初中英语人教新目标八年级下册Unit 4 知识点（词汇+语法）

这是一份初中英语人教新目标八年级下册Unit 4 知识点（词汇+语法），共7页。

八年级英语下册Unit 4知识点一、词汇（一）课标词汇[注意英译汉]allow [əˈlaʊ] v.允许，准许wrong [rɔŋ] adj.错误的What's wrong?  哪儿不舒服？midnight ['mɪdnaɪt] n.午夜，子夜look through 浏览，快速查看guess [ɡes] v.猜测，估计deal [di:l] v.处理，应付big deal 重要的事work out  成功地发展，解决get on with 和睦相处，关系良好relation [rɪˈleɪʃn] n.关系，联系，交往communicate [kəˈmju:nikeit] v.沟通,通信,通讯communication [kəˌmju:nɪˈkeɪʃn] n.交流，沟通argue [ˈɑ:ɡju:] v.争论，争吵cloud [klaʊd] n.云elder ['eldə(r)] adj.年级较长的instead [ɪnˈsted] adv.代替whatever [wɒtˈevər] pron.任何,不管什么,无论什么nervous [ˈnə:vəs] adj.紧张不安的offer ['a:fər] v.提供，自愿给予proper [ˈprɔpə] adj.合适的，适当的secondly [ˈsekəndli] adv.第二，其次explain [ɪkˈspleɪn] v.讲解，解释，说明clear [klɪə] adj.清晰的，清楚易懂的copy [ˈkɔpi] v.复制return [rɪ'tɜ:n] v.回来，返回，归还anymore ['enɪmɔ:] adv.不再，再也不member [ˈmembə] n.成员，会员pressure ['preʃə(r)] n.压力compete  [kəm'pi:t] v.比赛，竞争opinion [əˈpɪnjən] n.意见，想法，看法skill [skɪl] n.技能，技巧typical [ˈtɪpɪkl] adj.典型的football [ˈfʊtbɔ:l] n.足球cut out 删去，删除quick [kwɪk] adj.快的，迅速的continue [kənˈtɪnju:] v.继续，连续compare [kəm'peə] v.比较compare…with 比较，对比crazy [ˈkreɪzɪ] adj.疯狂的，狂热的development [diˈveləpmənt] n.发育，成长，发展cause [kɔ:z] n.& v.原因；造成，使发生usual [ˈju:ʒuəl] adj.通常的，平常的in one's opinion 依… 看perhaps [pəˈhæps] adv.可能，大概，也许（二）语法词汇知其变[注意词性变化]1.communication.n.交流，沟通→communicate.v.交流，沟通2:argue.v.争吵，争论→argument/arguing.n.争论，争吵3:cloud.n.云→cloudy.adj.多云的4:nervous.adj.焦虑的，担忧的→nervously.adv.焦虑地→nerve.n.神经，紧张5:proper.adj.正确的，恰当的→properly.adv正确地，恰当地→improper.adj.不恰当的，不合理的6:two.二→second.第二→secondly.adv.第二，其次7:explain.v.解释，说明→explanation.n.解释，说明8: clearly.adv.清楚地，清晰地，明白地→clear.adj清楚的，清晰的，明白的→clear.v.使明白，使清晰9:pressure.n.压力→press.v.压，按10: Competition.n比赛，竞争，竞赛 →competitor.n竞争者，参赛者→compete.v比赛，竞争→competitive.adj有竞争力的11:typical.adj.典型的→type.n.类型，种类12:quick.adj.快速的，时间短的→quickly.adv.快速地13:continue.v.持续，继续存在→continuous.adj.持续的，不间断的14:compare.v.比较，对比→comparison.n.对比，比较15:crazy.adj.不理智的，疯狂的→crazily.adv.疯狂地16:usual.adj.通常的，寻常的→usually.adv.寻常地，通常地→unusual.adj.不寻常的，异样的，有异常的→unusually.adv.异常地，异样地（三）重点短语知搭配[注意固定短语的英汉互译]1.have free time有空闲时间2.allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事3.hang out with sb.与某人闲逛4.after-school classes课外活动课5.get into a fight with sb.与某人吵架/打架6.until midnight直到半夜7.talk to sb.与某人交谈8.too many太多9.study too much学得过多10.get enough sleep有足够的睡眠11.write sb.a letter给某人写信12.call sb.up打电话给某人13.surprise sb.令某人惊讶14.look through翻看15.be angry with sb.生某人的气16.a big deal重要的事17.work out成功地发展;解决18.get on with与...相处19.fight a lot经常吵架/打架20.hang over笼罩21.refuse to do sth.拒绝做某事22.offer to do sth.主动提出做某事23.so that以便24.mind sb.doing sth.