高考英语二轮训练-阅读理解说明文5年真题20题+最新模拟80题（技能+真题+模拟）教师版

这是一份高考英语二轮训练-阅读理解说明文5年真题20题+最新模拟80题（技能+真题+模拟）教师版，共95页。
技能专区：练真题，明方向，补漏洞，提能力
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、落实“题干+原文+选项”三对照，重视原文与选项“同义转换”命题技巧。
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
真题演练01（2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.
B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.
D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.
. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.
. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss Cultures
B. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against Chas
D. The Rts f Mrality
【答案】32. C33. B34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
34.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
真题演练02（2023·北京·高考真题）What is life? Like mst great questins, this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行线) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
1．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is.
A．supprtiveB．puzzledC．uncncernedD．dubtful
2．What des the wrd “enamred” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Shcked.B．Prtected.C．Attracted.D．Challenged.
3．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．ALife hlds the key t human future.
B．ALife and AI share a cmmn feature.
C．AI mirrrs the develpments f ALife.
D．AI speeds up the prcess f human evlutin.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B．Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D．Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamred)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething: perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。
真题演练03（2023·北京·高考真题）In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers. One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
5．The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A．draw a cmparisn
B．intrduce a tpic
C．evaluate a statement
D．highlight a prblem
6．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Climate change has been frgtten.
B．Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C．The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D．Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
7．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B．Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C．Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D．Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
5．D 6．C 7．A
【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。
5．推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cle）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cle的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Cl的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。
6．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。
7．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been prved that peple have a bias(偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices(牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。
真题演练04（2022·北京·高考真题）“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn. This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems thinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
8．The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A．illustrate an argumentB．highlight an pinin
C．intrduce the tpicD．predict the ending
9．What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A．The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B．The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C．Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D．The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
10．As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A．It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B．It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C．It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D．It ges beynd human imaginatin.
8．C 9．A 10．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
8．推理判断题。由文章第一段““What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
9．细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
10．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。
真题演练05（2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds f scientists, writers and academics sunded a warning t humanity in an pen letter published last December: Plicymakers and the rest f us must engage penly with the risk f glbal cllapse. Researchers in many areas have prjected the widespread cllapse as “a credible scenari(情景) this century”.
A survey f scientists fund that extreme weather events, fd insecurity, and freshwater shrtages might create glbal cllapse. Of curse, if yu are a nn-human species, cllapse is well underway.
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars’ warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries(签署者) f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the “eclgical ftprint” cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, “it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Jhnsn said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(执着) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
11．What des the underlined wrd “germane” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Scientific.B．Credible.
C．Original.D．Relevant.
12．As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
A．wrriedB．puzzled
C．surprisedD．scared
13．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．The signatries may change the biphysical limits.
B．The authr agrees with the message f the pem.
C．The issue f cllapse is being priritized.
D．The glbal cllapse is well underway.
11．D 12．A 13．B
【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（glbal cllapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
11．词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。
12．推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. wrried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。
13．推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim f dpe; In the incurable frm f hpe.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hpe that ignres preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。
真题演练06（2020·北京·高考真题）Baggy has becme the first dg in the UK—and ptentially the wrld—t jin the fight against air pllutin by recrding pllutant levels near the grund.
Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.
Cnventinal air pllutin mnitrs are nrmally fixed n lamppsts at abut nine feet in the air. Hwever, since Baggy stands at abut the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently recrds pllutin levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Envirnment A gency.
The dggy data research was the idea f Baggy's 13-year-ld wner Tm Hunt and his dad Matt. The English yungster nticed that pllutin levels are arund tw-thirds higher clse t the grund than they are in the air at the height where they are recrded by the agency. Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasise that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very prud" f his sn because “when the by gets an idea, he keeps his head dwn and gets n with it, and he really des want t d sme gd and stp yung kids frm getting asthma."
“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."
Tm said, "Mst f the time, Baggy is just like any ther dg. But fr the rest f the time she is a super dg, and we are all really prud f her."
14．With a mnitr n her cllar, Baggy can ____________.
A．take pllutant readingsB．recrd pllutant levels
C．prcess cllected dataD．reduce air pllutin
15．What can we learn frm the Baggy data?
A．High places are free f air pllutin.
B．Higher pushchairs are mre risky fr kids.
C．Cnventinal mnitrs are mre reliable.
D．Air is mre plluted clser t the grund.
16．What is Tm's purpse f ding the research?
A．T warn f a health risk.B．T find ut pllutin surces.
C．T test his new mnitr.D．T prve Baggy's abilities.
17．Accrding t the passage, which wrd can best describe Tm Hunt?
A．Mdest.B．Generus.C．Creative.D．Outging.
14．B 15．D 16．A 17．C
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子Tm Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。
14．细节理解题。本题题干意为：她的衣领上戴着监视器，Baggy 可以…。根据文章第二段Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Baggy在她的衣领上戴着污染监测器，这样她就可以在接近地面的地方进行数据测量。可知戴着污染监测器可以记录污染物的水平。故答案为B项。
15．推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy收集到的数据中可以了解到什么？根据文章第二段 Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。
16．推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tm的意图是？根据文章第四段Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasize that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tm研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。
17．推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特?根据文章倒数第二段“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）.Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tm是非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练速度，补漏洞，强信心！
（23-24高二上·北京朝阳·期末）If the great dinsaurs hadn’t gne extinct, wuld they have dminated Earth tday? There has been a debate abut this pssibility fr decades. Recently tw analyses have put the surprising cgnitive (认知) abilities f dinsaurs — and their ptential limitatins — in a new light.
In ne study, Suzana Herculan-Huzel at Vanderbilt University calculated the likely number f neurns (神经细胞) in dinsaurs’ pallium, a brain structure that is respnsible fr advanced cgnitive functins. Research suggests that it is the number f neurns in these areas, rather than the brain size, that indicates an animal’s cgnitive ptential. Fr example, despite having a very small head, birds have mre densely packed brain cells than many mammals (哺乳动物) and s can pssess rughly as many neurns as mnkeys. The result is that sme birds shw great cgnitive abilities, cmparable t the smartest nn-human mammals. And it is precisely birds, being the nly surviving lineage (宗系) f dinsaurs, that are Herculan-Huzel’s fundatin. By cmparing the relatinship between brain size, number f neurns and bdy size in numerus existing birds and available fssils f dinsaurs, Herculan-Huzel cncludes that a large dinsaur such as T. rex culd have hused tw billin t three billin neurns in its pallium. If s, dinsaurs culd have had the capacity fr tl use and planning fr the future.
But neurns’ number may nt be enugh. Fr intelligence, brain architecture als matters. And this culd be the weakness f dinsaurs, argues Antn Reiner frm the University f Tennessee. Over 350 millin years f separate evlutin, mammals and dinsaurs fund tw rather different ways t rganize cgnitive functins. The mammalian neurns are rganized in a relatively thin layer frmed by cmpact clumns. In each clumn, different parts can cmmunicate with ne anther ver shrt distances. In cntrast, in the dinsaurs that survive tday, namely birds, the rganizatin is less cmpact. Accrding t Reiner, expanding brain capabilities beynd a certain pint culd make the structure far mre cmplex and less efficient than it is in humans. If this were the case, an increase in brain size wuld crrespnd t a greater distance between different parts f the brain, slwing dwn their cmmunicatin.
The issue remains pen t debate. Herculan-Huzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejectins t the ther’s argument. Meanwhile, ther scientists have entered the fight. Fr example, neurbilgist Girgi Vallrtigara assumes that speed in transmitting infrmatin between netwrks f neurns is prbably ne f dinsaurs’ strengths.
Whatever the truth is, understanding hw and if brain architecture impses limits n the develpment f cgnitin culd reveal much abut the evlutin f abilities and behavirs f varius animals. Als, this debate may tell us mre abut ur wn species than abut dinsaurs.
1．Why d Herculan-Huzel and Reiner study birds?
A．Because birds are mre intelligent than dinsaurs.
B．Because birds’ brain structures are the same as dinsaurs’.
C．Because birds are the nly survivrs f the dinsaur family.
D．Because birds have the same cgnitive abilities as dinsaurs.
2．What des the wrd “cmpact” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Tight.B．Light.C．Large.D．Wide.
3．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Dinsaurs’ ability fr tl use wes t bigger brains.
B．The number f neurns has little t d with brain architecture.
C．Greater inter-brain distance causes higher cgnitive efficiency.
D．The factrs behind dinsaur intelligence remain t be identified.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Are Dinsaurs Cmparable t Humans in Intelligence?
B．Are Dinsaurs with Bigger Brains the Ultimate Geniuses?
C．Hw Smart Were Dinsaurs? New Studies Fuel the Debate
D．Can Dinsaurs Outsmart Birds? Researches Cast a New Light
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，新的研究加剧了争论。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“And it is precisely birds, being the nly surviving lineage (宗系) f dinsaurs, that are Herculan-Huzel’s fundatin.(正是鸟类，作为唯一幸存的恐龙宗系，是Herculan-Huzel的基础)”和第三段中“In cntrast, in the dinsaurs that survive tday, namely birds, the rganizatin is less cmpact.(相比之下，在今天幸存下来的恐龙中，也就是鸟类，这个组织就没有那么紧凑了)”可知，Herculan-Huzel和Reiner研究鸟类是因为鸟类是恐龙宗系中唯一的幸存者，故选C。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词下一句“In each clumn, different parts can cmmunicate with ne anther ver shrt distances.(在每一柱中，不同的部分可以在短距离内相互通信)”可知，不同的部分可以在短距离内相互通信，说明柱状结构应是很紧凑，由此推知划线词所在句意为“哺乳动物的神经元组织在一个由紧凑的柱状结构组成的相对较薄的层中”，cmpact意为“紧凑的”，故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The issue remains pen t debate. Herculan-Huzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejectins t the ther’s argument. Meanwhile, ther scientists have entered the fight.(这个问题仍有待讨论。Herculan-Huzel和Reiner各自发表了一篇论文，反驳了对方的观点。与此同时，其他科学家也加入了这场斗争)”可知，科学家对于影响恐龙智力的因素观点不一，该问题仍有待讨论，故恐龙智力背后的因素仍有待确定。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“If the great dinsaurs hadn’t gne extinct, wuld they have dminated Earth tday? There has been a debate abut this pssibility fr decades. Recently tw analyses have put the surprising cgnitive (认知) abilities f dinsaurs — and their ptential limitatins — in a new light.(如果大恐龙没有灭绝，它们今天会已经统治了地球吗？关于这种可能性的争论已经持续了几十年。最近有两项分析对恐龙惊人的认知能力及其潜在的局限性有了新的认识)”可知，对于恐龙智力的争论已经持续了几十年，文章主要介绍了关于恐龙智力的最近的两项研究，C项“恐龙有多聪明？新的研究加剧了争论”为最佳标题，故选C。
（23-24高一上·北京西城·期末）Bed rtting — the practice f spending lng perids f time just staying under the cvers with snacks, screens and ther creature cmfrts — is gaining ppularity n scial media. Sme Generatin Z trend fllwers are nw viewing it as a frm f self-care, but dctrs warn t much culd be “sign f depressin”. Are these extended breaks really wise fr ne’s mental health — r culd they be a cause fr cncern?
Dr. Ryan Sultan, a prfessr at Clumbia University in New Yrk, wh treats many yung peple, called the bed rtting trend attractive. “In ur culture tday, with t much t d, t many expectatins and t much prductivity, many yung individuals (个人) are feeling burned ut and ften aren’t getting enugh sleep. It’s easy t see why taking time ff t lie arund is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance t get away frm real-life prblems and clear yur head befre returning t life in a better state f mind, ” he added.
Fr the dwnside, hwever, he said a lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd d harm t ne’s physical health. Spending t many daytime hurs in bed — awake r nt — culd destry sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned fr sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will wrsen sleep schedules — nce that happens, it is a challenge t fix. It culd als lead t bld pressure prblems and besity (肥胖).
Lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd als be a warning sign f depressin, accrding t a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, prfessr f medicine at NYU Langne Medical Center and a Fx News medical cntributr, agreed that while sme dwntime can be useful in terms f de-stressing and rejuvenatin (更新), t much bed rtting is a bad health practice. In additin t increasing the risk f depressin, it cntributes t decreased mtivatin (动力) as well.
Instead f bed rtting, Siegel recmmends regular exercise as a better frm f de-stressing. While the ccasinal lazy day can be beneficial, t much culd have the ppsite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test fr depressin. Thse wh lack the mtivatin t get ut f bed culd als try calling r texting a family member fr supprt, scializing with clse friends, finding a small task t cmplete, r reaching ut t a medical prfessinal fr help.
5．Accrding t Dr. Ryan Sultan, why d yung peple like bed rtting?
A．They are fnd f what is ppular n scial media.B．They are unwilling t scialize with friends.
C．Bed rtting is away t escape stress.D．Bed rtting helps fix sleep schedules.
6．What des the wrd “fine-tuned” underlined in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Quickly-activated.B．Well-trained.C．Badly-needed.D．Ill-equipped.
7．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Being lazy frm time t time can be gd fr individuals.
B．Sleeping in light can increase the risk f depressin.
C．Bed rtting can allw peple t avid expectatins.
D．Feeling dwn leads t decreased mtivatin.
8．What is the passage mainly talking abut?
A．Different pinins n hw t becme mtivated.
B．Main causes f the lng-term need fr bed rtting.
C．Practical suggestins fr yung peple t deal with stress.
D．Pssible prblems frm lying in bed fr extended perids f time.
【答案】5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸可能会损害一个人的身体健康。
5．推断判断题。根据第二段““In ur culture tday, with t much t d, t many expectatins and t much prductivity, many yung individuals (个人) are feeling burned ut and ften aren’t getting enugh sleep. It’s easy t see why taking time ff t lie arund is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance t get away frm real-life prblems and clear yur head befre returning t life in a better state f mind, ” he added.( Sultan说：“在我们今天的文化中，有太多的事情要做，太多的期望和太多的生产力，许多年轻人感到精疲力竭，往往睡眠不足。很容易看出为什么抽出时间来躺一躺是有吸引力的。”他补充道“在很多方面，这是有益的。这是一个机会，让你远离现实生活中的问题，在以更好的心态回归生活之前理清你的头脑”)”可知，根据瑞安·苏尔坦博士的说法，年轻人喜欢躺尸是因为这是逃避压力的一种方式。故选C。
6．词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“Spending t many daytime hurs in bed — awake r nt — culd destry sleep schedules. (白天在床上呆太长时间——不管醒不醒——都会破坏睡眠时间安排。)”和后文“Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will wrsen sleep schedules — nce that happens, it is a challenge t fix.(白天躺在床上半睡半醒会使睡眠时间安排变差——一旦出现这种情况，就很难解决了)”以及“fr sleep in darkness and alertness in light”可推断，我们的大脑被训练为在黑暗中睡觉，在光明中保持警觉。故划线词意思是“训练有素的”。故选B。
7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“While the ccasinal lazy day can be beneficial, t much culd have the ppsite effect.(偶尔偷懒一天是有益的，但偷懒太多则会产生相反的效果)”可知，偶尔懒惰对个人是有好处的。故选A。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sme Generatin Z trend fllwers are nw viewing it as a frm f self-care, but dctrs warn t much culd be “sign f depressin”. Are these extended breaks really wise fr ne’s mental health — r culd they be a cause fr cncern?(一些Z世代的潮流追随者现在将其视为一种自我保健方式，但医生警告说，过度躺尸可能是“抑郁症的征兆”。这些延长的休息时间真的对一个人的心理健康有益吗？还是会引起人们的担忧？)”结合接下来的分析内容可知，文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸可能会损害一个人的身体健康。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是长时间躺在床上可能产生的问题。故选D。
（23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need t “accelerate breakthrughs in research and technlgy”. Sme f this framing was mtivated by the climate emergency, sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in varius cnversatins, it seemed t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster.
