译林版（2024）八年级上册英语：Unit 1 Friendship 语法知识点 讲义

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译林版（2024）八年级上册英语：Unit 1 Friendship 语法知识点 讲义一、重点词汇​friendship n. 友谊​可作不可数名词，也可作可数名词。​常见搭配：close friendship 亲密友谊；lifelong friendship 终生友谊；true friendship 真正的友谊；mutual friendship 相互友谊；childhood friendship 童年友谊 。​俗语：A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。Misfortune tests the sincerity of friends. 患难见真情。​honest adj. 诚实的，正直的​作形容词，表示 “诚实的、正直的”，既可作表语也可作定语 。如：He is an honest businessman.（他是一位诚实的商人。）She has an honest face.（她有一张真诚的面孔。）​引申为 “坦率的、真诚的”。如：Give me your honest opinion.（请坦率地说出你的意见。）​副词形式为 honestly，表示 “诚实地、坦率地”。如：Tell me honestly, what do you think?​派生词：名词 honesty（诚实）；反义词 dishonest（不诚实的） 。注意：honest 中的 h 不发音，前面用冠词 an；固定表达 Let’s be honest...（坦率地说……）​joke n. 笑话，玩笑​作名词：He told a funny joke.（他讲了个好笑的笑话。）​作动词：Don’t joke about serious things.（不要拿严肃的事情开玩笑。）​常见搭配：tell/make a joke 讲笑话；play a joke on someone 捉弄某人；a practical joke 恶作剧；take a joke 开得起玩笑；joke about something 拿某事开玩笑；joke with someone 和某人开玩笑；be joking 在开玩笑；no joke 不是开玩笑，很严重；the joke is on someone 某人反被嘲笑；beyond a joke 过分到无法接受 。​laugh vi.&v. 笑，发笑​作动词：She laughed at the funny story.（她被那个滑稽的故事逗笑了。）​作名词：笑声，笑的行为 。​常见搭配：laugh at 嘲笑某人 / 某事；因… 发笑；laugh about 对过去的事一笑置之；laugh with 和某人一起笑；laugh off 用笑化解 / 轻视；have a good laugh 开怀大笑；burst into laughter 突然大笑；laugh one’s head off 笑得前仰后合；no laughing matter 不是开玩笑的事；laugh in someone’s face 当面嘲笑 。​teenager n. 青少年 （通常指 13 - 19 岁的年轻人），常见搭配：teenage years 青少年时期 。​unhappy adj. 不开心的​作表语，后接介词短语或从句说明原因。如：He was unhappy because he failed the exam.（他因为考试不及格而不开心。）​反义词：happy 开心的 。​secret n. 秘密​可作可数名词。如：She has a lot of secrets.（她有很多秘密。）​常见搭配：keep a secret 保守秘密；tell a secret 泄露秘密 。​care v. 关心，在意；n. 照料，照顾​作动词：care about 关心，在意 。如：He doesn’t care about what others think.（他不在乎别人怎么想。）care for 照顾；喜欢 。如：She cared for her sick mother at home.（她在家照顾生病的母亲。）​作名词：take care of 照顾 。如：You should take care of yourself.（你应该照顾好自己。）​magazine n. 杂志 ，复数形式为 magazines 。如：I like reading magazines.（我喜欢读杂志。）​trust v. 信任，信赖​常见搭配：trust sb. to do sth. 信任某人做某事 。如：I trust him to finish the work on time.（我相信他能按时完成工作。）​派生词：trustworthy adj. 值得信赖的 。​generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的​常见搭配：be generous to sb. 对某人慷慨 。如：He is generous to his friends.（他对朋友很大方。）​派生词：generosity n. 慷慨，大方 。​wise adj. 明智的，充满智慧的​常见搭配：It’s wise of sb. to do sth. 某人做某事是明智的 。如：It’s wise of you to study hard.（你努力学习是明智的。）​派生词：wisdom n. 智慧 。​smile v. 微笑；n. 微笑​作动词：She smiled at me.（她对我微笑。）​作名词：She has a beautiful smile.（她有一个美丽的微笑。）​常见搭配：smile at sb. 对某人微笑；with a smile 面带微笑 。​joy n. 欢乐，高兴​不可数名词。如：The news brought them great joy.（这个消息给他们带来了极大的欢乐。）​派生词：joyful adj. 高兴的，快乐的 。​bored adj. 无聊的，厌烦的 （常用来形容人）​常见搭配：be bored with 对… 感到厌烦 。如：I’m bored with this movie.（我对这部电影感到厌烦。）​反义词：interesting 有趣的；boring 令人厌烦的（常用来形容事物） 。​sense n. 感觉，意识​常见搭配：a sense of humor 幽默感；a sense of duty 责任感；a sense of direction 方向感 。​humorous adj. 幽默的​常见搭配：a humorous person 一个幽默的人 。​派生词：humor n. 幽默 。​polite adj. 有礼貌的​常见搭配：be polite to sb. 对某人有礼貌 。如：You should be polite to your teachers.（你应该对老师有礼貌。）​反义词：impolite 不礼貌的；派生词：politeness n. 礼貌 。​tidy adj. 整洁的，整齐的；v. 使整洁，使整齐​作形容词：Her room is always tidy.（她的房间总是很整洁。）​作动词：Tidy your room before you go out.（出去之前把你的房间整理一下。）​派生词：tidiness n. 整洁 。​smart adj. 聪明的，机敏的；时髦的，衣着讲究的​表示 “聪明的，机敏的”：He is a smart boy.（他是个聪明的男孩。）​表示 “时髦的，衣着讲究的”：She always looks smart.（她看起来总是很时髦。）​二、重点短语​share sth. with sb. 和某人分享某物 。