高考英语二轮训练-阅读理解说明文5年真题20题+最新模拟80题（技能+真题+模拟）学生版

这是一份高考英语二轮训练-阅读理解说明文5年真题20题+最新模拟80题（技能+真题+模拟）学生版，共95页。
技能专区：练真题，明方向，补漏洞，提能力
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、落实“题干+原文+选项”三对照，重视原文与选项“同义转换”命题技巧。
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
真题演练01（2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.
B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.
D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.
. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.
. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss Cultures
B. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against Chas
D. The Rts f Mrality
真题演练02（2023·北京·高考真题）What is life? Like mst great questins, this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行线) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
1．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is.
A．supprtiveB．puzzledC．uncncernedD．dubtful
2．What des the wrd “enamred” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Shcked.B．Prtected.C．Attracted.D．Challenged.
3．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．ALife hlds the key t human future.
B．ALife and AI share a cmmn feature.
C．AI mirrrs the develpments f ALife.
D．AI speeds up the prcess f human evlutin.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B．Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D．Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
真题演练03（2023·北京·高考真题）In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers. One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
5．The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A．draw a cmparisn
B．intrduce a tpic
C．evaluate a statement
D．highlight a prblem
6．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Climate change has been frgtten.
B．Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C．The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D．Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
7．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B．Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C．Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D．Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
真题演练04（2022·北京·高考真题）“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn. This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems thinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
8．The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A．illustrate an argumentB．highlight an pinin
C．intrduce the tpicD．predict the ending
9．What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A．The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B．The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C．Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D．The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
10．As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A．It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B．It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C．It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D．It ges beynd human imaginatin.
真题演练05（2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds f scientists, writers and academics sunded a warning t humanity in an pen letter published last December: Plicymakers and the rest f us must engage penly with the risk f glbal cllapse. Researchers in many areas have prjected the widespread cllapse as “a credible scenari(情景) this century”.
A survey f scientists fund that extreme weather events, fd insecurity, and freshwater shrtages might create glbal cllapse. Of curse, if yu are a nn-human species, cllapse is well underway.
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars’ warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries(签署者) f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the “eclgical ftprint” cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, “it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Jhnsn said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(执着) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
11．What des the underlined wrd “germane” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Scientific.B．Credible.
C．Original.D．Relevant.
12．As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
A．wrriedB．puzzled
C．surprisedD．scared
13．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．The signatries may change the biphysical limits.
B．The authr agrees with the message f the pem.
C．The issue f cllapse is being priritized.
D．The glbal cllapse is well underway.
真题演练06（2020·北京·高考真题）Baggy has becme the first dg in the UK—and ptentially the wrld—t jin the fight against air pllutin by recrding pllutant levels near the grund.
Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.
Cnventinal air pllutin mnitrs are nrmally fixed n lamppsts at abut nine feet in the air. Hwever, since Baggy stands at abut the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently recrds pllutin levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Envirnment A gency.
The dggy data research was the idea f Baggy's 13-year-ld wner Tm Hunt and his dad Matt. The English yungster nticed that pllutin levels are arund tw-thirds higher clse t the grund than they are in the air at the height where they are recrded by the agency. Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasise that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very prud" f his sn because “when the by gets an idea, he keeps his head dwn and gets n with it, and he really des want t d sme gd and stp yung kids frm getting asthma."
“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."
Tm said, "Mst f the time, Baggy is just like any ther dg. But fr the rest f the time she is a super dg, and we are all really prud f her."
14．With a mnitr n her cllar, Baggy can ____________.
A．take pllutant readingsB．recrd pllutant levels
C．prcess cllected dataD．reduce air pllutin
15．What can we learn frm the Baggy data?
A．High places are free f air pllutin.
B．Higher pushchairs are mre risky fr kids.
C．Cnventinal mnitrs are mre reliable.
D．Air is mre plluted clser t the grund.
16．What is Tm's purpse f ding the research?
A．T warn f a health risk.B．T find ut pllutin surces.
C．T test his new mnitr.D．T prve Baggy's abilities.
17．Accrding t the passage, which wrd can best describe Tm Hunt?
A．Mdest.B．Generus.C．Creative.D．Outging.
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练速度，补漏洞，强信心！
（23-24高二上·北京朝阳·期末）If the great dinsaurs hadn’t gne extinct, wuld they have dminated Earth tday? There has been a debate abut this pssibility fr decades. Recently tw analyses have put the surprising cgnitive (认知) abilities f dinsaurs — and their ptential limitatins — in a new light.
In ne study, Suzana Herculan-Huzel at Vanderbilt University calculated the likely number f neurns (神经细胞) in dinsaurs’ pallium, a brain structure that is respnsible fr advanced cgnitive functins. Research suggests that it is the number f neurns in these areas, rather than the brain size, that indicates an animal’s cgnitive ptential. Fr example, despite having a very small head, birds have mre densely packed brain cells than many mammals (哺乳动物) and s can pssess rughly as many neurns as mnkeys. The result is that sme birds shw great cgnitive abilities, cmparable t the smartest nn-human mammals. And it is precisely birds, being the nly surviving lineage (宗系) f dinsaurs, that are Herculan-Huzel’s fundatin. By cmparing the relatinship between brain size, number f neurns and bdy size in numerus existing birds and available fssils f dinsaurs, Herculan-Huzel cncludes that a large dinsaur such as T. rex culd have hused tw billin t three billin neurns in its pallium. If s, dinsaurs culd have had the capacity fr tl use and planning fr the future.
But neurns’ number may nt be enugh. Fr intelligence, brain architecture als matters. And this culd be the weakness f dinsaurs, argues Antn Reiner frm the University f Tennessee. Over 350 millin years f separate evlutin, mammals and dinsaurs fund tw rather different ways t rganize cgnitive functins. The mammalian neurns are rganized in a relatively thin layer frmed by cmpact clumns. In each clumn, different parts can cmmunicate with ne anther ver shrt distances. In cntrast, in the dinsaurs that survive tday, namely birds, the rganizatin is less cmpact. Accrding t Reiner, expanding brain capabilities beynd a certain pint culd make the structure far mre cmplex and less efficient than it is in humans. If this were the case, an increase in brain size wuld crrespnd t a greater distance between different parts f the brain, slwing dwn their cmmunicatin.
The issue remains pen t debate. Herculan-Huzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejectins t the ther’s argument. Meanwhile, ther scientists have entered the fight. Fr example, neurbilgist Girgi Vallrtigara assumes that speed in transmitting infrmatin between netwrks f neurns is prbably ne f dinsaurs’ strengths.
Whatever the truth is, understanding hw and if brain architecture impses limits n the develpment f cgnitin culd reveal much abut the evlutin f abilities and behavirs f varius animals. Als, this debate may tell us mre abut ur wn species than abut dinsaurs.
1．Why d Herculan-Huzel and Reiner study birds?
A．Because birds are mre intelligent than dinsaurs.
B．Because birds’ brain structures are the same as dinsaurs’.
C．Because birds are the nly survivrs f the dinsaur family.
D．Because birds have the same cgnitive abilities as dinsaurs.
2．What des the wrd “cmpact” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Tight.B．Light.C．Large.D．Wide.
3．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Dinsaurs’ ability fr tl use wes t bigger brains.
B．The number f neurns has little t d with brain architecture.
C．Greater inter-brain distance causes higher cgnitive efficiency.
D．The factrs behind dinsaur intelligence remain t be identified.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Are Dinsaurs Cmparable t Humans in Intelligence?
B．Are Dinsaurs with Bigger Brains the Ultimate Geniuses?
C．Hw Smart Were Dinsaurs? New Studies Fuel the Debate
D．Can Dinsaurs Outsmart Birds? Researches Cast a New Light
（23-24高一上·北京西城·期末）Bed rtting — the practice f spending lng perids f time just staying under the cvers with snacks, screens and ther creature cmfrts — is gaining ppularity n scial media. Sme Generatin Z trend fllwers are nw viewing it as a frm f self-care, but dctrs warn t much culd be “sign f depressin”. Are these extended breaks really wise fr ne’s mental health — r culd they be a cause fr cncern?