The WEF mindset resnates (产生共鸣) with the Silicn Valley dictate — usually credited t Mark Zuckerberg — t mve fast and break things. But what if the thing being brken is science? Or public trust?
The WEF meeting tk place just a frtnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped dwn after cmplaints were made abut her schlarship. Gay’s trubles came n the heels f the resignatin f Stanfrd University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigatin cncluded that his neurscience research had “multiple prblems”. In respnse. Gay requested crrectins t several f her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retractin (撤回) f three f his. Althugh it may be impssible t determine just hw widespread such prblems really are, it’s hard t imagine that the spectacle f high-prfile schlars crrecting and retracting papers has nt had a negative impact n public trust in science and perhaps in experts bradly.
In recent years we’ve seen imprtant papers, written by prminent scientists and published in prestigius jurnals, retracted because f questinable data r methds. In ne interesting case, Frances H. Arnld f the Califrnia Institute f Technlgy, wh shared the 2018 Nbel Prize in Chemistry, vluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable t replicate her results — but after the paper had been published. In an pen aplgy, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did nt d my jb well”. Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin: Are schlars at super cmpetitive places really taking the time t d their wrk right?
The prblem is nt unique t the U. S. In Eurpe, frmal research assessments — which are used t allcate future funding — have fr years judged academic departments largely n the quantity f their utput. Due t the fact that the existing system has created a cunterincentive t advancement in science, a refrm is underway urging an emphasis n quality ver quantity.
Gd science takes time. Nearly a century passed between bichemist Friedrich Miescher’s identificatin f the DNA mlecule and suggestin that it might be invlved in inheritance and the elucidatin f its duble-helix structure in the 1950s. And it tk just abut half a century fr gelgist and gephysicists t accept gephysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea f cntinental drift.
There’s plenty f circumstantial evidence that scientists and ther schlars are pushing results ut far faster than they used t. Sme f this grwth is driven by mre scientists and mre c-authrship (papers, but it als suggests that the research wrld has priritized quantity ver quality. Researched may need t slw dwn — nt speed up — if we are t prduce knwledge wrthy f trust.
9．What can we learn frm the first three paragraphs?
A．Tessier-Lavigne resigned frm Sandfrd after Gay stepped dwn.
B．Gay gave back her schlarships due t students’ cmplaints.
C．Faster scientific develpment has led t climate change.
D．Public trust in science may have already been shaken.
10．Why is the example f Frances H. Arnld mentined in Paragraph 4?
A．T questin the wrks f Nbel Prize winners.
B．T shw the practice f paper retractin is cmmn.
C．T indicate even the influential scientists are in a rush.
D．T highlight scientists’ quality f hnesty in academia.
11．The underlined wrd “cunterincentive” in Paragraph 5 refers t a (n) ______ factr.
A．unfairB．indecisiveC．discuragingD．irratinal
12．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．The Danger f Fast ScienceB．The Battle between Quality and Quantity
C．The Crisis amng Tp ScientistsD．The Principle behind Research Assessments
【答案】9．D 10．C 11．C 12．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“Althugh it may be impssible t determine just hw widespread such prblems really are, it’s hard t imagine that the spectacle f high-prfile schlars crrecting and retracting papers has nt had a negative impact n public trust in science and perhaps in experts bradly.(虽然可能无法确定这些问题到底有多普遍，但很难想象，高调的学者纠正和撤回论文的场面没有对公众对科学的信任产生负面影响，甚至可能对专家产生广泛的影响)”可知，公众对科学的信任可能已经动摇了。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段“In recent years we’ve seen imprtant papers, written by prminent scientists and published in prestigius jurnals, retracted because f questinable data r methds. In ne interesting case, Frances H. Arnld f the Califrnia Institute f Technlgy, wh shared the 2018 Nbel Prize in Chemistry, vluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable t replicate her results—but after the paper had been published. In an pen aplgy, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did nt d my jb well”. Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin: Are schlars at super cmpetitive places really taking the time t d their wrk right?(近年来，我们看到一些由杰出科学家撰写并发表在知名期刊上的重要论文，因为数据或方法存在问题而被撤回。一个有趣的例子是，加州理工学院的Frances H. Arnld分享了2018年诺贝尔化学奖，当她的实验室无法复制她的结果时，她自愿撤回了一篇论文——但这篇论文已经发表了。在一次公开道歉中，她表示，提交论文时她“有点忙”，“没有做好我的工作”。Arnld的诚实令人钦佩，但这也提出了一个问题：在竞争激烈的大学里，学者们真的花时间做好自己的工作吗？)”可知，第四段提到了Frances H. Arnld的例子是为了表明即使是有影响力的科学家也很着急完成论文。故选C。
11．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“t advancement in science, a refrm is underway urging an emphasis n quality ver quantity”可知，正在进行重质量、轻数量的改革，说明现行制度对科学进步的作用令人沮丧。故划线词意思是“令人沮丧的”。故选C。
12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need t “accelerate breakthrughs in research and technlgy”. Sme f this framing was mtivated by the climate emergency, sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in varius cnversatins, it seemed t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster.(今年世界经济论坛会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要“加速研究和技术的突破”。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐)”结合文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。可知，A选项“快速科学的危险”最符合文章标题。故选A。
（23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）Fd packaging frm arund the wrld cntains at least 68 “frever chemicals” that can seep int what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 f them are nt even suppsed t be used in such prducts. “It’s nt clear why the latter chemicals, which are nt n lists f thse authrized fr use in fd cntainers, are in such packaging.” says the study’s authr Birgit Geueke.
The study fcused n a class f chemicals called perfluralkyl and plyflurnlkyl substances (PFASs), which are smetimes called “frever chemicals” because they dn’t break dwn readily in the envirnment r in the bdy. That’s because their characteristic carbn-flurine bnd is ne f the strngest in nature. Fr decades, these substances have been used in a wide range f cnsumer prducts, frm ckware t pesticide s t csmetics, because they are prf against water and grease.
Geueke and her team fund a mismatch between what they detected in actual prducts and a database f PFAS chemicals authrized fr use in fd packaging. Abut 140 PFASs are knwn t be used in fd packaging, but nly seven f the 68 chemicals in the study were n this list. Geueke says it’s unclear hw r why the ther 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and txiclgist at a nnprfit envirnmental advcacy rganizatin, suggests it’s pssible that unknwn impurities emerged during the manufacturing f the authrized chemicals r that the authrized PFASs degrade ver time. This class f chemicals includes many lng-chain mlecules, and they can break int shrter chains that are simply different types f PFASs.
PFASs have been fund in human bld and breast milk, drinking water, sil and ther startling places arund the wrld. Expsure t sme f the mst studied PFASs has been assciated with cancer. reprductive prblems and lessened respnses t vaccines. “There’s an incredible bdy f scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals t health harm,” says Andrews. Many cuntries are evaluating restrictins f PFASs in fd packaging.
Chemical industry representatives have advcated fr dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Befre publishing the new study. Scientific American reached ut t the American Chemistry Cuncil (ACC), a chemistry industry trade assciatin, abut it, but the rganizatin did nt reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC ntes that “all PFASs are nt the same. Each individual chemical has its wn unique prperties and uses.”
Andrews and Geueke bth say the presence f unknwn PFASs in fd packaging is gd reasn t regulate these chemicals as a single class—a psitin shared with many ther scientific experts and envirnmental prtectin grups. There are mre than 12,000 knwn PFASs, and scientists dn’t knw much abut mst f them. “Only sme PFASs have ever been tested fr txicity,” Geueke says, and “there are prbably ther ways t prduce fd packaging.”
13．What can we learn abut PFASs frm the passage?
A．They are able t resist water and grease.B．They last lng and never break dwn.
C．They cntain the lngest chemical bnd.D．They are mainly used fr fd packaging.
14．Paragraph 3 is mainly abut ______.
A．the ptential usage f the unknwn impurities
B．the authrizatin f fd packaging chemicals
C．the likely transfrming prcess frm PFASs int new chemicals
D．the pssible explanatin fr the presence f unauthrized PFASs
15．The wrds n the webpage in Paragraph 5 may shw that ACC ______.
A．has wrked ut ways t use PFASs safely in different prducts
B．agrees with chemical industry representatives regarding PFASs
C．has gt the authritative pwer in dealing with PFASs
D．supprts testing mre unknwn PFASs fr txicity
16．Which wuld Geueke prbably agree with?
A．Laws shuld be made t ban the use f PFASs.
B．Fd packaging alternatives shuld be explred.
C．The chemicals in fd packaging shuld be listed.
D．Scientists shuld cntinue discvering new PFASs.
【答案】13．A 14．D 15．B 16．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了世界各地的食品包装中至少含有68种“永久化学物质”，它们会渗入我们所吃的食物中。一项新的研究发现。其中61种甚至不应该用于此类产品。对此科学家进行了研究。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“Fr decades, these substances have been used in a wide range f cnsumer prducts, frm ckware t pesticide s t csmetics, because they are prf against water and grease.(几十年来，这些物质被广泛应用于各种消费品中，从炊具到杀虫剂再到化妆品，因为它们可以防水和防油脂)”可知，PFASs能抵抗水和油脂。故选A。
14．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Geueke and her team fund a mismatch between what they detected in actual prducts and a database f PFAS chemicals authrized fr use in fd packaging. Abut 140 PFASs are knwn t be used in fd packaging, but nly seven f the 68 chemicals in the study were n this list. Geueke says it’s unclear hw r why the ther 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and txiclgist at a nnprfit envirnmental advcacy rganizatin, suggests it’s pssible that unknwn impurities emerged during the manufacturing f the authrized chemicals r that the authrized PFASs degrade ver time. This class f chemicals includes many lng-chain mlecules, and they can break int shrter chains that are simply different types f PFASs.( Geueke和她的团队发现，他们在实际产品中检测到的PFAS化学物质与授权用于食品包装的PFAS化学物质数据库不匹配。已知约有140种全氟辛烷化合物用于食品包装，但研究中68种化学物质中只有7种在清单上。Geueke说，目前还不清楚其他61种化学物质是如何或为什么出现的。非营利环保组织的化学家和毒理学家戴维·安德鲁斯认为，可能是在生产授权化学品的过程中出现了未知的杂质，或者是授权的全氟辛醚随着时间的推移而降解。这类化学物质包括许多长链分子，它们可以分解成不同类型的PFASs的短链)”可知，第3段主要是关于存在未经授权的PFASs的可能解释。故选D。
15．推理判断题。根据第五段“Chemical industry representatives have advcated fr dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Befre publishing the new study. Scientific American reached ut t the American Chemistry Cuncil (ACC), a chemistry industry trade assciatin, abut it, but the rganizatin did nt reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC ntes that “all PFASs are nt the same. Each individual chemical has its wn unique prperties and uses.”(化学工业代表主张将全氟辛烷磺酸作为单独的化学品来处理。在发表这项新研究之前。《科学美国人》联系了美国化学理事会。一家化学工业行业协会对此表示关注，但该组织没有回复。在其专用的PFAS网页，行政协调会上指出，“并非所有PFASs都是相同的。每种化学物质都有其独特的性质和用途。”)”可知，网页上第5段的文字可能表明，行政协调会同意化学工业代表对全氟辛烷磺酸的看法。故选B。
16．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Only sme PFASs have ever been tested fr txicity,” Geueke says, and “there are prbably ther ways t prduce fd packaging.”(Geueke说：“只有一些全氟辛烷磺酸被测试过毒性，可能还有其他生产食品包装的方法。”)”可知，Geueke认同应探索替代食品包装。故选B。
（23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）
The vilence f shaking frm an earthquake is usually fcused in the directin the quake is traveling. But a bmerang quake may spread the intense shaking acrss a wider zne. The new study, published tday in the jurnal Nature Gescience, is a majr step tward clearing up the cmplex physics behind bmerang quakes and understanding their ptential damage.
The latest bmerang was recrded near the mid-cean ridge in the Atlantic in 2016. By examining the psitin f the epicenter (震中) and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismlgist at the Imperial Cllege Lndn and first authr f the new study, identified what seemed t be tw steps f the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was weird, ”he says. This secnd leg f the quake mved remarkably quickly, at s-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11, 000 miles per hur—fast enugh t dart frm New Yrk t Lndn in 18. 5 minutes, s fast that it caused the gelgic versin f a snic bm.
Hw ften des this happen?A bmerang quake at supershear speeds, as Hicks and his team bserved in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare type. But wider evidence f bmerang quakes is munting. These back-tracking events have been studied in cmputer mdels as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The thery says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult t see that [in the real wrld], ”says Hicks. The 2016 earthquake in Kumamt als seems t have ruptured (破裂) in a similar prcess. Fr that event, the initial shake triggered tw ther quakes, ne f which raced backward t partially verlap the initial break.
Understanding when and why these bmerang events happen is vital t grappling with risks earthquakes present. “Studies like this help us understand hw past earthquakes ruptured, hw future earthquakes may rupture, and hw that relates t the ptential impact fr faults (断层) near ppulated areas, ”says Hicks.
These bmerangs maybe bscured by cnventinal appraches used t analyze quakes, which are based n an assumptin that a quake rushes in ne directin. “Naturally we’re nt lking fr it, we dn’t expect it t exist,” Hicks says. Yet fr earthquakes, it seems, cmplexities might be the nrm rather than the exceptin. As Hicks puts it: “The mre and mre we lk at earthquakes in mre detail, f curse we see stranger things.”
17．A bmerang earthquake differs frm ther quakes because ________.
A．it mves at a super-fast speed
B．it triggers several small quakes
C．it releases immeasurable energy
D．it shakes in tw ppsite directins
18．Frm the passage, we can learn that _________.
