高考英语二轮-阅读理解说明文考前押题（技能+模拟）教师版

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解说明文考前押题（技能+模拟）教师版，共12页。试卷主要包含了标题概括题重视三性等内容，欢迎下载使用。
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、落实“题干+原文+选项”三对照，重视原文与选项“同义转换”命题技巧。
押题专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！
（2025·北京海淀·二模）If yu’ve ever hung arund scientists, yu’ve mst likely heard ne f them say “the best explanatin is the simplest ne.” But is it? Frm the behavir f ants t the ccurrence f trnades, the natural wrld is ften quite cmplex. Why shuld we assume the simplest explanatin is clsest t the truth?
This idea is knwn as Occam’s (r Ockham’s) razr. It’s als referred t as “rule f ecnmy”. And it bears a family relatinship t the “principle f least astnishment,” which hlds that if an explanatin is t surprising, it’s prbably nt right. The name cmes frm William f Ockham, a 14th-century schlastic philspher. He frmulated the principle that “entities (实体) shuld nt be multiplied beynd necessity.” The philsphical claim is a frm f ntlgical minimalism: we shuld nt invke entities unless we have evidence that they exist. In ther wrds: dn’t make stuff up.
In 1687, Isaac Newtn expanded n the ntin with his cncept f a vera causa — a true cause, stating that we shuld admit nly causes that were bth true and sufficient t explain natural phenmena. He added that Nature did nthing in vain and Nature was pleased with simplicity. Althugh Newtn was a great scientist, this claim seems dd. Wh is t say what “pleases Nature”? Desn’t this guidance assume we knw what we are in fact trying t figure ut?
Cnsider the wrld f Physics filled with explanatins that are surprising, unexpected and hard t get yur head arund. Newtn explained light as being made f particles, whereas ther scientists explained it as a wave. Quantum mechanics, hwever, tells us light is bth a wave and a particle. Newtn’s accunt was simpler, but mdern physics tells us the mre cmplex mdel is clser t the truth.
When we turn t bilgy, things get even mre cmplicated. Imagine tw smkers, bth f whm went thrugh a pack a day fr 30 years. One gets cancer; the ther desn’t. The simplest explanatin? Fr decades the tbacc industry’s answer was that smking desn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is cmplex, and we dn’t yet understand all the factrs invlved in cancer.
Occam’s razr is nt a fact r even a thery. It’s a metaphysical (形而上学的) principle: an idea held independently f empirical (实证的) evidence. In human affairs, things are mre ften than nt cmplex. Human mtivatins are typically multiple. Peple can be gd and bad at the same time, selfish and selfless, depending n circumstances. The shelves f ethicists are filled with bks pndering why gd peple d bad things, and their answers are rarely shrt and sweet.
Our explanatins shuld match the wrld as best as we can make them. Science is abut allwing things t unfld naturally, and smetimes this means accepting that the truth is nt simple, even if it wuld make ur lives easier if it were.
1．Occam’s razr indicates that_________.
A．simpler explanatins shuld be preferred
B．reasnable explanatins can’t be surprising
C．explanatins shuld be cnsistent with purpses
D．sufficient causes can explain natural phenmena
2．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．Newtn ffered slid empirical supprt t Occam’s razr.
B．The tbacc industry’s respnse is in line with Occam’s razr.
C．Quantum mechanics cnfirms Newtn’s particle thery f light.
D．Ethicists argue human cmplexity results in multiple mtivatins.
3．It’s implied in the passage that we need t ________.
A．fllw the laws f natureB．interpret the wrld as it is
C．balance accuracy and simplicityD．highlight the existence f entities
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了“奥卡姆剃刀”认为最简单的解释最接近真相，但牛顿的理论及物理中光的解释、生物学中吸烟与癌症的关系表明，自然和人类事务都很复杂。奥卡姆剃刀是形而上学原则，科学应让事物自然展现，真相往往并非简单，不应一味追求简单的解释。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“If yu’ve ever hung arund scientists, yu’ve mst likely heard ne f them say “the best explanatin is the simplest ne.”(如果你曾经和科学家在一起，你很可能会听到他们中的一个人说：“最好的解释是最简单的。”)”以及第二段“He frmulated the principle that “entities (实体) shuld nt be multiplied beynd necessity.”(他提出了这样一个原则：“如无必要，勿增实体”)”可知，奥卡姆剃刀理论表明，更简单的解释更可取。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we turn t bilgy, things get even mre cmplicated. Imagine tw smkers, bth f whm went thrugh a pack a day fr 30 years. One gets cancer; the ther desn’t. The simplest explanatin? Fr decades the tbacc industry’s answer was that smking desn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is cmplex, and we dn’t yet understand all the factrs invlved in cancer.(当我们转向生物学时，事情变得更加复杂。想象一下，有两个吸烟者，他们每天吸一包烟，持续了30年。一个得了癌症；另一个没有。最简单的解释是什么？几十年来，烟草行业的答案是吸烟不会致癌。简单但错误。事实上，疾病是复杂的，我们还不了解与癌症有关的所有因素)”可知，烟草业用“吸烟不致癌”这一简单但错误的解释，虽违背事实，但其逻辑符合奥卡姆剃刀的表面原则（优先简单解释）。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Our explanatins shuld match the wrld as best as we can make them. Science is abut allwing things t unfld naturally, and smetimes this means accepting that the truth is nt simple, even if it wuld make ur lives easier if it were.(我们的解释应该尽可能符合现实。科学是关于让事物自然展开的，有时这意味着接受事实并不简单，即使事实简单会让我们的生活更容易)”可知，我们需要如实地解读世界。故选B。
（2025·北京海淀·二模）In 1922 British gelgist Rbert Sherlck put frth what is nw cnsidered t be the central argument fr recgnizing the Anthrpcene (人类世) as a new gelgical era: the scale and character f human activities have becme s great as t cmpete with natural frces. Abut ne hundred years later, gelgists have bradly accepted Sherlck’s cre idea, and the Anthrpcene Wrking Grup has prpsed Crawfrd Lake in Canada as the fficial site fr marking the Anthrpcene.
The prpsal attracted a great deal f press, much f it fcused n a misguided cntrversy ver hw narrwly t define the Anthrpcene. Amid this debate, bservers may have been left t wnder why defining this chapter in Earth’s histry shuld matter t rdinary peple at all.
Sherlck was nt a lne wlf. He built n the wrk f thers. One was an American schlar Gerge Marsh, wh had called attentin t defrestatin and the rle f humans as “disturbing agents”. In additin t revisiting defrestatin, Sherlck described the changed curses f rivers thrugh dams and canals; and the huge quantities f stuff peple mve while mining the raw materials f mdern civilizatin. Human impacts were becming s manifest, Sherlck argued, that the distinctin between “natural” and “artificial” was becming difficult t sustain. We needed a new term t study the effects f human activities n Earth. Scientists f later generatins fllwed his ftsteps. And in 2000 Eugene F. Strmer and Paul J. Crutzen frmally prpsed the wrd “Anthrpcene” in a paper.
But science is cnservative in nature — the burden f prf is always n thse making a nvel claim — and the scial and ecnmic cnsequences f recgnizing the adverse effects f burning fssil fuels have led t enrmus resistance beynd scientific cmmunity.
The definitin f the Anthrpcene matters fr at least tw reasns. First, it is a way fr scientists t declare that the shifts ging n arund us are n small issue. Anthrpgenic climate change is a prfund change in the cnditins f life n Earth. In cuntless ways, the past may n lnger be a reliable guide t the future. We must rethink cre assumptins abut hw we build ur ecnmies and ur infrastructures, hw we travel, and even hw we eat.
Secnd, the definitin f the Anthrpcene extends the cnversatin beynd climate change. What gelgists can nw see in rcks — frm the subtle t the grss — pints t the widespread and lasting impact f human activities n Earth.
It is cmmn fr peple t say that as climate change prceeds, we can “just adapt”. Sme wealthy peple even think that, if necessary, they will mve t higher grund r lwer latitudes. N dubt sme peple will becme climate refugees, either vluntarily r under frce. But the definitin f the Anthrpcene reminds us that the challenge we face is gelgical in scale. It affects the whle Earth. It reminds us that as this new era unflds, there wn’t be anywhere t hide.
1．What can we learn abut the Anthrpcene?
A．It is driven by dramatic climate change.B．It is apprved as a definite gelgical era.
C．It highlights the impact f human activities.D．It marks the unique features f Crawfrd Lake.
2．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．A shift in mindset f respnsibility is in great need.
B．Gelgical changes in rcks remain t be uncvered.
C．The prf f new claims makes science cnservative.
D．The press fcuses n the significance f the Anthrpcene.
3．What des the wrd “manifest” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Direct.B．Diverse.C．Negative.D．Striking.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Des the Anthrpcene Matter?B．What Des the Anthrpcene Tell Us?
C．Can Humans Adapt t the Anthrpcene?D．Hw Can Humans Reduce Anthrpgenic Impact?
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章围绕“人类世”这一概念展开，讨论了其定义，科学意义以及社会影响。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1922 British gelgist Rbert Sherlck put frth what is nw cnsidered t be the central argument fr recgnizing the Anthrpcene (人类世) as a new gelgical era: the scale and character f human activities have becme s great as t cmpete with natural frces.(1922年，英国地质学家罗伯特·歇洛克提出了人类世是一个新的地质时代的核心论点：人类活动的规模和性质已经变得如此之大，以至于可以与自然力量相竞争)”可知，人类世强调人类活动的影响。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“We must rethink cre assumptins abut hw we build ur ecnmies and ur infrastructures, hw we travel, and even hw we eat.(我们必须重新思考我们如何建设经济和基础设施，如何旅行，甚至如何饮食等核心假设)”以及最后一段“It reminds us that as this new era unflds, there wn’t be anywhere t hide.(它提醒我们，随着这个新时代的展开，我们将无处可藏)”可知，我们需要转变责任心态，承担更多的责任。故选A。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“the distinctin between “natural” and “artificial” was becming difficult t sustain(“自然”和“人工”之间的区别越来越难以维持)”可知，人类的影响变得如此明显，以至于“自然”和“人为”之间的区别难以维持。故划线词意思是“显著的，引人注目的”。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章围绕“人类世”这一概念展开，讨论了其定义，科学意义以及社会影响。结合倒数第三段中“The definitin f the Anthrpcene matters fr at least tw reasns.(人类世的定义之所以重要，至少有两个原因)”定义人类世很重要，它彰显人类活动影响，还提醒我们需转变观念，因为人类面临的挑战规模巨大，无处可躲。因此，A选项“人类世重要吗？”最符合文章标题。故选A。
（2025·北京海淀·一模）Imagine a nt-t-distant future, where we each inhabit ur wn AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted fr us alne and designed t serve crprate interests. This future resembles 1998’s mvie The Truman Shw, where the main character unknwingly lived his entire life within a reality TV shw designed by a prductin studi.