Dr. Ryan Sultan, a prfessr at Clumbia University in New Yrk, wh treats many yung peple, called the bed rtting trend attractive. “In ur culture tday, with t much t d, t many expectatins and t much prductivity, many yung individuals (个人) are feeling burned ut and ften aren’t getting enugh sleep. It’s easy t see why taking time ff t lie arund is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance t get away frm real-life prblems and clear yur head befre returning t life in a better state f mind, ” he added.
Fr the dwnside, hwever, he said a lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd d harm t ne’s physical health. Spending t many daytime hurs in bed — awake r nt — culd destry sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned fr sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will wrsen sleep schedules — nce that happens, it is a challenge t fix. It culd als lead t bld pressure prblems and besity (肥胖).
Lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd als be a warning sign f depressin, accrding t a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, prfessr f medicine at NYU Langne Medical Center and a Fx News medical cntributr, agreed that while sme dwntime can be useful in terms f de-stressing and rejuvenatin (更新), t much bed rtting is a bad health practice. In additin t increasing the risk f depressin, it cntributes t decreased mtivatin (动力) as well.
Instead f bed rtting, Siegel recmmends regular exercise as a better frm f de-stressing. While the ccasinal lazy day can be beneficial, t much culd have the ppsite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test fr depressin. Thse wh lack the mtivatin t get ut f bed culd als try calling r texting a family member fr supprt, scializing with clse friends, finding a small task t cmplete, r reaching ut t a medical prfessinal fr help.
5．Accrding t Dr. Ryan Sultan, why d yung peple like bed rtting?
A．They are fnd f what is ppular n scial media.B．They are unwilling t scialize with friends.
C．Bed rtting is away t escape stress.D．Bed rtting helps fix sleep schedules.
6．What des the wrd “fine-tuned” underlined in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Quickly-activated.B．Well-trained.C．Badly-needed.D．Ill-equipped.
7．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Being lazy frm time t time can be gd fr individuals.
B．Sleeping in light can increase the risk f depressin.
C．Bed rtting can allw peple t avid expectatins.
D．Feeling dwn leads t decreased mtivatin.
8．What is the passage mainly talking abut?
A．Different pinins n hw t becme mtivated.
B．Main causes f the lng-term need fr bed rtting.
C．Practical suggestins fr yung peple t deal with stress.
D．Pssible prblems frm lying in bed fr extended perids f time.
（23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need t “accelerate breakthrughs in research and technlgy”. Sme f this framing was mtivated by the climate emergency, sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in varius cnversatins, it seemed t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster.
The WEF mindset resnates (产生共鸣) with the Silicn Valley dictate — usually credited t Mark Zuckerberg — t mve fast and break things. But what if the thing being brken is science? Or public trust?
The WEF meeting tk place just a frtnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped dwn after cmplaints were made abut her schlarship. Gay’s trubles came n the heels f the resignatin f Stanfrd University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigatin cncluded that his neurscience research had “multiple prblems”. In respnse. Gay requested crrectins t several f her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retractin (撤回) f three f his. Althugh it may be impssible t determine just hw widespread such prblems really are, it’s hard t imagine that the spectacle f high-prfile schlars crrecting and retracting papers has nt had a negative impact n public trust in science and perhaps in experts bradly.
In recent years we’ve seen imprtant papers, written by prminent scientists and published in prestigius jurnals, retracted because f questinable data r methds. In ne interesting case, Frances H. Arnld f the Califrnia Institute f Technlgy, wh shared the 2018 Nbel Prize in Chemistry, vluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable t replicate her results — but after the paper had been published. In an pen aplgy, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did nt d my jb well”. Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin: Are schlars at super cmpetitive places really taking the time t d their wrk right?
The prblem is nt unique t the U. S. In Eurpe, frmal research assessments — which are used t allcate future funding — have fr years judged academic departments largely n the quantity f their utput. Due t the fact that the existing system has created a cunterincentive t advancement in science, a refrm is underway urging an emphasis n quality ver quantity.
Gd science takes time. Nearly a century passed between bichemist Friedrich Miescher’s identificatin f the DNA mlecule and suggestin that it might be invlved in inheritance and the elucidatin f its duble-helix structure in the 1950s. And it tk just abut half a century fr gelgist and gephysicists t accept gephysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea f cntinental drift.
There’s plenty f circumstantial evidence that scientists and ther schlars are pushing results ut far faster than they used t. Sme f this grwth is driven by mre scientists and mre c-authrship (papers, but it als suggests that the research wrld has priritized quantity ver quality. Researched may need t slw dwn — nt speed up — if we are t prduce knwledge wrthy f trust.
9．What can we learn frm the first three paragraphs?
A．Tessier-Lavigne resigned frm Sandfrd after Gay stepped dwn.
B．Gay gave back her schlarships due t students’ cmplaints.
C．Faster scientific develpment has led t climate change.
D．Public trust in science may have already been shaken.
10．Why is the example f Frances H. Arnld mentined in Paragraph 4?
A．T questin the wrks f Nbel Prize winners.
B．T shw the practice f paper retractin is cmmn.
C．T indicate even the influential scientists are in a rush.
D．T highlight scientists’ quality f hnesty in academia.
11．The underlined wrd “cunterincentive” in Paragraph 5 refers t a (n) ______ factr.
A．unfairB．indecisiveC．discuragingD．irratinal
12．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．The Danger f Fast ScienceB．The Battle between Quality and Quantity
C．The Crisis amng Tp ScientistsD．The Principle behind Research Assessments
（23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）Fd packaging frm arund the wrld cntains at least 68 “frever chemicals” that can seep int what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 f them are nt even suppsed t be used in such prducts. “It’s nt clear why the latter chemicals, which are nt n lists f thse authrized fr use in fd cntainers, are in such packaging.” says the study’s authr Birgit Geueke.
The study fcused n a class f chemicals called perfluralkyl and plyflurnlkyl substances (PFASs), which are smetimes called “frever chemicals” because they dn’t break dwn readily in the envirnment r in the bdy. That’s because their characteristic carbn-flurine bnd is ne f the strngest in nature. Fr decades, these substances have been used in a wide range f cnsumer prducts, frm ckware t pesticide s t csmetics, because they are prf against water and grease.
Geueke and her team fund a mismatch between what they detected in actual prducts and a database f PFAS chemicals authrized fr use in fd packaging. Abut 140 PFASs are knwn t be used in fd packaging, but nly seven f the 68 chemicals in the study were n this list. Geueke says it’s unclear hw r why the ther 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and txiclgist at a nnprfit envirnmental advcacy rganizatin, suggests it’s pssible that unknwn impurities emerged during the manufacturing f the authrized chemicals r that the authrized PFASs degrade ver time. This class f chemicals includes many lng-chain mlecules, and they can break int shrter chains that are simply different types f PFASs.
PFASs have been fund in human bld and breast milk, drinking water, sil and ther startling places arund the wrld. Expsure t sme f the mst studied PFASs has been assciated with cancer. reprductive prblems and lessened respnses t vaccines. “There’s an incredible bdy f scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals t health harm,” says Andrews. Many cuntries are evaluating restrictins f PFASs in fd packaging.
Chemical industry representatives have advcated fr dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Befre publishing the new study. Scientific American reached ut t the American Chemistry Cuncil (ACC), a chemistry industry trade assciatin, abut it, but the rganizatin did nt reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC ntes that “all PFASs are nt the same. Each individual chemical has its wn unique prperties and uses.”
Andrews and Geueke bth say the presence f unknwn PFASs in fd packaging is gd reasn t regulate these chemicals as a single class—a psitin shared with many ther scientific experts and envirnmental prtectin grups. There are mre than 12,000 knwn PFASs, and scientists dn’t knw much abut mst f them. “Only sme PFASs have ever been tested fr txicity,” Geueke says, and “there are prbably ther ways t prduce fd packaging.”