A．the cming f the next bmerang can be predicted
B．bmerangs are t cmplex t be fully understd
C．bmerang events are cmmnplace in the real wrld
D．cmmn methds are reliable in analyzing bmerangs
19．What des the underlined phrase “grappling with” in paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．putting ffB．cping with
C．bringing abutD．fighting against
【答案】17．D 18．B 19．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“回旋镖地震”的研究进展和潜在危害。这种地震的特点是在传播过程中会改变方向，产生更广泛的强烈震动。
17．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The vilence f shaking frm an earthquake is usually fcused in the directin the quake is traveling. But a bmerang quake may spread the intense shaking acrss a wider zne. (地震产生的强烈震动通常集中在地震传播的方向上。但回旋镖地震可能会将强烈的震动扩散到更大的区域。)”同时根据第二段中“By examining the psitin f the epicenter(震中)and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismlgist at the Imperial Cllege Lndn and first authr f the new study, identified what seemed t be tw steps f the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. (伦敦帝国理工学院(Imperial Cllege Lndn)的地震学家、这项新研究的第一作者斯蒂芬·希克斯(Stephen Hicks)通过研究震中的位置和每个震动阶段释放的能量，确定了地震的两个步骤：地震最初向东移动，但随后又向西转回。)”可知，一个回旋镖地震可能将强烈的震动传播到更广泛的区域，最新的回旋镖地震先向东移动，但随后又向西转回，因此回旋镖地震的震动方向会改变，先朝一个方向，然后转向相反的方向。因此，回旋镖地震与其他地震的主要区别在于它在两个相反的方向上震动。故选D。
18．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Yet fr earthquakes, it seems, cmplexities might be the nrm rather than the exceptin. As Hicks puts it: “The mre and mre we lk at earthquakes in mre detail, f curse we see stranger things.”(然而，对于地震来说，复杂性似乎是常态，而不是例外。正如希克斯所说：“我们对地震的观察越细致，当然就会看到更奇怪的东西。”)”可知，这表明回旋镖地震非常复杂，难以完全理解。故选B。
19．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“Understanding when and why these bmerang events happen is vital t…(了解这些“回旋镖地震”事件发生的时间和原因对于……)”以及划线词后面的内容“... risks earthquakes present.(……存在地震风险。)”以及后文中“Studies like this help us understand hw past earthquakes ruptured, hw future earthquakes may rupture, and hw that relates t the ptential impact fr faults (断层) near ppulated areas(这样的研究帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系)”可知，研究回旋镖地震帮助我们了解过去的地震是如何破裂的，未来的地震可能会如何破裂，以及这与人口稠密地区附近断层的潜在影响有何关系即研究回旋镖地震能够有助于我们处理或者解决目前地震存在的危险。故划线词与B选项“cping with(处理，解决)”为同义词。故选B。
（23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves t the frame f a cpy f The Last Supper at Lndn’s Ryal Academy f Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “N painting is wrth mre than my six-mnth-ld nephew’s life,” said a prtester, criticizing the British gvernment’s supprt f the fssil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when prtesters threw tmat sup at Van Ggh’s Sunflwers, and mashed ptates at Haystacks by Mnet — the censure rse.
“Abslutely absurd,” said the culture minister f France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement frm the Internatinal Cuncil f Museums.
The prtesters are targeting wrks that are prtected behind glass — at least fr nw — s actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts prves their pint: that peple care mre abut the threatened destructin f a painting than the actual destructin f the planet. But as the attacks wear n, and their impact decreases, they risk changing int a jke.
What’s especially misguided abut the prtests is their binary nature. “What is wrth mre, art r life?” a prtester asked. Why chse? “It’s pssible t blame bth envirnmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair f the Bstn Art Cmmissin, said.
Art is nt the prblem here. In fact, cntemprary artists are making quite effective wrks abut the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghst Frest, a climate change memrial she created in a New Yrk City park, is nly ne example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenaris (设想), and, in ding s, give peple a way t see and hpe fr a different future,” Lin said.
The climate activists are surely crrect that the pace f refrm is far t slw, as the planet burns and deadly strms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere effrts f millins f peple wrking n the issue. It wuld be easier t respect the yung prtesters at Just Stp Oil, Last Generatin, and the rest f the splash grups if they were t spend their time and energy n the unexciting but essential plitical wrk arund climate change: legislatin, regulatin, and winning hearts and minds.
Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the prtests have nt been abut climate change, but abut the prtests themselves. Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.
20．What des the underlined wrd “censure” in Paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．Apprval.B．Criticism.C．Stress.D．Spirits.
21．Which idea can help explain climate activists’ actin?
A．The end justifies the means.
B．Art speaks where wrds fail.
C．The freedm f prtest shuld be prtected.
D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis.
22．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．The slutin t climate crisis lies in cmmunicatin.
B．Galleries shuld strengthen regulatins like theatres.
C．Climate activists shuld diversify their strategies.
D．Art attacks are mainly abut seeking attentin.
23．The authr writes the passage t ________.
A．launch a campaignB．assess a debateC．prpse a slutinD．challenge a practice
【答案】20．B 21．A 22．D 23．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响。
20．词句猜测题。根据第一段“But when prtesters threw tmat sup at Van Ggh’s Sunflwers, and mashed ptates at Haystacks by Mnet — the censure rse(但当抗议者向梵高的《向日葵》扔番茄汤，向莫奈的《干草堆》扔土豆泥时，censure高涨)”可知，当抗议者向名画投掷食物时，引起了人们的强烈反应，这里“censure”指的是对这种行为的批评和指责，故选B项。
21．推理判断题。根据第三段“And perhaps the anger greeting their acts prves their pint: that peple care mre abut the threatened destructin f a painting than the actual destructin f the planet.(也许人们对他们的行为感到愤怒，这证明了他们的观点：人们更关心画作受到威胁的破坏，而不是地球实际上的破坏)”可知，气候活动家的激进行为是为了证明他们的观点（即人们更关心艺术品的潜在破坏，而不是地球的实际破坏），这让普通群众对此感到愤怒，可得出气候活动家的行动表明了A项“为了正当目的可以不择手段”，故选A项。
22．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，作者认为气候活动家的艺术攻击行为更像是为了吸引注意力，而不是为了真正解决气候危机，故选D项。
23．推理判断题。根据第一段“When climate activists glued themselves t the frame f a cpy f The Last Supper at Lndn’s Ryal Academy f Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “N painting is wrth mre than my six-mnth-ld nephew’s life,” said a prtester, criticizing the British gvernment’s supprt f the fssil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis.(当气候活动人士将自己粘在伦敦皇家艺术学院一幅《最后的晚餐》复制品的框架上时，他们得到了相当同情的回应。“没有任何画作比我六个月大的侄子的生命更重要，”一名抗议者在批评英国政府在紧迫的气候危机中支持化石燃料产业时说)”、第二段“We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment(我们被他们的危险行为深深震惊了)”、第五段“In fact, cntemprary artists are making quite effective wrks abut the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism.(其实当代艺术家们正在用艺术作为行动主义的方式，创作出关于气候危机的相当有效的作品)”以及最后一段“Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.(考虑到他们在引发严肃讨论或吸引人们关注这一事业方面所做的努力微乎其微，艺术攻击似乎更像是戏剧表演，而不是至关重要的违法行为)”可知，本文讨论了气候活动家通过攻击艺术品来抗议气候变化的行为，以及这种行为的效果和影响，并对这种行为提出了质疑，认为他们应该采取更有效的方式来应对气候危机。因此，作者写这篇文章的目的是质疑和挑战这种实践，故选D项。
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its httest mnth n recrd, with many places n fire r flded. The likelihd f extreme weather keeps increasing—and peple are nticing. Hwever, nt everyne ntices r feels this threat t the same extent.
Based n a representative sample f 1,071 survey respndents frm acrss the UK, we fund that peple in rural areas shwed higher degrees f place attachment than peple living in cities, as we expected. Hwever, we were surprised t see that the perceived threat f climate change in: mst rural lcatins was lwer. We had nt expected that utcme, s we started t dig a little deeper fr pssible reasns.
Rural peple may be mre resilient t change. Rural peple may experience climate change like everyne else, but they may have better ways f cping with it than city residents because f their clser relatinship with nature. This may have taught them t be mre flexible in hw they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lt and that culd make them less wrried abut the majr changes happening arund them.
Peple in rural areas may nt be as aware f climate change as peple in cities. Lking mre clsely, the effect is mstly dwn t educatin rather than whether peple live in rural areas r nt. Research shws that general levels f climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this des nt necessarily crrespnd t readiness fr actin r behaviural change. It is well dcumented, thugh, that rural inhabitants tend t have mre cnservative views, which culd affect the way climate change is interpreted. Cnservative views are ften assciated with less cncern abut the climate.
Peple in rural areas may nt experience climate change in the same wav as peple in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels f green space than urban areas. Fr example, yu will feel the heat less when yu are surrunded by trees.
S, althugh we were surprised that the higher degree f place attachment in peple living rurally did nt necessarily lead t a higher perceptin f climate change threat, we can see there are gd reasns fr that.
24．What des the wrd “resilient” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Easy t adapt.B．Ready t illustrate.
C．Difficult t ntice.D．Willing t challenge.
25．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Cnservative views in rural areas lwer the perceptin f climate change.
B．Strng rural place attachment results in higher climate change awareness.
C．Well-educated peple are mre likely t take actins fr climate change.
D．Rural peple pay mre attentin t climate change than city residents.
26．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Wh are t blame fr climate change?
B．Hw d peple perceive climate change?
C．Why is climate change perceived differently?
D．What can peple d t cpe with climate change?
【答案】24．A 25．A 26．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因。
24．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Rural peple may experience climate change like everyne else, but they may have better ways f cping with it than city residents because f their clser relatinship with nature.(农村人可能会像其他人一样经历气候变化，但他们可能比城市居民有更好的应对方式，因为他们与自然的关系更密切。)”可知，农村人可能更能适应气候变化，所以推断划线词的意思是“容易适应”。故选A项。
25．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“It is well dcumented, thugh, that rural inhabitants tend t have mre cnservative views, which culd affect the way climate change is interpreted. Cnservative views are ften assciated with less cncern abut the climate.(然而，有充分的证据表明，农村居民往往有更保守的观点，这可能会影响对气候变化的解释。保守的观点往往与不太关心气候联系在一起。)”可推知，农村地区的保守观点降低了人们对气候变化的感知度。故选A项。
26．主旨大意题。分析全文内容，结合第二段中“Hwever, we were surprised t see that the perceived threat f climate change in: mst rural lcatins was lwer.(然而，我们惊讶地发现，大多数农村地区对气候变化威胁的感知程度较低)”可知，文章主要介绍了农村地区的人们相比于城市居民来说对气候变化的感知度较低，并分析了其中的原因，所以C选项“为什么人们对气候变化的看法不同？”适合用作文章标题。故选C项。
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Kim fund the prspect f learning a new language discuraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dzens r hurs a year n lessns with nly slw prgress n a new skill as ut f reach. This was undubtedly nw Kim felt abut her decades’ lng ambitin t learn Spanish. That all changed, hwever, when a ppular language-learning app presented a mre attractive apprach: cmplete ne lessn—just six r seven minutes lng—every day in rder t eventually becme bilingual (双语的). This adds up t abut 40 hurs f study each year, but it is presented as a bite-size daily gal. Actually, this can be applied t almst any ambitius target. But hw effective is it?
Fr ur study, we partnered with CTL, a nnprfit rganizatin that prvides free crisis cnsultatin. All CTL vlunteers are asked t cmplete 200 hurs f crisis cnsultatin within a year. We were curius if breaking dwn this gal culd make it mre apprachable and increase actual wrking hurs.
We randmly assigned mre than 9,000 CTL vlunteers t receive e-mails fr three mnths. One grup was encuraged t hit the 200-hur mark with n actual gal breakdwn. Tw ther grups, hwever, were given clear subgals: we encuraged ne t vlunteer fr fur hurs every week and the ther t vlunteer fr eight hurs every tw weeks. Then we tracked hw much time each grup spent vlunteering during ur study.
Bth grups wh were encuraged t fcus n a smaller subgal vlunteered 7 t 8 percent mre than their peers wh were merely encuraged t hit their big gal. We als fund suggestive evidence that the mre flexible “eight hurs every tw weeks” framing led t mre lasting benefits ver time. Althugh vlunteering declined each week during the study acrss all participants, this decline was slwer in the “eight hurs every tw weeks” cnditin. It suggests that making mdest gals flexible might encurage lng-term perseverance.
If s, after ne year, becming bilingual is at last within reach fr Kim.
27．The authr mentins Kim in the first paragraph mainly t ________.
A．make a predictinB．intrduce a tpic
C．present an assumptinD．evaluate an argument
28．Why did the authr and his team cperate with CLT?
A．T calculate the prfits f the rganizatin.
B．T increase the actual hurs f vluntary wrk.
C．T evaluate the effectiveness f a gal-setting strategy.
D．T imprve the wrking skills f vlunteers in cnsultatin.
29．What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．Analysis f the study.B．Prcess f the study.
C．Findings f the study.D．Significance f the study.
30．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Making a fixed gal helps lnger perseverance.
B．Setting a bigger gal drives peple t achieve mre.
C．Sticking t an ambitius gal cntributes t success.
D．Breaking dwn a bigger gal leads t better results.