One subset f AI, large language mdels (LLM), wn’t turn ur lives int reality TV shws. Instead, persnalized AI agents threaten t cage each f us in an individualized and illusry (虚假的) unreality, prfiting frm ur digital activities and walling us ff frm genuine cnnectins. Many cmpanies are develping individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn abut the individual user and adapt accrdingly. Fr example, if yu’re a super fan f a ftball team, yu’ll be fed updates, ads, and vides tailred t yur interests 24 hurs a day. Sme algrithms may even learn yur schedule, pushing infrmatin at yu during precisely thse times when yu’re mst likely t be lking.
This may sund harmless. But the next step is t use LLM t create memes, r even fake articles,feeding yu cnspiracy theries abut rival teams. This is a miserable reality fr at least tw reasns.Fr ne, there are neither cmputatinal methds r ethical incentives (激励) in place t ensure that the infrmatin yu receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack f regard fr the truth is an even scarier element. Yu will n lnger live with an accurate understanding f ftball team that is fully cmpatible with anyne else’s. Yu will run n infrmatin generated nly fr yurself. This visin is unsettling, even in sprts and entertainment. But what f institutins that have mre direct scial cnsequences?Educatin? Plitics?
With the fall f the press and plarizatin f everything,cnversatins arund hliday table have already becme impssible fr many extended families. Bad as the status qu might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us lng fr tday’s ech chambers (信息茧房). Sn, ur bubbles will shrink further and further,until ur digital wrlds invlve nly urselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyne will live in a private Truman Shw. As a sciety, we will be cmpletely incapable f making fruitful cllective decisins because we will have n shared understanding f the wrld.
What’s the way ut? Find yur entertainment in spaces with actual peple, exchanging thughts and creatins with each ther. Even nline, we must keep ur understanding f the wrld grunded in human-authred dcuments and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is nt merely a matter f authenticity; it als ensures we fcus n arguments that an authr cared enugh t make, n cnservatins that speakers cared enugh t have.
Otherwise,The Truman Shw’s premise becmes ur reality, unknwingly inhabiting a fake wrld where ur every experience is designed fr prfit. Even mre existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Shw where the directr, prducer and the nly ne watching is an AI.
1．The authr mentins The Truman Shw in Paragraph 1 t .
A．make a cmparisnB．illustrate a situatin
C．supprt an argumentD．prpse a suggestin
2．Accrding t the passage, persnalized AI agents may .
A．islate individuals in false realities
B．cnfirm the credibility f the cntent
C．discurage the cmpanies’ ethical incentives
D．imprve user behavir by feeding targeted ads
3．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Algrithms have raised cncerns ver privacy.
B．LLMs are in great need f cmputatinal upgrade.
C．Ech chambers weaken cllective decisin-making.
D．Technlgy develpment results in plarized sciety.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A．AI and the Future f Human Interactin
B．AI Will Turn Our Lives int The Truman Shw
C．The Truman Shw Predicts AI’s Impact n Media
D．Algrithmic Bubbles and the Value f Human Creatins
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine a nt-t-distant future, where we each inhabit ur wn AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted fr us alne and designed t serve crprate interests. This future resembles 1998’s mvie The Truman Shw, where the main character unknwingly lived his entire life within a reality TV shw designed by a prductin studi. (想象一下不太遥远的未来，我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中，这个泡沫是专门为我们打造的，旨在服务企业利益。这个未来类似于1998年的电影《楚门的世界》，在电影中，主角在不知情的情况下，在一档由制作工作室设计的真人秀节目中度过了他的一生。)”可知，作者在第一段提到《楚门的世界》是为了说明一种可能出现的情况，即我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead, persnalized AI agents threaten t cage each f us in an individualized and illusry (虚假的) unreality, prfiting frm ur digital activities and walling us ff frm genuine cnnectins. (相反，个性化的AI代理威胁着将我们每个人困在一个个性化和虚幻的不真实世界中，从我们的数字活动中获利，并将我们与真正的联系隔离开来)”可知，个性化的AI代理可能会将个人隔离在虚假现实中。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Bad as the status qu might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us lng fr tday’s ech chambers (信息茧房). Sn, ur bubbles will shrink further and further,until ur digital wrlds invlve nly urselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyne will live in a private Truman Shw. As a sciety, we will be cmpletely incapable f making fruitful cllective decisins because we will have n shared understanding f the wrld. (尽管现状可能很糟糕，但更陌生的时代还在前方，让我们怀念今天的信息茧房。很快，我们的泡沫将越来越小，直到我们的数字世界只包含我们自己在一个由AI介导的未来，每个人都将生活在一个私人的《楚门的世界》中。作为一个社会，我们将完全无法做出富有成效的集体决策，因为我们将对世界没有共同的理解)”可知，信息茧房会削弱集体决策能力。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“Otherwise,The Truman Shw’s premise becmes ur reality, unknwingly inhabiting a fake wrld where ur every experience is designed fr prfit. Even mre existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Shw where the directr, prducer and the nly ne watching is an AI. (否则，《楚门的世界》的前提就会成为我们的现实，我们会在不知不觉中生活在一个虚假的世界里，我们的每一次经历都是为了盈利而设计的。更让人感到存在上的疏离呢？生活在一个《楚门的世界》里，导演、制片人和唯一的观众都是人工智能。)”可知，文章主要论述了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题，就像《楚门的世界》一样。B选项“AI Will Turn Our Lives int The Truman Shw (人工智能将把我们的生活变成《楚门的世界》)”最符合文章主旨。故选B。
（2025·北京通州·一模）Time isn’t nearly as unchangeable as it first seems. Ask any scientists and they’ll likely entertain yu with incredible descriptins f a gravity’s effect n space-time (i. e. the mre massive an bject is, the slwer time appears t travel arund it). Sme scientists even wnder if entire znes f the universe experience time at different rates. Hwever, the perceptin f the speed at which time passes can als vary within ur minds. Steve Taylr, a psychlgist at Leeds Beckett University, is explring this field in a new bk called Time Expansin Experiences.
Taylr’s interest in these altered tempral (时间的) mments — which he calls “time expansin experiences,” r TEEs — began when he and his wife were invlved in a car crash back in 2014. “Everything went int slw mtin”, Taylr describes. “I felt as thugh I had a lt f time t bserve the whle scene and t try t regain cntrl f the car. I was surprised by hw much detail I culd perceive.”
In the fllwing decade, Taylr began investigating hw and why these mments f ultra-slwness appear. He analyzed 96 instances as TEEs and fund that rughly half f them ccurred during accidents, while thers tk place during sprting events r in meditatin (冥想)。
In a new article, Taylr explained hw sme f the leading theries behind these time altering states dn’t quite grasp the entire range f the experiences. One thery believes these mments are the result f the release f nradrenaline — basically the bdy’s emergency respnse — but this desn’t explain the mental time expansin f peple during mments f intense meditatin r cncentratin.
“Anther thery is that TEEs aren’t real experiences, but illusins (幻觉) f memry. In emergency situatins, ur awareness becmes sharp, s that we take in mre perceptins than nrmal,” Taylr wrte. “These perceptins becme encded in ur memries, s that when we recall the emergency situatin, the extra memries create the impressin that time passed slwly.”
Hwever, Taylr’s findings frm peple wh’ve experienced TEEs indicate that they were able t prcess thughts and infrmatin much faster than what wuld be pssible under nrmal circumstances. Instead, Taylr advcates fr an idea that these events shift the human mind int an altered state f cnsciusness. In these mments, we step utside ur nrmal cnsciusness int what Taylr calls a different “time-wrld.” “The sudden shck f an accident may disrupt ur nrmal psychlgical prcesses, causing a sudden shift in cnsciusness”, Taylr wrte.
1．Why des the authr mentin a car accident?
A．T stress the imprtance f time perceptin.
B．T intrduce Steve Taylr’s research methd.
C．T describe a typical time expansin experience.
D．T explain the cause f Taylr’s interest in TEEs.
2．What can we learn frm the leading theries behind the time altering states?
A．TEEs are imaginatins based n incrrect memries.
B．Nradrenaline release desn’t explain accident TEEs.
C．Peple tend t perceive things better in emergency situatins.
D．TEEs relates t the flw f time between gravity and space-time.
3．Accrding t Taylr, which f the fllwings is mst likely t be a time expansin experience?
A．A hiker recalls a muntain fall with details years later.
B．A student feels time flies while playing games fr hurs.
C．A firefighter sharply senses fire spreading during a rescue.
D．A persn is attending a meeting, discussing everyday tasks.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了心理学家史蒂夫・泰勒对“时间膨胀体验（TEEs）” 的研究，包括他研究的起因、对相关理论的分析以及他自己的观点。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Taylr’s interest in these altered tempral (时间的) mments — which he calls “time expansin experiences,” r TEEs — began when he and his wife were invlved in a car crash back in 2014. “Everything went int slw mtin”, Taylr describes. “I felt as thugh I had a lt f time t bserve the whle scene and t try t regain cntrl f the car. I was surprised by hw much detail I culd perceive.”(泰勒对这些改变时间的时刻——他称之为“时间扩张体验”——的兴趣始于2014年他和妻子遭遇车祸的时候。“一切都变成了慢动作，”泰勒说。“我觉得我好像有很多时间观察整个场景，并试图重新控制汽车。我惊讶于我能察觉到如此多的细节。”)”可知，作者提到这场车祸是为了解释泰勒对 “时间膨胀体验”产生兴趣的原因。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Anther thery is that TEEs aren’t real experiences, but illusins (幻觉) f memry. In emergency situatins, ur awareness becmes sharp, s that we take in mre perceptins than nrmal,” Taylr wrte. “These perceptins becme encded in ur memries, s that when we recall the emergency situatin, the extra memries create the impressin that time passed slwly.(“另一种理论认为，时间膨胀体验不是真实的经历，而是记忆的幻觉。在紧急情况下，我们的意识变得敏锐，因此我们比平时吸收更多的感知，” 泰勒写道。“这些感知被编码在我们的记忆中，所以当我们回忆起紧急情况时，额外的记忆会给人一种时间过得很慢的印象。”)”可知，从关于时间改变状态的主流理论中我们可以了解到，人们在紧急情况下往往能更好地感知事物。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段 ““Everything went int slw mtin”, Taylr describes. “I felt as thugh I had a lt f time t bserve the whle scene and t try t regain cntrl f the car. I was surprised by hw much detail I culd perceive.”(“一切都变成了慢动作，”泰勒说。“我觉得我好像有很多时间观察整个场景，并试图重新控制汽车。我惊讶于我能察觉到如此多的细节。”)”以及最后一段“Instead, Taylr advcates fr an idea that these events shift the human mind int an altered state f cnsciusness. In these mments, we step utside ur nrmal cnsciusness int what Taylr calls a different “time-wrld.” “The sudden shck f an accident may disrupt ur nrmal psychlgical prcesses, causing a sudden shift in cnsciusness”, Taylr wrte.(相反，泰勒提倡这样一种观点，即这些事件将人类的思想转变为一种改变的意识状态。在这些时刻，我们走出了我们的正常意识，进入了泰勒所说的不同的“时间世界”。泰勒写道：“意外的突然冲击可能会扰乱我们正常的心理过程，导致意识的突然转变。”)”可知，“时间膨胀体验”是指在某些特殊情况下，人们感觉时间变慢，意识状态发生改变，能感知到更多细节，所以“一名消防员在救援过程中敏锐地感觉到火势正在蔓延”描述的场景符合泰勒的“时间膨胀体验”说法。故选 C。
（2025·北京门头沟·一模）Fr millennia, we have expected dgs t guard ur prperty and prtect ur family at night. Nw they are als asked t be friendly arund strangers, rest quietly thrugh the night and keep their feet ff sfas. “It’s an evlutinary mismatch”, says Hare, an anthrplgist at Duke Unıversity. The gd news is that this prblem is slvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dgs adapt t indr life.