如：I want to share my happiness with you.（我想和你分享我的快乐。）​be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事 。如：She is willing to help others.（她愿意帮助别人。）​give one’s seat to sb. 把座位让给某人 。如：He gave his seat to an old woman on the bus.（他在公共汽车上把座位让给了一位老太太。）​grow up 长大 。如：I want to be a doctor when I grow up.（我长大后想成为一名医生。）​care about 关心，在意 。如：We should care about the environment.（我们应该关心环境。）​keep a secret 保守秘密 。如：Can you keep a secret for me?（你能为我保守秘密吗？）​make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友 。如：I want to make friends with you.（我想和你交朋友。）​be good at 擅长 。如：He is good at playing basketball.（他擅长打篮球。）​help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 。如：She helps me with my English.（她帮助我学习英语。）​have a good sense of 有很好的…… 感 。如：He has a good sense of direction.（他有很好的方向感。）​tell funny jokes 讲有趣的笑话 。如：He often tells funny jokes to make us laugh.（他经常讲有趣的笑话逗我们笑。）​make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 。如：The funny story made us laugh.（这个有趣的故事使我们笑了。）​be different from 与…… 不同 。如：My lifestyle is different from yours.（我的生活方式和你的不同。）​as...as 和…… 一样 。如：He is as tall as his father.（他和他父亲一样高。）​be kind/nice/friendly to sb. 对某人友好 。如：We should be kind to animals.（我们应该对动物友好。）​in the future 在将来 。如：I hope to travel around the world in the future.（我希望将来能环游世界。）​at the age of 在…… 岁时 。如：He started to learn English at the age of five.（他五岁开始学英语。）​be ready to do sth. 准备好做某事 。如：We are ready to start the work.（我们准备好开始工作了。）​travel around the world 环游世界 。如：He dreams of traveling around the world.（他梦想着环游世界。）​come true 实现 。如：His dream finally came true.（他的梦想终于实现了。）​三、重点句型​What makes your friend so special? 什么使你的朋友如此特别？​make + sb./sth. + adj. 使某人 / 某物处于某种状态 。如：The news made us happy.（这个消息使我们很高兴。）​make + sb. + do sth. 使某人做某事 。如：His mother makes him clean his room every day.（他妈妈让他每天打扫房间。）​She is willing to share things with her friends. 她愿意和她的朋友们分享东西。​be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事 。如：They are willing to go to the park with us.（他们愿意和我们一起去公园。）​She always gives her seat on the bus to someone in need. 她在公共汽车上总是把座位让给有需要的人。​give sth. to sb. = give sb. sth. 把某物给某人 。如：He gives a book to me. = He gives me a book.（他给我一本书。）​in need 有需要的 ，作后置定语修饰前面的名词 。如：We should help the people in need.（我们应该帮助有需要的人。）​Max has a good sense of humour. 马克斯很有幽默感。​have a good sense of... 有很好的…… 感 。如：She has a good sense of smell.（她有很好的嗅觉。）​He tells funny jokes and always makes me laugh. 他讲有趣的笑话，总是使我发笑。​make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 。如：The teacher makes the students read English every morning.（老师让学生们每天早上读英语。）​I never feel bored or unhappy when he is with me. 当他和我在一起时，我从不感到无聊或不开心。​feel + adj. 感觉…… 。如：I feel happy today.（我今天感觉很开心。）​when 引导时间状语从句 。如：When I get home, I will do my homework.（当我到家时，我将做作业。）​She is shorter than I am. 她比我矮。​比较级 + than... 比…… 更…… 。如：He is taller than his brother.（他比他哥哥高。）​在比较级中，than 后面的人称代词用主格或宾格都可以，但在口语中常用宾格 。如：He runs faster than me.（他比我跑得快。）也可以说 He runs faster than I (do).​My best friend is as slim as I am. 我最好的朋友和我一样苗条。​as + adj./adv. 原级 + as... 和…… 一样…… 。如：This book is as interesting as that one.（这本书和那本书一样有趣。）​否定形式为 not as/so + adj./adv. 原级 + as... 不如…… 。如：He is not as tall as his father.（他不如他父亲高。）​What’s your friend like? 你的朋友是什么样的人？​用来询问某人的性格、品质或外貌等 。回答可以用描述性的词语 。如：He is kind and friendly.（他善良又友好。）/ He is tall and thin.（他又高又瘦。）​Who would you choose as your best friend? 你会选择谁作为你最好的朋友？​choose sb. as... 选择某人作为…… 。