清理”，A项含义与画线词含义相近。故选A项。]
7.What is presented in the final chapter f part ne？
A.Theretical mdels.
B.Statistical methds.
C.Practical examples.
D.Histrical analyses.
C [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In the final chapter f part ne，I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter.”和“Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries”可推知，第一部分的最后一章提供了真实的例子。故选C项。]
8.What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw？
A.Use them as needed.
B.Recmmend them t friends.
C.Evaluate their effects.
D.Identify the ideas behind them.
A [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances.”可知，作者建议读者把这些方法当成帮助自己实现简单的数字生活方式的工具，即在需要的时候使用这些方法。故选A项。]
(十)社科类新名词题专练
A
(2025·东北三省四市教研联合体高考模拟)If yu ever feel that the wrld is against yu，yu are nt alne.We all have a tendency t assume that when anything ges wrng，the fault lies in sme great intrigue (诡计) against us.If a c-wrker fails t meet the deadline，he must be trying t beat yu t a prmtin.When Wi-Fi in a cffee shp is nt wrking，the staff must be lying abut having it just t attract yu in.
But the fact is that the simple cnclusins，which we tend t jump t，are barely true.Maybe yur c-wrker thught tday was Tuesday，nt Wednesday.Maybe the Wi-Fi just went wrng.This is where Hanln’s razr wrks—a useful mental mdel that ne shuld never cnsider what can be fully explained by neglect (疏忽) as ding harm n purpse.
Applying Hanln’s razr，a helpful tl fr rapid decisin-making and cmprehensin，in ur daily lives makes us less judgmental，and imprves ur reasning skills.Meanwhile，Hanln’s razr allws us t have mre empathy (同感) and teaches us nt t assume the wrst intentin in the actins f thers，the value f which is mst reflected in relatinships，business matters，and persnal happiness.
We all lead cmplex lives where things are cnstantly ging wrng.When this ccurs，a cmmn respnse is t blame the nearest persn and assume they have bad intentin.When smene messes up arund us，we frget hw many times we，t，have dne the same.Instead，the perpetratr becmes a surce f intense annyance.
T assume intentin in such a situatin is likely t wrsen the prblem.Nne f us can ever knw what smene else wants.Inability r neglect is far mre likely t be the genuine cause than the desire t hurt.When a situatin annys us，it can be valuable t cnsider if thse emtins are necessary.Often，the best way t react t ther peple causing us prblems is by seeking t cmmunicate with them，nt t dismiss them.In this way，we can avid a repeat f the same situatin.
[语篇解读]本文是说明文。本文主要介绍了汉隆剃刀思维模型，即不要把可以用疏忽来充分解释的事情视为故意伤害，阐述了其在日常生活中的应用及意义，还说明了当他人造成问题时应采取的正确态度。
1.What can we learn abut Hanln’s razr？
A.It is a way t slve clleagues’ prblems.
B.It avids taking neglect as intentinal harm.
C.It is a device fr restring Wi-Fi cnnectin.
D.It identifies wh is respnsible fr mistakes.
B [细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“This is where Hanln’s razr ding harm n purpse”可知，汉隆剃刀是一种有用的思维模型，它让人们不要把能被疏忽解释的事情当作故意伤害，故选B项。]
2.What d we usually d when things fail？
A.We turn t trustwrthy persns.
B.We change current situatins.
C.We deal with negative emtins.
D.We misjudge thers’ intentin.
D [细节理解题。根据第一段的“We all have a tendency t assume that when anything ges wrng，the fault lies in sme great intrigue (诡计) against us”以及第四段的“When this ccurs，a cmmn respnse is t blame the nearest persn and assume they have bad intentin”可知，当事情出错时，我们往往倾向于认为是他人故意针对我们，即误判他人的意图，所以D项正确。]
3.What des the underlined “the perpetratr” in Paragraph 4 refer t？
A.The mind reader.
B.The errr maker.
C.The prblem slver.
D.The event planner.
B [词句猜测题。根据第四段的“When smene messes up arund surce f intense annyance”可知，当周围有人搞砸事情时，我们会把这个人当作极度恼火的源头，这里的“the perpetratr”指搞砸事情、犯错的人，故选B项。]
4.What is suggested when thers cause prblems？
A.Lsing temper with them.