A “puppy kindergarten” research was set up by Hare’s team t illustrate the heritability f behaviural traits in dgs by bserving what service dgs’ behaviur lks like befre intensive training begins. Service dgs were selected as the subject fr they can always naturally adapt well t the mismatch cmpared t ther kinds. They can pull wheelchairs, perate light switches and interact gently with children.
By cllecting data frm 1,500 dg wners n the behaviur f their pets, which belnged t 36 breeds, Hare’s team discvered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent f the variatin in dgs’ self-cntrl. 16 percent f the variatin in reasning abut the physical wrld and a mere 0.01 percent f the variatin in shrt-term memry, which manifests that sme desirable behaviurs are heritable t certain degree, and selective breeding fr temperament is wrthwhile.
“Genetics is imprtant, but its relative imprtance is different fr different behaviural traits,” says Gitanjali frm Emry University. Besides, Hare’s wrk als illustrates selective breeding can’t guarantee sme highly desirable traits, such as a gd memry. S they have devised techniques that wners can use t help train their pets and build better relatinships with them.
One habit that is especially imprtant in training is making eye cntact. “The dg’s gaze may be a causal factr in inducing gd feelings in the wner”, says Kikusui at Azabu University in Japan, “and the lnger a dg gazes at its wner, the strnger thse gd feelings becme.” Hare als fund that pups culd slve sme “impssible tasks” by appealing t human fr help, and the appeal was made thrugh eye cntact. S he suggested puppy wners finish “impssible tasks” with their pets every tw weeks t strengthen the emtinal cnnectin with them. “Ding s can help yu learn where yur dg’s cgnitive strengths lie”, he says. And as the puppy kindergarten prject has made clear, dg training as well as selective breeding is crucial t fster thse behaviurs we wuld like ur pets t exhibit in ur hmes.
1．What can we learn frm Hare’s research?
A．Service dgs were bserved while accepting training.
B．Genetics may explain differences in dgs’ self-cntrl
C．Service dgs were chsen fr they were trained earlier.
D．Selective breeding develps dgs’ mst desirable traits.
2．What’s the authr’s aim f quting Gitanjali’s wrds?
A．T reveal that Hare’s research is suspicius.
B．T prve the necessity f selective breeding.
C．T cnfirm the value n refrming dgs’ genes.
D．T suggest that ther factrs als need discussing.
3．What’s the best title fr the passage?
A．Service Dgs: Acquiring Desirable Traits thrugh Breeding
B．Smart Dgs: Adapting Well t Indr Life thrugh Training
C．Mdern Dgs: Training Desirable Dgs thrugh Eye Cntact
D．Gd Dgs: Evlving thrugh Selective Breeding and Training
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“By cllecting data frm 1,500 dg wners n the behaviur f their pets, which belnged t 36 breeds, Hare’s team discvered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent f the variatin in dgs’ self-cntrl, 16 percent f the variatin in reasning abut the physical wrld and a mere 0.01 percent f the variatin in shrt-term memry, which manifests that sme desirable behaviurs are heritable t certain degree, and selective breeding fr temperament is wrthwhile.(通过收集1500名狗主人的36个品种的宠物行为数据，Hare的研究小组发现，基因可以解释45%的狗的自控能力差异，16%的物理世界推理变异和0.01%的短期记忆变异，这表明一些令人满意的行为在一定程度上是可遗传的，对气质的选择性培育是值得的)”可知，基因可以解释狗在自控能力上的差异。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Genetics is imprtant, but its relative imprtance is different fr different behaviural traits,” says Gitanjali frm Emry University.( 来自埃默里大学的Gitanjali说：“基因很重要，但它的相对重要性对于不同的行为特征是不同的。”)”可推知，作者引用Gitanjali的话的目的是暗示其他因素也需要讨论。故选D。
3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The gd news is that this prblem is slvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dgs adapt t indr life.(最近的研究表明，选择性繁育和精心训练可以帮助狗适应室内生活)”可知，文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。由此可知，D选项“好狗：通过选择性繁殖和训练进化”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（2025·北京门头沟·一模）One thing abut AI that wrries mre peple than any ther is that it might take their livelihd away. But experts are divided as t whether the technlgy will bring us a life f leisure r a life f pressure. As ever, the truth prbably lies smewhere in the middle. AI wn’t take ur jbs, but it will change them.
Sme British ecnmists assumed that rbts wuld take ur jbs and ur wrking week wuld decrease t 15 hurs by 2030. In 2013, Michael Osbrne at the University f Oxfrd lked at 702 types f wrk and ranked them accrding t hw easy it wuld be t autmate them. He fund that abut under half f all jbs in the US culd wrkably be dne by machines within tw decades. The list includes jbs such as telemarketers and library technicians. Nt far behind were less bviusly susceptible jbs, including mdels and cks, threatened respectively by digital avatars and rbchefs. The least vulnerable included mental health wrkers and teachers f yung children. In general, jbs that perfrmed better required strng scial interactin and creative ability.
Hwever, thers find that list verblwn. A paper fr the OECD club in 2016 suggested that AI wuld nt be able t d all the tasks assciated with all these jbs, particularly thse requiring human interactin, and nly abut 9 percent f jbs are fully autmatable. Mrever, past experience shws that jbs tend t evlve (演变，进化) arund autmatin. “Successful innvatins are thse that cmplement rather than ccupy us,” says Ben Shneiderman, frm the University f Maryland. “Technlgies are mst effective when their designs amplify human abilities. They culd help us slve prblems, cmmunicate widely r create art,” says Shneiderman.
“Rbts culd be a liberating frce by taking away rutine wrk,” says Tm Watsn, whse study n AI’s develpment in emplyment cncludes that AI culd create as many jbs as it destrys. He is, hwever, cncerned the increasing f autmatin has led t the rise in inequality and imbalance in pwer. “We’ve gt t be careful that big crpratins and emplyers dn’t accumulate all the benefits while rdinary wrkers are left t lump the negatives,” he says.
Hw can we adapt? The answer might simply be t update ur scial framewrks t reflect the new reality f wrk. Anther prpsal is an AI tax n cmpanies that are saving mney by replacing wrkers with algrithms. Ultimately we, nt AI, are in charge f ur wn destiny. “There will be unfairness and disruptins,” says Watsn. “But the questin is: is future human-centered? I say it is.”
1．What des the wrd “susceptible” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A．Wrkable.B．Predictable.C．Replaceable.D．Reliable
2．What can we learn frm Ben Shneiderman’s wrds?
A．Technlgies can always prmte jbs.
B．Successful autmatin helps evlve ur jbs.
C．Fully autmatable jbs require human interactin.
D．Effective innvatins are thse that can ccupy us.
3．What can we learn frm AI’s develpment in emplyment?
A．It can help free laburs frm rutine wrk.
B．It makes big crpratins bear mst negatives.
C．It will finally lead t incredible inequality in jbs.
D．It destrys ccupatins faster than it prvides them.
4．What’s the authr’s purpse f writing the last paragraph?
A．T ffer slutins t mentined prblems.B．T nte the future f relative researches.
C．T reveal limits f existing perspectives.D．T sum up arguments frm bth sides
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能对于人类未来工作的影响以及人们对此的看法。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“He fund that abut under half f all jbs in the US culd wrkably be dne by machines within tw decades. The list includes jbs such as telemarketers and library technicians.(他发现，在美国，不到一半的工作可以在20年内由机器完成。这份名单包括电话推销员和图书馆技术员等工作)”和下文“The least vulnerable included mental health wrkers and teachers f yung children. (最不易受影响的群体包括心理健康工作者和幼儿教师)”可知，上文提到的是容易被取代的职业，下文介绍的不易受影响的职业，由此推知，划线部分所在句子介绍不太容易受影响的职业。结合划线部分下文“including mdels and cks(包括模特和厨师)”可知，模特和厨师不是太容易被取代的职业。故划线词意思是“被取代的”。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段““Successful innvatins are thse that cmplement rather than ccupy us,” says Ben Shneiderman, frm the University f Maryland. “Technlgies are mst effective when their designs amplify human abilities. They culd help us slve prblems, cmmunicate widely r create art,” says Shneiderman.(马里兰大学的本·施奈德曼说：“成功的创新是那些补充而不是占据我们的创新。当技术的设计能够放大人类的能力时，它们是最有效的。它们可以帮助我们解决问题，广泛交流或创造艺术，”施奈德曼说)”可知，成功的自动化有助于发展我们的工作。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Rbts culd be a liberating frce by taking away rutine wrk(机器人可以取代日常工作，从而成为一股解放力量)”可知，人工智能可以帮助人们从日常工作中解脱出来。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Hw can we adapt? The answer might simply be t update ur scial framewrks t reflect the new reality f wrk. Anther prpsal is an AI tax n cmpanies that are saving mney by replacing wrkers with algrithms. Ultimately we, nt AI, are in charge f ur wn destiny. “There will be unfairness and disruptins,” says Watsn. “But the questin is: is future human-centered? I say it is.”(我们该如何适应？答案可能只是更新我们的社会框架，以反映新的工作现实。另一项提议是对那些通过用算法取代人工来节省资金的公司征收人工智能税。最终，我们，而不是人工智能，掌握着我们自己的命运。“会有不公平和混乱，”沃森说。“但问题是：未来以人为中心吗？我说是的。”)”可知，作者写最后一段的目的是为上述问题提供解决方案。故选A。
（2025·北京石景山·一模）
Researchers frm the NeurMind Institute have develped a new system that uses predatr (捕食者) rbts t chase (追逐) larval (幼体的) zebrafish in an pen water. This innvative apprach is helping scientists study hw the yung fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-wrld cnditins.
