高考英语二轮训练-阅读理解议论文5年真题16题+最新模拟79题（技能+真题+模拟）学生版

这是一份高考英语二轮训练-阅读理解议论文5年真题16题+最新模拟79题（技能+真题+模拟）学生版，共95页。
目录
技能专区 1
真题专区 2
模拟专区 9
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
三、形容词适配题注意原文定位，找到动词或形容词，确定最佳答案。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。
五、解题步骤：
这类文章通过写人记事来揭示文章的主题，显示其社会意义，一般采用顺序或倒叙来叙述。题目经常是一些细节问题。考查的方面可以是原因和其中引发的思考。阅读这类文章要理清思路。
1、浏览试题，明确要求。
在阅读文章前，最好先浏览一下文章后面的题干和选项。知道了问题后再去看文章，可使思路更敏捷，而且也便于阅读时留意文中出现的与选项有关的信息。
2、通读全文，抓住重点。
在不影响理解的前提下，尽可能地阅读以便在尽可能短的时间内理解文章或段落的内容。阅读时，如遇到不熟悉的单词、词组或一时看不懂的句子，不要停下来苦思冥想，继续读下去，通过上下文的词语和句子可能就理解了。
3、关注中心思想和段落大意。
通读全文时，要特别注意主题句。每篇文章或每个段落都有与文章有关的句子，尤其是科技、政论性文章的主题句一般都在文章的开头或结尾，插在中间的很少。所以，文章的第一段或开头的第一、二个句子往往包含着文章的中心思想、作者的意图或全文的概述，因此要特别注意，彻底理解。
4、针对性地阅读寻找所需信息。
在前面的基础上，可进行有针对性地阅读了。把与问题无关的内容一扫而过，而对于和问题有关的内容认真阅读，还可以用笔在下面做出记号。再把这些信息与问题的要求结合起来，逐条分析，综合判断，找出正确答案。
5、进行合理的推理判断。
对文章有了全面的了解之后，可以按照文章要求以及上下文之间的关系，做出推理判断。在进行推理判断的时候，需要综合考虑句型、语法、句子之间的逻辑关系、文化背景等方面的因素。
6、认真复读，验证答案。
要用全文的中心思想统帅各个题目，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，并依次审核那些还未打上的题目，确保理解无误。
真题专区：练真题，明方向；练技巧，提能力；练速度，提分数！
真题演练01（2024·北京·高考真题）The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin — a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin? ” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A. Make an assumptin.B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestin.D. Justify a cmparisn.
29. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by.B. Determined by.C. Awakened by.D. Discvered by.
30. As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
. appreciativeB. dubtfulC. uncncernedD. disapprving
31. It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A. cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B. cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C. stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D. turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
真题演练02（2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum (量子) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype (炒作) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
1. Regarding Jhnsn’s cncerns, the authr feels ________.
A. sympatheticB. uncncernedC. dubtfulD. excited
2. What leads t Taylr’s ptimism abut quantum cmputing?
A. His dminance in physics.B. The cmpetitin in the field.
C. His cnfidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment f tech cmpanies.
3. What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Open.B. Cl.C. Useful.D. Resistant.
4. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?
真题演练03（2021·北京·高考真题）Early fifth-century philspher St. Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him. Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it. Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking.
Frget abut time as an abslute. What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance. What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming. We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes. We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time. If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect.
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics. It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes. Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet. Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies.
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena. In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn. Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival. Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness.
When St. Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext. Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse.
5. What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature.
B. Everyne can define time n their wn terms.
C. The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it.
D. Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists.
6. The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________.
A. present an assumptinB. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experimentD. intrduce an apprach
7. What can we learn frm this passage？
A. Thse wh d nt g n river time will live an imbalanced life.
B. New ways f measuring time can help t cntrl Earth systems.
C. Atmic time will get ahead f river time if the rivers run slwer.
D. Mdern technlgy may help t shape the rivers’ tempral frame.
8. What can we infer frm this passage？
A. It is crucial t imprve the definitin f time.
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless.
C. We shuld live in harmny with nature.
D. Histry is a mirrr reflecting reality.
真题演练04（2020·北京·高考真题）Certain frms f AI are indeed becming ubiquitus. Fr example, algrithms (算法) carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing n city streets, and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther. These systems are smetimes faster and mre perceptive than we humans are. But s far that is nly true fr the specific tasks fr which the systems have been designed. That is smething that sme AI develpers are nw eager t change.
Sme f tday’s AI pineers want t mve n frm tday’s wrld f “weak” r “narrw” AI, t create “strng” r “full” AI, r what is ften called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In sme respects, tday’s pwerful cmputing machines already make ur brains lk weak. AGI culd, its advcates say, wrk fr us arund the clck, and drawing n all available data, culd suggest slutins t many prblems. DM, a cmpany fcused n the develpment f AGI, has an ambitin t “slve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their missin statement reads, “we believe this will be ne f the mst imprtant and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days f AI, imaginatin has utpaced what is pssible r even prbable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Gd predicted the eventual creatin f an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities f any man, hwever clever.” Gd went n t suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” culd be “the last inventin that man need ever make.”
Fears abut the appearance f bad, pwerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinfrced (强化) by many wrks f fictin — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminatr film series, fr example. But if AI des eventually prve t be ur dwnfall, it is unlikely t be at the hands f human-shaped frms like these, with recgnisably human mtivatins such as aggressin (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxfrd University philspher Nick Bstrm, wh believes that the heaviest risks frm AGI d nt cme frm a decisin t turn against mankind but rather frm a dgged pursuit f set bjectives at the expense f everything else.
The prmise and danger f true AGI are great. But all f tday’s excited discussin abut these pssibilities presuppses the fact that we will be able t build these systems. And, having spken t many f the wrld’s fremst AI researchers, I believe there is gd reasn t dubt that we will see AGI any time sn, if ever.
9. What des the underlined wrd “ubiquitus” in Paragraph I prbably mean?
A. Enrmus in quantity.B. Changeable daily.
C. Stable in quality.D. Present everywhere.
10. What culd AGI d fr us, accrding t its supprters?
A. Help t tackle prblems.B. Make brains mre active.
C. Benefit ambitius peple.D. Set up pwerful databases.
11. As fr Irving Gd’s pinin n ultra-intelligent machines, the authr is ____________.
A. supprtiveB. disapprving
C. fearfulD. uncertain
12. What can be inferred abut AGI frm the passage?
A. It may be nly a dream.
B. It will cme int being sn.
C. It will be cntrlled by humans.
D. It may be mre dangerus than ever.
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练速度，补漏洞，强信心！
（23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）All ver the wrld, frmal educatin supplies the ecnmy with wrkers wh will increase prductivity t fuel the ecnmic machine. But this machine nw threatens ur very survival. If the entire wrld reaches the levels f cnsumptin seen in high-incme cuntries tday, we’ll need multiple planet Earths t supply the resurces. The absurd (荒谬的) idea f infinite grwth within a finite territry is at the heart f ur ecnmic system.
T keep this machine running, frmal educatin generates ever mre efficient “human capital”. Increasing prductivity metrics (指标) rather than the individuality f students drives ur civilizatin’s apprach t schling ur yung peple. Whereas the Sustainable Develpment Gals call fr turning educatin int a frce fr sustainability, the ppsite is ften true: The ways Western scieties have cme t think abut educatin undermine ur ability t deal with the envirnmental crisis. T get thrugh this crisis, we need t cultivate ur imaginatin, nt undermine it.
Grwing up, nne f my schling fstered my ability t imagine a wrld different frm what I saw arund me. Besides, I realize the suppressin (抑制) f children’s imaginatin desn’t take place nly in underresurced cmmunities, but in “elite” institutins that tut “critical thinking”. Schls want t see their graduates succeed, and success is t ften abut maintaining current structures — nt abut reimagining their fundatins.