【答案】27．B 28．C 29．B 30．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一个流行的语言学习应用程序通过把学习目标分解成小目标，来完成最后的学习任务。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力。
27．推理判断题。根据第一段“Kim fund the prspect f learning a new language discuraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dzens r hurs a year n lessns with nly slw prgress n a new skill as ut f reach. This was undubtedly nw Kim felt abut her decades’ lng ambitin t learn Spanish. That all changed, hwever, when a ppular language-learning app presented a mre attractive apprach: cmplete ne lessn—just six r seven minutes lng—every day in rder t eventually becme bilingual (双语的).( Kim发现学习一门新语言的前景令人沮丧，尤其是作为一个成年人。她认为，一年花几十个或几个小时上一门新技能的课，而在这门新技能上只有缓慢的进步是遥不可及的。这无疑是金现在对她几十年来学习西班牙语的夙愿的感受。然而，这一切都改变了，当一个流行的语言学习应用程序提出了一个更有吸引力的方法：为了最终成为双语，每天完成一节课——只要六到七分钟)”可知，作者在第一段提到Kim主要是为了引入话题。故选B。
28．细节理解题。根据第二段“Fr ur study, we partnered with CTL, a nnprfit rganizatin that prvides free crisis cnsultatin. All CTL vlunteers are asked t cmplete 200 hurs f crisis cnsultatin within a year. We were curius if breaking dwn this gal culd make it mre apprachable and increase actual wrking hurs.(在我们的研究中，我们与CTL合作，这是一个提供免费危机咨询的非营利组织。所有CTL志愿者都被要求在一年内完成200小时的危机咨询。我们很好奇，打破这个目标是否能让它更容易实现，并增加实际工作时间)”可知，作者和他的团队与CLT合作是为了评估目标设定策略的有效性。故选C。
29．主旨大意题。根据第三段“We randmly assigned mre than 9,000 CTL vlunteers t receive e-mails fr three mnths. One grup was encuraged t hit the 200-hur mark with n actual gal breakdwn. Tw ther grups, hwever, were given clear subgals: we encuraged ne t vlunteer fr fur hurs every week and the ther t vlunteer fr eight hurs every tw weeks. Then we tracked hw much time each grup spent vlunteering during ur study.(我们随机分配了9000多名CTL志愿者，在三个月内接收电子邮件。其中一组被鼓励在没有实际目标分解的情况下达到200小时的目标。然而，另外两组被赋予了明确的子目标：我们鼓励一组每周做4小时的志愿者，另一组每两周做8小时的志愿者。然后我们追踪了每一组在研究期间做志愿者的时间)”可知，第三段的主要内容是研究过程。故选B。
30．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Bth grups wh were encuraged t fcus n a smaller subgal vlunteered 7 t 8 percent mre than their peers wh were merely encuraged t hit their big gal. We als fund suggestive evidence that the mre flexible “eight hurs every tw weeks” framing led t mre lasting benefits ver time. Althugh vlunteering declined each week during the study acrss all participants, this decline was slwer in the “eight hurs every tw weeks” cnditin. It suggests that making mdest gals flexible might encurage lng-term perseverance.(两组被鼓励专注于小目标的志愿者比那些只被鼓励实现大目标的同龄人多出7%到8%。我们还发现，随着时间的推移，更灵活的“每两周八小时”框架能带来更持久的好处。尽管在研究期间，所有参与者的志愿活动每周都在减少，但在“每两周8小时”的情况下，这种下降速度较慢。研究表明，将适度的目标变得灵活可能会鼓励长期的毅力)”可知，作者想告诉我们把更大的目标分解会带来更好的结果。故选D。
（23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）A mvie abut rural sccer players fcuses n teenage girls and seeks t inspire audiences t fllw dreams. In late 2018, Fei Yu, a directr frm Sichuan Prvince, went int the pr villages f Yunnan Prvince in search f inspiratin. During the jurney, ne idea attracted him as he watched children playing sccer in a village, which is lcated arund 110 kilmeters nrth f Lijiang.
As a gentle wind swept-thrugh the valley, Fei listened t the faraway sunds f hrses and children and a clear image began t frm in his mind — that a grup f children playing sccer n the village rfs (屋顶). That image inspired the pening scene f Ftball n the Rf, and after taking hme the special award in the films market prject sectin f the 2023 China Glden Rster and Hundred Fwers Film Festival, the film was n acrss the Chinese mainland n April 20.
The film tells the jurney f a teenage girl, Aime, wh’s crazy abut sccer. She has the hpe that by advancing t the finals in a cmpetitin, her mther, wh has left thefr rural hmetwn t wrk in a big city, might see her n televisin. Facing many challenges, she helps her elder sister and her classmates t start a sccer team and asks a fruit seller wh used t be a sccer star t cach them. Her determinatin pays ff as she is finally selected t jin the team and takes part in an imprtant match.
During Fei Yu’s search fr inspiratin, he met a girl, wh was eager t invite the directr t her hme, shwed him arund, and used a lng wden stick t pick fresh lemns ff a tree as a treat. The directr was deeply mved when he realized that the grl, wh had been left in the care f a grandfather wh’s cntinually busy with rural difficult tasks, lnged t feel mre cnnected t her parents wrking in a faraway city.
She became the surce fr the female main characters in the mvie. Traveling t many areas, frm the cities f Lijiang and Kaiyuan, t Chuxing, Fei Yu and his team chse arund 10, 000 students in 203 schls befre selecting all main characters.
“The sht has ended, but the yung girl’s lve fr sccer has nt. She has fund a new directin t sht fr in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hpes the audience will als find strength and curage t realize their dreams thrugh the film.
31．Why did Fei Yu g int the village?
A．T teach sccer.B．T help the pr girls.
C．T achieve an award.D．T try t find inspiratin.
32．Accrding t the passage, what d we knw abut the film?
A．Aime ges t the village near Lijiang.
B．Aime isn’t chsen t jin the sccer team finally.
C．The film named Ftball n the Rf is successful.
D．The film tells the jurney f a by’s passin abut sccer.
33．Why did Aime hpe t advance t the finals in a cmpetitin?
A．T shw her lve fr sccer.
B．T leave the rural hmetwn.
C．T be seen by her mther n TV.
D．T be cached by a frmer sccer star.
34．When realizing the girl lnged t feel mre cnnected t her parents, Fei Yu felt________.
A．tuchedB．interestedC．inspiredD．amazed
35．Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A．A Beneficial StressB．A Heartwarming Gal
C．A Wnderful TeamwrkD．A Meaningful Cmpetitin
【答案】31．D 32．C 33．C 34．A 35．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一部关于农村足球少女的电影《屋顶足球》，这部电影讲述了一个对足球充满热情的少女的故事，旨在激励观众追求自己的梦想。
31．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In late 2018, Fei Yu, a directr frm Sichuan Prvince, went int the pr villages f Yunnan Prvince in search f inspiratin.(2018年末，来自四川省的导演飞鱼走进云南省的贫困村庄，寻找灵感)”可知，飞鱼去村庄是为了寻找灵感。故选D项。
32．细节理解题。根据第二段中“That image inspired the pening scene f Ftball n the Rf, and after taking hme the special award in the films market prject sectin f the 2023 China Glden Rster and Hundred Fwers Film Festival, the film was n acrss the Chinese mainland n April 20.(这一画面启发了《屋顶足球》的开场，在获得2023年中国金鸡百花电影节电影市场项目单元特别奖后，这部电影于4月20日在中国大陆上映)”可知，电影《屋顶足球》荣获得2023年中国金鸡百花电影节电影市场项目单元特别奖，说明这部电影是成功的。故选C项。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She has the hpe that by advancing t the finals in a cmpetitin, her mther, wh has left the rural hmetwn t wrk in a big city, might see her n televisin.(她希望能在比赛中进入决赛，这样她那位离开农村家乡去大城市工作的母亲就可能在电视上看到她了)”可知，Aime希望能在比赛中进入决赛，这样她母亲就可能在电视上看到她了。故选C项。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段“The directr was deeply mved when he realized that the girl, wh had been left in the care f a grandfather wh’s cntinually busy with rural difficult tasks, lnged t feel mre cnnected t her parents wrking in a faraway city.(当导演意识到这个女孩被留在家乡，由一直忙于农村繁重工作的祖父照顾时，她渴望与在远方城市工作的父母有更多的联系，他深受感动)”可知，当飞鱼意识到这个女孩渴望与在远方城市工作的父母有更多的联系时，他深受感动。故选A项。
35．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“A mvie abut rural sccer players fcuses n teenage girls and seeks t inspire audiences t fllw dreams. (这部关于农村足球运动员的电影聚焦于十几岁的女孩，旨在激励观众追随梦想)”和最后一段中““The sht has ended, but the yung girl’s lve fr sccer has nt. She has fund a new directin t sht fr in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hpes the audience will als find strength and curage t realize their dreams thrugh the film.(“拍摄结束了，但小女孩对足球的热爱并没有结束。她找到了人生的新方向。这很有意义，”他补充说，他希望观众也能通过这部电影找到实现梦想的力量和勇气)”可知，文章介绍了一部关于农村足球少女的电影，这部电影讲述了一个对足球充满热情的少女的故事，她的目标是能在比赛中进入决赛，这样在远方工作的母亲就可能在电视上看到她。B项“一个温暖人心的目标”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。
（23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）Teachers were shcked when ChatGPT appeared a year ag. This AI chat rbt can write clear, well-researched essays in respnse t given questins, frcing educatrs arund the wrld t rethink their evaluatin (测评) methds. A few cuntries brught back pen-and-paper exams, and sme schls asked students t d their hmewrk at schl, after learning abut a subject at hme.
There are risks, but sme educatrs think that ChatGPT and ther large language mdels(LLMs)can be pwerful learning tls. They culd help students by prviding a persnalized guiding that is available at any time and might be accessible t mre students than human teachers wuld be. Or they culd help teachers and students by making infrmatin that nly exists in the textbks much easier t find and understand.
There are still prbkems t be slved. Questins remain abut whether LLMscan be made crrect and reliable enugh t be trusted as learning helpers. It’s t sn t knw what their final effect n educatin will be, but mre institutins (研究机构) need t explre ChatGPT’s advantages and dangers, and share what they are leaning, r their students might miss aut n a valuable tl.
Despite the risks, educatrs shuld nt avid using LLMs. Rather, they need t teach students the chat rbt’s strengths and weaknesses and supprt institutins’ effrts t imprve the mdels fr educattn-specific purpses. This culd mean building task-specific versins f LLMs that harness their strengths in dialgue and summarizatin and reduce the risks f a chat rbt prviding students with inaccurate (不准确的) infrmatin r enabling them t cheat.
Arizna State University (ASU), fr example, develped a platfrm that enables its members t use LLM-pwered chat rbts. These rbts are instructed t seek answers t users’questins in specific data sets, such as scientific papers r lecture ntes. This apprach nt nly makes use f the chat rbt’s cnversatinal pwer, but alszreduces the chance f errrs.
As understanding f the LLMs’pwer and limitatins increases, mre university- wide plans will certainly appear. Using LLMs withut cnsidering their disadvantages will gain the ppsite effect. Fr many educatinal purpses, errr-prne (容易出错 的) tls damage students’ability t learn and cannt help students. But sme institutins are trying t reduce the LLMs’weaknesses, even aiming t turn thse int strengths by, fr example, using them t imprve students’critical-thinking skills.
Educatrs must be brave t avid missing a huge pprtunity and careful t ensure that institutins everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the wrld better, nt wrse.
36．What can we infer abut ChatGPT frm Paragraph 1?
A．It is used in exams by sme students.B．It is ging t replace human teachers.
C．It is especially ppular amng teachers.D．It imprves educatrs’ evaluatin methds.
37．What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．LLMs’pssible risks.B．LLMs’pwerful tls.
C．ILMs’leaning ability.D．LLMs’ptential benefits.
38．What shuld students knw when using LLMs?
A．Their task-specific versins.
B．Their strengths and weaknesses.
C．Their prblems and pssible risks.
D．Their mdels fr educatin purpses.
39．What des the underlined wrd “harness” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．Imprve.B．Discver.C．Use.D．Test.
40．As fr the future f LLMs, the writer is _________
A．cnfusedB．hpefulC．uncncernedD．dubtful
【答案】36．A 37．D 38．B 39．C 40．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了ChatGPT等大型语言模型在教育领域的应用、潜在好处、存在的问题及如何利用好这些工具。
36．推理判断题。根据第一段的“This AI chat rbt can write clear, well-researched essays in respnse t given questins, frcing educatrs arund the wrld t rethink their evaluatin (测评) methds. A few cuntries brught back pen-and-paper exams, and sme schls asked students t d their hmewrk at schl, after learning abut a subject at hme.(这款人工智能聊天机器人可以针对给定的问题撰写清晰、经过充分研究的论文，迫使世界各地的教育工作者重新思考他们的评估方法。一些国家恢复了纸笔考试，一些学校要求学生在家学习一门学科后在学校做作业)”可知，一些国家恢复了笔试考试，一些学校要求学生在家里学习一门课程后在学校做作业，这表明一些学生可能在考试中使用ChatGPT。由此可推知，ChatGPT被一些学生用于考试。故选A。
37．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“There are risks, but sme educatrs think that ChatGPT and ther large language mdels (LLMs) can be pwerful learning tls.(虽然存在风险，但一些教育工作者认为ChatGPT和其他大型语言模型可以成为强大的学习工具)”以及全段可知，第二段主要介绍了ChatGPT等大型语言模型在教育领域的潜在好处，它们可以为学生提供个性化的指导，帮助教师和学生更容易地查找和理解教材上的信息。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Despite the risks, educatrs shuld nt avid using LLMs. Rather, they need t teach students the chat rbt’s strengths and weaknesses and supprt institutins’ effrts t imprve the mdels fr educattn-specific purpses.(尽管存在风险，但教育工作者不应避免使用LLM。相反，他们需要教学生聊天机器人的优缺点，并支持机构努力改进用于特定教育目的的模型)”可知，教育者需要教学生了解聊天机器人的优点和缺点，因此学生应该了解LLMs的优点和缺点。故选B。
39．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句子的“summarizatin and reduce the risks f a chat rbt prviding students with inaccurate (不准确的) infrmatin r enabling them t cheat(总结并降低聊天机器人为学生提供不准确信息或使他们作弊的风险)”可知，改进针对教育目的的模型就意味着可以利用他们的优势并总结并降低聊天机器人为学生提供不准确信息或使他们作弊的风险。所以划线单词harness的意思为“利用，使用”。故选C。
40．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Educatrs must be brave t avid missing a huge pprtunity and careful t ensure that institutins everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the wrld better, nt wrse.(教育工作者必须勇于把握这一巨大的机遇，同时也要谨慎行事，确保各地的机构以一种使世界变得更好而非更糟的方式使用大型语言模型（LLMs）)”可推知，尽管作者提到了风险和挑战，但教育者必须勇敢，不要错过巨大的机会。由此可推知，这表明作者对于LLMs的是抱有希望的。故选B。
（23-24高三上·北京西城·阶段练习）A Fluent Advantage
When schls g thrugh budget cuts, freign language classes are ften placed n the cutting blck. Schl administratrs ften d nt understand hw imprtant freign language study is fr their students’ success in the real wrld. Far frm cutting language classes, schls shuld be demanding them fr all students. Studying a freign language shuld be required in middle schls.
Language study strengthens students’ minds. Many studies have indicated that multilingual peple—peple wh speak mre than ne language—are better at certain tasks. Specifically, multilingual peple have better executive functin than peple wh speak nly ne language. Executive functin is the way the brain manages all the infrmatin it’s given, such as perfrming different tasks and deciding what t fcus n. In brain scans, multilingual peple shw increased activity in the areas f the brain that cntrl executive functin. Researchers have guessed that this advantage exists because multilingual peple must cnstantly decide which wrds frm which language t use. As a result, multilingual peple get lts f practice with executive functin. Their brains can then apply thse skills t ther tasks, like paying attentin r multitasking. This effect is especially strng fr peple wh grw up speaking mre than ne language. The earlier students start language classes, the mre benefits they may get frm language study.