Larval zebrafish are a valuable tl fr neurscientists because their transparency enables easy study f the brain and behaviur. Hwever, it’s been difficult fr scientists t study learning in these develping vertebrates (脊椎动物) — an imprtant part f understanding hw the brain wrks. Previus research fund yung zebrafish culd learn simple assciatins. But this type f learning happens slwly and ften unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-ld zebrafish can learn fast enugh t use their memry in natural situatins, like recgnizing and aviding new predatrs.
The researchers thught that traditinal ways f testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the cnditins were far frm what the fish wuld encunter in the wild, might nt be effective fr uncvering hw the fish learn. T mdel a real-life situatin, the researchers used small rbtic cylinders (圆柱体), with sme prgrammed t shw predatr-like characteristics.
The researchers created the dynamics: they first placed a rbt that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish; after the rbt chased the fish fr a minute, the fish began aviding the rbt’s area fr mre than an hur — a big change frm the nn-avidant behaviur befre the chase experience. When a secnd rbt was intrduced that did nt chase the fish, the zebrafish nly avided the chasing rbt, shwing that they culd distinguish between a threat and a nn-threat.
Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discvery that nt nly culd larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a mre natural cntext, but they culd als d s just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a develping zebrafish larva cntains just ne percent r s f the neurns (神经元) in its adult frm. The findings suggest that sme essential learning abilities, like recgnizing predatrs, emerge early in life and are critical fr survival.
Further brain imaging reveals that different regins f the zebrafish brain are invlved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain, a regin cntrlling essential functins, respnds t the appraching predatr; the frebrain, a regin assciated with learning and planning, encdes the presence f the predatr rbt; and the habenula, anther brain area, signals avidance utcmes. All these regins are necessary fr learning, and silencing any f them remves the ability f the fish t learn. It is believed that the new wrk culd ffer insights int hw ther brains prcess real-wrld threats.
1．Why did the researchers develp a new system with larval zebrafish?
A．T bserve their hunting behaviurs.B．T identify their simple assciatins.
C．T examine their brain characteristics.D．T uncver their learning in natural settings.
2．What des the underlined wrd “dynamics” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．Interactin.B．Functin.C．Structure.D．Standard.
3．What can we learn abut larval zebrafish?
A．They can distinguish between rbts and fish.
B．They learn fast thrugh a multi-reginal brain netwrk.
C．They develp learning abilities when reaching adulthd.
D．They can recgnise predatrs with much neurns needed.
4．What will the authr mst prbably discuss in the paragraph that fllws?
A．Explaining the rbt design used in the experiment.
B．Explring danger prcessing in ther species’ brains.
C．Analysing the cnnectin between learning and planning.
D．Describing zebrafish behaviurs in different surrundings.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员用捕食者机器人追逐幼体斑马鱼来研究其学习能力，发现其能快速学习，且多脑区参与，或可启示其他大脑。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段“The researchers thught that traditinal ways f testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the cnditins were far frm what the fish wuld encunter in the wild, might nt be effective fr uncvering hw the fish learn. T mdel a real-life situatin, the researchers used small rbtic cylinders (圆柱体), with sme prgrammed t shw predatr-like characteristics.(研究人员认为，在实验室中测试斑马鱼幼虫学习的传统方法可能无法有效揭示鱼类的学习方式，因为那里的条件与野生斑马鱼的情况相去甚远。为了模拟现实生活中的情况，研究人员使用了小型机器人圆柱体，其中一些被编程为显示捕食者般的特征)”可推知，研究人员开发新系统是为了揭示幼体斑马鱼在自然环境中的学习情况，因为传统在实验室的测试方法难以揭示它们在自然情况下的学习方式。故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The researchers created the dynamics: they first placed a rbt that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish; after the rbt chased the fish fr a minute, the fish began aviding the rbt’s area fr mre than an hur — a big change frm the nn-avidant behaviur befre the chase experience. When a secnd rbt was intrduced that did nt chase the fish, the zebrafish nly avided the chasing rbt, shwing that they culd distinguish between a threat and a nn-threat.(研究人员创造了dynamics：他们首先将一个静止的机器人放在一条自由游动的斑马鱼身上；在机器人追逐鱼一分钟后，鱼开始避开机器人的区域一个多小时，这与追逐体验前的非回避行为相比发生了很大变化。当引入第二个不追逐鱼的机器人时，斑马鱼只是避开了追逐的机器人，表明它们可以区分威胁和非威胁)”可知，研究人员创造了这种dynamics，后面描述了机器人和斑马鱼之间的互动过程，所以dynamics在这里指的是机器人和斑马鱼之间的“互动”，与Interactin意义相近。故选A项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Further brain imaging reveals that different regins f the zebrafish brain are invlved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain, a regin cntrlling essential functins, respnds t the appraching predatr; the frebrain, a regin assciated with learning and planning, encdes the presence f the predatr rbt; and the habenula, anther brain area, signals avidance utcmes. All these regins are necessary fr learning, and silencing any f them remves the ability f the fish t learn.(进一步的脑成像显示，斑马鱼大脑的不同区域参与了这种快速学习：后脑是一个控制基本功能的区域，对接近的捕食者做出反应；前脑是一个与学习和规划相关的区域，对捕食者机器人的存在进行编码；缰核是另一个大脑区域，它发出回避结果的信号。所有这些区域都是学习所必需的，沉默其中任何一个区域都会剥夺鱼的学习能力)”可知，幼体斑马鱼的后脑、前脑和缰核等不同脑区都参与了这种快速学习，它们通过一个多脑区的网络快速学习。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It is believed that the new wrk culd ffer insights int hw ther brains prcess real-wrld threats.(据信，这项新工作可以为其他大脑如何处理现实世界的威胁提供见解)”可知，这项新工作可能会为了解其他大脑如何处理现实世界的威胁提供见解。由此推知，接下来作者最有可能讨论的是探索其他物种大脑中对危险的处理情况。故选B项。
（24-25高三上·北京通州·期末）Generative Al Is Likely t Wrsen the E-Waste Crisis
Every time generative artificial intelligence drafts an e-mail r creates an image, the planet pays fr it. Making tw images can cnsume as much energy as charging a smartphne, a single exchange with ChatGPT can heat up a server s much that it requires a bttle's wrth f water t cl. By 2027, the glbal AI sectr culd annually cnsume as much electricity as the Netherlands. A study in Nature Cmputatinal Science identifies anther cncern? AI's cntributin t the munting heap f electrnic waste. Generative Al applicatins alne culd add 1.2 millin t 5 millin metric tns f e-waste by 2030.
This wuld add t the millins f tns f electrnic prducts: the glbe gets rid f annually. Cell phnes, cmputers, and ther digital prducts ften cntain mercury (汞) lead, r ther txins. If thrwn away imprperly, they can cntaminate air, water, and sil. In 2022, the UN fund that abut 78% f the wrld's e-waste ended up in landfills r unfficial recycling sites, where labrers risk their health t cllect rare metals.
AI rapidly cnsumes physical data strage devices and high-perfrmance cmpnents which last nly tw t five years but are replaced quickly as newer versins emerge. Asaf Tzachr, a researcher at Reichman University, emphasizes the imprtance f mnitring
and reducing AI's envirnmental impacts.
Tzachr's study examined the vlume f hardware used fr large language mdels and its lifespan. It predicts that the adptin f generative Al culd increase e-waste, althugh hardware innvatins might help reduce this. Meanwhile, technlgical advances culd make Al system mre accessible, increasing their use.
This study's main cntributin is highlighting AI's envirnmental cnsequences. Researchers like Shalei Ren frm UC Riverside suggest that Al cmpanies shuld slw their pace t minimize these effects.
Currently, few cuntries have strict e-waste dispsal laws. In the U.S., there's n federal requirement fr recycling electrnics, althugh sme states have plicies. A new bill, the Artificial Intelligence Envirnmental Impacts Act f 2024, aims t address AI's envirnmental impact but lacks cmpulsry reprting frm cmpanies. Micrsft and Ggle, hwever, have cmmitted t reaching net-zer waste and emissins by 2030.
T limit e-waste, cmpanies can extend the life f their servers thrugh" regular maintenance r repurpse ld hardware, which can reduce waste by 42%. Mre efficient design culd cut the demand fr hardware and energy, ptentially reducing e-waste by 86%.
1．The phrase “the munting heap” underlined in Paragraph 1 prbably means_______？
A．grwing amunt.B．effective recycling.
C．fast cnsumptin.D．practical applicatin.
2．Accrding t Asaf Tzachr, _______is likely t cntribute t the grwth f AI-related e-waste.
A．the use f the rare metals.
B．the imprvement in language mdels.
C．the increasing accessibility f Al technlgy.
D．the reductin in the number f hardware cmpnents.
3．What is implied abut the U.S, federal law n e-waste management?
A．It is inadequate due t the lack f enfrcement.
B．It is effective in ensuring prper dispsal f e-waste.
C．It has recently been updated t include Al regulatins.
D．It frces cmpanies t reprt their e-waste dispsal practices.
4．What is the authr's purpse in writing this article?
A．T shwcase AI's ptential fr reducing e-waste.
B．T explain the mechanisms behind Al technlgy.
C．T highlight the urgency f reducing AI's envirnmental impact.