13．What can we learn abut PFASs frm the passage?
A．They are able t resist water and grease.B．They last lng and never break dwn.
C．They cntain the lngest chemical bnd.D．They are mainly used fr fd packaging.
14．Paragraph 3 is mainly abut ______.
A．the ptential usage f the unknwn impurities
B．the authrizatin f fd packaging chemicals
C．the likely transfrming prcess frm PFASs int new chemicals
D．the pssible explanatin fr the presence f unauthrized PFASs
15．The wrds n the webpage in Paragraph 5 may shw that ACC ______.
A．has wrked ut ways t use PFASs safely in different prducts
B．agrees with chemical industry representatives regarding PFASs
C．has gt the authritative pwer in dealing with PFASs
D．supprts testing mre unknwn PFASs fr txicity
16．Which wuld Geueke prbably agree with?
A．Laws shuld be made t ban the use f PFASs.
B．Fd packaging alternatives shuld be explred.
C．The chemicals in fd packaging shuld be listed.
D．Scientists shuld cntinue discvering new PFASs.
（23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）
The vilence f shaking frm an earthquake is usually fcused in the directin the quake is traveling. But a bmerang quake may spread the intense shaking acrss a wider zne. The new study, published tday in the jurnal Nature Gescience, is a majr step tward clearing up the cmplex physics behind bmerang quakes and understanding their ptential damage.
The latest bmerang was recrded near the mid-cean ridge in the Atlantic in 2016. By examining the psitin f the epicenter (震中) and the energy released by each shaking phase, Stephen Hicks, an earthquake seismlgist at the Imperial Cllege Lndn and first authr f the new study, identified what seemed t be tw steps f the quake:The quake initially headed eastward, but then turned back west. “This was weird, ”he says. This secnd leg f the quake mved remarkably quickly, at s-called supershear speeds. The quake unzipped the surface at an estimated 11, 000 miles per hur—fast enugh t dart frm New Yrk t Lndn in 18. 5 minutes, s fast that it caused the gelgic versin f a snic bm.
Hw ften des this happen?A bmerang quake at supershear speeds, as Hicks and his team bserved in the Atlantic, may be a fairly rare type. But wider evidence f bmerang quakes is munting. These back-tracking events have been studied in cmputer mdels as well as simulated in lab experiments. “The thery says that it’s there, but it’s quite difficult t see that [in the real wrld], ”says Hicks. The 2016 earthquake in Kumamt als seems t have ruptured (破裂) in a similar prcess. Fr that event, the initial shake triggered tw ther quakes, ne f which raced backward t partially verlap the initial break.
Understanding when and why these bmerang events happen is vital t grappling with risks earthquakes present. “Studies like this help us understand hw past earthquakes ruptured, hw future earthquakes may rupture, and hw that relates t the ptential impact fr faults (断层) near ppulated areas, ”says Hicks.
These bmerangs maybe bscured by cnventinal appraches used t analyze quakes, which are based n an assumptin that a quake rushes in ne directin. “Naturally we’re nt lking fr it, we dn’t expect it t exist,” Hicks says. Yet fr earthquakes, it seems, cmplexities might be the nrm rather than the exceptin. As Hicks puts it: “The mre and mre we lk at earthquakes in mre detail, f curse we see stranger things.”
17．A bmerang earthquake differs frm ther quakes because ________.
A．it mves at a super-fast speed
B．it triggers several small quakes
C．it releases immeasurable energy
D．it shakes in tw ppsite directins
18．Frm the passage, we can learn that _________.
A．the cming f the next bmerang can be predicted
B．bmerangs are t cmplex t be fully understd
C．bmerang events are cmmnplace in the real wrld
D．cmmn methds are reliable in analyzing bmerangs
19．What des the underlined phrase “grappling with” in paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．putting ffB．cping with
C．bringing abutD．fighting against
（23-24高二下·北京东城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves t the frame f a cpy f The Last Supper at Lndn’s Ryal Academy f Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “N painting is wrth mre than my six-mnth-ld nephew’s life,” said a prtester, criticizing the British gvernment’s supprt f the fssil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when prtesters threw tmat sup at Van Ggh’s Sunflwers, and mashed ptates at Haystacks by Mnet — the censure rse.
“Abslutely absurd,” said the culture minister f France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement frm the Internatinal Cuncil f Museums.
The prtesters are targeting wrks that are prtected behind glass — at least fr nw — s actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts prves their pint: that peple care mre abut the threatened destructin f a painting than the actual destructin f the planet. But as the attacks wear n, and their impact decreases, they risk changing int a jke.
What’s especially misguided abut the prtests is their binary nature. “What is wrth mre, art r life?” a prtester asked. Why chse? “It’s pssible t blame bth envirnmental vandalism (蓄意破坏) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair f the Bstn Art Cmmissin, said.
Art is nt the prblem here. In fact, cntemprary artists are making quite effective wrks abut the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghst Frest, a climate change memrial she created in a New Yrk City park, is nly ne example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenaris (设想), and, in ding s, give peple a way t see and hpe fr a different future,” Lin said.
The climate activists are surely crrect that the pace f refrm is far t slw, as the planet burns and deadly strms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere effrts f millins f peple wrking n the issue. It wuld be easier t respect the yung prtesters at Just Stp Oil, Last Generatin, and the rest f the splash grups if they were t spend their time and energy n the unexciting but essential plitical wrk arund climate change: legislatin, regulatin, and winning hearts and minds.
Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the prtests have nt been abut climate change, but abut the prtests themselves. Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.
20．What des the underlined wrd “censure” in Paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．Apprval.B．Criticism.C．Stress.D．Spirits.
21．Which idea can help explain climate activists’ actin?
A．The end justifies the means.
B．Art speaks where wrds fail.
C．The freedm f prtest shuld be prtected.
D．Art matters in the fight against climate crisis.
22．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．The slutin t climate crisis lies in cmmunicatin.
B．Galleries shuld strengthen regulatins like theatres.
C．Climate activists shuld diversify their strategies.
D．Art attacks are mainly abut seeking attentin.
23．The authr writes the passage t ________.
A．launch a campaignB．assess a debateC．prpse a slutinD．challenge a practice
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its httest mnth n recrd, with many places n fire r flded. The likelihd f extreme weather keeps increasing—and peple are nticing. Hwever, nt everyne ntices r feels this threat t the same extent.
Based n a representative sample f 1,071 survey respndents frm acrss the UK, we fund that peple in rural areas shwed higher degrees f place attachment than peple living in cities, as we expected. Hwever, we were surprised t see that the perceived threat f climate change in: mst rural lcatins was lwer. We had nt expected that utcme, s we started t dig a little deeper fr pssible reasns.
Rural peple may be mre resilient t change. Rural peple may experience climate change like everyne else, but they may have better ways f cping with it than city residents because f their clser relatinship with nature. This may have taught them t be mre flexible in hw they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lt and that culd make them less wrried abut the majr changes happening arund them.
Peple in rural areas may nt be as aware f climate change as peple in cities. Lking mre clsely, the effect is mstly dwn t educatin rather than whether peple live in rural areas r nt. Research shws that general levels f climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this des nt necessarily crrespnd t readiness fr actin r behaviural change. It is well dcumented, thugh, that rural inhabitants tend t have mre cnservative views, which culd affect the way climate change is interpreted. Cnservative views are ften assciated with less cncern abut the climate.
Peple in rural areas may nt experience climate change in the same wav as peple in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels f green space than urban areas. Fr example, yu will feel the heat less when yu are surrunded by trees.
S, althugh we were surprised that the higher degree f place attachment in peple living rurally did nt necessarily lead t a higher perceptin f climate change threat, we can see there are gd reasns fr that.
24．What des the wrd “resilient” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Easy t adapt.B．Ready t illustrate.