如：We choose him as our monitor.（我们选他当我们的班长。）​四、语法知识​形容词和副词的比较级和最高级​构成规则​一般情况：直接在词尾加 -er 构成比较级，加 -est 构成最高级 。如：tall - taller - tallest；short - shorter - shortest 。​以字母 e 结尾的词：在词尾加 -r 构成比较级，加 -st 构成最高级 。如：nice - nicer - nicest；large - larger - largest 。​以 “辅音字母 + y” 结尾的词：变 y 为 i，再加 -er 构成比较级，加 -est 构成最高级 。如：happy - happier - happiest；easy - easier - easiest 。​重读闭音节词：双写末尾的辅音字母，再加 -er 构成比较级，加 -est 构成最高级 。如：big - bigger - biggest；hot - hotter - hottest 。​多音节词和部分双音节词：在词前加 more 构成比较级，加 most 构成最高级 。如：beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful；interesting - more interesting - most interesting 。​不规则变化​good/well - better - best；bad/badly/ill - worse - worst；many/much - more - most；little - less - least；far - farther/further - farthest/furthest 。​比较级的用法​两者比较：表示一方比另一方 “更……”，用比较级 + than... 结构 。如：This apple is bigger than that one.（这个苹果比那个苹果大。）​表示两者之间进行选择：用 “Which/Who is + 比较级，A or B?” 结构 。如：Which is cheaper, the red one or the blue one?（红色的和蓝色的哪个更便宜？）​比较级前可以用 much, a little, even, still 等词修饰 ，表示程度 。如：This book is much more interesting than that one.（这本书比那本书有趣得多。）​最高级的用法​三者或三者以上比较：表示 “最……”，用 the + 最高级 + in/of 短语 。in 表示范围，of 表示所属关系 。如：He is the tallest in his class.（他在他的班级里是最高的。）/ This is the most expensive of the three cars.（这是三辆车中最贵的。）​表示 “最…… 之一”：用 one of the + 最高级 + 名词复数 。如：China is one of the largest countries in the world.（中国是世界上最大的国家之一。）​最高级前一般要加定冠词 the ，但当最高级前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰时，不用 the 。如：This is my best friend.（这是我最好的朋友。）译林版（2024）八上 Unit 1 Friendship 单元测试卷​一、单项选择（共 15 小题，每小题 1 分，满分 15 分）​从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。​—What do you think of your new friend, Jack?​—He is very ______ and often shares his toys with us.​A. shy B. honest C. generous D. careful​2. My sister is ______ than me. She likes talking with others.​A. quiet B. more quiet C. quieter D. more quieter​3. —What makes your friend so special?​—She has a good ______ of humor. She always makes us laugh.​A. sense B. idea C. feeling D. thought​4. My best friend is good at ______ funny jokes.​A. saying B. speaking C. telling D. talking​5. —______ is your new schoolbag?​—It’s 50 yuan.​A. How many B. How much C. How long D. How far​6. —Can you tell me the way to the nearest hospital?​—Sorry, I am new here. You can ask the policeman over there. He ______ know.​A. may B. must C. need D. should​7. Tom is ______ to reach the apples on the tree.​A. tall enough B. enough tall C. short enough D. enough short​8. —What do you think of the movie?​—It’s ______ interesting ______ I want to see it again.​A. such; that B. too; to C. so; that D. enough; to​9. My mother is ______ with me. She always helps me with my homework.​A. patient B. angry C. strict D. careful​10. The story is ______ and all of us are ______ in it.​A. interesting; interesting B. interested; interested​C. interesting; interested D. interested; interesting​11. —______ do you usually go to school?​—By bike.​A. What B. How C. When D. Where​12. —______ is your father?​—He is a doctor.​A. Who B. What C. Which D. Whose​13. —______ do you play basketball?​—Twice a week.​A. How long B. How often C. How soon D. How much​14. —______ do you want to be when you grow up?​—I want to be a singer.​A. Why B. What C. How D. When​15. —______ is your favorite subject?​—English.​A. Which B. What C. Who D. Whose​二、完形填空（共 10 小题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分）​阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。