Mrever, language study helps prepare students fr their future careers. Tday, language skills are in high demand n the jb market and mre and mre businesses wrk in many cuntries acrss the wrld. As businesses becme glbal, they need peple wh can cmmunicate easily acrss natinal brders. T prepare fr their careers, mre students shuld be learning freign languages. Frm 2010 t 2015, the demand in the United States fr wrkers wh speak a secnd language dubled. This trend included wrkers f all skill levels and backgrunds.
Of curse, in rder t make better use f the advantages f freign language study, middle schl freign language classes shuld nt just make students memrize new wrds and sunds.
They must als teach students abut new cultures. Freign language classes shuld be required t include lessns abut histry, literature, custms, and gvernment alng with the languages themselves. These subjects will help students becme better glbal citizens and supprt their studies in ther subjects.
Requiring middle schlers t study a freign language ffers them pprtunities t sharpen their brains. It als gives them tls that will help them becme prductive members f tday’s glbal sciety.
41．Hw des the authr feel abut freign language study in middle schls?
A．Mre freign language classes shuld be ffered in middle schls.
B．Taking a freign language class in middle schls shuld be a chice.
C．Freign language classes shuld be cut because f the limited funds.
D．Studying a freign language shuld be a middle schl requirement.
42．The authr believes ______.
A．peple wh speak mre than ne language have better executive functin
B．being able t wrk in anther cuntry dubles peple’s jb pprtunities
C．peple learn languages better as yung peple than when they are lder
D．peple’s executive functin imprves after freign language classes
43．What’s the authr’s purpse f writing Paragraph 4?
A．T sum up his argument.B．T put frward a slutin.
C．T emphasize his pint f view.D．T intrduce an additinal suggestin.
44．Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in the passage?
I: Intrductin P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint (次要点) C: Cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】41．D 42．A 43．D 44．A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了作者认为学校不应削减语言课，应要求学生学习一门外语，介绍了学习外语的好处，以及提出中学外语课堂不应该只是让学生记忆新单词和发音，还必须教学生新文化。要求中学生学习一门外语给他们提供了锻炼大脑的机会。它还为他们提供了帮助他们成为当今全球社会生产力成员的工具。
41．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Schl administratrs ften d nt understand hw imprtant freign language study is fr their students’ success in the real wrld. Far frm cutting language classes, schls shuld be demanding them fr all students. Studying a freign language shuld be required in middle schls.(学校管理者往往不明白外语学习对学生在现实世界中的成功有多么重要。学校应该要求所有学生都上语言课，而不是取消语言课。中学应该要求学生学习一门外语)”可知，作者认为学习一门外语应该是中学的要求。故选D。
42．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Many studies have indicated that multilingual peple—peple wh speak mre than ne language—are better at certain tasks. Specifically, multilingual peple have better executive functin than peple wh speak nly ne language.(许多研究表明，会说多种语言的人——也就是会说一种以上语言的人——在某些任务上表现得更好。具体来说，多语者比只会一种语言的人有更好的执行功能)”可知，作者认为会说一种以上语言的人具有更好的执行功能。故选A。
43．推理判断题。根据第四段“Of curse, in rder t make better use f the advantages f freign language study, middle schl freign language classes shuld nt just make students memrize new wrds and sunds.(当然，为了更好地利用外语学习的优势，中学外语课堂不应该只是让学生记忆新单词和发音)”根据第五段“They must als teach students abut new cultures.”他们还必须教学生新的文化。可推知，作者写第四段的目的是介绍另外一个建议。故选D。
44．推理判断题。阅读全文，根据文章内容可知，本文第一段引出中学应该要求学生学习一门外语的主题，第二段第三段为次要点，介绍语言学习的好处，第四段第五段为第二个要点，说明中学外语课不仅要让学生记住新的单词和发音，他们还必须教学生新文化；最后，第六段总结全文要求中学生学习外语为他们提供了锻炼大脑的机会，它还为他们提供了帮助他们成为当今全球社会生产力成员的工具。可推知，A图显示了文章中思想的发展。故选A。
（2024·北京朝阳·二模）
It is perhaps easy t accept the statement that the universe is expanding. It is just sme strange physics indicating that, as time ges n, galaxies (星系) get further away frm each ther just like tw cars racing away frm each ther.
I persnally dn’t like it and prefer the balln analgy. In this situatin, there are dts all ver a balln. When we blw it up in real life, the dts wuld increase in size. In this analgy, let’s assume they dn’t. What we are interested in is hw the distance between the dts n the surface f the balln grws as we put mre air int it.
The balln analgy relies smewhat n ur gemetric sensibilities which refer t ur sense f shapes and hw they change ver time. At its cre, what we are trying t develp a sense fr is hw we measure distances. This cncept is als the fundamental gal f general relativity, Einstein’s thery f gravity. In general relativity, the mst imprtant piece f infrmatin is what we call the metric, an equatin that describes hw distances are measured, and therefre als tells us abut the shape space-time is taking.
The whle idea that space-time is expanding was first nticed as a mathematical cnsequence f general relativity by Gerges Lemaitre in 1927, when he slved Einstein’s equatin and fund a slutin fr the metric shwing that distances grw with time. His wrk prvided a theretical explanatin：the standard fr measuring csmic (宇宙的) distance was itself changing with time.
What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasnably say that universe’s expansin is a gravitatinal effect. I enjy this because it is s deeply cunterintuitive t ur usual understanding f gravity, which teaches us that it is a frce that always draws things tgether. But in this case where gravity is a gemetric effect, we are ffered a brader range f gravitatinal pssibilities.
It is wrth nting that the gemetric explanatin f general relativity hasn’t been universally ppular. The late physicist Steven Weinberg wrte that the gemetric explanatin f the thery f gravitatin has been reduced t a mere analgy, but is therwise nt very useful. Anther challenge with the balln analgy and ur reliance n gemetric explanatin is t explain why gravity seems t pull things tgether in many situatins, while universe is expanding. This difference is reslved by acknwledging that lcal gravitatinal effects due t massive bjects dminate ver large-scale expansin effects, leading t the frmatin f structures like stars, galaxies and, eventually us.
In fact, the analgy where universe is nly expanding and this is the nly gravitatinal effect at play is a very idealized situatin where matter was initially spread ut perfectly evenly acrss the universe.
45．The authr presents the balln analgy in Paragraph 2 mainly t .
A．intrduce a tpicB．draw a cmparisn
C．cnfirm a theryD．evaluate a statement
46．What des the underlined wrd “cunterintuitive” in Paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Unchallenging.B．Cntradictry.C．Satisfying.D．Relevant.
47．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Universe’s expansin results in the creatin f structures like galaxies.
B．Lemaitre’s wrk suggests the standard fr csmic distance is cnsistent.
C．A unifrm distributin f matter can vercme the universe’s expansin.
D．The metric is key t sensing the shape f space-time in general relativity.
48．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Studying Galaxies — Has the Balln Analgy Been Outdated?
B．Rethinking Gravity — Is it a Way t Make Sense f the Balln Analgy?
C．Arguing against the Car Analgy — Des the Balln Analgy Win Over?
D．Understanding Universe Expansin — Is the Balln Analgy Acceptable?
【答案】45．A 46．B 47．D 48．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要通过汽车远离的比喻和气球膨胀的类比来引入宇宙膨胀的概念，继而讨论了它如何通过广义相对论的几何解释来被理解，以及这种解释带来的有趣观点和挑战。
45．推理判断题。根据第二段“In this situatin, there are dts all ver a balln. When we blw it up in real life, the dts wuld increase in size. In this analgy, let’s assume they dn’t. What we are interested in is hw the distance between the dts n the surface f the balln grws as we put mre air int it.(在这种情况下，气球上到处都是点。当我们在现实生活中把它放大时，这些点会变大。在这个类比中，让我们假设他们没有。我们感兴趣的是，当我们向气球中注入更多空气时，气球表面上点之间的距离是如何变大的。)”可知，作者在第二段中提出气球比喻主要是为了引入一个话题。故选A。
46．词句猜测题。根据第五段“What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasnably say that universe’s expansin is a gravitatinal effect(令人高兴的是，这意味着我们可以相当合理地说，宇宙的膨胀是一种引力效应)”和“ur usual understanding f gravity, which teaches us that it is a frce that always draws things tgether(我们通常对重力的理解，告诉我们它是一种总是把物体拉到一起的力)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“我喜欢这一点，因为它与我们通常对引力的理解截然相反，我们通常认为引力是一种总是把物体拉到一起的力量”，划线词cunterintuitive的意思是“相反的”，和cntradictry意思相近，故选B。
47．推理判断题。根据第三段“In general relativity, the mst imprtant piece f infrmatin is what we call the metric, an equatin that describes hw distances are measured, and therefre als tells us abut the shape space-time is taking.(在广义相对论中，最重要的信息是我们所说的度规，一个描述如何测量距离的方程，因此也告诉我们时空的形状。)”可知，在广义相对论中，度规是感知时空形状的关键。故选D。
48．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“It is perhaps easy t accept the statement that the universe is expanding. It is just sme strange physics indicating that, as time ges n, galaxies (星系) get further away frm each ther just like tw cars racing away frm each ther.(宇宙正在膨胀这一说法也许比较容易接受。这只是一些奇怪的物理现象表明，随着时间的推移，星系之间的距离越来越远，就像两辆汽车在相互远离一样。)”和第二段“I persnally dn’t like it and prefer the balln analgy. In this situatin, there are dts all ver a balln. When we blw it up in real life, the dts wuld increase in size. In this analgy, let’s assume they dn’t. What we are interested in is hw the distance between the dts n the surface f the balln grws as we put mre air int it.(我个人不喜欢它，我更喜欢气球的比喻。在这种情况下，气球上到处都是点。当我们在现实生活中把它放大时，这些点会变大。在这个类比中，让我们假设他们没有。我们感兴趣的是，当我们向气球中注入更多空气时，气球表面上点之间的距离是如何变大的。)”可知，本文主要通过汽车远离的比喻和气球膨胀的类比来引入宇宙膨胀的概念，继而讨论了它如何通过广义相对论的几何解释来被理解，以及这种解释带来的有趣观点和挑战，因此最好的题目是D选项“Understanding Universe Expansin— Is the Balln Analgy Acceptable?(理解宇宙膨胀——气球的类比可以接受吗？)”。故选D。
（2024·北京海淀·二模）When I was named CEO f a glbal cmpany in 2006, I was determined t run the cmpany s that it wuld bth deliver gd shrt-term perfrmance and thrive in the lng term, years after I was gne. It was already in gd shape, but I dreamed f creating a defining crpratin f the 21st century, prud f its rt, yet glbal and respnsible in the shifting times.
Fr mnths, I quietly read all I culd abut the big scial trends influencing business. I walked the market, and examined emplyees’ feedback. I als dug deep int the bligatins f public crpratins. Frm all f this emerged a visin fr the cmpany that guided us fr the next dzen years r s. I called it “Perfrmance with Purpse”. The gal was t deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additinal clear bjects: t nurish humanity and the cmmunities, t prtect ur envirnment and t cherish ur peple.
My mtivatin was whlly t “future prf”, r de-risk. And it wrked. In my 12 years as CEO, ttal sharehlder return was 149%, and net prfit jumped 80%. We cut the salt, fat, and sugar in s da and chips, added mre healthful brands and prducts, and lwered the amunt f water needed. We kept innvatin ging and ur design studis wn many awards. Our talent academy was s brilliant that nine senir managers left t take CEO jbs elsewhere.
I believe that leaders must think frm the future back, even when things are ging fine. And we nw have a framewrk t help: the evlving templates (模板) fr envirnmental, scial, and gvernance metrics (ESG衡量标准) that, in essence, serve t de-risk cmpanies and markets. These criteria frce discussin f hard truths fr anyne with the ambitin t stay relevant in the lng term. If the metrics are carefully selected, ESG is nt cntrary t investrs’ interests. Imprtantly, de-risking the cmpany actually creates sharehlder value.
“Perfrmance with Purpse” presented tugh mments fr me, including when ne investr questined, “Wh d yu think yu are? A philanthrpist (慈善家)?” But skepticism faded when a cllective missin tk hld that included bth the bttm line and much beynd. This was my hpe frm the start.
49．The authr’s new visin fr the cmpany came frm _________.
A．its unique cultural rtB．her thrugh research
C．custmers’ fundamental needsD．sharehlders’ strng requirements
50．Accrding t “Perfrmance with Purpse”, an ideal cmpany shuld _________.
A．shift its strategies prperlyB．value emplyees’ feedback
C．shulder scial respnsibilityD．priritize financial returns
51．What is Paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The risks a cmpany may face.
B．The authr’s ambitin t create value.
C．The interests investrs seek after.
D．The authr’s recipe fr successful business.
52．As CEO, the authr can be best described as _________.