Essentially, ur educatin systems shape children in the image f artificial intelligence. The perfect “wrker”, AI, cntinually imprves its wn prductivity but desn’t challenge the larger structures within which it perates. It is ne f the great paradxes f ur time that we invest s much int building supercmputers while marginalizing the imaginative ptential f millins f human brains. What’s mre, we even put ur hpe in slving the envirnmental crisis n AI. But AI, like ur ther technlgies, can nly treat the symptms f the envirnmental crisis, nt the causes
Thrughut histry, achievers f great change have relied n their imaginatins t address fundamental flaws in sciety. In my cuntry f birth, cmmunists kept their dreams f demcracy alive fr decades by imagining different futures. In Suth Africa, Nelsn Mandela’s fllwers had t be radical (激进的) in their imaginatin t create a visin f a fairer sciety. Imagining demcracy when living under a ttalitarian regime (极权主义政权) isn’t that different frm imagining degrwth when living in a wrld f infinite grwth.
The kind f intelligence that Nelsn Mandela and such pssessed was nt artificial. The ability t reimagine the future and disrupt the current situatin remains a distinctly human quality. Unlike AI, children are naturally imaginative and questin the premises f sciety. In my research, I have bserved that yunger children are ften the mst radical in imagining different futures.
As lng as ur imaginatin is curtailed, ideas like degrwth sund utpian (乌托邦的) t many, Cultivating imaginatin means learning frm histry’s disrupters wh made the impssible pssible. Instead f dismissing “childish” ideas abut the wrld’s future, it means seeing inspiratin in children’s imaginatins. In an educatin system that celebrates imaginatin, arts and creativity are as imprtant as math and science. Idealism cexists with pragmatism. The envirnmental crisis is nt a crisis f technlgy r science, it is a crisis f imaginatin. If we let children be ur guides, we might be able t imagine ur way t survival.
1．The authr hpes educatin can play its rle in ________.
A．develping human resurces
B．prmting sustainable develpment
C．increasing prductivity
D．maximizing ecnmic grwth
2．Frm the passage, we can learn that _________.
A．imaginatin isn’t well develped in schls
B．AI helps explit the ptential f human brains
C．graduates’ success changes the scial structures
D．AI can address the rt cause f ecnmic crisis
3．Nelsn Mandela is mentined as _________.
A．a success in building a fair sciety
B．a leader wh had a great influence
C．a pineer pssessing the quality f AI
D．an inspiratin t slve scial prblems
4．Accrding t the passage, the authr may agree that _________.
A．children’s imaginatin ensures human’s survival
B．the envirnmental crisis results frm technlgy
C．imaginatin can help slve envirnmental crisis
D．the “childish” ideas will ruin the wrld’s future
（23-24高二上·北京石景山·期末）There exist cruel wars, fighting and sadness in the wrld tday, s it’s nt nly necessary, but als essential t have a gd sense f humr just t help us tide thrugh difficult times in ur lives. Putting a smile n smene’s face when yu knw they are feeling depressed, as the saying ges, makes me feel gd and warms my heart.
Hw wuld yu feel if yu culd nt jke arund with yur wife, husband, child, c-wrker, neighbr, clse friend, r even just smene that yu are standing in line with at yur crner stre? I am always saying things that make thers smile r laugh, even if I dn’t knw the persn I’m jking arund with. My Grandma always fund humr in everything she did, even if it was the hardest jb anyne culd imagine. This nt nly relieves stress in any situatin, but als is cmmn curtesy (礼貌) t speak t thers that are arund yu.
I knw f a few peple that dn’t have a funny bne in their bdies, as they say. Everyne arund them culd be rlling n the flr after hearing a great jke and they wuld sit there withut the slightest smile n their face. They dn’t get the jke that makes thers laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, lking at me as if I were frm uter space. Hw can peple nt get a really funny jke?
Laughing is essential t keeping yur stress levels under cntrl. Withut humr we wuld find urselves with a lt f psychlgical prblems, r n a lt f medicatins t keep us frm ging crazy. There is t much sadness in this present wrld. It drives peple crazy. We all need t find a way t bypass the sadness and bring a little light int ur lives. S, I believe ur best medicine is t get tgether and tell sme jkes and have sme fun laughing tgether.
5．What is the authr’s attitude twards the present wrld?
A．Psitive.B．Satisfied.C．Critical.D．Indifferent.
6．The authr answers the questin in the secnd paragraph with.
A．evidence and argumentB．pinins and persuasin
C．examples and cnclusinD．descriptins and analysis
7．The phrase “busting a gut” underlined in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by .
A．speaking ludlyB．laughing hard
C．acting strangelyD．explaining carefully
8．In writing the passage, the authr mainly intends t .
A．talk abut his wn understanding f humr
B．intrduce a practical way t get thrugh daily life
C．encurage peple t make jkes abut serius matters
D．cnvince peple f the pwer f being ptimistic abut life
（2024·北京东城·二模）Yu might nt think that an AI capable f making music wuld stimulate yur emtin, but thers think differently, particularly thse wh gathered at Mexic City’s Symphny Hall in 2019 fr Schubert’s Unfinished Symphny, which I finished using meldies generated by an AI.
As the rchestra (管弦乐团) finished Schubert’s riginal wrk and began the music the AI and I had written, I culd feel the crwd’s energy shift frm astnishment t indignatin and fear. They seemed afraid that an AI might be able t make emtinal symphnic music. Yu can see their pint: an AI that makes emtinal music culd affect the emtinal lives f thusands r even millins f peple in a small, but prfund way, just like a human musician des.
Psitive and negative, peple reacted very strngly t AI’s symphnic debut (首秀). Even thugh mst peple dn’t believe that AI can create smething enjyable, they, at least partly, did enjy the Unfinished Symphny.
Enjyment in music implies that there’s smething in the music that the listener cnnects t, a perceptin f shared emtin. But, in the case f AI music, an emtin shared with wh? AI, as f yet, has n emtins. S what is the meaning f music made withut an emtinal cmpser? The unsatisfying answer is that music has n bjective meaning. A cmpser can decide hw a piece f music sunds, but it’s the listener that decides what it means.
N matter hw it’s created, music desn’t exist in a vacuum (真空) t the listener. The meaning we assign t music depends n its cntext — hw the piece cnnects t ther elements in ur lives. Withut cntext, music is like the results f a game whse rules have been lst. The cntext fr a music is part f wh yu are. The music is emtinal t yu because yu have the cntext t appreciate it. As it cntinues t evlve, AI music will develp its wn cntext. Certainly, it’ll be different frm human-made music. It’ll mix existing genres t create new nes; it’ll cmbine instruments that we wuldn’t think f cmbining. Its rules will be different.
I’m nw always asked the same questin: “Wh put the emtin in that music: yu, the cmpser, r the AI?” But that’s nt the questin they really want t ask, thugh. There’s a deeper questin that mst peple are t afraid t ask right nw: “Are my emtins s simple that they can be maneuvered by a machine?”
In my experience, this culd be pssible ne day. If a mdestly capable music AI in 2019 culd stir up emtins f an audience, maybe AI can have a mre pwerful effect n ur emtinal lives than we’d like t admit.
9．The audience reacted strngly t the symphny mainly due t ______.
A．their dubts abut AI’s capabilities
B．their uneasiness abut AI’s influence
C．the rchestra’s brilliant presentatin f AI music
D．the likeness between AI music and the riginal wrk
10．What might the authr agree with?
A．AI pses little impact n peple’s emtins.
B．Music bears n intended emtinal meaning.
C．AI music will utperfrm human-made music.
D．The cntext reflects peple’s interpretatin f music.
11．What des the wrd “maneuvered” underlined in Paragraph 6 mst prbably mean?
A．Refreshed.B．Challenged.C．Revealed.D．Directed.
12．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Are Cmpsers T Be Replaced?
B．Wuld AI Music Be a Rising Trend?
C．Culd AI Make Music That Mves Yu?
D．Was the Unfinished Symphny Successful?
（2024·北京·三模）Is it pssible t persuade mankind t live withut war? War is an ancient institutin, which has ccurred ever since men were rganized int units larger than the family. In the past human race managed t survive it. Why shuld it nt cntinue t survive even if wars g n ccurring frm time t time? Mrever, peple like war, and will feel frustrated withut it. And withut war there will be n adequate pprtunity fr herism r self-sacrifice.