B.Putting them n the spt.
C.Exchanging ideas with them.
D.Turning a blind eye t them.
C [细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Often，the best way t react t ther peple causing us prblems is by seeking t cmmunicate with them，nt t dismiss them”可知，当他人给我们带来问题时，最好的应对方式是尝试与他们沟通交流，而不是不理会他们，故选C项。]
B
(2025·南昌高三模拟检测)What if everything happens fr a reasn？ It’s a thery that we’ve all heard mre than nce.And in many ways，burnt tast thery can be seen as a mdern take n this classic idea，implying that every little incnvenience we experience in ur day-t-day lives happens fr a bigger reasn.
We’ve all been there.Say yu accidentally burn yur tast befre leaving fr wrk.Accrding t burnt tast thery，this single，tiny incnvenience is enugh t have a dmin effect (多米诺效应).Yur mrning is then pushed back by what maybe three t five minutes.Perhaps that is enugh time t leave the huse a little bit later than usual，and t avid getting in a car accident.Or it might mean yu end up getting a later train，and avid bumping int smene wh yu’d really rather avid.
In ther wrds，burnt tast thery is a reminder t shift yur thinking pattern.When we chse t view the wrld in a mre psitive light，we can help t reduce feelings f anxiety，and release ur fear f being ut f cntrl f the wrld arund us.It prevents us frm thinking ver smething that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective f things and encurages us t make meaning f challenges we may experience，thus making us mre adaptive t the future setbacks.Next time yu feel yurself becming annyed r frustrated by an incnvenience in yur life，try reshaping yur thughts by telling yurself why yu’re grateful fr the incnvenience.
While maintaining a psitive mindset can g a lng way，burnt tast thery is nt withut its drawbacks.Be mindful that nly allwing yurself t fcus n psitive thughts can mean that yu are denying yurself the chance t prperly engage with challenging r difficult emtins，instead fcusing n creating a false psitive prfile.
[语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章介绍了烤焦面包理论，即日常小不便背后可能有更大的积极原因，能通过多米诺效应带来好结果。该理论能帮助培养积极的思维模式、减少焦虑。但该理论也有潜在弊端，过度关注积极方面可能导致忽视与困难情绪的接触。
5.What may be a case f the burnt tast thery？
A.Gaining rewards after paying effrts.
B.Lsing a jb after frgetting t set an alarm.
C.Meeting a future emplyer after missing a flight.
D.Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings.
C [推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，烤焦面包也许会导致你离家比平时稍微晚些，因此避开了车祸，或者这可能意味着你最终会乘坐更晚的火车，并且避免撞到一个你真的很想避开的人。所以烤焦面包理论指小不便引发连锁的积极效应。结合选项可知C项内容属于该理论的一个例子。故选C。]
6.What is the result f applying the burnt tast thery accrding t Paragraph 3？
A.Better judgement n fears.
B.Richer experience frm failures.
C.The remval f daily incnveniences.
D.The harvest f a psitive mindset.
D [细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，烤焦面包理论提醒我们改变思维模式。当我们选择以更积极的眼光看待世界时，我们可以帮助减少焦虑感，并释放我们对周围世界失去控制的恐惧。它防止我们去过度思考那些从宏观角度看实际上并不是那么糟糕的事情，并鼓励我们从可能经历的挑战中寻找意义，从而使我们对未来的挫折更具适应性。所以这一段主要是对烤焦面包理论积极作用的具体解释，也就是能促使人们形成积极的思维模式。故选D。]
7.Which aspect f the thery des the last paragraph fcus n？
A.Wuld-be prjects.
B.Real-wrld applicatins.
C.Ptential weaknesses.
D.Practical advantages.