C．Difficult t ntice.D．Willing t challenge.
25．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Cnservative views in rural areas lwer the perceptin f climate change.
B．Strng rural place attachment results in higher climate change awareness.
C．Well-educated peple are mre likely t take actins fr climate change.
D．Rural peple pay mre attentin t climate change than city residents.
26．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Wh are t blame fr climate change?
B．Hw d peple perceive climate change?
C．Why is climate change perceived differently?
D．What can peple d t cpe with climate change?
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Kim fund the prspect f learning a new language discuraging, especially as an adult. She saw spending dzens r hurs a year n lessns with nly slw prgress n a new skill as ut f reach. This was undubtedly nw Kim felt abut her decades’ lng ambitin t learn Spanish. That all changed, hwever, when a ppular language-learning app presented a mre attractive apprach: cmplete ne lessn—just six r seven minutes lng—every day in rder t eventually becme bilingual (双语的). This adds up t abut 40 hurs f study each year, but it is presented as a bite-size daily gal. Actually, this can be applied t almst any ambitius target. But hw effective is it?
Fr ur study, we partnered with CTL, a nnprfit rganizatin that prvides free crisis cnsultatin. All CTL vlunteers are asked t cmplete 200 hurs f crisis cnsultatin within a year. We were curius if breaking dwn this gal culd make it mre apprachable and increase actual wrking hurs.
We randmly assigned mre than 9,000 CTL vlunteers t receive e-mails fr three mnths. One grup was encuraged t hit the 200-hur mark with n actual gal breakdwn. Tw ther grups, hwever, were given clear subgals: we encuraged ne t vlunteer fr fur hurs every week and the ther t vlunteer fr eight hurs every tw weeks. Then we tracked hw much time each grup spent vlunteering during ur study.
Bth grups wh were encuraged t fcus n a smaller subgal vlunteered 7 t 8 percent mre than their peers wh were merely encuraged t hit their big gal. We als fund suggestive evidence that the mre flexible “eight hurs every tw weeks” framing led t mre lasting benefits ver time. Althugh vlunteering declined each week during the study acrss all participants, this decline was slwer in the “eight hurs every tw weeks” cnditin. It suggests that making mdest gals flexible might encurage lng-term perseverance.
If s, after ne year, becming bilingual is at last within reach fr Kim.
27．The authr mentins Kim in the first paragraph mainly t ________.
A．make a predictinB．intrduce a tpic
C．present an assumptinD．evaluate an argument
28．Why did the authr and his team cperate with CLT?
A．T calculate the prfits f the rganizatin.
B．T increase the actual hurs f vluntary wrk.
C．T evaluate the effectiveness f a gal-setting strategy.
D．T imprve the wrking skills f vlunteers in cnsultatin.
29．What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．Analysis f the study.B．Prcess f the study.
C．Findings f the study.D．Significance f the study.
30．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Making a fixed gal helps lnger perseverance.
B．Setting a bigger gal drives peple t achieve mre.
C．Sticking t an ambitius gal cntributes t success.
D．Breaking dwn a bigger gal leads t better results.
（23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）A mvie abut rural sccer players fcuses n teenage girls and seeks t inspire audiences t fllw dreams. In late 2018, Fei Yu, a directr frm Sichuan Prvince, went int the pr villages f Yunnan Prvince in search f inspiratin. During the jurney, ne idea attracted him as he watched children playing sccer in a village, which is lcated arund 110 kilmeters nrth f Lijiang.
As a gentle wind swept-thrugh the valley, Fei listened t the faraway sunds f hrses and children and a clear image began t frm in his mind — that a grup f children playing sccer n the village rfs (屋顶). That image inspired the pening scene f Ftball n the Rf, and after taking hme the special award in the films market prject sectin f the 2023 China Glden Rster and Hundred Fwers Film Festival, the film was n acrss the Chinese mainland n April 20.
The film tells the jurney f a teenage girl, Aime, wh’s crazy abut sccer. She has the hpe that by advancing t the finals in a cmpetitin, her mther, wh has left thefr rural hmetwn t wrk in a big city, might see her n televisin. Facing many challenges, she helps her elder sister and her classmates t start a sccer team and asks a fruit seller wh used t be a sccer star t cach them. Her determinatin pays ff as she is finally selected t jin the team and takes part in an imprtant match.
During Fei Yu’s search fr inspiratin, he met a girl, wh was eager t invite the directr t her hme, shwed him arund, and used a lng wden stick t pick fresh lemns ff a tree as a treat. The directr was deeply mved when he realized that the grl, wh had been left in the care f a grandfather wh’s cntinually busy with rural difficult tasks, lnged t feel mre cnnected t her parents wrking in a faraway city.
She became the surce fr the female main characters in the mvie. Traveling t many areas, frm the cities f Lijiang and Kaiyuan, t Chuxing, Fei Yu and his team chse arund 10, 000 students in 203 schls befre selecting all main characters.
“The sht has ended, but the yung girl’s lve fr sccer has nt. She has fund a new directin t sht fr in life. This is very meaningful,” says Fei, adding that he hpes the audience will als find strength and curage t realize their dreams thrugh the film.
31．Why did Fei Yu g int the village?
A．T teach sccer.B．T help the pr girls.
C．T achieve an award.D．T try t find inspiratin.
32．Accrding t the passage, what d we knw abut the film?
A．Aime ges t the village near Lijiang.
B．Aime isn’t chsen t jin the sccer team finally.
C．The film named Ftball n the Rf is successful.
D．The film tells the jurney f a by’s passin abut sccer.
33．Why did Aime hpe t advance t the finals in a cmpetitin?
A．T shw her lve fr sccer.
B．T leave the rural hmetwn.
C．T be seen by her mther n TV.
D．T be cached by a frmer sccer star.
34．When realizing the girl lnged t feel mre cnnected t her parents, Fei Yu felt________.
A．tuchedB．interestedC．inspiredD．amazed
35．Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A．A Beneficial StressB．A Heartwarming Gal
C．A Wnderful TeamwrkD．A Meaningful Cmpetitin
（23-24高二下·北京顺义·期末）Teachers were shcked when ChatGPT appeared a year ag. This AI chat rbt can write clear, well-researched essays in respnse t given questins, frcing educatrs arund the wrld t rethink their evaluatin (测评) methds. A few cuntries brught back pen-and-paper exams, and sme schls asked students t d their hmewrk at schl, after learning abut a subject at hme.
There are risks, but sme educatrs think that ChatGPT and ther large language mdels(LLMs)can be pwerful learning tls. They culd help students by prviding a persnalized guiding that is available at any time and might be accessible t mre students than human teachers wuld be. Or they culd help teachers and students by making infrmatin that nly exists in the textbks much easier t find and understand.
There are still prbkems t be slved. Questins remain abut whether LLMscan be made crrect and reliable enugh t be trusted as learning helpers. It’s t sn t knw what their final effect n educatin will be, but mre institutins (研究机构) need t explre ChatGPT’s advantages and dangers, and share what they are leaning, r their students might miss aut n a valuable tl.
Despite the risks, educatrs shuld nt avid using LLMs. Rather, they need t teach students the chat rbt’s strengths and weaknesses and supprt institutins’ effrts t imprve the mdels fr educattn-specific purpses. This culd mean building task-specific versins f LLMs that harness their strengths in dialgue and summarizatin and reduce the risks f a chat rbt prviding students with inaccurate (不准确的) infrmatin r enabling them t cheat.
Arizna State University (ASU), fr example, develped a platfrm that enables its members t use LLM-pwered chat rbts. These rbts are instructed t seek answers t users’questins in specific data sets, such as scientific papers r lecture ntes. This apprach nt nly makes use f the chat rbt’s cnversatinal pwer, but alszreduces the chance f errrs.