介意某人做某事25.all the time一直26.in future今后27.make sb.angry使某人生气28.worry about sth.担心某事29.copy one’ s homework抄袭某人的作业30.be oneself做自己31.family members32.spend time alone独自消磨时光33.give sb.pressure给某人施压34.have a fight with sb.与某人吵架35.compete with sb.与某人竞争36.free time activities业余活动37.get better grades取得更好的成绩38.give one’ s opinion提出某人的观点39.learn exam skills学习应试技巧40.practice sports体育训练41.cause stress造成压力42.cut out删除（四）核心单词知用法[注意固定短语、句型和词块](1)My parents don't allow me to hang out with my friends.我的父母不允许我和我的朋友们出去闲逛。vallow作动词，意为“允许；准许”。allow sb.to do sth.意为“允许某人做某事”，也可以是allow sb.sth.例：His parents won't allow him to stay out late.他的父母不允许他在外面待到很晚。Each passenger is allowed 20 kilograms of baggage.每位旅客准许携带20千克行李。vallow sb.to do sth.的被动结构是： “sb.be allowed to do sth.” 某人被允许做某事例：We are allowed to choose our own clothes.我们被允许选择自己的衣服。The children are not allowed to play on this lawn.孩子们不准在这块草地上玩耍。(2)What’s wrong? 怎么了?vwrong作形容词，意为“有毛病的；错误的”例：There’s something wrong with my bike.我的自行车出毛病了。I’m sorry to tell you that your answers are wrong.我很遗憾地告诉你，你的答案错了。v拓展：wrong的延伸(3)I’m really tired because I studied until midnight last night.我真的很累，因为我昨天晚上一直学习到半夜。vbecause是连词，意为“因为”，引导原因状语从句。because和so不能同时使用。例：He will sell his house because he needs money.因为他需要钱，所以他将出售他的房子。(4)Well, I found my sister looking through my things yesterday.哦，昨天我发现我姐如正在翻后我的东西。vlook though是固定短语，意为“快速查看；浏览”。例：I looked through the notes before the exam.我考试前匆匆看了一下笔记。v拓展：look的短语小结(5)Hope things work out.希望事情会好起来。vworkout属于“动词+副词”的短语搭配，意为“解决；成功地发展”。如果宾语是名词，既可以放在out前，也可以放在out后；若宾语是代词，只能放在work和out之间。例：I hope the project can work out fine.我希望这个项目能顺利发展。She is experienced enough to work out the problems.她足够有经验，能够解决这些问题。v动词+out(6)My problem is that I can’t get on with my family.我的问题是我不能和我的家人和睦相处vget on with是固定短语，表示“和睦相处；相处融洽”，与get along with 同义。get on/ along well with sb.意为“和某人相处得很好”例：They got on well with their classmates.他们和同学们相处得很好。(7)When they argue, it's like a big, black Cloud hanging over our home.当他们争吵的时候，就像有团巨大的乌云笼罩在我们家的上方。vargue作动词，意为“争吵；争论”。argue with sb.about/over sth.表示“就某事和某人争吵/争论”例：Don’t argue with your parents.不要和你的父母争吵Do what you are told and don’t argue with me.做让你做的事情，别和我争论。(8)If your parents are having problems, you should offer to help.如果你的父母有问题，你应当主动帮助他们。voffer作动词，意为“主动提出；自愿给予”。offer还可以作名词，意为“主动提议；建议”。例：He offered to lend me his bike.他主动提出要把他的自行车借给我。Thank you for your kind offer of help.谢谢你的好心帮助。v拓展：offer的搭配(9)Secondly, why don’t you sit down and communicate with your brother? 其次，你为什么不坐下来和你哥哥沟通呢?vcommunicate作动词，意为“交流；沟通”communicate with sb.表示“和某人交流；和某人沟通”例：Parents often find it difficult to communicate with their children.