A．inspiring and warm-heartedB．determined and far-sighted
C．ambitius and generusD．mdest and strategic
【答案】49．B 50．C 51．D 52．B
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，作者于2006年成为一家全球公司的CEO时，决心让公司在短期内取得佳绩，并在作者离开后依然长期繁荣。作者提出“绩效与目的”的愿景，旨在实现财务成功的同时，关注社会责任、环境保护和员工发展。
49．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Fr mnths, I quietly read all I culd abut the big scial trends influencing business. I walked the market, and examined emplyees’ feedback. I als dug deep int the bligatins f public crpratins. Frm all f this emerged a visin fr the cmpany that guided us fr the next dzen years r s. I called it “Perfrmance with Purpse”. The gal was t deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additinal clear bjects: t nurish humanity and the cmmunities, t prtect ur envirnment and t cherish ur peple. (几个月来，我静静地阅读了所有影响商业的重大社会趋势。我在市场里走了一圈，查看了员工的反馈。我还深入研究了公共企业的义务。从这一切中，我们看到了公司未来十几年的发展方向。我称之为“有目的的表现”。我们的目标是提供巨大的经济回报，就像我们一直做的那样，同时还有三个明确的目标：滋养人类和社区，保护我们的环境，珍惜我们的人民。)”可知，作者进行了大量的研究工作，包括阅读有关影响商业的重大社会趋势的资料、考察市场以及深入研究公共公司的义务，基于这些研究形成了新的公司愿景。故选B项。
50．推理判断题。由文章第二段“I called it “Perfrmance with Purpse”. The gal was t deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additinal clear bjects: t nurish humanity and the cmmunities, t prtect ur envirnment and t cherish ur peple. (我称之为“有目的的表现”。我们的目标是提供巨大的经济回报，就像我们一直做的那样，同时还有三个明确的目标：滋养人类和社区，保护我们的环境，珍惜我们的人民。)”可知，一个理想的公司应该承担社会责任。故选C项。
51．主旨大意题。由文章第四段“I believe that leaders must think frm the future back, even when things are ging fine. And we nw have a framewrk t help: the evlving templates (模板) fr envirnmental, scial, and gvernance metrics (ESG衡量标准) that, in essence, serve t de-risk cmpanies and markets. These criteria frce discussin f hard truths fr anyne with the ambitin t stay relevant in the lng term. If the metrics are carefully selected, ESG is nt cntrary t investrs’ interests. Imprtantly, de-risking the cmpany actually creates sharehlder value. (我认为，领导者必须从未来的角度考虑问题，即使事情进展顺利。我们现在有了一个可以提供帮助的框架：不断发展的环境、社会和治理指标模板（ESG衡量标准），从本质上讲，这些模板有助于企业和市场降低风险。这些标准迫使任何有志于长期保持相关性的人讨论残酷的事实。如果这些指标经过精心挑选，ESG并不会违背投资者的利益。重要的是，降低公司风险实际上创造了股东价值。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了作者如何通过ESG衡量标准来为公司“去风险”，这是作者成功经商的秘诀。故选D项。
52．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“When I was named CEO f a glbal cmpany in 2006, I was determined t run the cmpany s that it wuld bth deliver gd shrt-term perfrmance and thrive in the lng term, years after I was gne. It was already in gd shape, but I dreamed f creating a defining crpratin f the 21st century, prud f its rt, yet glbal and respnsible in the shifting times. (2006年，当我被任命为一家跨国公司的首席执行官时，我决心管理这家公司，让它在我离开多年后，既能提供良好的短期业绩，又能保持长期繁荣。它已经处于良好的状态，但我梦想着创建一个21世纪的标志性公司，为自己的根源感到自豪，同时在不断变化的时代具有全球性和责任感。)”可知，作者作为CEO，不仅决心要让公司在短期内表现良好，还致力于长期发展，提出了前瞻性的“Perfrmance with Purpse”愿景，并成功实施，使公司在经济、社会和环境等多方面取得显著成效。这表明作者既坚定又具有远见卓识。故选B项。
（2024·北京海淀·二模）The idea that aging reduces adults’ ability t imagine, a cmmn theme in children’s literature, is cntradicted by psychlgical research. While children are ften prtrayed as mre imaginative, research indicates that adults nt nly keep this ability but smetimes surpass children in imaginative thinking.
Children are frequently celebrated fr bundless imaginatin. Yet, research reveals that their make-believe games ften center arund realistic scenaris, such as cking and cleaning, as demnstrated in a 2020 study published in Jurnal f Cgnitin and Develpment. Anther study, lasting fr fur decades, als suggests that children are nt naturally mre imaginative than adults; their limitatins result frm a lack f knwledge and expertise t effectively use their imaginative capacity as adults.
Imaginatin may have evlved fr cnsidering alternatives t reality, but we use it mst naturally t explre clse alternatives, like preparing a different meal, rather than far alternatives, like riding n cluds. When we use imaginatin t envisin far alternatives — t innvate r invent — we’re nt digging int an inbrn appreciatin f the extrardinary; we’re using a tl designed t explre the rdinary. When cnsidering alternatives t reality, we fix ur attentin n pssibilities that are physically reasnable, statistically prbable, scially cnventinal and mrally permissible. When tld abut pssibilities that vilate such regularities, we usually deny they culd happen. Generally speaking, ur ideas abut what culd happen are firmly rted in what we expect t happen.
This mindset is als particularly apparent in yung children. In a 2018 study I c-designed with psychlgist Jnathan Phillips, 4-year-lds were asked t help a distressed girl wh disliked ging t schl due t missing her mther. Amng all the slutins given, they perceived the nly pssible slutin was fr her mther t d smething special after schl t ease her cncerns. Unexpected alternatives, such as snapping fingers and making it Saturday, wearing pajamas t schl r lying abut schl being clsed, were all regarded impssible. Frm this, we can cnclude that children’s earliest intuitins (直觉力) abut pssibility cnfuse what culd happen with what shuld happen.
Histrically, the imprbable event f traveling faster than a hrse was cnsidered impssible, as was traveling by air r traveling int space. Befre the arrival f trains and planes, there were gd reasns t think that peple culd travel nly s far and nly s fast. But these reasns were empirical (经验主义的), nt lgical. Imaginatin, n its wn, lumps the imprbable with the impssible, but we can cmbine imaginatin with ther abilities — namely, knwledge and reflectin — t separate the tw. While imaginatin in children ften subjects t expectatin, adults can cntrl their imaginative capacity fr innvatin by integrating it with accumulated knwledge and reflective thinking.
53．Accrding t the first tw paragraphs, we knw that _________.
A．children develp imaginatin thrugh games
B．children face limitatins in acquiring knwledge
C．adults are as gd as children in imaginative thinking
D．adults’ imaginative ability is likely t stay cnstant with age
54．We can infer frm the passage that _________.
A．expectatin results frm imaginative capacity
B．certain practical cncerns can limit imaginatin
C．breaking regularities may lead t clse alternatives
D．far alternatives are mre imprtant than clse alternatives
55．The 2018 study shws that children _________.
A．came up with a wide range f alternatives
B．were quicker t figure ut slutins
C．tk what shuld happen as pssibilities
D．used imaginatin in a reasnable way
56．The underlined wrd “lumps” in the last paragraph prbably means _________.
A．mixB．matchC．cmpareD．replace
【答案】53．D 54．B 55．C 56．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇短文主要指出心理学研究反驳了老年人想象力下降的观点，实际上成年人在某些方面可能比儿童更有想象力。研究表明，儿童的想象游戏通常围绕现实场景，并非天生比成人更具想象力，而是受限于知识和经验。人们倾向于用想象力探索与现实相近的可能性，而非遥远的不切实际的事物。研究还显示，儿童对可能性的理解容易与期望混淆。最后，文章强调成人可以通过结合知识和反思来控制想象力，从而进行创新。
53．推理判断题。由第一段中“While children are ften prtrayed as mre imaginative, research indicates that adults nt nly keep this ability but smetimes surpass children in imaginative thinking. (虽然儿童通常被描绘成更有想象力，但研究表明，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童)”和第二段中“Anther study, lasting fr fur decades, als suggests that children are nt naturally mre imaginative than adults (另一项持续四十年的研究也表明，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力)”可知，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力，人成年后也更有想象力，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童，可得出成年人的想象力可能会随着年龄的增长而保持不变。故选D项。
54．推理判断题。由第三段中“When we use imaginatin t envisin far alternatives — t innvate r invent — we’re nt digging int an inbrn appreciatin f the extrardinary; we’re using a tl designed t explre the rdinary. When cnsidering alternatives t reality, we fix ur attentin n pssibilities that are physically reasnable, statistically prbable, scially cnventinal and mrally permissible. When tld abut pssibilities that vilate such regularities, we usually deny they culd happen. Generally speaking, ur ideas abut what culd happen are firmly rted in what we expect t happen. (当我们用想象力来设想创新或发明的遥远替代方案时，我们并不是在挖掘与生俱来的非凡鉴赏力；我们正在使用一种旨在探索普通事物的工具。在考虑现实的替代方案时，我们将注意力集中在物理上合理、统计上可能、社会传统和道德上允许的可能性上。当被告知违反这种规律的可能性时，我们通常否认它们可能发生。一般来说，我们对可能发生的事情的想法深深植根于我们所期望的事情)”可得出，某些实际问题会限制想象力。故选B项。
55．细节理解题。由第四段中“Frm this, we can cnclude that children’s earliest intuitins (直觉力) abut pssibility cnfuse what culd happen with what shuld happen. (由此，我们可以得出结论，孩子们最早对可能性的直觉混淆了可能发生的事情和应该发生的事情)”可知，2018年的研究表明，儿童把应该发生的事情视为可能。故选C项。
56．词句猜测题。由最后一段中“But these reasns were empirical (经验主义的), nt lgical. Imaginatin, n its wn, lumps the imprbable with the impssible, but we can cmbine imaginatin with ther abilities — namely, knwledge and reflectin — t separate the tw. (但这些原因都是经验的，而非逻辑的。想象力本身就lumps不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现），但我们可以把想象力与其他能力——即知识和反思——结合起来，把两者分开)”可知，but后讲人们可以通过将想象力与其他能力，即知识和反思相结合，将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）分开，说明想象力本身会将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）混为一谈，划线词lumps意为“混合”。故选A项。
（2024·北京大兴·模拟预测）Lying is smething that mst f us are expert at. We lie at ease, in ways big and small, t strangers, c-wrkers, friends, and lved nes. Our capacity fr dishnesty is as fundamental t us as ur need t trust thers, which irnically makes us terrible at detecting lies. Being deceitful is wven int ur very fabric, s much s that it wuld be truthful t say that t lie is human.
The universality f lying was first dcumented systematically by Bella DePaul, a scial psychlgist at the University f Califrnia, Santa Barbara. Tw decades ag DePaul and her clleagues asked 147 adults t write dwn fr a week every instance they tried t mislead smene. The researchers fund that the subjects lied n average ne r tw times a day. Mst f these untruths were nt ffensive, intended t hide ne’s inadequacies r t prtect the feelings f thers. Sme lies were excuses—ne subject blamed the failure t take ut the garbage n nt knwing where it needed t g. Yet ther lies—such as a claim f being a diplmat’s sn—were aimed at presenting a false image. While these were minr crimes, a later study by DePaul and ther clleagues invlving a similar sample indicated that mst peple have, at sme pint, tld ne r mre “serius lies”—making false claims n a cllege applicatin, fr example.
That human beings shuld universally pssess a talent fr deceiving ne anther shuldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavir arse nt lng after the emergence f language. The ability t cntrl thers withut using physical frce likely gave an advantage in the cmpetitin fr resurces and mates, similar t the evlutin f deceptive strategies in the animal kingdm, such as camuflage (伪装).“Lying is s easy cmpared t ther ways f gaining pwer,” ntes Sissela Bk, an ethicist at Harvard University wh’s ne f the mst prminent thinkers n the subject. “It’s much easier t lie in rder t get smebdy’s mney r wealth than t hit them ver the head r rb a bank.”
As lying has cme t be recgnized as a deeply-rted human trait, scial science researchers and neur-scientists have sught t explain the nature and rts f the behavir. Researchers are learning that we tend t believe sme lies even when they’re bviusly cntradicted by clear evidence. These insights suggest that ur tendency t deceive thers and ur weakness t be deceived, are especially cnsequential in the age f scial media. Our ability t separate truth frm lies is under unprecedented threat.
57．What can we learn abut the study by Bella DePaul and her clleagues?
A．They made adults write the instances where they misled smene ne r tw times a day.
B．The subjects tended t lie t hide their wn feelings and present a different image.
C．Lying was first dcumented systematically by Bella DePaul and her clleagues.
D．Bella DePaul and her clleagues made mre than ne study t shw mst peple lied.
58．In paragraph 2, the researchers thught that mst lies the subjects tld in the test were .
A．meaninglessB．uselessC．harmlessD．endless
59．It can be cncluded frm the passage that____. .
A．mst human beings pssess a talent fr deceiving because f the emergence f language
B．animals als use deceptive strategies in rder t gain an advantage in the cmpetitin
C．human beings universally have bth talents fr deceiving thers and detecting lies
D．scial media will be able t help human beings t tell truth frm lies in the future
60．What is the best pssible title fr the passage?
A．A Surprising Discvery f Lies
B．Lying: A Deeply-rted Human Trait
C．The Nature and Rt f Deceptin
D．On Human Weakness in Sptting Lies
【答案】57．D 58．C 59．B 60．B
【导语】本文是说明文。主要介绍了人类说谎的普遍性和原因，同时分析了说谎行为对社会和个人的影响。
57．推理判断题。根据第二段“The universality f lying was first dcumented systematically by Bella DePaul, a scial psychlgist at the University f Califrnia, Santa Barbara. Tw decades ag DePaul and her clleagues asked 147 adults t write dwn fr a week every instance they tried t mislead smene. The researchers fund that the subjects lied n average ne r tw times a day. Mst f these untruths were nt ffensive, intended t hide ne’s inadequacies r t prtect the feelings f thers. Sme lies were excuses—ne subject blamed the failure t take ut the garbage n nt knwing where it needed t g. Yet ther lies—such as a claim f being a diplmat’s sn—were aimed at presenting a false image. While these were minr crimes, a later study by DePaul and ther clleagues invlving a similar sample indicated that mst peple have, at sme pint, tld ne r mre “serius lies”—making false claims n a cllege applicatin, fr example.(加州大学圣巴巴拉分校的社会心理学家贝拉·德保罗首先系统地记录了谎言的普遍性。20年前，德保罗和她的同事们让147名成年人在一周内写下他们试图误导别人的每一个例子。研究人员发现，受试者平均每天撒谎一到两次。这些谎言大多没有冒犯性，只是为了隐藏自己的不足或保护他人的感情。有些谎言是借口——一个实验对象把没能把垃圾倒出去归咎于不知道该往哪里倒。然而，还有一些谎言——比如声称自己是外交官的儿子——是为了呈现一个虚假的形象。虽然这些都是轻微的罪行，但德保罗和其他同事后来对类似样本进行的一项研究表明，大多数人在某种程度上都说过一个或多个“严重的谎言”——例如，在大学申请中做出虚假声明)”可知，我们能从贝拉·德保罗和她的同事的研究中了解到贝拉·德保罗和她的同事做了不止一项研究，表明大多数人都撒谎。故选D项。
58．推理判断题。根据第二段“Mst f these untruths were nt ffensive, intended t hide ne’s inadequacies r t prtect the feelings f thers.(这些谎言大多没有冒犯性，只是为了隐藏自己的不足或保护他人的感情)”可知，在第二段中，研究人员认为受试者在测试中说的大多数谎言是无害的。故选C项。
59．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That human beings shuld universally pssess a talent fr deceiving ne anther shuldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavir arse nt lng after the emergence f language. The ability t cntrl thers withut using physical frce likely gave an advantage in the cmpetitin fr resurces and mates, similar t the evlutin f deceptive strategies in the animal kingdm, such as camuflage (伪装).(人类普遍具有相互欺骗的才能，这一点我们不应感到惊讶。研究人员推测，撒谎作为一种行为是在语言出现后不久出现的。在不使用武力的情况下控制他人的能力可能会在资源和配偶的竞争中占据优势，类似于动物王国中欺骗策略的进化，比如伪装)”可推知，动物也使用欺骗策略以在竞争中获得优势。故选B项。
60．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Lying is smething that mst f us are expert at. We lie at ease, in ways big and small, t strangers, c-wrkers, friends, and lved nes. Our capacity fr dishnesty is as fundamental t us as ur need t trust thers, which irnically makes us terrible at detecting lies. Being deceitful is wven int ur very fabric, s much s that it wuld be truthful t say that t lie is human.(说谎是我们大多数人都擅长的事情。对于陌生人、同事、朋友和爱人，我们在大大小小的方面都很自在。对我们来说，不诚实的能力和信任他人的需要一样重要，讽刺的是，这让我们不善于识破谎言。欺骗是我们与生俱来的天性，以至于我们可以说，说谎是人类的天性)”以及最后一段“As lying has cme t be recgnized as a deeply-rted human trait, scial science researchers and neur-scientists have sught t explain the nature and rts f the behavir.(由于说谎已经被认为是一种根深蒂固的人类特征，社会科学研究人员和神经科学家试图解释这种行为的本质和根源)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了人类说谎的普遍性和原因，所以B项“Lying: A Deeply-rted Human Trait(说谎：一种根深蒂固的人类特质)”是本文最好的标题。故选B项。
（2024·北京西城·二模）Can yu imagine getting a majr dental prcedure withut nvcaine (一种麻醉药)? A scientist clleague f mine recently tld me, rather than use it, he used a “fcus in” meditatin (冥想) technique t direct all f his attentin t his muth with as much calming equanimity as he culd gather. Ding s transfrmed the pain fr a few minutes.