C [主旨大意题。根据最后一段内容尤其是其中的“While maintaining a psitive mindset can g a lng way，burnt tast thery is nt withut its drawbacks”可知，烤焦面包理论是有缺点的，要记着只允许自己专注于积极的想法可能意味着你在拒绝自己妥善处理具有挑战性或困难情绪的机会。所以该段主要在说该理论的缺点。故选C。]
8.What is prbably the best title f the text？
A.Less Is Mre
B.When Life Gives Yu Lemns，Make Lemnade
C.Once Bitten，Twice Shy
D.Better Late than Never
B [主旨大意题。本文主要介绍烤焦面包理论，它提醒人们在遇到不好的事情时要转变为积极的思维模式看待问题，以便于减少焦虑感等，B项“当生活给你柠檬时，就做成柠檬水”，常用来鼓励人们面对困难或逆境时，要积极乐观，善于将不利的情况转化为有利的结果，所以B项最能概括本文主旨，故选B。]
C
(2025·石家庄普通高中毕业教学质量检测)It’s t early t name any activity The Sprt f 2025，but if yu asked me t d it tday，I wuld give the title t HYROX，which is an individual but interactive activity.Fitness fans run eight kilmetres and stp after each t perfrm exercises such as sled pushes r burpees.The faster yu cmplete the curse，the higher yur scre is in the HYROX wrldwide rankings.Many surveys indicate that peple are exercising mre nw than in previus years.It’s individual fitness pursuits that are driving the rise.
I spent the first half f my 29-year-ld life as a hckey player and the secnd as a distance runner.I lng fr the cmmn gal f team sprts，but I als value the respnsibility and clear results that cme frm wrking tward my wn running targets.S it’s dd t me that peple prefer individual fitness pursuits t team sprts.
One cmmn explanatin is that rganized sprts haven’t bunced back.When peple learned t exercise with less mney，equipment，space，time and rganizatin，they kept individual activities.Meanwhile，there are nw fitness apps fr users t tailr wrkuts based n their heart rates and sleep quality.The rise f wearables has als gt sme f us addicted t ur wn exercise rutines.
Hwever，an bvius prblem fr individual sprts is lneliness.Engaging in team sprts is a prven way t ease it，which bsts ur ability t interact and frm meaningful relatinships.Well，HYROX is a cmbined activity：an individual sprt that we d with thers.Each cmpetitin fllws the same scring system，which allws peple t cmpare their results with thers arund the wrld.
It’s the type that’s cme t dminate the fitness wrld.And，accrding t Guy Faulkner，a prfessr at the University f British Clumbia，if it gets peple ut f the dr，then it’s a gd ne.“The mst effective frm f sprt，”he said，“is the frm yu will sustain.”
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了HYROX这一新兴的兼具独立性与互动性的活动，阐述了人们越来越倾向于个人健身追求的现象及原因等，还提及专家对有效运动形式的看法。
9.What is the key feature f HYROX？
A.It requires teamwrk and shared plans.
B.It is rganized t find sprts partners.
C.It skips physical challenges fr leisure.
D.It is self-paced but ranked with thers.
D [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I wuld give the title t HYROX，which is an individual but interactive faster yu cmplete the curse，the higher yur scre is in the HYROX wrldwide rankings”可知，HYROX是个人运动，但具有互动性，健身爱好者可以按自己的节奏完成跑步和训练，完成速度决定其在全球排名中的位置，即它由个人控制节奏但会和其他人一起排名。故选D。]
10.What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut？
A.Negative effects f cllective sprts.
B.Methds f chsing wearables.
C.Reasns fr the shift t individual fitness.
D.Tailred wrkuts with fitness apps.
C [主旨大意题。第三段开头“One cmmn explanatin is that rganized sprts haven’t bunced back.When individual activities”提到有组织的运动还未恢复，人们学会在资源有限的情况下进行个人活动，接着“there are nw fitness rise f wearables has als gt sme f us addicted t ur wn exercise rutines”指出健身应用程序和可穿戴设备的发展让人们保持着个人健身习惯。整体是在阐述人们转向个人健身的原因。故选C。]
11.Hw des HYROX address the prblem with individual sprts？
A.By targeting peple afraid f public interactins.
B.By cnnecting individuals with shared experiences.
C.By priritizing persnal achievements ver grup gals.
D.By ffering a kind f treatment fr mental health issues.
B [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Hwever，an bvius prblem fr individual sprts is lneliness”“HYROX is a cmbined activity：an individual sprt that we d with thers.Each cmpetitin fllws the same scring system，which allws peple t cmpare their results with thers arund the wrld”可知，个人运动的问题是孤独，而HYROX是个人和他人一起进行的运动，有统一的评分系统，能让人们和世界各地的人比较成绩，也就是通过这种方式将有共同经历(都参与HYROX运动)的个人联系起来。故选B。]
12.What des Guy Faulkner cnsider the mst effective sprt？
A.Sprt that requires the least effrt.