父母经常发现很难和他们的孩子沟通。(10)You should explain that you don’t mind him watching TV all the time.你应该解释你并不介意他总是看电视。vmind sb.doing sth.表示“介意某人做某事”，“sb.”也可以用形容词性物主代词代替例：We don’t mind him/his walking around here.我们不介意他在这里走来走去vmind doing sth.表示“介意做某事”例：Do you mind moving your bike? 你介意把你的自行车移一下吗?(11)Others are practicing sports so that they can compete and win.其他人都在练习体育项目，为的是他们能够参加比赛并获胜。vcompete是动词，意为“竞争；对抗”。compete with...表示“和.....竞争”例：We can compete with the best team.我们能与最好的队竞争。vcompete同根词   competition n.比赛；竞争      competitive adj.竞争的(12)Maybe I could cut out a few of their activities...或许我可以减掉他们几个活动vcut out是固定搭配，意为“删除；删去”例：I cut out one paragraph in this article.我删除了这篇文章的一个段落vcut短语(13)They have a quick diner ,and then it’s time for homework.他们快速吃完晚饭，然后就要做作业。vquick作形容词，意为“快的；快速的”。例：Be quick! The train leaves in 5 minutes ! 快点!五分钟后火车就要开了!vquick的延伸(14)“In some families, competition starts very young and continues until the kids get older,” she says.她说：“在有些家庭里，竞争从很小就开始了，并且一直持续到孩子们长大。”vcontinue作动词，意为“持续；继续存在”continue to do sth./continue doing sth.继续做某事例：How can you continue to work/ working with all that noise going on?你在那不停的噪音中怎么能继续工作呀?(15)And they are always comparing them with other children.并且他们总是把他们和其他孩子相比。vcompare....with..意为“把...与相比”例：Her family is rich.We can’t compare our family with hers.她家很富有。我们不能把我们家与她家相比。vcompare....to..意为“把...比作...”例：Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.莎土比亚把世界比作舞台【重点句型】1.I studied until midnight last night so I didn't get enough sleep.我昨晚学习到半夜所以睡眠不足。2.Why don't you forget about it?  你为什么不忘掉它呢？3.Although she's wrong , it,s not a big deal.虽然她错了,但这并不是什么大事儿。4.He should talk to his friend so that he can say he's sorry.他应该跟朋友谈谈以便他能说声对不起。5.Maybe you could go to his house.也许你可以去他家。6.I guess I could, but I don't want to surprise him.我想我可以，但我不想让他感到惊讶。二、语法（一）Why don’t you...?句型v含义及用法v拓展：Why not? 是常见的口语表达，意为“为什么不呢?”，用于表示同意或赞同。例： —Let’s go to the seaside.让我们去海边吧。—OK.Why not? 可以。为什么不呢?（二）情态动词should与could的用法1.should的用法should为情态动词，表示劝告、建议，意为＂应该＂，它和其他情态动词一样，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形，其否定形式为shouldn’t。Maybe she should say sorry to you.也许她应该跟你说对不起。2.could的用法could既是can的过去式，表示过去的能力，又可以作情态动词表示谨慎、客气的建议，后接动词原形，其否定形式为couldn’t。You could go out and buy her some medicine.你可以出去给她买些药。（三）提建议的表达方式1.用Why not...?来提出建议，表示＂何不……?＂，not后接动词原形。＂Why not...?＂实际上是＂Why don’t we/you...?＂的简略形式。Why not meet at the school gate at eight? 何不8点在校门口见面？Why don’t we stay here another day? 我们为什么不在这儿再待一天呢？2.用＂Would/Could you please...?＂来提出建议或请求。此句式中的would/could并非是动词过去式，而是表示说话者的语气较为委婉。