D．T analyze the pssibilities f lessening AI's envirnmental ftprint.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了生成式人工智能在运行过程中会消耗大量能源，其应用可能会在 2030 年前增加 120 万到 500 万吨的电子垃圾，从而加剧电子垃圾危机。文章还提到电子垃圾若处理不当会污染环境，以及目前各国在电子垃圾处理方面的法律现状和减少电子垃圾的一些措施。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“By 2027, the glbal AI sectr culd annually cnsume as much electricity as the Netherlands. A study in Nature Cmputatinal Science identifies anther cncern? AI's cntributin t the munting heap f electrnic waste. Generative Al applicatins alne culd add 1.2 millin t 5 millin metric tns f e-waste by 2030. (到 2027 年，全球人工智能行业每年消耗的电量可能会与荷兰每年的耗电量相当。《自然・计算科学》的一项研究发现了另一个问题：人工智能对the munting heap的电子垃圾的 “贡献”。仅生成式人工智能应用一项，到 2030 年就可能增加 120 万至 500 万吨电子垃圾。)”可知，随着人工智能的发展，其产生的电子垃圾数量在不断增长，“the munting heap” 意思是 “不断增加的数量”。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Asaf Tzachr, a researcher at Reichman University, emphasizes the imprtance f mnitring and reducing AI's envirnmental impacts. (雷希曼大学的研究员阿萨夫・察乔尔强调了监测和减少人工智能对环境影响的重要性。)”以及根据第四段 “Meanwhile, technlgical advances culd make Al system mre accessible, increasing their use. (与此同时，技术进步可能会使人工智能系统更易于使用，从而增加其使用量。)”可推知，察乔尔认为人工智能技术更易于使用会导致其使用量增加，进而可能会增加与人工智能相关的电子垃圾。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Currently, few cuntries have strict e-waste dispsal laws. In the U.S., there's n federal requirement fr recycling electrnics, althugh sme states have plicies. A new bill, the Artificial Intelligence Envirnmental Impacts Act f 2024, aims t address AI's envirnmental impact but lacks cmpulsry reprting frm cmpanies. (目前，很少有国家有严格的电子垃圾处理法律。在美国，没有联邦层面关于回收电子产品的要求，尽管一些州有相关政策。一项新的法案，即 2024 年的《人工智能环境影响法案》，旨在解决人工智能对环境的影响，但缺乏对公司的强制报告要求。)”可推知，美国联邦在电子垃圾管理方面的法律存在不足，因为缺乏强制执行力。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据文章整体内容，尤其是最后一段 “T limit e-waste, cmpanies can extend the life f their servers thrugh" regular maintenance r repurpse ld hardware, which can reduce waste by 42%. Mre efficient design culd cut the demand fr hardware and energy, ptentially reducing e-waste by 86%. (为了限制电子垃圾，公司可以通过定期维护来延长服务器的使用寿命，或者对旧硬件进行重新利用，这可以减少 42% 的垃圾。更高效的设计可以减少对硬件和能源的需求，有可能减少 86% 的电子垃圾。)”可知，文章开篇指出生成式人工智能每次运行都会消耗能源并产生电子垃圾，接着阐述了电子垃圾处理不当的危害、人工智能相关电子垃圾增加的原因，还提到了目前电子垃圾管理法律的不足以及减少电子垃圾的方法等内容。所以作者写这篇文章的目的是强调减少人工智能对环境影响的紧迫性。故选C。
（24-25高三下·北京朝阳·阶段练习）The artificial intelligence (AI) sectr has scillated between enthusiasm and skepticism in recent years. Tech giants including Alphabet, Amazn, and Micrsft cllectively pured nearly 200 billin int AI infrastructure in 2024 alne, surpassing the GDP f natins like Hungary r New Zealand. Nvidia, dminating the AI-chip market, witnessed its valuatin skyrcket t 3.4 trillin as chip sales dubled — a grwth rate three times faster than the semicnductr industry average. Meanwhile, server prviders like Dell reprted unprecedented demand, with AI server shipments jumping 78% year-n-year, signaling AI’s transfrmative ptential acrss industries frm drug discvery t autnmus driving.
Yet beneath the surface, challenges lm. Training advanced AI mdels cnsumes staggering energy — equivalent t pwering 15 millin US husehlds annually — raising cncerns abut lng-term viability (可持续性). In regins like Ireland, data centers already cnsume 18% f natinal electricity, straining aging pwer grids. Server manufacturers and energy firms struggle t meet data-center demands, with delivery delays fr AI-ptimized servers extending t 48 weeks in 2024. Critics argue that current investments mirrr past tech bubbles: the $200 billin AI infrastructure spending represents 65% f the 1999 dt-cm bubble’s peak investment adjusted fr inflatin. Alan Smith, a tech analyst, defends the spending, “AI’s capacity t revlutinize healthcare—such as cutting cancer drug develpment time frm 10 years t 18 mnths — justifies shrt-term csts.” Hwever, ppnents cunter that prfit-driven crpratins priritize market dminance ver ethical cnsideratins, citing Meta’s 2023 AI ethics bard disbandment as evidence.
Amid these munting pressures, cmpetitin is ging t further cmplicates the landscape f AI develpment. Upstart (新兴的) firms like UK-based Graphcre and China’s Cambricn challenge industry leaders by creating cmpact, energy-efficient AI tls. Fr instance, startups nw ffer specialized chips such as Graphcre’s IPU (Intelligence Prcessing Unit) at 40% lwer csts than Nvidia’s prducts, demcratizing access t AI technlgy. This fragmentatin mirrrs the 1980s PC market shakeup, where IBM’s dminance was erded by agile cmpetitrs. Investrs, initially infatuated with AI’s prmise, grw wary f ver-cmmitment. A recent McKinsey survey revealed 62% f sharehlders believe AI firms must clarify their financial strategies within tw years, a demand intensified by OpenAI’s $540 millin quarterly lsses despite ChatGPT’s success.
In additin, the envirnmental effects make it increasingly urgent t tackle this challenge head-n. Data centers accunt fr 3% f glbal electricity use — a figure matching aviatin’s carbn ftprint — prjected t triple by 2030. The Internatinal Energy Agency warns that unregulated AI grwth culd increase glbal CO₂ emissins by 1.5% annually, undermining climate gals. While cmpanies like Micrsft invest in renewable energy, cnstructing slar farms t pwer Arizna data centers, critics demand stricter regulatins. The EU’s prpsed Artificial Intelligence Act nw includes prvisins requiring energy transparency fr AI systems. Dr. Emily Zhu, a sustainability researcher at Tsinghua University, warns, “Unless accmpanied by rbust regulatry measures, AI’s eclgical envirnment risks ffsetting its technlgical advancements, as exemplified by China’s carbn tax initiative targeting data centers — a plicy framewrk t balance industrial prgress with envirnmental management.”
As the AI sectr grapples with escalating energy cnsumptin, ethical cntrversies, and speculative investment patterns, the AI industry stands at a crssrads. Its ptential t reshape ecnmies is undeniable — PwC estimates AI culd cntribute $15.7 trillin t glbal GDP by 2030—but unchecked grwth risks eclgical harm and market instability. The 2024 glbal AI Gvernance Summit highlighted the need fr internatinal standards, yet cnsensus remains elusive. But, the path frward requires bth technlgical breakthrughs and a shift in pririties — making carbn-neutral data centers and transparent AI gvernance essential, nt ptinal.
1．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f AI spending, the authr is ______.
A．supprtiveB．dubtfulC．criticalD．uncncerned
2．What des the wrd “infatuated” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Shcked.B．Prtected.C．Attracted.D．Challenged.
3．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．AI’s envirnmental csts may reduce its benefits withut plicy interventin.
B．Renewable energy investments can reslve sustainability issues cmpletely.
C．Stricter regulatins shuld priritize eclgical prtectin ver market instability.
D．Tech cmpanies’ ethical cnsideratins are sufficient t address energy demands.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．AI Investment: Balancing Shrt-Term Csts and Lng-Term Viability
B．Data Centers’ Energy Use: The Hidden Crisis Behind AI Develpment
C．When Innvatin Breeds Chas: Why AI Develpment Must Slw Dwn
D．Artificial Intelligence: Navigating Transfrmatin Amid Emerging Challenges
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能发展面临的挑战与前景。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Alan Smith, a tech analyst, defends the spending, “AI’s capacity t revlutinize healthcare — such as cutting cancer drug develpment time frm 10 years t 18 mnths — justifies shrt-term csts.” Hwever, ppnents cunter that prfit-driven crpratins priritize market dminance ver ethical cnsideratins, citing Meta’s 2023 AI ethics bard disbandment as evidence.(科技分析师Alan Smith为这笔支出辩护说：“人工智能有能力革新医疗保健领域，比如将癌症药物的开发时间从10年缩短到18个月，这就证明了短期成本的合理性。”然而，反对者利润驱动的公司将市场主导地位置于道德考虑之上，并引用Meta 2023年人工智能道德委员会的解散作为证据)”可知，作者先引用了Alan Smith为AI支出辩护的观点，紧接着用“Hwever”转折，引出反对者的观点。由此推知，作者对Alan Smith为AI支出辩护的态度是怀疑的。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中划线词后“grw wary f ver-cmmitment(变得非常警惕过度承诺)”可知，说明投资者开始对AI的态度发生了变化，故划线处指投资者最初被AI的潜力所吸引，infatuated与A项Attracted“吸引”词义相近。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The Internatinal Energy Agency warns that unregulated AI grwth culd increase glbal CO₂ emissins by 1.5% annually, undermining climate gals(国际能源机构警告说，不受监管的人工智能增长可能会使全球二氧化碳排放量每年增加1.5%，破坏气候目标)”及“Dr. Emily Zhu, a sustainability researcher at Tsinghua University, warns, “Unless accmpanied by rbust regulatry measures, AI’s eclgical envirnment risks ffsetting its technlgical advancements, as exemplified by China’s carbn tax initiative targeting data centers — a plicy framewrk t balance industrial prgress with envirnmental management.”(清华大学的可持续发展研究员周博士警告说，“除非伴随着强有力的监管措施，AI的生态环境风险会抵消其技术进步，正如中国针对数据中心的碳税举措所示——这是一个平衡工业进步与环境管理的政策框架”)”可推知，如果没有政策干预，人工智能的环境成本可能会降低其效益。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了人工智能在发展过程中面临的挑战，如能源消耗、伦理争议、投机投资模式等，同时也提到了人工智能的潜力和前景。由此可知，D选项“人工智能：在新兴挑战中寻求转型”最能概括文章的主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选D。
（24-25高三下·北京朝阳·阶段练习）Give a grup f scientists the same data and the same research questin, and they shuld cme up with similar answers — in thery. But they dn’t, accrding t a paper published last mnth in BMC Bilgy, which finds that 246 eclgists analyzing the same data sets reached widely varying cnclusins, with sme finding effects in ttally ppsite directins.
The paper is the latest in a line f “many analyst” prjects that examine hw results can vary because f scientists’ decisins during data analysis — and the first t study the effects in eclgy. Past wrk has mstly fcused n psychlgy and ther behaviral sciences. “I was really excited t see this study. I have nticed an unfrtunate hubris self-cnfidence in ther dmains that say, well, we have ur huse in better rder.” says University f Bern metascientist Ian Hussey.