As understanding f the LLMs’pwer and limitatins increases, mre university- wide plans will certainly appear. Using LLMs withut cnsidering their disadvantages will gain the ppsite effect. Fr many educatinal purpses, errr-prne (容易出错 的) tls damage students’ability t learn and cannt help students. But sme institutins are trying t reduce the LLMs’weaknesses, even aiming t turn thse int strengths by, fr example, using them t imprve students’critical-thinking skills.
Educatrs must be brave t avid missing a huge pprtunity and careful t ensure that institutins everywhere use LLMs in a way that makes the wrld better, nt wrse.
36．What can we infer abut ChatGPT frm Paragraph 1?
A．It is used in exams by sme students.B．It is ging t replace human teachers.
C．It is especially ppular amng teachers.D．It imprves educatrs’ evaluatin methds.
37．What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．LLMs’pssible risks.B．LLMs’pwerful tls.
C．ILMs’leaning ability.D．LLMs’ptential benefits.
38．What shuld students knw when using LLMs?
A．Their task-specific versins.
B．Their strengths and weaknesses.
C．Their prblems and pssible risks.
D．Their mdels fr educatin purpses.
39．What des the underlined wrd “harness” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．Imprve.B．Discver.C．Use.D．Test.
40．As fr the future f LLMs, the writer is _________
A．cnfusedB．hpefulC．uncncernedD．dubtful
（23-24高三上·北京西城·阶段练习）A Fluent Advantage
When schls g thrugh budget cuts, freign language classes are ften placed n the cutting blck. Schl administratrs ften d nt understand hw imprtant freign language study is fr their students’ success in the real wrld. Far frm cutting language classes, schls shuld be demanding them fr all students. Studying a freign language shuld be required in middle schls.
Language study strengthens students’ minds. Many studies have indicated that multilingual peple—peple wh speak mre than ne language—are better at certain tasks. Specifically, multilingual peple have better executive functin than peple wh speak nly ne language. Executive functin is the way the brain manages all the infrmatin it’s given, such as perfrming different tasks and deciding what t fcus n. In brain scans, multilingual peple shw increased activity in the areas f the brain that cntrl executive functin. Researchers have guessed that this advantage exists because multilingual peple must cnstantly decide which wrds frm which language t use. As a result, multilingual peple get lts f practice with executive functin. Their brains can then apply thse skills t ther tasks, like paying attentin r multitasking. This effect is especially strng fr peple wh grw up speaking mre than ne language. The earlier students start language classes, the mre benefits they may get frm language study.
Mrever, language study helps prepare students fr their future careers. Tday, language skills are in high demand n the jb market and mre and mre businesses wrk in many cuntries acrss the wrld. As businesses becme glbal, they need peple wh can cmmunicate easily acrss natinal brders. T prepare fr their careers, mre students shuld be learning freign languages. Frm 2010 t 2015, the demand in the United States fr wrkers wh speak a secnd language dubled. This trend included wrkers f all skill levels and backgrunds.
Of curse, in rder t make better use f the advantages f freign language study, middle schl freign language classes shuld nt just make students memrize new wrds and sunds.
They must als teach students abut new cultures. Freign language classes shuld be required t include lessns abut histry, literature, custms, and gvernment alng with the languages themselves. These subjects will help students becme better glbal citizens and supprt their studies in ther subjects.
Requiring middle schlers t study a freign language ffers them pprtunities t sharpen their brains. It als gives them tls that will help them becme prductive members f tday’s glbal sciety.
41．Hw des the authr feel abut freign language study in middle schls?
A．Mre freign language classes shuld be ffered in middle schls.
B．Taking a freign language class in middle schls shuld be a chice.
C．Freign language classes shuld be cut because f the limited funds.
D．Studying a freign language shuld be a middle schl requirement.
42．The authr believes ______.
A．peple wh speak mre than ne language have better executive functin
B．being able t wrk in anther cuntry dubles peple’s jb pprtunities
C．peple learn languages better as yung peple than when they are lder
D．peple’s executive functin imprves after freign language classes
43．What’s the authr’s purpse f writing Paragraph 4?
A．T sum up his argument.B．T put frward a slutin.
C．T emphasize his pint f view.D．T intrduce an additinal suggestin.
44．Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in the passage?
I: Intrductin P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint (次要点) C: Cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
（2024·北京朝阳·二模）
It is perhaps easy t accept the statement that the universe is expanding. It is just sme strange physics indicating that, as time ges n, galaxies (星系) get further away frm each ther just like tw cars racing away frm each ther.
I persnally dn’t like it and prefer the balln analgy. In this situatin, there are dts all ver a balln. When we blw it up in real life, the dts wuld increase in size. In this analgy, let’s assume they dn’t. What we are interested in is hw the distance between the dts n the surface f the balln grws as we put mre air int it.
The balln analgy relies smewhat n ur gemetric sensibilities which refer t ur sense f shapes and hw they change ver time. At its cre, what we are trying t develp a sense fr is hw we measure distances. This cncept is als the fundamental gal f general relativity, Einstein’s thery f gravity. In general relativity, the mst imprtant piece f infrmatin is what we call the metric, an equatin that describes hw distances are measured, and therefre als tells us abut the shape space-time is taking.
The whle idea that space-time is expanding was first nticed as a mathematical cnsequence f general relativity by Gerges Lemaitre in 1927, when he slved Einstein’s equatin and fund a slutin fr the metric shwing that distances grw with time. His wrk prvided a theretical explanatin：the standard fr measuring csmic (宇宙的) distance was itself changing with time.
What is delightful is that it means we can quite reasnably say that universe’s expansin is a gravitatinal effect. I enjy this because it is s deeply cunterintuitive t ur usual understanding f gravity, which teaches us that it is a frce that always draws things tgether. But in this case where gravity is a gemetric effect, we are ffered a brader range f gravitatinal pssibilities.
It is wrth nting that the gemetric explanatin f general relativity hasn’t been universally ppular. The late physicist Steven Weinberg wrte that the gemetric explanatin f the thery f gravitatin has been reduced t a mere analgy, but is therwise nt very useful. Anther challenge with the balln analgy and ur reliance n gemetric explanatin is t explain why gravity seems t pull things tgether in many situatins, while universe is expanding. This difference is reslved by acknwledging that lcal gravitatinal effects due t massive bjects dminate ver large-scale expansin effects, leading t the frmatin f structures like stars, galaxies and, eventually us.
In fact, the analgy where universe is nly expanding and this is the nly gravitatinal effect at play is a very idealized situatin where matter was initially spread ut perfectly evenly acrss the universe.
45．The authr presents the balln analgy in Paragraph 2 mainly t .
A．intrduce a tpicB．draw a cmparisn
C．cnfirm a theryD．evaluate a statement
46．What des the underlined wrd “cunterintuitive” in Paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Unchallenging.B．Cntradictry.C．Satisfying.D．Relevant.
47．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Universe’s expansin results in the creatin f structures like galaxies.
B．Lemaitre’s wrk suggests the standard fr csmic distance is cnsistent.
C．A unifrm distributin f matter can vercme the universe’s expansin.
D．The metric is key t sensing the shape f space-time in general relativity.
48．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Studying Galaxies — Has the Balln Analgy Been Outdated?
B．Rethinking Gravity — Is it a Way t Make Sense f the Balln Analgy?
C．Arguing against the Car Analgy — Des the Balln Analgy Win Over?
D．Understanding Universe Expansin — Is the Balln Analgy Acceptable?
（2024·北京海淀·二模）When I was named CEO f a glbal cmpany in 2006, I was determined t run the cmpany s that it wuld bth deliver gd shrt-term perfrmance and thrive in the lng term, years after I was gne. It was already in gd shape, but I dreamed f creating a defining crpratin f the 21st century, prud f its rt, yet glbal and respnsible in the shifting times.
Fr mnths, I quietly read all I culd abut the big scial trends influencing business. I walked the market, and examined emplyees’ feedback. I als dug deep int the bligatins f public crpratins. Frm all f this emerged a visin fr the cmpany that guided us fr the next dzen years r s. I called it “Perfrmance with Purpse”. The gal was t deliver great financial returns, as we always had, with three additinal clear bjects: t nurish humanity and the cmmunities, t prtect ur envirnment and t cherish ur peple.