​I have a good friend. Her name is Mary. She is 13 years old. She is 16 than me. She 17 in a big city. She has long black hair and 18 eyes. She is very lovely. She is 19 and likes to help others. She often helps me 20 my English.​Mary likes 21. She can sing and dance very well. She also likes 22. She often goes to the library on weekends. She 23 reading books very much. She thinks reading is very 24. She has many books at home.​We often play together. We are good 25. I like her very much.​16. A. old B. older C. young D. younger​17. A. lives B. live C. living D. to live​18. A. big B. small C. long D. short​19. A. kind B. strict C. shy D. quiet​20. A. with B. in C. on D. for​21. A. music B. art C. sports D. science​22. A. reading B. writing C. drawing D. playing​23. A. like B. likes C. liking D. to like​24. A. boring B. interesting C. difficult D. easy​25. A. classmates B. friends C. sisters D. brothers​三、阅读理解（共 15 小题，每小题 2 分，满分 30 分）​阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。​A​I have two good friends. They are Peter and Gina. Here are two photos. The first one is a photo of Peter’s family, and the second one is a photo of Gina’s room.​In the first photo, you can see four people. They are Peter’s parents, Peter and his sister. Peter’s father is a teacher. And his mother is a teacher, too. Can you see the boy on the bed? That’s Peter. A red hat is on his head. Who is the girl? Oh, she is Peter’s sister. Her name is Nancy.​In the second photo, you can see a tidy room. It’s Gina’s room. A blue desk, a yellow chair, a green bookcase and a white bed are in it. A computer and some CDs are on the desk. Her red schoolbag is on the chair. A dictionary is in the bookcase. Gina’s room is very clean and tidy.​26. There are ______ people in Peter’s family.​A. five B. two C. three D. four​27. Where is Peter in the first photo?​A. He is on the sofa. B. He is on the chair.​C. He is on the bed. D. He is under the desk.​28. What color is Peter’s hat?​A. It’s red. B. It’s yellow. C. It’s blue. D. It’s white.​29. ______ are on the desk in Gina’s room.​A. Some CDs and a dictionary B. A computer and some CDs​C. A schoolbag and a computer D. A dictionary and a schoolbag​30. Which of the following is TRUE?​A. Peter has a brother.​B. Gina’s schoolbag is on the bed.​C. Gina’s room is not tidy.​D. Peter’s parents are both teachers.​B​Do you want to make friends with others? Here are some tips to help you.​First, spend more time with people. If you want to make friends, you need to meet people first. You can go to places like coffee shops, libraries or clubs to meet new people.​Second, be friendly to others. Smile at people and say hello to them. Show your kindness to them. When you are friendly to others, they will be friendly to you, too.​Third, be a good listener. When someone is talking to you, look at him or her and listen carefully. Ask questions to show that you are interested in what he or she is saying.​My last suggestion is to be yourself. Don’t try to be someone else. People will like you better if you are your true self.​31. The writer gives us ______ tips to make friends.​A. two B. three C. four D. five​32. According to the passage, if you want to make friends, you should first ______.​A. spend more time with people B. be friendly to others​C. be a good listener D. be yourself​33. When someone is talking to you, you should NOT ______.