Ellit Guld, a Ph.D．student at the University f Melburne, was skeptical that eclgy has its huse in better rder. Eclgists deal with cmplex systems that cntain a huge amunt f natural variability and have t make many decisins abut what kind f statistical analyses t run. T find ut hw much thse decisins affect the results, Guld recruited 246 eclgists, wrking in 174 teams, t answer tw different research questins, each based n a single data set.
The first questin asked hw the grwth f blue tit chicks is influenced by cmpetitin with siblings in the nest. The analysis teams came up with a wide range f answers: Five fund n relatinship between brd size and chick size, five fund mixed results, and 64 fund that chicks grew mre slwly if they had mre siblings, but with different levels f certainty and effect sizes. The secnd questin is whether the amunt f grass cver affected the success and survival f the Eucalyptus seedlings. The teams wh analyzed this data set did nt agree at all: Eighteen cncluded that mre grass cver hampered Eucalyptus survival, six said it imprved survival, and 31 fund the grass had n effect.
The findings match up with the results f previus many-analyst studies and shw the pwerful rle f subjective researcher chices in scientific prjects. In sme cases, there is established best practice t guide analysts — but ther chices are mre arbitrary. Guld says researchers have t decide which variables t cntrl fr and hw t deal with missing data, adding that thse different chices can kind f multiply.
It’s impssible t knw whether the prblem affects an entire field frm just ne r tw examples, says Eötvös Lránd University metascientist Balazs Aczel. T find ut, he is running a prject t have multiple analysts each tackle a questin frm 100 randmly chsen scial science papers. But similar findings have ppped up in a range f fields — including neurscience and ecnmics — and suggest “we are facing a very serius issue,” he says. But nt all researchers think the findings are s alarming.
1．What des Ian Hussey really mean by his wrds in Paragraph 2?
A．The huses in the University f Bern are in better rder.
B．The scientists’ decisins in the fields f eclgy are in better rder.
C．The studies in eclgy have the same effects as thse in behaviral sciences.
D．The research n psychlgy and behaviral sciences are unfrtunate hubris.
2．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．Researchers’ individual chices in scientific studies matter a lt.
B．Guld thinks the effects f researchers’ different chices are limited.
C．The “many analyst” prjects can help eclgists make gd cnclusins.
D．The grwth f blue tit chicks is slwer when having mre siblings in the nest
3．What will the authr mst prbably write after the last paragraph f the article?
A．T present the findings f the prject that Balazs Aczel is running.
B．T explain why the results f “many-analyst” studies are nt very severe.
C．T intrduce the serius effects due t subjective researcher chices.
D．T inspire the researchers in the entire field t tackle the analysis prblem.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学研究中由于科学家的主观选择导致数据分析结果差异巨大的现象，并通过具体案例展示了这种现象在生态学研究中的影响。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The paper is the latest in a line f “many analyst” prjects that examine hw results can vary because f scientists’ decisins during data analysis — and the first t study the effects in eclgy. Past wrk has mstly fcused n psychlgy and ther behaviral sciences. I was really excited t see this study. I have nticed an unfrtunate hubris self-cnfidence in ther dmains that say, well, we have ur huse in better rder. (这篇论文是一系列“许多分析师”项目中最新的一篇，这些项目研究了科学家在数据分析过程中的决定如何导致结果的变化，也是第一篇研究生态影响的论文。过去的工作主要集中在心理学和其他行为科学上。我真的很高兴看到这项研究。我注意到在其他领域有一种不幸的傲慢自信，他们说，嗯，我们的领域秩序更好)”可知，看到研究生态学影响的论文后，Ian Hussey注意到心理学和行为科学研究存在一种不幸的傲慢自信，而生态学领域中，科学家的决策秩序更好。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第五段“The findings match up with the results f previus many-analyst studies and shw the pwerful rle f subjective researcher chices in scientific prjects. (这些发现与之前许多分析师研究的结果相匹配，表明了研究人员在科学项目中的主观选择起着重要作用)”可知，研究人员在科学研究中的个人选择很重要。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But similar findings have ppped up in a range f fields — including neurscience and ecnmics — and suggest “we are facing a very serius issue,” he says. But nt all researchers think the findings are s alarming. (但他说，类似的发现出现在一系列领域，包括神经科学和经济学，并表明“我们正面临一个非常严重的问题”。但并非所有研究人员都认为这些发现如此令人担忧)”可知，接下来作者可能会承接上文，解释为什么许多分析师研究的结果并不是非常严重。故选B。
（2025·北京西城·一模）Uday Bhatia’s enthusiasm fr technlgy began in childhd. His interest was awakened when he received a drne (无人机) in the furth grade, stimulating a curisity abut hw machines wrk. By 14, he had taught himself cmputer science and created his first vide game n Rblx. Hwever, Uday’s passin wasn’t limited t cding and gadgets — he was deeply aware f scietal issues. During the pandemic, he develped FindOurTutr, an e-tutring platfrm t help students cntinue learning remtely.
At 16, Uday, as part f a mentrship prgram, visited Bichpuri village in Uttar Pradesh and discvered a critical prblem: the villagers faced six-t-eight-hur-lng pwer utages. “When I learned that children were using flashlights and kersene lamps t study, I wanted t find a slutin,” he recalls. His research revealed that while mst villages in India had been electrified, unreliable pwer supply remained a cntinuing issue in many rural areas, with sme states like Rajasthan and Uttarakhand enduring pwer cuts lasting 10 t 12 hurs a day.
Determined t help, Uday spent the next six mnths learning frm instructinal vides and gathering secnd-hand cmpnents. He wrked in his terrace (屋顶) wrkshp, experimenting with different designs until he develped the Smart OutageGuard (OG), a lw-cst backup lightbulb (灯泡) with a lithium-in battery. The bulb, priced at Rs 250, abut half the cst f ther ptins, features dynamic-lumen technlgy and pulse-width mdulatin, which allws users t adjust the brightness. This feature extends the bulb’s illuminatin capacity t up t 10 hurs, depending n the brightness level.
Since its launch in May 2022, Smart OG bulbs have reached 10,000 hmes acrss eight states. Uday als funded Uday Electric, a fr-prfit venture that cllabrates with distributrs, NGOs, retailers, and CSR prgrams t prvide affrdable lighting t semi-electrified rural areas. Fr nn-electrified regins, he develped the Glw Grid, a slar-pwered lamp, launched this mnth.
Uday’s innvatins have earned him several awards, including the 2023 Diana Legacy Award. His lng-term gal is t prvide lw-cst energy t every hme, and he’s just getting started.
1．Uday Bhatia’s experience in Bichpuri village influenced him t ________.
A．develp an interest in cmputer science
B．create a lw-cst, backup-based lightbulb
C．launch an e-tutring platfrm fr students
D．study pwer supply systems in ther villages
2．What d we knw abut Uday’s inventins?
A．They make energy easier t access.
B．They bring innvatin t glbal markets.
C．They fcus n sustainable energy slutins.
D．They prvide affrdable lighting fr rural areas.
3．Which f the fllwing best describes Uday Bhatia?
A．Innvative and cmmercial.
B．Determined and scially aware.
C．Creative and envirnmentally cnscius.
D．Technlgically skilled and cmpetitive.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了乌代·巴蒂亚开发了低成本的锂离子电池备用灯泡，为农村地区提供负担得起的照明。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“He wrked in his terrace (屋顶) wrkshp, experimenting with different designs until he develped the Smart OutageGuard (OG), a lw-cst backup lightbulb (灯泡) with a lithium-in battery. (他在自己的露台工作室里工作，尝试不同的设计，直到他开发出了一种低成本的锂离子电池备用灯泡Smart OutageGuard。)”可知，乌代·巴蒂亚在比奇普里村的经历影响了他创造出一种低成本的备用灯泡。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Uday als funded Uday Electric, a fr-prfit venture that cllabrates with distributrs, NGOs, retailers, and CSR prgrams t prvide affrdable lighting t semi-electrified rural areas. (乌代还成立了Uday Electric，这是一家营利性企业，与分销商、非政府组织、零售商和企业社会责任项目合作，为半电气化的农村地区提供负担得起的照明。)”可知，乌代的发明为农村地区提供负担得起的照明。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Determined t help, Uday spent the next six mnths learning frm instructinal vides and gathering secnd-hand cmpnents. (决心提供帮助，乌代在接下来的六个月里从教学视频中学习，并收集二手部件。)”以及倒数第二段“Uday als funded Uday Electric, a fr-prfit venture that cllabrates with distributrs, NGOs, retailers, and CSR prgrams t prvide affrdable lighting t semi-electrified rural areas. (乌代还成立了Uday Electric，这是一家营利性企业，与分销商、非政府组织、零售商和企业社会责任项目合作，为半电气化的农村地区提供负担得起的照明。)”可知，乌代·巴蒂亚有决心和社会意识。故选B。
（2025·北京东城·一模）Years after my art histry class, I am insufferable at museums. “That’s definitely a Matisse,” I say. “Yu can telI because f the brushwrk and the use f clur.” Smetimes it is nt a Matisse but ftentimes it is.
It is unsettling t learn, then, that fr all f my carefully wn art appreciatin, I am in danger f being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, hneybees — whse brains are the size f grass seeds — were shwn Picasss and Mnets paired side by side. Belw the prints were tw small cntainers, ne cntaining sugar water and the ther nthing at all.
Which t enter? Bees culdn’t see r smell whether a given cntainer held the treat until they’d already flwn inside it. But they culd let the masterpieces guide them: fr sme bees, the reward was always under the Picass, while fr the rest it was under the Mnet. Over the curse f many trials, the bees learned t fly straight fr the crrect cntainer. Indeed, they even perfrmed slightly better than chance when faced with pairs f paintings they’d never seen befre. The bees had learned t discriminate, hwever mdestly, between the tw artists’ styles.
T be sure, humans still have the edge. Last year a team f researchers led by Liane Gabra fund that art students were perfectly capable f identifying which well-knwn artist was behind which unknwn painting. Creative writing students were similarly excellent at sptting little-read passages by Hemingway r Dickens — a skill I can nly assume n hneybee has yet demnstrated.
Even mre impressively, thugh, the students culd recgnize as-yet-unseen samples f each ther’s wrk, including wrk in entirely different mediums. Creative writers culd identify their fellw writers’ paintings and sketches; painters had a pretty gd idea wh’d brught which pem r clay pt.