My mtivatin was whlly t “future prf”, r de-risk. And it wrked. In my 12 years as CEO, ttal sharehlder return was 149%, and net prfit jumped 80%. We cut the salt, fat, and sugar in s da and chips, added mre healthful brands and prducts, and lwered the amunt f water needed. We kept innvatin ging and ur design studis wn many awards. Our talent academy was s brilliant that nine senir managers left t take CEO jbs elsewhere.
I believe that leaders must think frm the future back, even when things are ging fine. And we nw have a framewrk t help: the evlving templates (模板) fr envirnmental, scial, and gvernance metrics (ESG衡量标准) that, in essence, serve t de-risk cmpanies and markets. These criteria frce discussin f hard truths fr anyne with the ambitin t stay relevant in the lng term. If the metrics are carefully selected, ESG is nt cntrary t investrs’ interests. Imprtantly, de-risking the cmpany actually creates sharehlder value.
“Perfrmance with Purpse” presented tugh mments fr me, including when ne investr questined, “Wh d yu think yu are? A philanthrpist (慈善家)?” But skepticism faded when a cllective missin tk hld that included bth the bttm line and much beynd. This was my hpe frm the start.
49．The authr’s new visin fr the cmpany came frm _________.
A．its unique cultural rtB．her thrugh research
C．custmers’ fundamental needsD．sharehlders’ strng requirements
50．Accrding t “Perfrmance with Purpse”, an ideal cmpany shuld _________.
A．shift its strategies prperlyB．value emplyees’ feedback
C．shulder scial respnsibilityD．priritize financial returns
51．What is Paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The risks a cmpany may face.
B．The authr’s ambitin t create value.
C．The interests investrs seek after.
D．The authr’s recipe fr successful business.
52．As CEO, the authr can be best described as _________.
A．inspiring and warm-heartedB．determined and far-sighted
C．ambitius and generusD．mdest and strategic
（2024·北京海淀·二模）The idea that aging reduces adults’ ability t imagine, a cmmn theme in children’s literature, is cntradicted by psychlgical research. While children are ften prtrayed as mre imaginative, research indicates that adults nt nly keep this ability but smetimes surpass children in imaginative thinking.
Children are frequently celebrated fr bundless imaginatin. Yet, research reveals that their make-believe games ften center arund realistic scenaris, such as cking and cleaning, as demnstrated in a 2020 study published in Jurnal f Cgnitin and Develpment. Anther study, lasting fr fur decades, als suggests that children are nt naturally mre imaginative than adults; their limitatins result frm a lack f knwledge and expertise t effectively use their imaginative capacity as adults.
Imaginatin may have evlved fr cnsidering alternatives t reality, but we use it mst naturally t explre clse alternatives, like preparing a different meal, rather than far alternatives, like riding n cluds. When we use imaginatin t envisin far alternatives — t innvate r invent — we’re nt digging int an inbrn appreciatin f the extrardinary; we’re using a tl designed t explre the rdinary. When cnsidering alternatives t reality, we fix ur attentin n pssibilities that are physically reasnable, statistically prbable, scially cnventinal and mrally permissible. When tld abut pssibilities that vilate such regularities, we usually deny they culd happen. Generally speaking, ur ideas abut what culd happen are firmly rted in what we expect t happen.
This mindset is als particularly apparent in yung children. In a 2018 study I c-designed with psychlgist Jnathan Phillips, 4-year-lds were asked t help a distressed girl wh disliked ging t schl due t missing her mther. Amng all the slutins given, they perceived the nly pssible slutin was fr her mther t d smething special after schl t ease her cncerns. Unexpected alternatives, such as snapping fingers and making it Saturday, wearing pajamas t schl r lying abut schl being clsed, were all regarded impssible. Frm this, we can cnclude that children’s earliest intuitins (直觉力) abut pssibility cnfuse what culd happen with what shuld happen.
Histrically, the imprbable event f traveling faster than a hrse was cnsidered impssible, as was traveling by air r traveling int space. Befre the arrival f trains and planes, there were gd reasns t think that peple culd travel nly s far and nly s fast. But these reasns were empirical (经验主义的), nt lgical. Imaginatin, n its wn, lumps the imprbable with the impssible, but we can cmbine imaginatin with ther abilities — namely, knwledge and reflectin — t separate the tw. While imaginatin in children ften subjects t expectatin, adults can cntrl their imaginative capacity fr innvatin by integrating it with accumulated knwledge and reflective thinking.
53．Accrding t the first tw paragraphs, we knw that _________.
A．children develp imaginatin thrugh games
B．children face limitatins in acquiring knwledge
C．adults are as gd as children in imaginative thinking
D．adults’ imaginative ability is likely t stay cnstant with age
54．We can infer frm the passage that _________.
A．expectatin results frm imaginative capacity
B．certain practical cncerns can limit imaginatin
C．breaking regularities may lead t clse alternatives
D．far alternatives are mre imprtant than clse alternatives
55．The 2018 study shws that children _________.
A．came up with a wide range f alternatives
B．were quicker t figure ut slutins
C．tk what shuld happen as pssibilities
D．used imaginatin in a reasnable way
56．The underlined wrd “lumps” in the last paragraph prbably means _________.
A．mixB．matchC．cmpareD．replace
（2024·北京大兴·模拟预测）Lying is smething that mst f us are expert at. We lie at ease, in ways big and small, t strangers, c-wrkers, friends, and lved nes. Our capacity fr dishnesty is as fundamental t us as ur need t trust thers, which irnically makes us terrible at detecting lies. Being deceitful is wven int ur very fabric, s much s that it wuld be truthful t say that t lie is human.
The universality f lying was first dcumented systematically by Bella DePaul, a scial psychlgist at the University f Califrnia, Santa Barbara. Tw decades ag DePaul and her clleagues asked 147 adults t write dwn fr a week every instance they tried t mislead smene. The researchers fund that the subjects lied n average ne r tw times a day. Mst f these untruths were nt ffensive, intended t hide ne’s inadequacies r t prtect the feelings f thers. Sme lies were excuses—ne subject blamed the failure t take ut the garbage n nt knwing where it needed t g. Yet ther lies—such as a claim f being a diplmat’s sn—were aimed at presenting a false image. While these were minr crimes, a later study by DePaul and ther clleagues invlving a similar sample indicated that mst peple have, at sme pint, tld ne r mre “serius lies”—making false claims n a cllege applicatin, fr example.
That human beings shuld universally pssess a talent fr deceiving ne anther shuldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavir arse nt lng after the emergence f language. The ability t cntrl thers withut using physical frce likely gave an advantage in the cmpetitin fr resurces and mates, similar t the evlutin f deceptive strategies in the animal kingdm, such as camuflage (伪装).“Lying is s easy cmpared t ther ways f gaining pwer,” ntes Sissela Bk, an ethicist at Harvard University wh’s ne f the mst prminent thinkers n the subject. “It’s much easier t lie in rder t get smebdy’s mney r wealth than t hit them ver the head r rb a bank.”
As lying has cme t be recgnized as a deeply-rted human trait, scial science researchers and neur-scientists have sught t explain the nature and rts f the behavir. Researchers are learning that we tend t believe sme lies even when they’re bviusly cntradicted by clear evidence. These insights suggest that ur tendency t deceive thers and ur weakness t be deceived, are especially cnsequential in the age f scial media. Our ability t separate truth frm lies is under unprecedented threat.
57．What can we learn abut the study by Bella DePaul and her clleagues?
A．They made adults write the instances where they misled smene ne r tw times a day.
B．The subjects tended t lie t hide their wn feelings and present a different image.
C．Lying was first dcumented systematically by Bella DePaul and her clleagues.