Mdem technlgy has changed this. Either man will ablish war, r war will ablish man. Fr the present, it is nuclear weapns that cause the mst serius danger, but bacterilgical r chemical weapns may, befre lng, ffer an even greater threat. If we succeed in ablishing nuclear weapns, ur wrk will nt be dne. It will never be dne until we have succeeded in ablishing war. T d this, we need t persuade mankind t lk upn internatinal questins in a new way, nt as cntests f frce, in which the victry ges t the side which is mst skillful in killing peple, but by arbitratin (通过仲裁) in accrdance with agreed principles f law. It is nt easy t change very ld mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.
There are thse wh say that the adptin f this r that idelgy (意识形态) wuld prevent war. I believe this t be a big errr. All idelgies are based upn dgmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, dubtful, and at wrst, ttally false. Their fllwers believe in them s fanatically that they are willing t g t war in supprt f them.
The mvement f wrld pinin during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcme. It has becme a cmmnplace that nuclear war must be avided. Of curse very difficult prblems remain in the wrld, but the spirit in which they are being apprached is a better ne than it was sme years ag. It has begun t be thught, even by the pwerful men wh decide whether we shall live r die, that negtiatins shuld reach agreements even if bth sides d nt find these agreements whlly satisfactry. It has begun t be understd that the imprtant cnflict nwadays is nt between different cuntries, but between man and the atm bmb.
13．Frm the passage we can learn that war nw is ______.
A．as bad as in the pastB．wrse than in the past
C．as necessary as in the pastD．nt s dangerus as in the past
14．What des the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A．Men, as well as war, will have t make the ultimate chice between the tw.
B．Mdern technlgy has empwered man t chse whether t have war r nt.
C．At least 6,000 years later, man has finally decided t abandn war nce and fr all.
D．Peple will eventually destry themselves if they chse t g t war at mdern times.
15．As fr idelgy, what des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Certain idelgy is superir regarding its truthfulness.
B．It is useless t adpt an idelgy t prevent war.
C．Nt every idelgy is nt wrth fighting fr.
D．It is wrng t fllw any idelgy.
16．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．War r N War, That Is A Questin
B．Nuclear Weapns Bring the End f Human Race
C．Twards a Future Withut War: A Call fr Glbal Arbitratin
D．Frm Idelgy t Negtiatin: A New Apprach t Internatinal Cnflicts
（2024·北京海淀·一模）“Assume yu are wrng.” The advice came frm Brian Nsek, a psychlgy prfessr, wh was ffering a strategy fr pursuing better science.
T understand the cntext fr Nsek’s advice, we need t take a step back t the nature f science itself. Yu see despite what many f us learned in elementary schl, there is n single scientific methd. Just as scientific theries becme elabrated and change, s d scientific methds.
But methdlgical refrm hasn’t cme withut sme fretting and frictin. Nasty things have been said by and abut methdlgical refrmers. Few peple like having the value f their life’s wrk called int questin. On the ther side, few peple are gd at vicing criticisms in kind and cnstructive ways. S, part f the challenge is figuring ut hw t bake critical self-reflectin int the culture f science itself, s it unflds as a welcme and integrated part f the prcess, and nt an embarrassing sideshw.
What Nsek recmmended was a strategy fr changing the way we ffer and respnd t critique. Assuming yu are right might be a mtivating frce, sustaining the enrmus effrt that cnducting scientific wrk requires. But it als makes it easy t interpret criticisms as persnal attacks. Beginning, instead, frm the assumptin yu are wrng, a criticism is easier t interpret as a cnstructive suggestin fr hw t be less wrng — a gal that yur critic presumably shares.
One wrry abut this apprach is that it culd be demralizing fr scientists. Striving t be less wrng might be a less effective mtivatin than the prmise f being right. Anther cncern is that a strategy that wrks well within science culd backfire when it cmes t cmmunicating science with the public. Withut an appreciatin fr hw science wrks, it’s easy t take uncertainty r disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect sme f the very features f science that make it ur best apprach t reaching reliable cnclusins abut the wrld. Science is reliable because it respnds t evidence: as the quantity and quality f ur evidence imprves, ur theries can and shuld change, t.
Despite these wrries, I like Nsek’s suggestin because it builds in cgnitive humility alng with a sense that we can d better. It als builds in a sense f cmmunity — we’re all in the same bat when it cmes t falling shrt f getting things right.
Unfrtunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypthesis (假说): that assuming ne is wrng can change cmmunity nrms fr the better, and ultimately supprt better science and even, perhaps, better decisins in life. I dn’t knw if that’s true. In fact, I shuld prbably assume that it’s wrng. But with the benefit f the scientific cmmunity and ur best methdlgical tls, I hpe we can get it less wrng, tgether.
17．What can we learn frm Paragraph 3?
A．Refrmers tend t devalue researchers’ wrk.
B．Scientists are unwilling t express kind criticisms.
C．Peple hld wrng assumptins abut the culture f science.
D．The scientific cmmunity shuld practice critical self-reflectin.
18．The strategy f “assuming yu are wrng” may cntribute t ______.
A．the enrmus effrts f scientists at wrk
B．the reliability f ptential research results
C．the public’s passin fr scientific findings
D．the imprvement in the quality f evidence
19．The underlined wrd “demralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______.
A．discuragingB．ineffectiveC．unfairD．misleading
20．The tne the authr uses in talking abut the untested hypthesis is ______.
A．dubtful but sincereB．disapprving but sft
C．authritative and directD．reflective and humrus
（2024·北京延庆·一模）It is rapidly emerging as ne f the mst imprtant technlgical, and increasingly idelgical, divides f ur times: shuld pwerful generative artificial intelligence systems be pen r clsed?
Supprters say they braden access t the technlgy, stimulate innvatin and imprve reliability by encuraging utside scrutiny. Far cheaper t develp and deply, smaller pen mdels als inject cmpetitin int a field dminated by big US cmpanies such as Ggle. Micrsft and OpenAI that have invested billins develping massive, clsed and clsely cntrlled generative Al systems.
But detractrs argue pen mdels risk lifting the lid n a Pandra’s bx f trubles. Bad actrs can explit them t spread persnalised disinfrmatin, while terrrists might use them t manufacture cyber r bi weapns. “The danger f pen surce is that it enables mre crazies t d crazy things, “Geffrey Hintn, ne f the pineers f mdern AI, has warned.
The histry f OpenAI, which develped the ppular ChatGPT chatbt, is itself instructive. As its name suggests, the research cmpany was funded in 2015 with a cmmitment t develp the technlgy as penly as pssible. But it later abandned that apprach fr bth cmpetitive and safety reasns. Once OpenAI realised that its generative AI mdels were ging t be “unbelievably ptent”, it made little sense t pen surce them, Ilya Sutskever, OpenAI’s chief scientist said.
Supprters f pen mdels hit back, ridiculing the idea that pen generative AI mdels enable peple t access infrmatin they culd nt therwise find frm the internet r a rgue scientist. They als highlight the cmpetitive self-interest f the big tech cmpanies in shuting abut the dangers f pen mdels, whse intentin is t establish their wn market dminance strngly.
But there is an idelgical dimensin t this debate, t. Yann LeCun, chief scientist f Meta, has likened the arguments fr cntrlling the technlgy t medieval bscurantism (蒙昧主义): the belief that nly a self-selecting priesthd f experts is wise enugh t handle knwledge.
In the future, all ur interactins with the vast digital repsitry f human knwledge will be mediated thrugh Al systems. We shuld nt want a handful f Silicn Valley cmpanies t cntrl that access. Just as the internet flurished by resisting attempts t enclse it, s AI will thrive by remaining pen, LeCun argues.
Wendy Hall, ryal prfessr f cmputer science at Suthamptn university, says we d nt want t live in a wrld where nly the big cmpanies run generative Al. Nr d we want t allw users t d anything they like with pen mdels. “We have t find sme cmprmise,” she suggests.