Could you please tell me how to get to the post office? 请你告诉我怎么才能到邮局好吗？Would you please go hiking with me? 和我一起去远足好吗？3.可以用＂Will you...?＂表示委婉地提建议或请求。Will you go to Jinan with us? 你和我们一起去济南好吗？4.shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。学&科网Shall we go swimming this afternoon? 今天下午我们去游泳好吗？Shall I open the window and close the door? 我把窗户打开，把门关上好吗？5.可以用＂Let’s...＂来提出建议或征求对方意见。Let’s make it a little earlier, OK? 我们把时间定早一点好吗？6.用＂What about/How about...?＂来提出建议，about是介词，后面要接名词或动名词。What about writing back to him about it? 要不要就这事给他回一封信？7.用＂Would you like...?＂来提出建议，意思是＂你想要……吗?＂，would you like后可接名词或动词不定式。Would you like a cup of tea? 你想要杯茶吗？8.回答建议的表达方式（1）同意对方的建议时，一般用：Good idea./ That’s a good idea.OK./ All right./ Yes, please./ Yes, I’d love to.No problem./ I agree with you.Sure./ Of course./ Certainly.Yes, I think so.（2）对对方的建议表示拒绝时，一般用：I don’t think so./ Sorry, I can’t./ Sorry, but...I’d love / like to, but.../ I’m afraid...（四）until, so that, although引导的状语从句①　until引导的时间状语从句②　so that引导的目的状语从句v辨析：so that, so...that, such...that③　although引导的让步状语从句valthough意为“尽管；虽然”，常用于引导让步状语从句，且引导的句子常指事实，而不指设想。although可置于句首（此时多用逗号与主句分开），也可置于句来，也可用于句中表强调。例：Although my uncle is old.he looks very strong and healthy.我的叔叔虽然老了,但他看上去还是很健壮。注意：although, though, even though都可以用来引导让步状语从句，它们都不能和but同时使用。近义词false adj.错误的incorrect adj.不正确的反义词right adj.对的；正确的correct adj.正确的look at看look up向上看；查阅look for寻找look out小心look after照顾look up to 仰慕；尊敬look into 调查look down on看不起look through浏览look over检查look around环顾；四下察看look forward to期待check out 查证turn out 结果是go out 出去give out 分发；发放find out查明run out用完try out试用；试验set out动身；出发offer sth.to sb.= offer sb.sth.They offered us some tents.给某人提供某物=They offered some tents to us.他们为我们提供了一些帐篷offer to do sth.主动提出做某事He offered to take me to the museum.他主动提出带我去博物馆。cut up 切开；切成小块cut down 砍倒cut off 切掉cut in 打断别人说话；插嘴近义词fast adj.快的     rapid adj.迅速的反义词slow adj.缓慢的   slowly adv.缓慢地Why don’t you do sth.? =Why not do sth.?你为什么不做某事呢?Why don’t you stay for supper? = Why not stay for supper?你为什么不留下来吃晚饭呢?用于肯定句时，主句的动词用延续性动词，它所表示的动作一直持续到until表示的时间为止，意为“直到....为止”。We’ll wait until the rain stops.我们将一直等到雨停。 用于否定句时，主句的动词一般是非延续性动词，它所表示的动作直到until所表示的时间才发生，意为“直到.....（才）”。They did not return home until it began to rain.直到天开始下雨他们才回家。so that “以便；为了”，引导目的状语从句 I raised my voice so that I could make myself heard.我提高了声音，以便让大家都能听到我说的话。so...that“如此...以至于”，引导结果状语从句，so后跟形容词或副词1 was so busy at that time that I didn’t sleep for three days.那时我太忙了,以至于三天都没睡觉。such..that“如.....以至于”，引导结果状语从句，such后跟名词She is such a good teacher that we all like her.她是这么好的一位老师，我们都喜欢她。