D．Bella DePaul and her clleagues made mre than ne study t shw mst peple lied.
58．In paragraph 2, the researchers thught that mst lies the subjects tld in the test were .
A．meaninglessB．uselessC．harmlessD．endless
59．It can be cncluded frm the passage that____. .
A．mst human beings pssess a talent fr deceiving because f the emergence f language
B．animals als use deceptive strategies in rder t gain an advantage in the cmpetitin
C．human beings universally have bth talents fr deceiving thers and detecting lies
D．scial media will be able t help human beings t tell truth frm lies in the future
60．What is the best pssible title fr the passage?
A．A Surprising Discvery f Lies
B．Lying: A Deeply-rted Human Trait
C．The Nature and Rt f Deceptin
D．On Human Weakness in Sptting Lies
（2024·北京西城·二模）Can yu imagine getting a majr dental prcedure withut nvcaine (一种麻醉药)? A scientist clleague f mine recently tld me, rather than use it, he used a “fcus in” meditatin (冥想) technique t direct all f his attentin t his muth with as much calming equanimity as he culd gather. Ding s transfrmed the pain fr a few minutes.
A stream f scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning tward discmfrt r negative emtins with acceptance. In additin, all f us can gain frm finding ways t cpe with stress and suffering — particularly when larger circumstances are beynd ur cntrl. As a researcher wh has studied meditatin fr mre than 20 years, I believe that the cultivatin f equanimity can help.
It’s imprtant t first define the idea f turning tward discmfrt. I’m nt advcating fr peple t put themselves in dangerus psitins. But when we push urselves int challenging r embarrassing situatins, much like trainers wh push athletes just past their cmfrt zne t make gains, learning ften happens.
My wn research indicates that meditatin prvides an ideal way t practice turning tward discmfrt — particularly when it trains up ne’s equanimity. In my labratry at Carnegie Melln University, we cnducted several clinical trials n develping equanimity during mindfulness meditatin training. This apprach includes guided meditatin exercises such as using a matter-f-fact vice t label uncmfrtable feelings in the bdy r welcming uncmfrtable feelings by saying “yes” alud each time a feeling is detected.
We hired 153 stressed adults and ffered them a mindfulness meditatin training prgram with r withut training in equanimity. Our equanimity skills training grup had significantly better utcmes n several measures. After just 14 days f training, fr example, the participants wh learned equanimity skills had significantly lwer bilgical stress respnses when asked t deliver a difficult speech and slve math prblems in frnt f experts in white lab cats. This grup als had significantly lwer bld pressure and stress levels. In the days after training, peple intrduced t equanimity exercises als reprted significantly higher psitive emtins and well-being thrughut the day and mre meaningful scial interactins than participants wh received mindfulness training withut the equanimity cmpnent. It was as thugh develping equanimity had transfrmed their emtinal reactivity t stress, helping them better appreciate and enjy daily life’s many little psitive experiences and making them mre curius and pen t cnnecting with thers.
We are expanding n this wrk in several ways—including thrugh the develpment f an app that ffers equanimity training n demand and with trials invlving participants with stress-related gastrintestinal (胃肠的) disrders. Meanwhile ther scientists are further explring equanimity’s pwer. We are cnvinced we can each build ur resilience (恢复力) n a persnal level by cultivating greater acceptance f ur experience — gd r bad, painful r pleasant — in the present mment.
61．What can be learned abut equanimity?
A．It is a state f mental calmness.
B．It is a frm f negative emtins.
C．It is a replacement fr nvcaine.
D．It is the result f mindfulness meditatin.
62．Which f the fllwing is a gd example f equanimity training?
A．Ignring discmfrt ttally.
B．Detecting unusual behavir.
C．Keeping emtins t neself.
D．Seeing negative feelings bjectively.
63．Paragraph 5 is written t shw ______.
A．the benefits f develping equanimity
B．the prcedure f mindfulness meditatin
C．the perfrmances f tw meditatin training grups
D．the relatinship between equanimity and well-being
64．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Stress cntributes t physical disrders.
B．Pleasant experiences result in greater equanimity.
C．Peple are likely t have easy access t equanimity training.
D．Resilience can help peple gain mre acceptance f hardship.
（2024·北京昌平·二模）In 1992, Edward de Bn argued that “creativity is the mst imprtant human resurce f all.” But might cmputers have the capacity t be creative? Culd artificial intelligence utperfrm us in even the mst human f phenmena? These questins have mved t the frefrnt f sciety with the launch f ChatGPT and DALL-E, tw pwerful deep learning mdels capable f creating art.
Where human creativity cmes frm is a cmplex and heavily-debated tpic. One thery suppses that creativity emerges frm slving prblems in new ways. The game designer Mark Rsewater explains that “if yu use the same neural pathways, yu get t the same answers, and with creativity, that’s nt yur gal.” But studies frm the University f Virginia suggest humans mst default (默认) t slving prblems by building n knwn slutins, restricting riginality. Sme neurscientists prpse anther thery regarding creativity. Research frm the University f Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans dn’t use the same brain regins assciated with thught and prblem-slving, implying that creativity is primarily an uncnscius prcess. Accrding t this thery, the brain slves prblems best when nt directly fcusing n them using the frntal lbe (前额叶) , instead letting the ther parts f the brain take ver.
A．I. cannt currently emulate (仿真) the full cmplexity f the human mind. D these deep learning netwrks even have the required cmpnents that we use when we are creative? Duglas Hfstadter explains hw “emergent phenmena,” such as creativity, crrespnd t cnnectins between levels within mental systems. Similar cnnectins culd exist in artificial neural netwrks, even if the mechanics differ. Fr example, mdern artificial intelligence emplys attentin circuits that may cause it t behave similarly t the frntal lbe where mst f the brain’s fcusing tendencies cme frm.
The emergent nature f creativity pens the dr fr similar tendencies in machines, but they are tuned s carefully t cpy existing ideas that it may nt be enugh fr true riginality. Mr. Rsewater’s thery n creativity suggests that fr A．I. t be creative, it shuld be able t slve prblems in new ways, which is difficult because A．I. is based s heavily n already existing ideas. Alternatively, if creativity is an uncnscius prcess as the University f Calgary research suggests, then it ccurs mstly utside the frntal lbe and may nt exist in machine learning netwrks. Either way, current A．I. prbably lacks the capacity fr genuine creativity and riginality, but it can cmbine existing ideas in interesting ways.
The questin f machine creativity has repercussins in many areas, such as develping law regarding A．I. wrks, cnsidering A．I. submissins in art cntests, and determining the use f ChatGPT as a tl fr schl assignments. Creativity may be, at least fr nw, a unique human quality. Cmputers are nt yet starting revlutinary artistic mvements, but they are already cmbining what exists int smething new, challenging us t lk deeper int ur wn creativity.
65．Abut the surce f human creativity, research frm the University f Calgary discvers that ______.
A．human creativity heavily relies n the existing ideas
B．dealing with prblems helps develp human creativity
C．being creative is clsely related t certain brain regins
D．human creativity is a prcess that happens autmatically
66．The authr wuld prbably agree that ______.
A．effrts shuld be put int the study f human creativity
B．creativity can be attained cnsciusly n mst ccasins
C．A．I. creates better than humans in sme areas at present
D．humans need machines t be mre creative in varius areas
67．What des the underlined wrd “repercussins” in Paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Influences.B．Objectins.C．Dubts.D．Causes.
68．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Cmputing Creativity: Is it a gd thing?
B．Cmputing Creativity: Can it be pssible?
C．Human Creativity: Why des human develp it?
D．Human Creativity: Hw can A．I. help human create?
（2024·北京西城·二模）When peple hear “artificial intelligence,” many envisin “big data.” There’s a reasn fr that: sme f the mst imprtant AI breakthrughs in the past decade have relied n enrmus data sets. But AI is nt nly abut large data sets, and research in “small data” appraches has grwn extensively ver the past decade—with s-called transfer learning as an especially prmising example. Als knwn as “fine-tuning,” transfer learning is helpful in settings where yu have little data n the task f interest but abundant data n a related prblem. The way it wrks is that yu first train a mdel using a big data set and then retrain slightly using a smaller data set related t yur specific prblem.