We shuld certainly resist the tyranny (暴政) f the binary (二进制) when it cmes t thinking abut AI mdels. Bth pen and clsed mdels have their benefits and flaws. As the capabilities f these mdels evlve, we will cnstantly have t tweak the weightings between cmpetitin and cntrl.
21．What des the underlined wrd “ptent” in Paragraph 4 mst prbably mean?
A．Accessible. B．Pwerful. C．Significant. D．Unnticeable.
22．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．It needs billins f dllars t develp and deply pen-surce mdels.
B．The field f generative AI systems is dminated by big cmpanies.
C．Only self-selecting experts can handle pen mdels wisely.
D．Users can d anything they like with pen mdels at this mment.
23．Regarding Wendy Hall’s suggestins, the authr is ______.
A．sympatheticB．puzzledC．uncncernedD．ppsed
24．Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Hw t Keep the Lid n the Pandra’s Bx f Open AI
B．Divides n Open AI: technlgy and idelgy
C．Where des the Debate n Open AI End
D．Prs and Cns f Open AI
（23-24高三下·北京·开学考试）I am ne f the many city peple wh are always saying that given the chice we wuld prefer t live in the cuntry away frm the dirt and nise f a large city. I have managed t cnvince myself that if it weren’t fr my jb I wuld immediately head ut fr the pen spaces and g back t nature in sme sleepy village buried in the cuntry. But hw realistic (现实的) is the dream?
Cities can be frightening places. The majrity f the ppulatin live in huge twer blcks, nisy, dirty and unfriendly. The sense f belnging t a grup tends t disappear when yu live fifteen flrs up. Strangely enugh, nwadays peple n the same flr dn’t even say hell t each ther.
Cuntry life, n the ther hand, differs in that a sense f grup generally unites the peple f small villages tgether. Peple have the advantage f knwing that there is always smene t turn t when they need help. But it is als true that yu are cut ff frm the exciting and imprtant events that take place in cities. Shpping becmes a majr prblem, and fr anything slightly ut f the rdinary yu have t g n a trip t the nearest large twn. The city peple are ften wrried by a sense f unbearable stillness and quiet.
What, then, is the answer? The cuntry has the advantage f peace and quiet, but suffers frm the disadvantage f being cut ff. The city raises a feeling f lneliness, and cnstant nise beats the senses. But yu are at the centre f things, and that life desn’t cme t an end at half-past nine at night. Sme peple have fund r rather bught a slutin between the tw: they have expressed their preference fr the “quiet life” by leaving the cities and mving t villages within cmmuting (通勤) distance f large cities.
What then f my dream? I’m eager fr the idea, but yu see there’s my cat, Tby. I’m nt at all sure that he wuld take t all that fresh air and exercise in the lng grass. I mean, can yu see him mixing with all thse energetic males dwn the farm? N, he wuld rather have the electric fire any evening.
25．Which f the fllwing makes city peple unhappy?
A．Clrful life.B．A sense f grup.
C．Clse neighbrhd.D．A feeling f lneliness.
26．What is difficult t buy in the cuntry?
A．Designer clthes.B．Farming tls.
C．Daily supplies.D．Fresh vegetables.
27．We can infer frm the passage the authr ________.
A．enjys living in huge twer blcksB．is in tw minds
C．will cntinue his life in the cityD．will mve t the cuntry
（2023·北京东城·二模）September 2022 was apparently the mnth artificial intelligence essay anxiety biled ver in academia, after a user f an AI writing service claimed t be getting straight A’s with essays “written” using artificial intelligence. Mst prfessrs expressed cncern. One wrte, “Grading smething an AI wrte is an incredibly depressing waste f my life.”
As all this nline depressin was playing ut, I asked my students, wh were mstly majrs in writing, t submit a 2,000-wrd prpsal abut a lcal issue. I asked them t rely n the AI as much as pssible. After reviewing their 22 AI essays, I can tell yu cnfidently that the technlgy just isn’t there. My students used free accessible text generatrs nline and put in a lt f effrt. But, if I had believed these were genuine student essays, the very best wuld have earned smewhere arund a C r C-minus. Many f the essays had bvius red flags fr AI generatin: utdated facts, qutes frm prir university presidents presented as current presidents, fictinal prfessrs and named student rganizatins that dn’t exist. At the same time, the students reprted that using AI required far mre time than simply writing their essays the ld-fashined way wuld have.
There has been a fair amunt written abut the suppsed impressiveness f AI-generated text. There are even several high-prfile AI-written articles, essays r even scientific papers r screenplays that shwcase this impressiveness. In many f these cases, the “authrs” have access t higher-quality language mdels than mst students are currently able t use. But, mre imprtantly, the published examples are generally the plished frm f prfessinal writers and editrs. In cntrast, many f my students’ AI-generated essays shwed the cmmn prblems f student writing—uncertainty abut the apprpriate writing style, issues with rganizatin and transitins, and incnsistent paragraphing. Obviusly, prducing a quality essay with AI requires having high writing skill and revising skill t prduce apprpriate utputs.
My experimental s tells me that a gd assignment sheet is the best defense against AI essays. If yur assignment is “Describe the reasns fr the U.S. Civil War”, yu are mre likely t get AI r dwnladed essay submissins. My assignment was a challenge because it asked students t address lcal issues f cncern. There are just nt enugh relevant examples in the data the AI text generatrs are drawing frm.
It has been just ver five years since cmputer scientists declared, “We shuld stp training radilgists(放射科医生) nw. Deep learning is ging t d better than radilgists.” Well, we’re still training radilgists, and there’s n indicatin that deep learning is ging t replace human dctrs anytime sn. In much the same way, I strngly suspect full-n rbt writing will always and frever be “just arund the crner”.
28．What can we learn abut the students in the experiment?
A．Their writing efficiency was affected.
B．Their essays were better structured.
C．They preferred AI-written essays.
D．They vercame AI’s weaknesses.
29．What des the authr imply in Paragraph 3?
A．Online text generatrs are far frm reliable.
B．Genuine student essays deserve higher marks.
C．Students need t have better mastery f technlgy.
D．Revising applicatins decide the quality f AI essays.
30．In the authr’s pinin, what may discurage the use f AI text generatrs?
A．Standard criteriaB．Strict regulatins..
C．Clear instructins.D．Unique writing tasks.
31．What is the main purpse f the passage?
A．T assess AI’s influence n students’ writing.
B．T discuss the threat f AI t the teaching f writing.
C．T appeal fr the apprpriate applicatin f AI text generatrs.
D．T analyse the differences between genuine and Al-written essays.
（2023·北京朝阳·二模）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already amng us. Well, srt f. When it cmes t playing games like chess and G, r slving difficult scientific challenges like predicting prtein structures, cmputers are well ahead f us. But we have ne superpwer they aren’t clse t mastering: mind reading.
Humans have a mysterius ability t reasn the gals, desires and beliefs f thers, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate ther peple’s actins and the cnsequences f ur wn. Reading minds cmes s easily t us, thugh, that we ften dn’t think t spell ut what we want. If AIs are t becme truly useful in everyday life—t cperate effectively with us r t understand that a child might run int the rad after a buncing ball—we have t give them this gift that evlutin has given us t read ther peple’s minds.
Psychlgists refer t the ability t infer anther’s mental state as thery f mind. In humans, this capacity starts t develp at a very yung age. Hw t reprduce the capability in machines is far frm clear, thugh. One f the main challenges is cntext. Fr instance, if smene asks whether yu are ging fr a run and yu reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly cnclude that the answer is n. But this requires huge amunts f backgrund knwledge abut running, weather and human preferences.
Mrever, whether humans r AI, the thery f mind is suppsed t emerge naturally frm ne’s wn learning prcess. Building prir knwledge int AI makes it reliant n ur imperfect understanding f thery f mind. In additin, AI may be capable f develping appraches we culd never imagine. There can be many frms f thery f mind that we dn’t knw abut simply because we live in a human bdy that has certain types f senses and a certain ability t think.