A stream f scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning tward discmfrt r negative emtins with acceptance. In additin, all f us can gain frm finding ways t cpe with stress and suffering — particularly when larger circumstances are beynd ur cntrl. As a researcher wh has studied meditatin fr mre than 20 years, I believe that the cultivatin f equanimity can help.
It’s imprtant t first define the idea f turning tward discmfrt. I’m nt advcating fr peple t put themselves in dangerus psitins. But when we push urselves int challenging r embarrassing situatins, much like trainers wh push athletes just past their cmfrt zne t make gains, learning ften happens.
My wn research indicates that meditatin prvides an ideal way t practice turning tward discmfrt — particularly when it trains up ne’s equanimity. In my labratry at Carnegie Melln University, we cnducted several clinical trials n develping equanimity during mindfulness meditatin training. This apprach includes guided meditatin exercises such as using a matter-f-fact vice t label uncmfrtable feelings in the bdy r welcming uncmfrtable feelings by saying “yes” alud each time a feeling is detected.
We hired 153 stressed adults and ffered them a mindfulness meditatin training prgram with r withut training in equanimity. Our equanimity skills training grup had significantly better utcmes n several measures. After just 14 days f training, fr example, the participants wh learned equanimity skills had significantly lwer bilgical stress respnses when asked t deliver a difficult speech and slve math prblems in frnt f experts in white lab cats. This grup als had significantly lwer bld pressure and stress levels. In the days after training, peple intrduced t equanimity exercises als reprted significantly higher psitive emtins and well-being thrughut the day and mre meaningful scial interactins than participants wh received mindfulness training withut the equanimity cmpnent. It was as thugh develping equanimity had transfrmed their emtinal reactivity t stress, helping them better appreciate and enjy daily life’s many little psitive experiences and making them mre curius and pen t cnnecting with thers.
We are expanding n this wrk in several ways—including thrugh the develpment f an app that ffers equanimity training n demand and with trials invlving participants with stress-related gastrintestinal (胃肠的) disrders. Meanwhile ther scientists are further explring equanimity’s pwer. We are cnvinced we can each build ur resilience (恢复力) n a persnal level by cultivating greater acceptance f ur experience — gd r bad, painful r pleasant — in the present mment.
61．What can be learned abut equanimity?
A．It is a state f mental calmness.
B．It is a frm f negative emtins.
C．It is a replacement fr nvcaine.
D．It is the result f mindfulness meditatin.
62．Which f the fllwing is a gd example f equanimity training?
A．Ignring discmfrt ttally.
B．Detecting unusual behavir.
C．Keeping emtins t neself.
D．Seeing negative feelings bjectively.
63．Paragraph 5 is written t shw ______.
A．the benefits f develping equanimity
B．the prcedure f mindfulness meditatin
C．the perfrmances f tw meditatin training grups
D．the relatinship between equanimity and well-being
64．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Stress cntributes t physical disrders.
B．Pleasant experiences result in greater equanimity.
C．Peple are likely t have easy access t equanimity training.
D．Resilience can help peple gain mre acceptance f hardship.
【答案】61．A 62．D 63．A 64．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了通过接受和正念冥想训练中的“平静”来应对不适和负面情绪的好处。
61．推理判断题。根据首段中的“A scientist clleague f mine recently tld me, rather than use it, he used a “fcus in” meditatin (冥想) technique t direct all f his attentin t his muth with as much calming equanimity as he culd gather. Ding s transfrmed the pain fr a few minutes. (我的一位科学家同事最近告诉我，他没有使用它，而是使用了一种“专注”冥想技术，将所有注意力集中在他的嘴巴上，尽可能地平静下来。这样做可以缓解几分钟的疼痛。)”可知，通过“专注”冥想技术尽可能让人平静下来，这样可以缓解几分钟的疼痛，结合第二段中的“A stream f scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning tward discmfrt r negative emtins with acceptance. (一系列科学文章表明，用接纳的态度来对待不舒服或负面情绪是有好处的。)”可知，用接纳的态度对待不适或负面情绪是有好处的，由此可知，“平静”其实是一种精神上的平静状态，是以接纳的心态来对待不适或负面情绪。故选A项。
62．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It’s imprtant t first define the idea f turning tward discmfrt. I’m nt advcating fr peple t put themselves in dangerus psitins. (重要的是要首先定义转向不适的概念。我不是在提倡人们把自己置于危险的境地。)”可知，首先定义这种转向不适的概念是很重要的，结合第四段中的“This apprach includes guided meditatin exercises such as using a matter-f-fact vice t label uncmfrtable feelings in the bdy r welcming uncmfrtable feelings by saying “yes” alud each time a feeling is detected. (这种方法包括引导冥想练习，比如用一种实事求是的声音来标记身体里不舒服的感觉，或者在每次发现不舒服的感觉时大声说“是”来欢迎不舒服的感觉。)”可知，训练这种“平静”需要实事求是地记住身体不适的感觉，或者发现不适时大声说“是”来欢迎这种不适，由此可知，客观地看待消极情绪是训练平静的好例子。故选D项。
63．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“We hired 153 stressed adults and ffered them a mindfulness meditatin training prgram with r withut training in equanimity. Our equanimity skills training grup had significantly better utcmes n several measures. (我们雇佣了153名压力大的成年人，为他们提供了一个正念冥想训练项目，有或没有接受过平静训练。我们的平静技能训练组在几个方面有明显更好的结果。)”以及下文中列举的平津训练给压力大的人带来的好处可知，本段主要为了表明平静技能训练给压力大的人带来的好处。故选A项。
64．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“We are expanding n this wrk in several ways—including thrugh the develpment f an app that ffers equanimity training n demand and with trials invlving participants with stress-related gastrintestinal (胃肠的) disrders. Meanwhile ther scientists are further explring equanimity’s pwer. (我们正在以多种方式扩展这项工作，包括开发一款应用程序，根据需要提供平静训练，并对患有压力相关胃肠道疾病的参与者进行试验。与此同时，其他科学家正在进一步探索平静的力量。)”可知，目前正在以多种方式开展这项平静训练工作，其它科学家也在进一步探索平静的力量，由此可知，人们可能更容易获得平静训练。故选C项。
（2024·北京昌平·二模）In 1992, Edward de Bn argued that “creativity is the mst imprtant human resurce f all.” But might cmputers have the capacity t be creative? Culd artificial intelligence utperfrm us in even the mst human f phenmena? These questins have mved t the frefrnt f sciety with the launch f ChatGPT and DALL-E, tw pwerful deep learning mdels capable f creating art.
Where human creativity cmes frm is a cmplex and heavily-debated tpic. One thery suppses that creativity emerges frm slving prblems in new ways. The game designer Mark Rsewater explains that “if yu use the same neural pathways, yu get t the same answers, and with creativity, that’s nt yur gal.” But studies frm the University f Virginia suggest humans mst default (默认) t slving prblems by building n knwn slutins, restricting riginality. Sme neurscientists prpse anther thery regarding creativity. Research frm the University f Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans dn’t use the same brain regins assciated with thught and prblem-slving, implying that creativity is primarily an uncnscius prcess. Accrding t this thery, the brain slves prblems best when nt directly fcusing n them using the frntal lbe (前额叶) , instead letting the ther parts f the brain take ver.
A．I. cannt currently emulate (仿真) the full cmplexity f the human mind. D these deep learning netwrks even have the required cmpnents that we use when we are creative? Duglas Hfstadter explains hw “emergent phenmena,” such as creativity, crrespnd t cnnectins between levels within mental systems. Similar cnnectins culd exist in artificial neural netwrks, even if the mechanics differ. Fr example, mdern artificial intelligence emplys attentin circuits that may cause it t behave similarly t the frntal lbe where mst f the brain’s fcusing tendencies cme frm.
The emergent nature f creativity pens the dr fr similar tendencies in machines, but they are tuned s carefully t cpy existing ideas that it may nt be enugh fr true riginality. Mr. Rsewater’s thery n creativity suggests that fr A．I. t be creative, it shuld be able t slve prblems in new ways, which is difficult because A．I. is based s heavily n already existing ideas. Alternatively, if creativity is an uncnscius prcess as the University f Calgary research suggests, then it ccurs mstly utside the frntal lbe and may nt exist in machine learning netwrks. Either way, current A．I. prbably lacks the capacity fr genuine creativity and riginality, but it can cmbine existing ideas in interesting ways.
The questin f machine creativity has repercussins in many areas, such as develping law regarding A．I. wrks, cnsidering A．I. submissins in art cntests, and determining the use f ChatGPT as a tl fr schl assignments. Creativity may be, at least fr nw, a unique human quality. Cmputers are nt yet starting revlutinary artistic mvements, but they are already cmbining what exists int smething new, challenging us t lk deeper int ur wn creativity.
65．Abut the surce f human creativity, research frm the University f Calgary discvers that ______.
A．human creativity heavily relies n the existing ideas
B．dealing with prblems helps develp human creativity
C．being creative is clsely related t certain brain regins
D．human creativity is a prcess that happens autmatically
66．The authr wuld prbably agree that ______.
A．effrts shuld be put int the study f human creativity
B．creativity can be attained cnsciusly n mst ccasins
C．A．I. creates better than humans in sme areas at present
D．humans need machines t be mre creative in varius areas
67．What des the underlined wrd “repercussins” in Paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Influences.B．Objectins.C．Dubts.D．Causes.
68．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Cmputing Creativity: Is it a gd thing?
B．Cmputing Creativity: Can it be pssible?
C．Human Creativity: Why des human develp it?
D．Human Creativity: Hw can A．I. help human create?
【答案】65．D 66．A 67．A 68．B
【导语】本文一篇说明文。文章讨论了人工智能是否具备创造力，与人类创造力的对比，探讨了创造力的起源及其与问题解决的关系，认为虽然人工智能能够结合现有的想法创造新的作品，但其缺乏真正的创造力和原创性。
65．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Research frm the University f Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans dn’t use the same brain regins assciated with thught and prblem-slving, implying that creativity is primarily an uncnscius prcess.(卡尔加里大学(University f Calgary)的研究表明，当人们富有创造力时，大脑中负责思考和解决问题的区域并不相同，这意味着创造力主要是一个无意识的过程)”可知，卡尔加里大学的研究发现创造力是一个无意识的过程，是一个自动发生的过程。故选D项。
66．推理判断题。根据第二段“Where human creativity cmes frm is a cmplex and heavily-debated tpic. One thery suppses that creativity emerges frm slving prblems in new ways. The game designer Mark Rsewater explains that “if yu use the same neural pathways, yu get t the same answers, and with creativity, that’s nt yur gal.” But studies frm the University f Virginia suggest humans mst default (默认) t slving prblems by building n knwn slutins, restricting riginality. Sme neurscientists prpse anther thery regarding creativity. Research frm the University f Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans dn’t use the same brain regins assciated with thught and prblem-slving, implying that creativity is primarily an uncnscius prcess. Accrding t this thery, the brain slves prblems best when nt directly fcusing n them using the frntal lbe (前额叶) , instead letting the ther parts f the brain take ver. (人类创造力的来源是一个复杂且备受争议的话题。有一种理论认为，创造力来自以新方式解决问题。游戏设计师马克·罗斯沃特解释说，“如果你使用相同的神经路径，你会得到相同的答案，而创造力不是这样。”但弗吉尼亚大学的研究表明，人类通常默认通过构建已知的解决方案来解决问题，从而限制了原创性。一些神经科学家提出了关于创造力的另一种理论。卡尔加里大学的研究表明，在进行创造性活动时，人类并不使用与思考和解决问题相关的同样脑区，这暗示着创造力主要是一种无意识的过程。根据这一理论，大脑在不直接使用前额叶集中注意力时最能解决问题，而是让大脑的其他部分接管)”可知，人类创造力的来源是一个复杂且备受争议的话题，现存许多不同的研究理论，由此推知，作者可能会赞成我们应该努力研究人类的创造力这一观点。故选A项。
67．词句猜测题。结合选项和划线词后“in many areas, such as develping law regarding A. I. wrks, cnsidering A. I. submissins in art cntests, and determining the use f ChatGPT as a tl fr schl assignments (在许多领域，例如制定有关人工智能作品的版权法，考虑艺术比赛中的人工智能在提交的作品，以及确定将ChatGPT用作完成学校作业的工具)”可推知，人工智能创造力的问题会对下文列举的这些领域产生影响，故划线词repercussins与influences同义。故选A项。
68．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“But might cmputers have the capacity t be creative? Culd artificial intelligence utperfrm us in even the mst human f phenmena? These questins have mved t the frefrnt f sciety with the launch f ChatGPT and DALL-E, tw pwerful deep learning mdels capable f creating art.(但是，计算机有创造力吗？人工智能能在最人性化的现象上超越我们吗？随着ChatGPT和DALL-E这两个能够创造艺术的强大深度学习模型的推出，这些问题已经走到了社会的前沿)”和最后一段中“Cmputers are nt yet starting revlutinary artistic mvements, but they are already cmbining what exists int smething new, challenging us t lk deeper int ur wn creativity.(计算机还没有开始革命性的艺术运动，但它们已经将现有的东西结合成新的东西，挑战我们更深入地审视自己的创造力)”可知，文章讨论了探讨了人工智能是否可以模仿人类的创造力以及这一过程中涉及的复杂性。故“Cmputing Creativity: Can it be pssible?(计算机创造力：可能吗？)”是最佳标题。故选B项。
（2024·北京西城·二模）When peple hear “artificial intelligence,” many envisin “big data.” There’s a reasn fr that: sme f the mst imprtant AI breakthrughs in the past decade have relied n enrmus data sets. But AI is nt nly abut large data sets, and research in “small data” appraches has grwn extensively ver the past decade—with s-called transfer learning as an especially prmising example. Als knwn as “fine-tuning,” transfer learning is helpful in settings where yu have little data n the task f interest but abundant data n a related prblem. The way it wrks is that yu first train a mdel using a big data set and then retrain slightly using a smaller data set related t yur specific prblem.