It’s clear what the bees were ding: picking up and categrizing cmplex visual patterns in the pairs f images. But recgnizing differences acrss mediums is altgether different. Whether we’re writing pems r building sculptures, Gabra argues, we’re ding s with the same mind: ne that structures infrmatin in the same way, has been shaped by the same experiences, and lngs t express the same ideas. Naturally, ur techniques and preccupatins in ne dmain shuld “ut” us in anther.
But still I wnder: Just what abut these techniques and preccupatins did the trick? The researchers did their best t keep subject matter frm ruling the day by instructing, fr instance, artists wh happened t be surfers nt t bring in art that depicted (描绘) surfing. But what f less bvius subject matter — like Western landscapes? And what f the bsessins that cme int ur wrk unawares? A crrelatinal study like this ne will nt answer these questins.
Perhaps my biggest questin has t d with peple wh dn’t identify as artists, and haven’t settled — r at least wuld claim s-n a persnal style. Are their creatins als a reflectin f their wrldview? It seems likely that, at least t sme extent, bad art is all alike, while nly gd art is gd in its wn way.
1．Why des the authr mentin bees?
A．T present an example.B．T put frward a thery.
C．T draw ut a cmparisn.D．T highlight a research finding.
2．Why des the authr think humans still have the edge?
A．Because we can transfer ur experiences.
B．Because we can discriminate styles.
C．Because we can categrize patterns.
D．Because we can learn frm trials.
3．What des the underlined wrd “ut” in Paragraph 6 prbably mean?
A．Assist.B．Trick.C．Beat.D．Expse.
4．What might be the best title fr the passage?
A．Will Bees Beat Humans?
B．Hw Will Yu View a View?
C．Why Gd Art Wrks Wnders?
D．What Makes Hemingway Hemingway?
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了蜜蜂识别画作与人类艺术鉴赏能力的对比及思考。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It is unsettling t learn, then, that fr all f my carefully wn art appreciatin, I am in danger f being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, hneybees — whse brains are the size f grass seeds — were shwn Picasss and Mnets paired side by side.(然而，令人不安的是，尽管我精心培养了对艺术的鉴赏力，但我却有可能被一种昆虫超越。在最近的一项研究中，蜜蜂——它们的大脑只有草籽大小——被展示了毕加索和莫奈的画作，并排摆放在一起)”可知，作者提到蜜蜂是为了与人类进行艺术鉴赏能力的对比。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Last year a team f researchers led by Liane Gabra fund that art students were perfectly capable f identifying which well-knwn artist was behind which unknwn painting. Creative writing students were similarly excellent at sptting little-read passages by Hemingway r Dickens — a skill I can nly assume n hneybee has yet demnstrated.(去年，由Liane Gabra领导的一个研究小组发现，艺术专业的学生完全有能力分辨出哪幅画背后是哪位知名艺术家。创意写作专业的学生同样擅长发现海明威或狄更斯的小片段——我只能假设蜜蜂还没有表现出这种技能)”以及第五段“Even mre impressively, thugh, the students culd recgnize as-yet-unseen samples f each ther’s wrk, including wrk in entirely different mediums.(然而，更令人印象深刻的是，学生们能够识别出彼此尚未见过的作品样本，包括完全不同媒介的作品)”可知，作者认为人类仍然有优势是因为人类能够转移经验，识别不同艺术家的风格和跨媒介的作品。其中，A选项“因为我们可以转移我们的经验”最全面地概括了这一点。故选A。
3．词句猜测题。根据第六段中“Whether we’re writing pems r building sculptures, Gabra argues, we’re ding s with the same mind: ne that structures infrmatin in the same way, has been shaped by the same experiences, and lngs t express the same ideas. Naturally, ur techniques and preccupatins in ne dmain shuld ‘ut’ us in anther.(Gabra认为，无论我们是写诗还是建造雕塑，我们都是用同样的思维去做的：这种思维方式以同样的方式组织信息，受到同样的经验塑造，渴望表达同样的想法。自然而然地，我们在一个领域的技术和关注点应该会在另一个领域‘ut’我们)”可知，此处ut意为“暴露，揭示”，即我们在一个领域的技术和关注点会揭示我们在另一个领域的身份或特点。D选项“Expse(暴露)”与此意思相符。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。文章通过讲述蜜蜂和人类在艺术方面的能力，重点强调了人类在艺术创作中独特的思维方式、经历等因素会体现在作品中，让作品具有独特的风格，就像海明威的作品具有海明威独特的风格一样。D选项“What Makes Hemingway Hemingway?(是什么让海明威成为海明威？)”，可以引申为是什么让艺术家的作品具有独特风格，符合文章主旨。故选D。
（2025·北京西城·一模）Recently, I attended a public talk by smene whse views I “knew” I wuld ppse. And yet, I went. I listened, asked questins, and gave my time. While my cre values weren’t transfrmed in thse tw hurs, I learned smething and left with a deeper appreciatin fr the cmplexity f ther perspectives.
In this weeknight activity, I was actively trying t tackle “beliefism,” a divisive phenmenn in which surrunding yurself with peple wh share yur views leads t discriminatin against thse wh disagree. In this way, beliefism deepens divisin and reinfrces plarizatin — building walls instead f bridges.
Indeed, beliefism is widespread in mdern sciety. A significant part f the prblem riginates frm the fact that we live in a wrld that is bth physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with peple frm ther walks f life. Scial media algrithms stke the fires f divisin, lcking us int ech chambers that reinfrce ur preexisting beliefs and shut dwn debate.
Ultimately, where many frces are driving us apart, we must think — what can we d t unpack divisin and restre cnnectin?
We can begin by trying t understand the psychlgy f beliefism, which at its cre is a frm f bias — a mental shrtcut in which we categrise peple accrding t single characteristics r generalising assumptins. Indeed, in a wrld that is infinitely cmplex, ur minds use these biases t simplify and make sense f the wrld. The thing is, when we see thers nly thrugh the perspective f their plitical r scial beliefs, we reduce and flatten them t a single dimensin. Further, when peple feel they are dismissed r disregarded nly fr their beliefs, they are left feeling islated and misunderstd.
Secndly, we can understand the tendency fr beliefism as part f ur evlutinary (进化的) desire t establish a cmmunity r grup. The prblem is that while this instinct (本能) may have nce served evlutinary purpses, tday, it blcks meaningful dialgue and cperatin. Indeed, research shws that vercming beliefism has benefits. When we welcme a variety f ideas and perspectives, we are able t vercme grup-think and make better decisins and judgements. What’s mre, less beliefist peple are generally happier, having strnger, mre fulfilling relatinships and brader hrizns.
Luckily, there are a number f relevant, research-backed psychlgical techniques that help build tlerance and break bias. We might exercise individuatin, seeing peple as diverse-sided individuals and breaking away frm reductive ways f thinking. We can practice perspective-taking, building empathy (同理心) by stepping int smene else’s shes and trying t see the wrld thrugh their eyes.
Ultimately, the way frward is nt thrugh divisins, but thrugh a recgnitin f ur shared humanity. Remind yurself that each persn exists at the intersectin f many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yurself t practice empathy, and remember that n ne is whlly defined by the wrst thing they have said r dne.
1．What des the underlined wrd “stke” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Fuel.B．Keep.C．Put.D．Cntain.
2．What can we knw abut beliefism frm the passage?
A．Scial media algrithms mainly cntribute t its wide spread.
B．Human evlutin prves its harm in establishing grup-think.
C．It reflects ur simplified way f understanding the surrunding wrld.
D．It leads us t make assumptins abut thers’ plitical r scial beliefs.
3．Which f the fllwing wuld be mst effective in fighting beliefism?
A．Facilitating interactins between peple frm different cmmunities.
B．Creating a list f acceptable beliefs fr each cmmunity t fllw.
C．Asking peple t write abut their experiences f being islated.
D．Stressing cnflict instead f cperatin between different beliefs.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Beynd Us and ThemB．The Rts f Beliefism
C．The Harm f Scial DivisinD．At the Crssrad f Faith
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“A significant part f the prblem riginates frm the fact that we live in a wrld that is bth physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with peple frm ther walks f life.(这个问题的很大一部分源于我们生活在一个物理上和虚拟上都是分裂的世界。我们很少与各行各业的人打交道)”以及后文“lcking us int ech chambers that reinfrce ur preexisting beliefs and shut dwn debate(把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论)”可知，社交媒体算法点燃了分裂之火，把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论。故划线词意思是“点燃”，故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第五段“Indeed, in a wrld that is infinitely cmplex, ur minds use these biases t simplify and make sense f the wrld.(事实上，在一个无限复杂的世界里，我们的大脑利用这些偏见来简化和理解这个世界)”可知，信仰反映了我们理解周围世界的简化方式。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we welcme a variety f ideas and perspectives, we are able t vercme grup-think and make better decisins and judgements. What’s mre, less beliefist peple are generally happier, having strnger, mre fulfilling relatinships and brader hrizns.(当我们欢迎各种各样的想法和观点时，我们就能克服群体思维，做出更好的决定和判断。更重要的是，信仰主义者较少通常更快乐，拥有更牢固、更充实的人际关系和更广阔的视野)”可知，促进来自不同社区的人之间的互动对对抗信仰主义是最有效的。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, the way frward is nt thrugh divisins, but thrugh a recgnitin f ur shared humanity. Remind yurself that each persn exists at the intersectin f many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yurself t practice empathy, and remember that n ne is whlly defined by the wrst thing they have said r dne.(最终，前进的道路不是通过分裂，而是通过认识到我们共同的人性。提醒自己，每个人都存在于许多身份、经历和信仰的交叉点上。挑战自己，练习同理心，记住，没有人完全被他们说过或做过的最糟糕的事情所定义)”以及文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想，可知，A选项“超越我们和他们”最符合文章标题。故选A。
（2025·北京西城·一模）Genetic (基因的) variatin is what allws a species t adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and nvel enemies cme n the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least sme individuals will still d OK in times f crisis. But just as the number f species is declining wrldwide, s, t, is the genetic diversity within many species.
Until 2022, gvernments fcused primarily n preventing species frm disappearing. That year, hwever, when updating the United Natins’s Cnventin n Bilgical Diversity treaty (条约), participating cuntries agreed t start t lk at genetic diversity as well.
The first step tward slwing the trend is understanding it. Cnservatin bilgist Catherine Gruéber frm the University f Sydney and many clleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least tw time pints. The team used cmplex statistical analyses t make the data cmparable, enabling them t identify trends and crrelate lss f genetic diversity with flds, habitat destructin, r ther disturbances. They als tracked what happened in the face f varius cnservatin measures, such as legally prtecting a species r setting aside and prtecting habitat.