Yet we might still want AI t have a mre human-like frm f thery f mind. Humans can clearly explain their gals and desires t each ther using cmmn language and ideas. While letting AI frm the thery f mind in their learning prcess is likely t lead t develping mre pwerful AI, plainly building in shared ways t represent knwledge may be crucial fr humans t trust and cmmunicate with AI.
It is imprtant t remember, thugh, that the pursuit f machines with thery f mind is abut mre than just building mre useful rbts. It is als a stepping stne n the path twards a deeper gal fr AI and rbtics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains t be seen. But alng the way thinking abut ther peple and ther agents, we are n the path t learning t think abut urselves.
32．Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing cntexts can AI understand well?
A．When yu are asked t eat spicy fd fr dinner and yu reply “a sre thrat”.
B．When a teacher asks fr a by’s hmewrk and he answers “my dg ate it”.
C．When a mm tells her kid sme fd is gd fr health and the kid eats it.
D．When kids see their mm after hurting themselves and they cry luder.
33．The authr believes that.
A．humans’ thery f mind is far frm perfect
B．humans limit AI’s thery f mind t an extent
C．we shuld reject human-like frms f abilities fr AI
D．shared frms f thery f mind result in mre pwerful AI
34．As fr AIs, what des the authr value mst?
A．Reliability.B．Practicability.
C．Reasning capability.D．Cmmunicatin ability.
35．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．AI with Its Own Thery f Mind Is Expected
B．AI with Thery f Mind Will Reshape Our Future
C．AI’s Thery f Mind Is a Blessing r Suffering t Humans
D．Thery f Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI
（2023·北京丰台·二模）Castal cities wrldwide are squeezed by tw ppsing frces: urban sprawl (扩张) and the rising sea. This struggle is intensely visible in the flatlands where expanding neighbrhds rutinely fld and saltwater flding damages the river muths that prtect cmmunities frm the wrst f ur climate crisis.
Massive resurces are being put int envirnmental restratin prjects, and develpment is subject t many layers f apprvals. Yet in 2022 the cmmissiners f a castal city vted t expand a legal bundary that cntains sprawl t allw a 400-acre warehuse prject. They are failing t see the value f this land in the greater ecsystem.
Wetlands, castal plains and frests d cheaply (r even fr free) what seawalls and pumps d at a cst f billins f dllars. They are vital infrastructure (基础设施) that makes us mre resilient against climate change, and the cst f destrying them r weakening their ability t functin must be factred int the decisins we make t build and grw.
T d s, the ecnmic incentives t develp any natural landscape shuld be weighed against the prtective ecnmic value that land already prvides. Ecnmists call this an “avided damage” valuatin. Lcal planning bards might cnsider the value f a sand dune r swamp in fld prtectin versus the expense f replacing it with a seawall and water pump system. Maintaining and restring natural infrastructure t supprt healthy functining saves mney, time and lives.
The cncept f “natural capital”, r the idea that ecsystem services shuld be valued in a similar manner as any frm f wealth, dates back t the 1970s. Markets have always valued wd as a cmmdity (商品), fr example, but nt the services that came alng with prducing it, such as sil maintenance, carbn strage, and nutrient cycling. We didn’t need a market fr resurces that industrialists saw as abundant (丰富的) and endlessly renewable. This explitative (开发资源的) assumptin turned ut t be very wrng. Failing t measure the benefits f ecsystem services in plicy and management decisins is a majr reasn many f thse ecsystems disappeared.
It als seems crass t place a dllar amunt n ecsystems that we’d rather view as priceless, existing fr their wn sake and valuable t humans in ways that are beynd capitalism. This preciusness is ethically sund. But develpers have lng cnfused pricelessness with wrthlessness, allwing them t prfit withut paying fr the cnsequences f destrying the envirnment.
Ecnmic value is never the nly reasn nature is wrth preserving; it is simply a pwerful, underused tl t help us make decisins abut hw t live mre sustainably in a climate-changed wrld. If plicy makers cnsidered natural infrastructure in the language f ecnmics, they might recgnize just hw deeply we rely n it.
36．What are the first tw paragraphs mainly abut?
A．The cnsequences f the saltwater flding.
B．The cause f the urban sprawl and the rising sea.
C．An apprval t an envirnmental restratin prject.
D．The prblem caused by the expansin f castal cities
37．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．The idea f natural capital can enhance the prfit f cmmdity.
B．The ecnmic grwth bsts the prtectin f natural landscape.
C．The abundance f resurces is nt the reasn fr devaluing them.
D．The explitatin f nature reflects the “avided damage” valuatin.
38．What des the underlined wrd “crass” in Paragraph 6 prbably mean?
A．Inadvisable.B．Beneficial.
C．Relevant.D．Unrealistic.
39．What is the purpse f the passage?
A．T appeal fr stricter cntrl ver city scale.
B．T prpse the use f nature as infrastructure.
C．T stress the imprtance f ecsystem services.
D．T prmte public awareness f nature prtectin.
（2023·北京西城·一模）Technlgy seems t discurage slw, immersive reading. Reading n a screen, particularly a phne screen, tires yur eyes and makes it harder fr yu t keep yur place. S nline writing tends t be mre skimmable and list-like than print. The cgnitive neurscientist Mary Walt argued recently that this “new nrm” f skim reading is prducing “an invisible, game-changing transfrmatin” in hw readers prcess wrds. The neurnal circuit that sustains the brain’s capacity t read nw favrs the rapid absrptin f infrmatin, rather than skills develped by deeper reading, like critical analysis.
We shuldn’t verplay this danger. All readers skim. Skimming is the skill we acquire as children as we learn t read mre skillfully. Frm abut the age f nine, ur eyes start t bunce arund the page, reading nly abut a quarter f the wrds prperly, and filling in the gaps by inference. Nr is there anything new in these fears abut declining attentin spans. S far, the anxieties have prved t be false alarms. “Quite a few critics have been wrried abut attentin span lately and see very shrt stries as signs f cultural decline,” the American authr Selvin Brwn wrte. “N ne ever said that pems were evidence f shrt attentin spans.”
And yet the Internet has certainly changed the way we read. Fr a start, it means that there is mre t read, because mre peple than ever are writing. If yu time travelled just a few decades int the past, yu wuld wnder at hw little writing was happening utside a classrm. And digital writing is meant fr rapid release and respnse. An nline article starts frming a cmment string underneath as sn as it is published. This mde f writing and reading can be interactive and fun. But ften it treats ther peple’s wrds as smething t be quickly harvested as fdder t say smething else. Everyne talks ver the tp f everyne else, desperate t be heard.
Perhaps we shuld slw dwn. Reading is cnstantly prmted as a scial gd and surce f persnal achievement. But this advcacy ften emphasizes “enthusiastic”, “passinate” r “eager” reading, nne f which adjectives suggest slw, quiet absrptin.
T a slw reader, a piece f writing can nly be fully understd by immersing neself in the wrds and their slw cmprehensin f a line f thught. The slw reader is like a swimmer wh stps cunting the number f pl laps he has dne and just enjys hw his bdy feels and mves in water.
The human need fr this kind f deep reading is t tenaciusfr any new technlgy t destry. We ften assume that technlgical change can’t be stpped and happens in ne directin, s that lder media like “dead-tree” bks are kicked ut by newer, mre virtual frms. In practice, lder technlgies can cexist with new nes. The Kindle has nt killed ff the printed bk any mre than the car killed ff the bicycle. We still want t enjy slwly-frmed ideas and carefully-chsen wrds. Even in a fast-mving age, there is time fr slw reading.
40．What is the authr’s attitude twards Selvin Brwn’s pinin?
A．Favrable.B．Critical.C．Dubtful.D．Objective.
41．The authr wuld prbably agree that.
A．advcacy f passinate reading helps prmte slw reading
B．digital writing leads t t much speaking and nt enugh reflectin
C．the public shuld be aware f the impact skimming has n neurnal circuits
D．the number f Internet readers is declining due t the advances f technlgy
42．What des the underlined wrd “tenacius” in Paragraph 6 prbably mean?