Research in transfer learning appraches has grwn impressively ver the past 10 years. In a new reprt fr Gergetwn University’s Center fr Security and Emerging Technlgy (CSET), we examined current and prjected prgress in scientific research acrss “small data” appraches. Our analysis fund that transfer learning stands ut as a categry that has experienced the mst cnsistent and highest research grwth n average since 2010. This grwth has even utpaced the larger and mre established field f reinfrcement learning, which in recent years has attracted widespread attentin.
Small data appraches such as transfer learning ffer numerus advantages ver mre data-intensive methds. By enabling the use f AI with less data, they can blster prgress in areas where little r n data exist, such as in frecasting natural disasters that ccur relatively rarely r in predicting the risk f disease fr a ppulatin set that des nt have digital health recrds.
Anther way f thinking abut the value f transfer learning is in terms f generalizatin. A recurring challenge in the use f AI is that mdels need t “generalize” beynd their training data. Because transfer learning mdels wrk by transferring knwledge frm ne task t anther, they are very helpful in imprving generalizatin in the new task, even if nly limited data were available.
Mrever, by using pretrained mdels, transfer learning can speed up training time and culd als reduce the amunt f cmputatinal resurces needed t train algrithms (算法). This efficiency is significant, cnsidering that the prcess f training ne large neural (神经系统的) netwrk requires cnsiderable energy.
Despite the grwth in research, transfer learning has received relatively little visibility. The existence f techniques such as transfer learning des nt seem t have reached the awareness f the brader space f plicy makers and business leaders in psitins f making imprtant decisins abut AI funding and adptin. By acknwledging the success f small data techniques like transfer learning—and distributing resurces t supprt their widespread use—we can help vercme sme f the cmmn miscnceptins regarding the rle f data in AI and facilitate innvatin in new directins.
69．What des the underlined wrd “blster” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Prmte.B．Seek.
C．Track.D．Mnitr.
70．In which f the fllwing settings can transfer learning be best applied?
A．Predicting the frequency f flds in Amazn rainfrest.
B．Designing a prgram that can read handwritten dcuments.
C．Frecasting the number f peple infected with an unknwn illness.
D．Predicting huse prices based n basic features like area and lcatin.
71．What is the writer’s attitude twards transfer learning?
A．Dubtful.B．Optimistic.
C．Critical.D．Uncncerned.
72．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Transfer Learning: Where Des It Best Fit?
B．Small Data Are Als Crucial fr Advancing AI
C．Transfer Learning Pwers Technlgical Advances
D．Big Data vs. Small Data: Which Is the Future f AI?
（2024·北京大兴·三模）We nw live in an age f instant images and emji, when 10,000 cpies f a picture can be spread arund the wrld in secnds by sliding a finger half an inch acrss a phne screen. This wuld have been unbelievable and unimaginable 20 years ag. But it is in the wrld f hand-cpied manuscripts (手稿) 1,000 years ld r mre that the digital revlutin has had sme f its mst prfund and bvius beneficial effects. What may have taken three years t write ut can tday be printed ut in three secnds. There are nw tens f thusands f nce unique dcuments which have been digitized and placed nline fr anyne t access all arund the wrld, and this is a vast, demcratizing wnder.
Take the Parker Library in Cambridge, which cntains the schlarly wrks during the Refrmatin (宗教改革时期) and cllected by Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a prject with Stanfrd University, and in 2018 the site was pened t all cmers t brwse after 10 years behind schlarly paywalls. What is astnishing is nt just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminatins (插图) n sme f the manuscripts shw ff the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin.
Digitized cllectins f these srts cannt entirely substitute fr real libraries. T tuch with yur wn hand a parchment (羊皮纸) frm a medieval mnk is an experience n screen can ffer, but it is ne which must always be restricted t a lucky few. There are sme things s ld and fragile that even being lked at may damage them. The caves at Lascaux had t be clsed t prtect the paintings frm the breath f turists and replaced by a virtual display.
Yet in sme ways these cpies are better than the riginals. Reprductins f a high enugh quality make bvius detail that’s invisible t the native eye. What’s mre, digital cllectins can be gathered n ne screen frm acrss the glbe. The Internatinal Dunhuang Prject reunites n screen tens f thusands f Buddhist scrlls and artifacts in western China. What is pssible with this ne cllectin shuld fairly sn be pssible with all the schlarly digitized manuscripts f the wrld. The hpe is t bring them under ne system f classificatin s that they can quickly be searched and srted n matter where they came frm and where they nw are stred.
The wrld may always prefer cat gifs t ancient manuscripts, but the translatin frm parchment t pixels (像素) reminds us f the humanistic ptimism with which the web came int the wrld, and shws that much f it was nt misplaced at all.
73．By mentining the Parker Library, the authr intends t _______.
A．cndemn the behavir f Matthew Parker as immral
B．demnstrate the wrth and value f its distinctive dcuments
C．describe the measures and effects f digitizing the manuscripts
D．display the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin
74．Accrding t Paragraph 3, the purpse f clsing the caves at Lascaux is t _______.
A．prevent the paintings frm being damagedB．carry n the restratin f the paintings
C．shw the wnder effect f virtual displayD．reduce the number f turists
75．Classifying the digitized manuscripts in ne system is beneficial t _______.
A．cllecting much mre valuable materialsB．quickly finding and srting dcuments
C．cnsulting materials frm all ver the wrldD．saving time and energy f searching dcuments
76．Which wuld be the best title f the passage?
A．The Impact f Digital Revlutin Era
B．The New Era f Traditinal Manuscripts
C．Accessibility f Old Manuscripts All Arund the Wrld
D．Digital Revlutin Brings Manuscripts T life
（2024·北京朝阳·一模）The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.
A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the nly ptentially affected. “Fr a lt f things in the subsurface, it’s kind f ‘ut f sight, ut f mind’,” says Grant Fergusn, a gelgist. But the undergrund wrld is full f creatures that have adapted t subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because f climate change and undergrund urban develpment, scientists are keeping eyes n the ptential implicatins fr undergrund ecsystems.
But the questin f hw undergrund htspts culd affect infrastructure has gne largely unstudied. Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures. T understand hw undergrund temperature difference has affected the grund’s physical prperties, he used a cmputer mdel t simulate(模拟) the undergrund envirnment frm the 1950s t nw—and then t 2050. He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a gescientist in Germany, says these displacement predictins are far beynd her guesses and culd be linked t the sft, clay-heavy sils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It wuld be a big issue in all cities wrldwide that are built n such material.”
Like climate change abve the surface, undergrund changes ccur gradually. “These effects tk decades t develp,” Fergusn says, adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate n their wn. “We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.”
But Fergusn says this wasted heat energy culd als be reused, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Still, this assumptin culd fail as abvegrund climate change cntinues t bst undergrund warming. Hwever slwly, this heat will gather beneath ur feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
77．The authr qutes Rtta Lria in Paragraph 2 mainly t _______.
A．make a predictinB．highlight a finding
C．draw a cnclusinD．raise an assumptin
78．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．“Urban heat islands” extend undergrund t spare ecsystems.
B．Surface climate change cntributes t the reuse f undergrund heat.
C．Undergrund temperatures mirrr the grund’s physical characteristics.
D．Buildings may cllapse as a ptential cnsequence f undergrund heat.
79．What des the underlined wrd “dissipate” in Paragraph 6 prbably mean?
A．Shw.B．Stay.C．Develp.D．Disappear.
80．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Undergrund climate change is a silent danger.
B．Humans fail t ntice the dramatic climate change.
C．Cling the subsurface helps cntrl urban heat rises.
D．Researching undergrund heat helps save n energy csts.