B.Sprt that invlves mre peple.
C.Sprt that ne will d cnsistently.
D.Sprt that prvides the quickest results.
C [细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Accrding t Guy Faulkner...‘The mst effective frm f sprt，’he said，‘is the frm yu will sustain.’”可知，他认为最有效的运动是人们能持续进行的运动。故选C。]
卷别
主题语境
2024年浙江1月卷阅读D
儿童棉花糖实验的启示
2023年新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D
集体商议的智慧
2021年新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D
情商的普及总体上利大于弊，同时作者希望科技的进步能为此类研究提供新的视角
核心
单词
A篇
mechanism n.机制 mismatch n.不匹配 frmative adj.形成期的 ceaselessly adv.不停地
B篇
minimalism n.极简主义 philsphy n.哲学；理念 intlerable adj.难以忍受的 ptinal adj.可选的 sustainable adj.可持续的 mindless adj.无意识的
熟词
生义
A篇
treat 常用义：v.对待→文章义：n.款待/糖果 delivery 常用义：n.递送→文章义：n.传递系统
reward 常用义：n.奖励→文章义：n.愉悦感
B篇
run 常用义：v.跑步→文章义：v.开展 wrk 常用义：v.工作→文章义：v.奏效
practice 常用义：n.练习→文章义：n.实践方法
核心
短语
A篇
cnduct a test 进行实验 fllw-up studies 后续研究 calric cnsumptin 热量摄入 infrmatin cnsumptin 信息消费 resist the temptatin 抵制诱惑
B篇
make the case fr 论证……的合理性 step away frm 远离 draw n 借鉴 take a clser lk 仔细研究 act n 践行 wrk fr 适用于
核心
单词
A篇
Para.1：tendency n.倾向；趋势 Para.2：cnclusin n.结论，推论 Para.4：intense adj.强烈的，剧烈的 Para.5 ：dismiss v.拒绝考虑，不理会
B篇
Para.1：imply v.含有……的意思，暗示，暗指；说明，表明 incnvenience n.带来不便者，麻烦的人(或事物)；不便，麻烦，困难 Para.2： accidentally adv.意外地，偶然地 Para.3： reminder n.引起回忆的事物，提醒人的事物 shift v.改变观点(或态度、做事方式等) release v.发泄，宣泄
C篇
Para.1：individual adj.单独的，个别的 n.个人 interactive adj.互动的，相互交流的 indicate v.表明；暗示；指示 pursuit n.追求；追赶；事业；消遣，爱好 Para.3：wrkut n.体育锻炼，训练 Para.5：dminate v.支配，控制，左右，影响 sustain v.维持；使保持，使稳定持续；遭受；证明，证实
核心
短语
A篇
Para.1：beat sb.t sth.抢先，捷足先登
B篇
Para.4： g a lng way对……大有帮助 engage with 与……建立密切关系，尽力理解
C篇
Para.2：lng fr 渴望，向往 Para.4：engage in (使)从事，参加
熟词
生义
B篇
take(Para.1)常用义：v.拿走，取走 文章义：n.看法，意见
C篇
(1)name(Para.1)常用义：v.给……命名 n.名字 文章义：v.选中
(2)tailr(Para.3)常用义：n.裁缝 文章义：v.专门制作，定做
词缀
变形
A篇
Para.1：assume v.假定，假设→assumptin n.假定，假设 prmte v.促进，增进；擢升，提升，晋升→prmtin n.擢升，提升，晋升 Para.3：judge v.判断，断定，评价→judgment n.看法，意见，评价；判断力；判决→judgmental adj.动辄评头论足的，动辄指责人的
B篇
Para.3：adapt v.使适应，使适合(新用途、新情况)→adaptive adj.适应的，有适应能力的→adaptin n.改编，适应
C篇
Para.3：rganize v.组织；安排，处理→rganized adj.有组织的；有安排的→rganizatin n.组织，团体；组织工作 addict n.对……着迷的人→addicted adj.上瘾的；沉迷的→addictin n.上瘾；入迷，嗜好 Para.5：effect n.效果；影响，结果→effective adj.有效的；实际的，事实上的