A．Cmprehensive.B．Cmplicated.C．Determined.D．Apparent.
43．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Slw Reading Is Here t Stay
B．Digital Technlgy Prevents Slw Reading
C．Screen vs. Print: Which Requires Deep Reading?
D．Reading Is Nt a Race: The Wnder f Deep Reading
（2023·北京丰台·一模）Many peple wuld answer the questin f what makes us human by insisting that we are cultural beings. There is n dubt that we are. But ne definitin f culture is the ttality f traditins acquired in a cmmunity by scial learning frm ther individuals, and many animal species have traditins. Can we then say that sme animals are cultural beings t?
One apprach t study culture in animals is the s-called Methd f Exclusin (排除), in which scientists investigate behaviral variatins acrss ppulatins f ne species. In a famus study, scientists learned that chimpanzee (黑猩猩) behavirs were scially passed n as they were present at sme sites but nt at thers, despite having same eclgical settings. Fr example, chimpanzees in Tai Natinal Park in Ivry Cast are well-knwn fr their nut-cracking skills. Chimpanzees in Gmbe natinal part in Tanzania, n the ther hand, d nt crack nuts, althugh nuts exist in their envirnment t.
Hwever, when applying the Methd f Exclusin, ne has t be very careful. There are ther factrs that culd als explain the pattern f behaviral evaluatin. Fr example, sme f the chimpanzee techniques scientists evaluated ccur in nly ne f the three subspecies. S it’s quite pssible that these behavirs als have an innate cmpnent. This wuld mean that ne chimpanzee subspecies uses a new technique nt ut f cultural traditin, but because the behavir is fixed t specific genes. Anther factr that has t be excluded is f curse the envirnment Chimpanzees in Mahale d nt fish algae (水藻), simply because algae des nt exist there.
But when we exclude all the variatins that can be explained by genes r envirnment, we still find that animals d shw cultural variatins. Des that mean there is n real difference between them and us after all? Nt exactly: There is a fundamental difference between human and animal culture. Only humans can build culturally n what generatins befre us have learned. This is called “cumulative culture”. We dn’t have t keep reinventing the wheel. This is called the “ratchet (棘轮) effect”. Like a ratchet that can be turned frward but nt back, peple’s cultural techniques evlve.
It is likely that behavirs we see tday in chimpanzee cultures culd be invented ver and ver again by individual animals themselves. In cntrast, a child brn tday wuld nt be able t invent a cmputer withut the knwledge f many past generatins.
44．Why des the authr mentin the example f the chimpanzees in tw parks in Paragraph 2?
A．T prve that culture des exist in animals.
B．T justify the uniqueness f the research methd.
C．T cmpare hw chimpanzees behave in different parks.
D．T stress the imprtance f envirnment in studying culture.
45．What des the underlined wrd “innate” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Advanced.B．Inbrn.C．Adaptive.D．Intelligent.
46．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Cumulative culture is what sets humans apart frm animals.
B．Culure in animals is as wrthy t be valued as human culture.
C．Animals dn’t have the ability t invent behavirs in a cmmunity.
D．The “ratchet effect” decides if humans can build n past experiences.
（2024·江苏·模拟预测）The expressin “Genius is 1% inspiratin and 99% perspiratin (汗水)” is ften attributed t Thmas Edisn. But as we have prgressed int the 21st century, I think we shuld update the saying: “Success is 1% inspiratin and 99% preparatin.”
Indeed, ideas are shting arund faster than ever, but mst are wrthless because n ne des the hard wrk t implement them. And as we’re in a service ecnmy nw, implementatin requires hurs and hurs nt f sweat but f preparatin. Yu must d it all: reading, researching, falling int ne rabbit hle after anther n the Internet t find the right series f test cases and qutes t make yur pint, and presenting yur idea briefly and clearly.
Preparatin is everything! Watch the amazing 2021 vide f the Perseverance rver landing n the surface f Mars. The nbard camera shws the terrain (地形). After the landing, I’m pretty sure ne f the scientists exclaims, “Hey, that’s my rck.” In missin preparatin, the entire landing area was digitized. The planners knew the placement f every rck and dip in terrain.
Churchill famusly memrized his speeches and practiced giving them ver and ver in his bathtub. Sme f this was t vercme his stutter (口吃), but it was mainly t get the tne just right. Nthing was ff-the-cuff (即兴的). His speeches didn’t sund like they were read frm a piece f paper; they felt stream f cnsciusness. In his finest hurs he shwed the value f preparatin.
But, yu may ask, why put in any extra effrt? ChatGPT can pass Advanced Placement tests, entry exams fr law and medical schl, and even the bar exam. That prbably says mre abut hw pr thse tests are than abut AI’s ability. But even thugh AI can answer almst any questin yu thrw at it, it is wrthless in an elevatr when yur bss asks yu what yu think abut new prduct ideas r sales prspects in Omaha.
The nly answer cmes frm that 99% preparatin. Study everything, nt nly the task yu’ve been assigned. Dig deep. Cme up with ideas and ptential slutins. Wrk n an elevatr speech fr what excites yu. Dn’t wing it. Prepare. And trust me, the feeling yu get frm preparatin-induced success is better than anything yu can buy at a drugstre. Preparatin will make yu super great.
47．What can we learn frm paragraph 2?
A．The service ecnmy makes ideas wrthless.
B．Implementatin des nt take much time these days.
C．Ideas are wrthless withut preparatin and hard wrk.
D．Implementatin requires mre inspiratin than preparatin.
48．Hw des the authr try t persuade readers t accept his argument?
A．By listing examples.B．By sharing his experience.
C．By prviding research results.D．By referring t experts’ wrds.
49．What pint is the authr trying t make by mentining ChatGPT?
A．ChatGPT is capable f passing varius tests.
B．Preparatin can help yu perfrm better than AI.
C．Elevatr cnversatins require high scial skills.
D．Standard tests d nt fully represent ne’s abilities.
50．What des the text mainly talk abut?
A．Hw we can achieve success with little sweat.
B．Hw we shuld make preparatin fr ur future.
C．Why perspiratin still maters in the 21st century.
D．Why preparatin can pave the way t yur success.
（2024·浙江台州·一模）Scientists are pr frecasters f the future. But tw trends can be cnfidently predicted. First, the wrld will get mre crwded. There will be mre than 9 billin peple by 2050. Secnd, the wrld will get warmer and sme gvernments wn’t priritize the lng-term measures needed t deal with climate change, even thugh science ffers us a rad-map t a lw-carbn future.
That’s why we shuld be prmters f new technlgy — withut it the wrld can’t prvide the fd and sustainable energy needed fr an expanding ppulatin. But we shuld als be cautius, as new technlgies, such as AI, may be hard t cntrl. AI will undubtedly becme mre aggressive in the future. Recrds f ur mvements, health and financial transactins will be stred in the clud. The data may be used fr justifiable reasns, such as prtein flding and drug develpment, r t warn us f initial health risks, but its availability t Internet cmpanies is already shifting the balance f pwer frm gvernments t glbal-scale crpratins.
Actually, it’s beynd Earth that AI has the mst enrmus ptential. Humans may have established bases beynd Earth by the year 2100. But dn’t ever expect mass emigratin (移民) frm Earth. It’s a false belief that space ffers an escape frm ur prblems. Dealing with climate change n Earth is a piece f cake cmpared t terrafrming (地球化) Mars.
Nevertheless, we shuld cheer n these brave human space adventurers. They’ll be ill-adapted t a Martian habitat, s they’ll have a super mtive t redesign themselves. It’s they, nt thse f us adapted t life n Earth, wh will pineer the pst-human era (时代).
If pst-humans make the shift frm flesh and bld t fully artificial intelligence, they wn’t need an atmsphere f even gravity, s it’s in deep space — nt even n Mars that nn bilgical “brains” may develp pwers that we can’t imagine. They may end up being mentally different frm us. AI culd jump-start a huge emigratin and thus even mre cmplex intelligence spreads thrugh the universe.
But let’s refcus frm the science fictin f the far future clser t the here and nw. This century is special. It’s the first, in Earth’s 4.5-billin-year histry where ne species-urs—hlds the planet’s future in its hands.