Research in transfer learning appraches has grwn impressively ver the past 10 years. In a new reprt fr Gergetwn University’s Center fr Security and Emerging Technlgy (CSET), we examined current and prjected prgress in scientific research acrss “small data” appraches. Our analysis fund that transfer learning stands ut as a categry that has experienced the mst cnsistent and highest research grwth n average since 2010. This grwth has even utpaced the larger and mre established field f reinfrcement learning, which in recent years has attracted widespread attentin.
Small data appraches such as transfer learning ffer numerus advantages ver mre data-intensive methds. By enabling the use f AI with less data, they can blster prgress in areas where little r n data exist, such as in frecasting natural disasters that ccur relatively rarely r in predicting the risk f disease fr a ppulatin set that des nt have digital health recrds.
Anther way f thinking abut the value f transfer learning is in terms f generalizatin. A recurring challenge in the use f AI is that mdels need t “generalize” beynd their training data. Because transfer learning mdels wrk by transferring knwledge frm ne task t anther, they are very helpful in imprving generalizatin in the new task, even if nly limited data were available.
Mrever, by using pretrained mdels, transfer learning can speed up training time and culd als reduce the amunt f cmputatinal resurces needed t train algrithms (算法). This efficiency is significant, cnsidering that the prcess f training ne large neural (神经系统的) netwrk requires cnsiderable energy.
Despite the grwth in research, transfer learning has received relatively little visibility. The existence f techniques such as transfer learning des nt seem t have reached the awareness f the brader space f plicy makers and business leaders in psitins f making imprtant decisins abut AI funding and adptin. By acknwledging the success f small data techniques like transfer learning—and distributing resurces t supprt their widespread use—we can help vercme sme f the cmmn miscnceptins regarding the rle f data in AI and facilitate innvatin in new directins.
69．What des the underlined wrd “blster” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Prmte.B．Seek.
C．Track.D．Mnitr.
70．In which f the fllwing settings can transfer learning be best applied?
A．Predicting the frequency f flds in Amazn rainfrest.
B．Designing a prgram that can read handwritten dcuments.
C．Frecasting the number f peple infected with an unknwn illness.
D．Predicting huse prices based n basic features like area and lcatin.
71．What is the writer’s attitude twards transfer learning?
A．Dubtful.B．Optimistic.
C．Critical.D．Uncncerned.
72．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Transfer Learning: Where Des It Best Fit?
B．Small Data Are Als Crucial fr Advancing AI
C．Transfer Learning Pwers Technlgical Advances
D．Big Data vs. Small Data: Which Is the Future f AI?
【答案】69．A 70．C 71．B 72．B
【导语】文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了小数据在人工智能领域的重要性，特别是转移学习的作用和价值。
69．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段的“such as in frecasting natural disasters that ccur relatively rarely r in predicting the risk f disease fr a ppulatin set that des nt have digital health recrds.”（例如预测罕见的自然灾害或预测没有数字健康记录的人群的疾病风险。）可知，通过使人工智能能够使用较少的数据，他们可以在几乎没有数据的领域推动进步。blster在这里的意思是“推动”。故选A。
70．推理判断题。根据文章第三段的“Small data appraches such as transfer learning ffer numerus advantages ver mre data-intensive methds. By enabling the use f AI with less data, they can blster prgress in areas where little r n data exist, such as in frecasting natural disasters that ccur relatively rarely r in predicting the risk f disease fr a ppulatin set that des nt have digital health recrds.”（像迁移学习这样的小数据方法比数据密集的方法有很多优势。人工智能能够使用较少的数据，他们可以在几乎没有数据的领域推动进步，例如预测罕见的自然灾害或预测没有数字健康记录的人群的疾病风险。）可推知，转移学习可以最好地应用于预测未知疾病感染人数的情况。故选C。
71．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的“By acknwledging the success f small data techniques like transfer learning—and distributing resurces t supprt their widespread use—we can help vercme sme f the cmmn miscnceptins regarding the rle f data in AI and facilitate innvatin in new directins.”（通过承认转移学习等小数据技术的成功，并分配资源支持其广泛使用，我们可以帮助克服关于数据在人工智能中的角色的一些常见误解，并促进新方向的创新。）可推知，作者对转移学习持乐观态度。故选B。
72．主旨大意题。根据第一段“But AI is nt nly abut large data sets, and research in “small data” appraches has grwn extensively ver the past decade”（ 但人工智能不仅仅是关于大数据集，在过去的十年里，对“小数据”方法的研究也得到了广泛的发展）可知，短文主要讲述了小数据在人工智能领域的重要性，特别是转移学习的作用和价值。故短文的标题为“小数据对于推进人工智能也至关重要”切题。故选B。
（2024·北京大兴·三模）We nw live in an age f instant images and emji, when 10,000 cpies f a picture can be spread arund the wrld in secnds by sliding a finger half an inch acrss a phne screen. This wuld have been unbelievable and unimaginable 20 years ag. But it is in the wrld f hand-cpied manuscripts (手稿) 1,000 years ld r mre that the digital revlutin has had sme f its mst prfund and bvius beneficial effects. What may have taken three years t write ut can tday be printed ut in three secnds. There are nw tens f thusands f nce unique dcuments which have been digitized and placed nline fr anyne t access all arund the wrld, and this is a vast, demcratizing wnder.
Take the Parker Library in Cambridge, which cntains the schlarly wrks during the Refrmatin (宗教改革时期) and cllected by Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a prject with Stanfrd University, and in 2018 the site was pened t all cmers t brwse after 10 years behind schlarly paywalls. What is astnishing is nt just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminatins (插图) n sme f the manuscripts shw ff the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin.
Digitized cllectins f these srts cannt entirely substitute fr real libraries. T tuch with yur wn hand a parchment (羊皮纸) frm a medieval mnk is an experience n screen can ffer, but it is ne which must always be restricted t a lucky few. There are sme things s ld and fragile that even being lked at may damage them. The caves at Lascaux had t be clsed t prtect the paintings frm the breath f turists and replaced by a virtual display.
Yet in sme ways these cpies are better than the riginals. Reprductins f a high enugh quality make bvius detail that’s invisible t the native eye. What’s mre, digital cllectins can be gathered n ne screen frm acrss the glbe. The Internatinal Dunhuang Prject reunites n screen tens f thusands f Buddhist scrlls and artifacts in western China. What is pssible with this ne cllectin shuld fairly sn be pssible with all the schlarly digitized manuscripts f the wrld. The hpe is t bring them under ne system f classificatin s that they can quickly be searched and srted n matter where they came frm and where they nw are stred.
The wrld may always prefer cat gifs t ancient manuscripts, but the translatin frm parchment t pixels (像素) reminds us f the humanistic ptimism with which the web came int the wrld, and shws that much f it was nt misplaced at all.
73．By mentining the Parker Library, the authr intends t _______.
A．cndemn the behavir f Matthew Parker as immral
B．demnstrate the wrth and value f its distinctive dcuments
C．describe the measures and effects f digitizing the manuscripts
D．display the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin
74．Accrding t Paragraph 3, the purpse f clsing the caves at Lascaux is t _______.
A．prevent the paintings frm being damagedB．carry n the restratin f the paintings
C．shw the wnder effect f virtual displayD．reduce the number f turists
75．Classifying the digitized manuscripts in ne system is beneficial t _______.
A．cllecting much mre valuable materialsB．quickly finding and srting dcuments
C．cnsulting materials frm all ver the wrldD．saving time and energy f searching dcuments
76．Which wuld be the best title f the passage?
A．The Impact f Digital Revlutin Era
B．The New Era f Traditinal Manuscripts
C．Accessibility f Old Manuscripts All Arund the Wrld
D．Digital Revlutin Brings Manuscripts T life
【答案】73．C 74．A 75．B 76．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了数字技术如何使古老手稿得以快速传播，以帕克图书馆为例，展示手稿数字化的成果。虽无法取代实物，数字化让更多人能接触珍贵文献，实现全球资源共享，保护脆弱文物，是人文研究领域的重大进步。
73．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Take the Parker Library in Cambridge, which cntains the schlarly wrks during the Refrmatin (宗教改革时期) and cllected by Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a prject with Stanfrd University, and in 2018 the site was pened t all cmers t brwse after 10 years behind schlarly paywalls. What is astnishing is nt just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminatins (插图) n sme f the manuscripts shw ff the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin. (以剑桥大学的帕克图书馆为例，里面有宗教改革时期的学术著作，由马修·帕克收藏。在斯坦福大学的一个项目中，该网站已被数字化，并于2018年向所有人开放，此前10年该网站一直处于学术收费墙之下。令人惊讶的不仅是文字本身，还有图片：一些手稿上的插图展示了中世纪想象力的丰富性和生动性)”可知，第二段提到了帕克图书馆的手稿被数字化，并与斯坦福大学合作放置在网上供全球访问，这体现了手稿数字化的过程及其带来的广泛可访问性的好处。故选C。
74．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The caves at Lascaux had t be clsed t prtect the paintings frm the breath f turists and replaced by a virtual display. (拉斯科洞穴不得不关闭，以保护画作不受游客的影响，取而代之的是虚拟展示)”可知，拉斯科洞穴对游客关闭是为了保护绘画免受游客呼吸的损害，表明了关闭的目的是防止艺术品受损。故选A。
75．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The hpe is t bring them under ne system f classificatin s that they can quickly be searched and srted n matter where they came frm and where they nw are stred. (他们希望将它们纳入一个分类系统，这样无论它们来自哪里，现在存放在哪里，都可以快速搜索和分类)”可知，将所有学术数字化手稿统一在一个分类系统下，以便能够快速搜索和排序。故选B。
76．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段中“Take the Parker Library in Cambridge, which cntains the schlarly wrks during the Refrmatin (宗教改革时期) and cllected by Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a prject with Stanfrd University, and in 2018 the site was pened t all cmers t brwse after 10 years behind schlarly paywalls. What is astnishing is nt just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminatins (插图) n sme f the manuscripts shw ff the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin. (以剑桥大学的帕克图书馆为例，里面有宗教改革时期的学术著作，由马修·帕克收藏。在斯坦福大学的一个项目中，该网站已被数字化，并于2018年向所有人开放，此前10年该网站一直处于学术收费墙之下。令人惊讶的不仅是文字本身，还有图片：一些手稿上的插图展示了中世纪想象力的丰富性和生动性)”可知，文章主要探讨了数字技术如何使古老的手稿以数字形式广泛传播，使全球范围内的访问成为可能，同时强调了这一过程对保护和研究古代文献的重要意义。由此可知，D选项“Digital Revlutin Brings Manuscripts T life (数字革命使手稿栩栩如生)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。
（2024·北京朝阳·一模）The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.
A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the nly ptentially affected. “Fr a lt f things in the subsurface, it’s kind f ‘ut f sight, ut f mind’,” says Grant Fergusn, a gelgist. But the undergrund wrld is full f creatures that have adapted t subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because f climate change and undergrund urban develpment, scientists are keeping eyes n the ptential implicatins fr undergrund ecsystems.
But the questin f hw undergrund htspts culd affect infrastructure has gne largely unstudied. Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures. T understand hw undergrund temperature difference has affected the grund’s physical prperties, he used a cmputer mdel t simulate(模拟) the undergrund envirnment frm the 1950s t nw—and then t 2050. He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a gescientist in Germany, says these displacement predictins are far beynd her guesses and culd be linked t the sft, clay-heavy sils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It wuld be a big issue in all cities wrldwide that are built n such material.”
Like climate change abve the surface, undergrund changes ccur gradually. “These effects tk decades t develp,” Fergusn says, adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate n their wn. “We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.”
But Fergusn says this wasted heat energy culd als be reused, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Still, this assumptin culd fail as abvegrund climate change cntinues t bst undergrund warming. Hwever slwly, this heat will gather beneath ur feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
77．The authr qutes Rtta Lria in Paragraph 2 mainly t _______.
A．make a predictinB．highlight a finding
C．draw a cnclusinD．raise an assumptin
78．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．“Urban heat islands” extend undergrund t spare ecsystems.
B．Surface climate change cntributes t the reuse f undergrund heat.
C．Undergrund temperatures mirrr the grund’s physical characteristics.
D．Buildings may cllapse as a ptential cnsequence f undergrund heat.
79．What des the underlined wrd “dissipate” in Paragraph 6 prbably mean?
A．Shw.B．Stay.C．Develp.D．Disappear.
80．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Undergrund climate change is a silent danger.
B．Humans fail t ntice the dramatic climate change.
C．Cling the subsurface helps cntrl urban heat rises.
D．Researching undergrund heat helps save n energy csts.
【答案】77．B 78．D 79．D 80．A
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，是一种无声的危险。
77．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”说明城市热量在向地下发展，第二段““Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.(“在没有人意识到的情况下，芝加哥市中心正在变形，”研究报告的作者、环境工程师罗塔·洛里亚说)”引用Rtta Lria的话突出了这一发现。故选B。
78．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures.(由于材料会随着温度的变化而膨胀和收缩，罗塔怀疑来自地下的热量可能会导致各种结构的磨损)”及“He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.(他发现，到本世纪中叶，一些地区可能会向上抬升0.50英寸或下沉0.32英寸，这取决于该地区的土壤构成。虽然这些听起来像是很小的位移，但罗塔说，它们可能会导致一些建筑物的地基出现裂缝，导致建筑物倒塌)”可知，地下热量的潜在后果是建筑物可能倒塌。故选D。
79．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t(他补充说，地下温度的升高同样需要很长时间才能)”及后文“We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.(我们基本上可以把所有的东西都关掉，温度信号会在那里停留很长一段时间)”可推知，关掉开关，也不会导致地下温度升高立即消失，因此，地下温度升高需要很长时间才能消失，划线词与disappear意思一致。故选D。
80．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”及第二段“A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place.(一项针对芝加哥市中心的新研究表明，地下热点可能会威胁到最初散发热量的相同结构)”结合最后一段““It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”(“这就像气候变化，”罗塔·洛里亚说。“也许我们并不总是看到这种情况，但它正在发生。”)”可知，本文介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，因此，作者想要告诉我们“地下气候变化是一种无声的危险”。故选A。