​A. look at him or her B. listen carefully​C. ask questions D. look away​34. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?​A. You can only go to coffee shops to meet new people.​B. When you are friendly to others, they may not be friendly to you.​C. Being a good listener means you don’t need to say anything.​D. You should be yourself when you make friends with others.​35. The passage is mainly about ______.​A. how to make friends B. how to spend time with friends​C. how to be friendly to others D. how to be a good listener​C​Dear Jack,​I know you are having trouble making friends. If you don’t know how to make friends, I’ll give you some advice.​One of the best ways to make friends is to find people with the same hobbies. For example, when I was a child, I made friends by finding other people who enjoyed the same kind of music as me. We could talk about the music and share our favorite songs. It was a great way to get to know each other.​Another way to make friends is to be friendly and helpful. When you see someone who needs help, offer to help him or her. For example, if you see a classmate having trouble with his or her homework, you can offer to help. This will show that you are kind and caring, and it will make people more likely to want to be your friend.​Finally, don’t be afraid to talk to new people. It can be scary at first, but the more you do it, the easier it will become. You can start by saying hello and asking how they are. Then, try to find something in common to talk about.​I hope these tips will help you make some new friends. Good luck!​Your friend,​Mike​36. Jack is having trouble ______.​A. making friends B. doing his homework​C. finding his hobbies D. talking to new people​37. Mike made friends by ______ when he was a child.​A. helping others B. talking to new people​C. finding people with the same hobbies D. joining clubs​38. If you see a classmate having trouble with his or her homework, you can ______.​A. laugh at him or her B. offer to help​C. ask him or her to do it alone D. tell the teacher​39. Which of the following is NOT true according to the letter?​A. Mike gives Jack three pieces of advice.​B. Making friends with people who have the same hobbies is a good way.​C. You should be afraid to talk to new people.​D. Offering to help others can make people more likely to be your friend.​40. The letter is from ______ to ______.​A. Jack; Mike B. Mike; Jack C. Jack’s teacher; Jack D. Jack’s parents; Jack​四、词汇运用（共 10 小题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分）​A. 根据句意及汉语提示写单词。​41. My best friend has a good ______（感觉）of humor.​42. My sister is ______（诚实的）. She never tells lies.​43. Can you keep a ______（秘密）for me?​44. He is a ______（英俊的）boy with big eyes.​45. My mother is very ______（耐心的）with me. She always helps me with my problems.​B. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。​46. He is ______（tall）than his brother.​47. My father is a ______（humor）man. He often tells us funny jokes.​48. My sister is ______（interest）in reading books.​49. My best friend is ______（help）. She often helps me with my homework.​50. I think English is ______（easy）than math.​五、书面表达（满分 15 分）​请以 “My Best Friend” 为题，写一篇短文，介绍你的好朋友。内容包括：​他 / 她的外貌特征；​他 / 她的性格特点（至少两点）；​他 / 她的兴趣爱好（至少两点）。​要求：​词数 80 左右；​文中不得出现真实的姓名和学校名称。​My Best Friend______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________