Our intelligence culd initiate billins f years f pst-human evlutin (演化), even mre amazing than that which led t us. On the ther hand, humans culd cause bilgical, envirnmental r cyber catastrphes that freclse all this ptential. If science is t save us, we need t think glbally, sensibly and lng-term—empwered by science, but guided by values that science alne can’t prvide.
51．Why des the authr mentin the tw trends in the first paragraph?
A．T justify the gvernments’ plicies.
B．T criticize scientists’ pr predictin ability.
C．T advcate fr advancements in tech.
D．T highlight the challenges faced by scientists.
52．Accrding t this passage, AI can ________.
A．put an end t climate change
B．facilitate mass human migratin
C．speed up the cmpetitin in medical fields
D．bring abut ptential threats frm big cmpanies
53．As fr the future, which f the fllwing will the authr agree with?
A．Pst-humans will ech the histry f humans.
B．Cmplex intelligence will dminate the universe.
C．Nn-bilgical brains may invite unknwn disasters.
D．Fully artificial intelligence may inhabit uter space.
54．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Future f Humanity: Culd AI Save Us?
B．Change r Die: Will Science Lead Further Evlutin?
C．Twards a Sustainable Future: What Can We D?
D．Unstppable Trend: Is Cmplex Intelligence Cming?
（2024·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）In a wrld where everyne has their wn pinins n just abut everything, it’s cmmn fr peple t be critical f each ther’s mistakes and imperfectins withut nticing their wn. Sme individuals mistakenly think it’s their respnsibility t make yu int a better persn. They d this by first pinting ut yur shrtcmings directly and then prviding advice n hw yu can imprve.
S what is the pssible slutin t criticism? If yu are the ne frcing thers t feel ashamed f themselves, please stp. Make a cnscius decisin rather than highlight the negative aspect f a persn’s perfrmance r attitudes. Yu are mre likely t ffer helpful suggestins frm the beginning. If yu are n the receiving end f criticism, the “OK” respnse is a perfect slutin. When smene cmments negatively n a task yu are ding r a persnality issue f yurs, a natural respnse is t defend and attack. Hwever, this apprach is rarely effective as it puts bth parties n the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief ne-wrd respnse acknwledges the ther persn’s cmment withut agreeing with it r feeling necessary t engage in a debate abut it.
It’s crucial t stay cnnected t what the ther persn is talking abut, and listen withut getting upset, t be an bjective bserver. In fact, there is much that ne can learn frm a negative review. Yu can ask yurself: Did I make a mistake? Culd I have dne better? Did I give 100% f myself t the task at hand? If s, hw can I imprve myself? As fr chrnic criticizers: It is imprtant t set strict bundary with them. Remve yurself frm their presence when necessary.
In any case, ne can learn t be “OK” with criticism and nt allw it t negatively impact yur life r relatinship with the ther party.
55．What might the authr think f peple wh like t judge thers?
A．Self-centered.B．Respnsible.C．Talkative.D．Warm-hearted.
56．What des a persn mean by saying “OK” accrding t Paragraph 3?
A．He thinks the advice is helpful.
B．He cmpletely agrees with the cmments.
C．He wants t avid unnecessary arguments.
D．He defends himself with the respnse.
57．What is the recmmended actin fr dealing with chrnic criticizers?
A．Embrace their views.
B．Criticize them in return.
C．Avid interactin if needed.
D．Engage with them regularly.
58．What is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．The Art f Giving Criticism
B．Mastering Self-Defense against Criticism
C．Dealing with Persnal Relatinships Flexibly
D．The Path t Self-Imprvement thrugh Criticism
（2024·湖北武汉·模拟预测）Is frgiveness against ur human nature? T answer ur questin, we need t ask a further questin: What is the essence f ur humanity? Fr the sake f simplicity, peple cnsider tw distinctly different views f humanity. The first view invlves dminance and pwer. In an early paper n the psychlgy f frgiveness, Drll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is mre aggressive than frgiving allws. Thse wh frgive are against their basic nature, much t their harm. In his pinin, frgivers are cmprmising their well-being as they ffer mercy t thers, wh might then take advantage f them.
The secnd view invlves the theme f cperatin, mutual respect, and even lve as the basis f wh we are as humans. Researchers find that t fully grw as human beings, we need bth t receive lve frm and ffer lve t thers. Withut lve, ur cnnectins with a wide range f individuals in ur lives can fall apart. Even cmmn sense strngly suggests that the will t pwer ver thers des nt make fr harmnius interactins. Fr example, hw well has slavery wrked as a mde f scial harmny?
Frm this secnd viewpint f wh we are as humans, frgiveness plays a key rle in the bilgical and psychlgical integrity f bth individuals and cmmunities because ne f the utcmes f frgiveness, shwn thrugh scientific studies, is the decreasing f hatred and the restratin f harmny. Frgiveness can break the cycle f anger. At least t the extent the peple frm whm yu are estranged accept yur lve and frgiveness and are prepared t make the required adjustments. Frgiveness can heal relatinships and recnnect peple.
As an imprtant nte, when we take a Classical philsphical perspective, that f Aristtle, we see the distinctin between ptentiality and actuality. We are nt necessarily brn with the capacity t frgive, but instead with the ptential t learn abut it and t grw in ur ability t frgive. The actuality f frgiving, its actual apprpriatin in cnflict situatins, develps with practice.
59．What is Drll’s idea abut frgiveness?
A．Peple shuld ffer mercy t thers.
B．Peple wh frgive can have their wn welfare affected.
C．Frgiveness depends n the nature f humanity.
D．Aggressive peple shuld learn t frgive.
60．What des the example in Paragraph 2 illustrate?
A．T frgive is t lve.B．T fight is t grw.
C．T dminate is t harm.D．T give is t receive.
61．What is the writer’s attitude tward frgiveness?
A．Objective.B．Reserved.C．Favrable.D．Skeptical.
62．What is message f the last paragraph?
A．Frgiveness is in ur nature.B．Frgiveness grws with time.
C．Actuality is based n ptentiality.D．It takes practice t frgive.
（2024·山东·三模）We all enjy being part f a grup — there’s n better wrk than teamwrk, right? Actually, I disagree. Teamwrk can be hard. In fact, it was s difficult that I left my ffice jb and started wrking frm hme n my wn. It’s a much better fit fr me, and it has made me think abut why teamwrk can make ur jbs harder rather than easier.
Persnalities can make teamwrk difficult. There’s ften smene n the team that puts their needs first. The team ften ges alng with this persn, whse ideas might nt be the best, just the ludest. Just ne difficult persnality can make teamwrk hard. Cmbining (结合) several challenging persnality types is even harder.
Nt having enugh time tgether can als make teamwrk challenging. T successfully wrk as a team, yu need time tgether — and lts f it.
A final reasn why teamwrk is difficult is that there’s ften n training n hw t wrk n a team. Yu can’t just put peple in a rm and expect them t wrk well with each ther. Yu need t build trust with yur team members.
Teamwrk can be hard, but wrking alne has its challenges, t. When I have a great idea, I dn’t have anyne t share it with t see if it really is a great idea. Dn’t get me wrng — I still like my team f ne and enjy making all f the imprtant decisins by myself. But nw I realize what was wrng with the teamwrk I did in the past and hw gd teamwrk culd be if dne crrectly. And that’s useful infrmatin because ne day I might want t turn my ME TEAM int a WE TEAM.
63．Why did the writer chse t wrk frm hme n his wn?
A．T keep himself busier.B．T keep himself healthier.
C．T make his jb easier.D．T make his team harder.
64．Which f the fllwing makes teamwrk difficult?
A．Strng persnalities.B．Lts f teamwrk time.
C．Challenging ideas.D．Mre training n teamwrk.
65．What d yu need t d if yu want t wrk n a team?
A．Yu need t wrk with thers in a rm.
B．Yu need t build trust with yur team members.
C．Yu just need t make all decisins by yurself.
D．Yu need t have different ideas with yur team members.