Tw-thirds f the ppulatins analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her clleagues reprt. That included species already knwn t be at risk, but it als included mre cmmn species. The implicatin is that thse species may be less able t bunce back than expected during envirnmental change, says Alicia Mastertta-Yanes, a cnservatin geneticist.
Sme cnservatin effrts, such as eclgical restratin r reducing pests (害虫), didn’t help much, the analysis fund. But certain actins did seem t help, such as effrts t expand and prtect habitat, intrduce new individuals t declining ppulatins, r cnnect tw islated ppulatins.
“It was pretty impressive that they were able t track what human disturbances and cnservatin actins had dne,” says Misés Alns, an evlutinary geneticist wh authred a preprint last year indicating that prtecting existing habitat wn’t be enugh t prevent genetic diversity lsses fr many species. “We needed smething like this,” he says.
Cnservatin scientists emphasize the imprtance f cntinuing t mnitr ppulatins. But DNA methds aren’t always practical, sme nte. “It is relatively hard and expensive t measure genetic diversity directly,” Mastertta-Yanes says.
T get arund that, Mastertta-Yanes and thers published a paper in Eclgy Letters last year that used prxy (代替物) measures, such as ppulatin size, t evaluate genetic diversity in 919 species. The methd, which nly required abut 3 hurs f wrk per species, indicated that 58% f the species have ppulatins that are t small t maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different appraches fund declining diversity “makes bth results mre cnvincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attentin it deserves.”
1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．Challenges f cllecting DNA data fr diversity research.
B．Findings n genetic diversity changes ver the past 30 years.
C．Research methds applied t track genetic diversity changes.
D．Impacts f human disturbances n diversity f different species.
2．What can be learned frm Grueber’s study?
A．Habitat extensin and ppulatin management preserve diversity.
B．The diversity f cmmn species tends t decline mre severely.
C．At-risk species better resist the impact f envirnmental changes.
D．Ecsystem recvery and pest cntrl drive ppulatin rise.
3．Mastertta-Yanes hlds that DNA methds ________.
A．will sn be replaced by prxy measures
B．lack practicality due t their csts and cmplexity
C．may get in the way f mnitring species ppulatins
D．require a large ppulatin size t achieve high accuracy
4．What is the purpse f this passage?
A．T identify mre effective methds applied in gene research.
B．T advcate fr using DNA methds exclusively in cnservatin effrts.
C．T warn peple f the threat psed by envirnmental changes n species.
D．T draw peple’s attentin t effective measures against lss f diversity.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。
1．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The first step tward slwing the trend is understanding it. Cnservatin bilgist Catherine Gruéber frm the University f Sydney and many clleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least tw time pints. The team used cmplex statistical analyses t make the data cmparable, enabling them t identify trends and crrelate lss f genetic diversity with flds, habitat destructin, r ther disturbances. They als tracked what happened in the face f varius cnservatin measures, such as legally prtecting a species r setting aside and prtecting habitat.(减缓这一趋势的第一步是理解它。悉尼大学的保护生物学家凯瑟琳·格鲁姆萨伯和许多同事收集了1985年至2019年期间撰写的882篇论文，通过分析至少两个时间点的628个物种的DNA，追踪了它们的多样性变化。研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”可知，第三段的主要内容是用于追踪遗传多样性变化的研究方法。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The team used cmplex statistical analyses t make the data cmparable, enabling them t identify trends and crrelate lss f genetic diversity with flds, habitat destructin, r ther disturbances. They als tracked what happened in the face f varius cnservatin measures, such as legally prtecting a species r setting aside and prtecting habitat.(研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”以及第四段“Tw-thirds f the ppulatins analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her clleagues reprt.(格鲁曼和她的同事们报告说，三分之二的被分析数量表现出多样性的下降)”可知，研究告诉我们栖息地扩展和数量管理保护多样性。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The methd, which nly required abut 3 hurs f wrk per species, indicated that 58% f the species have ppulatins that are t small t maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different appraches fund declining diversity “makes bth results mre cnvincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attentin it deserves.”(该方法只需要每个物种3小时的工作，表明58%的物种种群太小，无法维持其遗传多样性。这两种不同的方法都发现了多样性的下降，这一事实“使两种结果都更有说服力，”马斯特塔-扬斯说。“最终，基因多样性得到了应有的关注。”)”可知，Mastertta-Yanes认为，由于成本和复杂性，DNA方法缺乏实用性。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Genetic (基因的) variatin is what allws a species t adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and nvel enemies cme n the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least sme individuals will still d OK in times f crisis. But just as the number f species is declining wrldwide, s, t, is the genetic diversity within many species.(基因变异使一个物种能够适应气候变化、新疾病的出现和新敌人的出现。一个稍有不同的基因构成可以确保至少一些个体在危机时刻仍能安然无恙。但是，正如世界范围内的物种数量正在减少一样，许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少)”结合文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。可知，这篇文章的目的是引起人们对防止多样性丧失的有效措施的注意。故选D。
（2025·北京东城·一模）Anyne with insmnia knws the impatience and frustratin that accmpanies sleeplessness. Yu lng fr a buttn that culd instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea f a mental switch is nt far-fetched. Mst neurscientists nw agree that ur wakefulness is crdinated by a tiny bundle f neurns (一小束神经元) knwn as the “lcus ceruleus” (LC), Latin fr “blue dt”.
It is a literal descriptin: the neurns in the lcus ceruleus have the blue clur frm the prductin f a particular neurtransmitter, called nrepinephrine. Nrepinephrine raises the chance that a neurn will “fire” with an electric current. When they becme active, cells in the lcus ceruleus pass bundles f this neurtransmitter alng their prjectins t ther regins f the brain-enhancing the cmmunicatin between the neurns in that area.
There are slight differences in the prcess. Depending n the types f receptrs they have, sme neurns are mre sensitive t smaller amunts f nrepinephrine, while thers nly respnd t higher threshlds. This means that, as the lcus ceruleus activity rises, it will start t affect sme brain areas mre than thers, which can have dramatic effects n things like ur fcus, cncentratin and creativity.
Given the blue dt’s rle, it makes sense that it wuld be quietest at night during sleep. It is nt entirely silent, hwever, but fires ccasinally-and recent research by Anita Lüthi at the University f Lausanne suggests that this activity may determine the quality f ur sleeps.
Acrss the night, we alternate between different sleep stages. There is “rapid eye mvement” (REM) sleep, which is assciated with vivid dreaming and is thught t be crucial fr prcessing and cnslidating memries. Much f ur rest, hwever,is spent in nn-REM (NREM) sleep, during which the brain may engage in a deep clean, clearing away cellular waste.
Measuring brain activity in dzing mice, Anita fund NREM sleep was assciated with temprary bursts f lcus ceruleus activity every 50 secnds. As a result, the animal was mre sensitive t utside stimuli, like nises-withut fully waking. “It’s generating this state f enhanced vigilance (警觉),” Anita says. “It really gives yu this idea that wakefulness can be graded in the brain.”
The beginning f REM sleep was almst always assciated with lw lcus ceruleus activity. “That transitin t REM sleep has t be very well cntrlled,” says Anita, “because in REM sleep, we have atnia.” That’s the temprary paralysis (麻痹) f ur bdy, which prevents us frm physically acting ut ur dreams.
Anita emphasises that her experiments were cnducted in mice, s we still need t cnfirm that the blue dt plays a similar rle in human sleep. If s, she suspects that altered lcus ceruleus activity culd be implicated in cnditins — such as anxiety — that may cntribute t disrdered sleep. She fund that expsing her labratry mice t mild surces f stress — such as kncking n their cage — raised the blue dt’s activity and increased their vigilance thrughut the night, resulting in fragmented sleep.
1．What des the underlined wrd “they” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Neurns.B．Electric currents.
C．Prjectins.D．Neurtransmitters.
2．Accrding t the passage, what is the rle f the LC?
A．Prducing receptrs.B．Preserving cell sensitivity.
C．Mnitring brain activity.D．Imprving neural cnnectivity.
3．Which f the fllwing may Anita Lüthi agree with?
A．The blue dt fires regularly at night.
B．Stress has an impact n the LC activity.
C．Lw LC activity can help clean cellular waste.
D．Atnia results frm sudden bursts f brain activity.
4．What might be the next step f the research?
A．Grading the wakefulness f human brains.
B．Unlcking the mechanism f sleep disrder.
C．Assessing the functin f the blue dt n humans.
D．Identifying appraches t altering the LC activity.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蓝斑核在睡眠和觉醒中的作用及其相关研究。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“It is a literal descriptin: the neurns in the lcus ceruleus have the blue clur frm the prductin f a particular neurtransmitter, called nrepinephrine. Nrepinephrine raises the chance that a neurn will ‘fire’ with an electric current. When they becme active, cells in the lcus ceruleus pass bundles f this neurtransmitter alng their prjectins t ther regins f the brain-enhancing the cmmunicatin between the neurns in that area.(这是一个直白的描述：蓝斑核中的神经元因产生一种名为去甲肾上腺素的特殊神经递质而呈现蓝色。去甲肾上腺素增加了神经元通过电流 “放电” 的可能性。当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的投射将这种神经递质束传递到大脑的其他区域，从而增强该区域神经元之间的交流)”可知，“they”指代的是前文中提到的“the neurns in the lcus ceruleus”，即“Neurns(神经元)”。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When they becme active, cells in the lcus ceruleus pass bundles f this neurtransmitter alng their prjectins t ther regins f the brain-enhancing the cmmunicatin between the neurns in that area.(当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的突起将一束束这种神经递质传递到大脑的其他区域，增强该区域神经元之间的通信)”可知，蓝斑核（LC）的作用是改善神经连接，增强神经元之间的通信。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“She fund that expsing her labratry mice t mild surces f stress — such as kncking n their cage — raised the blue dt’s activity and increased their vigilance thrughut the night, resulting in fragmented sleep.(她发现，让实验小鼠暴露于轻微的压力源下，比如敲它们的笼子，会提高蓝斑核的活动水平，并增加它们整晚的警觉性，导致睡眠碎片化)”可知，Anita Lüthi可能会同意B选项“压力对蓝斑核活动有影响”。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Anita emphasises that her experiments were cnducted in mice, s we still need t cnfirm that the blue dt plays a similar rle in human sleep.(Anita强调，她的实验是在小鼠身上进行的，所以我们仍然需要确认蓝斑核在人类睡眠中是否扮演类似的角色)”可知，下一步的研究可能是评估蓝斑核在人类身上的功能。故选C。