66．What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A．A WE TEAM has hardly any advantages.
B．A ME TEAM needs a lt f IT engineers.
C．A ME TEAM has n challenges fr the writer.
D．A WE TEAM may be the writer’s chice ne day.
67．What is the purpse f the passage?
A．T shw the advantages f teamwrk.
B．T explain the difficulties f teamwrk.
C．T intrduce the influence f teamwrk.
D．T tell the imprtance f teamwrk.
（2024·湖北·模拟预测）In Gergia students will be required t build “backgrund knwledge” by reciting all r part f significant pems and speeches. The Arkanses plan calls fr students t recite a passage frm a well-knwn pem, play r speech. That’s it: an ld-fashined demand that students memrize the Gettysburg Address r Hamlet’s “T be r nt t be” r Gwendlyn Brks’s We Real Cl and recite it t an audience.
Mst parents wuld prbably call this a wrthy exercise nce abandned fr lng, gathering the curage t speak in public and firing the adlescent imaginatin. Wh culd bject t stre memrable wrds in teenage heads therwise packed with shrt vides?
English teachers, that’s wh. Mdern educatrs view memrizatin as empty repetitin, mechanical and prescriptive (规定的) rather than creative r thughtful. Reciting texts frm memry, they say, merely drps infrmatin int students’ minds. It’s repetitive learning instead f critical analysis.
That’s wrng. Recitatin allws students t experience a text as a living thing, ready t be taken up by a new generatin. Cmmitting a pem r speech t memry means stepping int the authr’s shes and pndering what he meant. Deciding which wrds t stress when reciting means thinking abut what thse wrds mean.
In ur age f scial media and artificial intelligence, the practice f recitatin has never been mre needed. Memrizing classic wrds reminds us that they are alive.
Watch the faces f parents as they listen t their children urging us all tward what Martin Luther King called “a dream deeply rted in the American dream,” r saying with Rbert Frst, “I have been ne acquainted with the night,” r with Shakespeare, “Tmrrw and tmrrw and tmrrw...”
When yung reciters return t their seats, they knw they have made ageless wrds their wn. What parents and students feel at that mment transcends (超越) a gd grade. Fr a few minutes, hardwrking teens becme King, Frst r Shakespeare.
68．Why are educatrs against string memrable wrds in teenage heads?
A．Memrizatin is nthing but thughtful learning.
B．Memrizatin is anything but repetitive learning.
C．Memrizatin des injure teenagers’ heads.
D．Memrizatin des n gd t critical analysis.
69．What is the authr’s attitude tward recitatin?
A．Supprtive.B．Objective.
C．Oppsed.D．Unclear.
70．What des the underlined wrd “pndering” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Learning frm.B．Reflecting n.
C．Bringing ut.D．Arguing against.
71．Hw des the authr stress the imprtance f recitatin in the scial media and AI times?
A．By giving examples.B．By analyzing causes.
C．By displaying methds.D．By listing figures.
（2024·河北唐山·二模）I like an rganized, clean huse. I am, hwever, ften in the minrity in the huse.
Every time I walk in the frnt dr and make the turn t hang my cat in the mudrm (Amudrm is a space set aside in a huse where peple can take ff their utdr clthing, remve their siled shes, stre equipment), I frwn at the mess that meets my eyes. Lts f shes littered all ver the flr, alng with slippers (拖鞋) and anything yu can imagine. N matter hw many times I attempt t restre the scene, this rm immediately ends up back in mess.
The ther day I started t think abut why the mu drm is the mst challenging rm t keep in rder. I came t the realizatin that it is because the mu drm is bth the beginning and the end, it is the jumping ff pint t the adventures f ur day and it is the strage grund when the sun sets. In turn, thse fur walls have becme a hlder f memries, and a museum f my family’s treasures, as each item tells a stry f thse that I lve mst.
The bright white Nike high tps cast ff n the flr belng t my ldest sn, nearing 12,presenting his emerging fashin sense. The wrn black and blue runners intrduce my yungest,a lively trnad in a 10-year-ld’s bdy.
The slippers belng t my husband. They were a Christmas present frm the bys and me many years ag. During the clder mnths, it is the first thing that my husband des when he return s hme frm wrk, he slips n thse grey wl slippers and cntinues t settle in. He lves and wears them s much that the initial pair wre right thrugh the te. He wn’t part with thse treasures but nw has a secnd pair; the exact same make and mdel.
Recently it ccurred t me that my annyance at the mudrm chas is temprary. This disrder will last nly a few years. The bys are getting lder, and the tys and mess will mve n ... as will my sns eventually. This makes me sad fr what I knw will feel like a big lss. Each day that I see that cllectin f gds means that my huse is full f lve, energy, passin and family.
72．What des the authr intend t tell us in paragraph 2?
A．Intense desire t be clean.B．Strng ha te f the mudrm.
C．Onging struggle t maintain rder.D．Great tensin between her and her family.
73．What can we learn frm the authr’s reflectin?
A．Her regret and restart.B．Her wnder and willpwer.
C．Her frustratin and frgiveness.D．Her acceptance and appreciatin.
74．Why des the stry refer t the husband’s slippers?
A．T prve their cmfrt.B．T shw their emtinal value.
C．T ffer insight int his daily life.D．T praise his mney management.
75．What is the best title f the text?
A．Lss? Universal Gain!B．Chas? Life’s Lving Marks!
C．Litter? Prf f Daily Rutine!D．Mudrm? Family’s Obligatin!
（2024·安徽合肥·三模）In Nathaniel Hawthrne’s shrt stry The Birth-Mark, a chemist called Aylmer marries a yung wman, Gergiana, whse nly imperfectin is a red spt n her left cheek. He cnsiders it a “terrible flaw”. S she asks him t use his skills t remve it. At length Aylmer creates a medicine that has the desired effect: t kill her withut pain.
Hawthrne’s stry illustrates the harm f perfectinism. It is Thmas Curran’s starting-pint fr a study f what he calls a “hidden epidemic(流行病)”. He thinks the endless effrts fr higher standards is mainly a disaster. As a scial psychlgist at the Lndn Schl f Ecnmics, Mr. Curran describes himself as “a recvering perfectinist”. Drawing n bth academic research and his wn experiences, he makes a cnvincing case.
Mr. Curran distinguishes between tw srts f perfectinism. The first, which lks inward, is the unfrgiving self-criticizing f the hardwrking emplyees. A secnd versin, directed twards thers, is cmmnly fund in bsses wh have unrealistic expectatins f their staff and sharply criticize their suppsed failings. Its victims tend t feel lnely. Often they think abut harming themselves.
Having nted the ptential negative effects, Mr. Curran suggests sme causes. These include a lack f jb security, unreasnable requirements by helicpter parents and the unhealthy advertising, which fuel cnsumptin and anxiety.
“The ecnmy”, he claims, “is based n ur discntent. Scial media fld users with images f finely sculpted bdies, seemingly perfect dresses and unbelievably rmantic weddings.”
His greatest attack, thugh, is directed at sciety. In this he draws n the thinking f Michael Sandel, a philspher at Harvard. Especially in the bk, The Tyranny f Merit, Prfessr Sandel has argued that using achievements as a srting machine leads t a sciety that is divided int just winners and lsers, while ignring the cmmn gd. Like Mr. Curran, Prfessr Sandel has a gd pint.
76．Wh can be cnsidered as the secnd type f perfectinist by Thmas Curran?
A．Aylmer.B．Gergiana.C．Michael Sandel.D．Nathaniel Hawthrne.
77．Accrding t Thmas Curran, a healthy ecnmy shuld.
A．nt have winners r lsersB．prvide jb security fr everyne
C．be free frm advertisementsD．nt be driven just by anxiety
78．What des the authr think f Michael Sandel’s criticism f the sciety?
A．Unfair.B．Cnvincing.C．Misleading.D．Gentle.
79．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．The Imperfectin f Our Sciety
B．A Review f The Tyranny f Merit
C．Cmments n Thmas Curran’s Study
D．Effective Ways t Deal With Perfectinism