【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题21：概要写作之实验研究报告类 -精讲精练（上海用）

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►专题21 概要写作之实验研究报告类+高考题型组合练_________________________________________________________________________________________【考情链接】概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以说明文为主，议论文次之，记叙文少有涉及。近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。 【要点梳理】         要点一：实验研究报告类写作技巧一般来说，实验研究报告主要由以下几部分组成： 研究目的/背景 研究过程：（实施者，实验对象，采用方法，具体步骤） 研究结果： 研究意义/应用： 研究的不足/局限性：          要点二：实验研究报告类写作注意事项①实验研究目的介绍，要简洁明了，它不但反映该项研究的核心问题，而且应能引起读者对报告的兴趣与注意，并注意采用读者感兴趣的措辞。②研究方法的介绍，主要包括在研究对象的取样和选择，研究因素的实施与控制、资料的收集与处理、研究方法的介绍。如果涉及到一些专业性的概念语或者是说法，则应注意用词的准确性。③研究结果的呈现是研究报告的实质部分。在研究报告中，既要重视定量分析，更要注重定性分析，要把定性与定量的分析综合起来，从量的变化当中揭示事物的本质属性。 ④研究结果的讨论，有时候说明该研究的意义及运用；有时候或指出该研究的不足之处和局限性；或提出一些改进的研究的建议，或是提出一些个人的看法、想法和思考，以有待进一步研究等。          要点三：概要写作基本原则    1. 简要性（Conciseness）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information. 2. 完整性（Completeness）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner.3. 准确性（Accuracy）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does.4. 连贯性（Coherence）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow. 5. 客观性（Objectivity）：Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only.                                                                          _____              Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see? The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so innate(天生的) that such a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. The alternative is that the concepts of shapes are not innate but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses.After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his colleagues have taken another attempt at finding an answer, this time using another species. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the globes or cubes. The researchers found that the bumblebees spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects. The researchers also did the reverse test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux's problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch. However, some experts express their warnings. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile(触觉的) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in the context of their nests, so it is not possible to eliminate the possibility that some of the cross-sensory concept is learned rather than innate._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________详细解析：Summary 步骤1.判断文章类型/体裁 ， 说明文/议论文/记叙文/研究报告2.文章结构 总分总，总分•         研究目的         whether humans have innate concepts of shapes•         实验对象         bumblebees•         实验过程/方法    have bumblebees identify different shapes in the light and dark•         实验结果         bumblebees can always distinguish the particular shapes•         实验结论         bees had built-in concepts of shapes •         局限性          prior experience may disturb the results                                                                          _____ 演练1【2022长宁二模】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Secrets of the ginkgo treeNew research into an incredibly long-lived tree has revealed some of the tricks that help it survive for thousands of years. The ginkgo is a huge, slow-growing tree with fan-shaped leaves, native to China, but planted in parks and gardens across the world. Some of the largest ginkgoes are said to be more than 3,000 years old. In order to discover how these and other trees can live for so long, scientists from the US and China took samples from 34 healthy ginkgoes of various ages. The team studied growth rings in each tree’s trunk, as well as individual cells from the bark (树皮), leaves and seeds. They found that 600-year-old trees were just as healthy as 20-year-olds. To learn more, the team then looked in detail at the DNA of nine trees aged between three and 667 years old. At the beginning of a tree’s life, DNA instructs the cells in a seedling (幼苗) to divide frequently so the tree grows rapidly. The cells also make special chemicals to help the young plant survive stressful situations, such as disease and lack of water. As most trees grow older and tougher, their DNA tells the cells to divide more slowly and to make fewer chemical defences. Ginkgoes, however, do things differently. The team found that although their growth eventually slows, both young and old trees make protective chemicals. The secret is maintaining a really healthy defence system. As ginkgoes age, they show no evidence of weakening their ability to defend themselves from stresses. Other trees that live for a long time may have the same ability. For all their defences, though, ginkgoes cannot live forever—they eventually meet with fatal accidents such as fire, disease and storms. While they last, however, these leafy giants are some of the most beautiful trees in the world. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 演练2【2021嘉定一模】Tai Chi Can Reduce Falls in Old PeopleOld people who took part in a structured programme of Tai Chi found that their balance and physical strength improved, reducing the risk of falls, according to a paper in the latest Journal of Advanced Nursing.Researchers studied a group of fall-prone (易摔跤的) adults, with an average age of 78, living in residential care. 29 people undertook a 12-week Tai Chi programme and the other 30 formed the non-exercise control group. The exercise programme consisted of 10 minutes of warming-up exercises, 20 minutes of Sun-style Tai Chi movement and 5 minutes of cooling down exercises. During the exercise, traditional instrumental music was used. It helped the group maintain slow and continuous movements and provide a comforting effect.Both groups underwent a series of tests before and after the 12-week exercise programme. They measured their muscle strength, balance and confidence in avoiding falls. Researchers analyzed the data and compared them with those of the non-exercise control group. They found that the physical fitness of the exercise group showed significant improvement, with stronger knee and ankle muscles, improved flexibility and better balance. Tai Chi, an ancient Chinese martial art (武术), consists of a series of slow, gentle, continuous movements. It is particularly suitable for old people as it helps them to develop stronger muscles and better balance and concentration. “Our study shows that low-intensity exercise such as Tai Chi has great potential for health promotion. It can help old people to avoid falls by developing their balance, muscle strength and confidence,” says Professor Song. “We believe that regular exercise should be a fundamental part of caring for old people living both in the community and in residential care.”___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  演练3Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines declines after four to six months, a large United Kingdom study has found. Researchers from health science company ZOE, a spin-out from King’s College London, recently have found that a full course of the Pfizer vaccine was 88 percent effective at preventing infection after one month, and this protection fell to 74 percent after five to six months.Tim Spector, a professor of genetic epidemiology who led the research, said that the data is broadly consistent with various other studies on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy over time, including a recent survey from Oxford University that found protection from the Pfizer and AstraZeneca jabs against the Delta variant weakened within three months.However, Simon Clarke, an associate professor in microbiology at Reading University, who was not involved in the research, said the claim that protection may dip below 50 percent this year “is not based on any strong analysis of data” and seems “more like a finger in the air prediction”.“Immunity is a complex process and we cannot assume people’s immunity will fade at a uniform rate over time,” Clarke said.Peter English, a former chairman of the British Medical Association’s Public Health Medicine Committee, who was not involved in the research, said that the data is limited as it did not provide information about vaccine efficacy at preventing severe disease.“There is a world of difference between efficacy against, on the one hand, any infection and on the other hand, illness severe enough to require hospitalization, critical care, or to cause death,” English said.Spector said that, in light of the new research, “we urgently need to make plans for vaccine boosters”, or third shots aimed at combating fading immunity. He told the BBC that these shots should be reserved for certain groups, and that a widespread booster campaign would be a “huge waste” and “ethically dubious”.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  演练4Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Are your children getting on your last nerve? Did a coworker’s comment rub you the wrong way? There’s no need to plug the steam coming out of your ears. In fact, science now gives you full permission to release those emotions; you might actually be happier for it. If that seems counter-intuitive(违反直觉的), hear us out. A new study suggests that people tend to be happier if they can feel and express emotions as they want. That goes for unpleasant emotions like anger and hatred, too.An international team of researchers recruited 2,300 university students from the United States, Brazil, China, Germany, Ghana, Israel, Poland, and Singapore. They then asked the participants to tell them which emotions they desired and which ones they actually felt, and then compared those responses to how the participants rated their overall happiness or life satisfaction.The results showed an interesting trend. While participants wanted to experience more pleasant emotions, they reported higher life satisfaction if the emotions they experienced matched those they desired. More surprising still, 11 percent of people wanted to feel less of positive emotions, such as love and empathy, and 10 percent of people wanted to feel more negative emotions, such as hatred and anger.At first glance, these results might seem confusing. But there’s a simple explanation, according to the study’s authors. Happiness is “more than simply feeling pleasure and avoiding pain,” they write. It is also learning to release negative emotions when you feel them, instead of ignoring them or bottling them up. “If you feel emotions you want to feel, even if they’re unpleasant, then you’re better off,” lead researcher Dr Maya Tamir from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem told the BBC News website.  ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 演练5  【2020年7月高考真题】Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.     Are People Unique?  It is human being’ pride that we are the only species on the Planet that can speak and think. However, recent research casts doubts on that common belief.Zuberbuhler, a psychologist at St. Andrews University, and his colleagues recorded thousands of calls made by Diana monkeys and noticed that the monkeys adapted their calls to change the meaning to warn one another about different situations. For example, they made a ‘krack’ alarm call at the sight of a tiger. However, when they merely repeated calls made by other monkeys they added an ‘oo’.The researchers found that the same calls would be recognized by other species, like Campbell’s monkeys. So they are communicating across species.  And since then we have found that hornbill birds can understand these calls and they too understand all the different meanings. Said Zuberhler.What is also surprising is that signs of intelligence have been found in birds, whose small brains were long assumed to be a complete barrier to intelligence. However, all that is changing fast. A few years ago, Irene Pepperberg of the Massachussetts Institute of Technology taught a parrot to recognize and count up to six objects, which couldn't have been achieved if birds were unable to memorize.Last year that was topped by Alex Kacelnik, a professor of behavioral ecology at Oxford, who discovered that crows(乌鸦) are capable of using tools in complex orders, the first time such behavior had been observed in non-humans. In an experiment seven crows successfully grabbed a piece of food placed out of reach using different lengths of stick. Crucially, they were able to complete the task without any special training, suggesting the birds were capable of a level of abstract reasoning normally associated only with humans.All this is powerful evidence against the idea that people are unique.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                        _____Section AChinese teachers in U.K . Spark Debate.Many people in Britain say the nation’s own education system needs to improve after a BBC documentary about Chinese teaching methods sparked fierce debate.The documentary , are our kids tough enough？chines school,(31)        (broadcast) on Tuesday evening, focused on Bohunt School in hemisphere. Southwest of London, (32)        five Chinese teachers were recruited to teach 50 ninth-graders for a month using the same teaching methods they apply in Chinese.The documentary also sparked fierce discussion online. Before and after it was broadcast, it had already become one of the top topics on twitter, with many education specialists(33)               （comment）.Many British Twitter users complained not about the Chinese teachers,(34)      about their  own country’s education system.“They are right, British education has gone soft. Teachers are used and students have no discipline,” twitter user @dkenstone said.   One the BBC site, a debate（35）         (title) “what can British people learn from the Chinese education system?” became especially popular. One twitter user commented, “if British schools in the main, are places of constant supply entertainment to pupils (at break time and during lessons alike) then the name of these institutions（36）        be changed from schools to something else, maybe comedy clubs instead of schools---where the chief clown is normally the head teacher.”      Kathryn James, deputy general secretary of the national Association of head teachers in Britain, defended the British school system and said it had adventures（37）      over china’s. “it is always helpful for school leaders to learn from different systems.” she said.      However, student autonomy, questioning and the development of skills to allow students to think of themselves – key elements in British pedagogical approaches -do not appear to be part of the Chinese approach.（38）­­­         teachers involved in the program take lessons from the experiment, no doubt the Chinese teachers featured will also learn from the UK’s approach to（39）        (teach).    Richard Spencer, a correspondent for the daily Telegraph（40）      lived  in a china for six years with his children attending schools in the country, wrote in a column: “Chinese education is not, of course, perfect.one of the curiosities leaving a British where everyone worried about the state of our schools was to find the same is everywhere, even in China.”    Section BDirections: After reading the passage and the sentences below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A. bind       B. exact      C. intently    D. covers    E. alert        F. instantlyG. remains    H. springs    I. attack      J. identify    K. triggered Antibodies play a key role in the immune system. They begin the process of getting rid of the invaders that may cause harm or infection. This lesson ___11___how antibodies work and the different kinds of antibodies.What Are Antibodies?Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins that are produced by the immune system to help stop intruders from harming the body. When an intruder enters the body, the immune system ___12___into action. These invaders, which are called antigens (抗原), can be viruses, bacteria, or other chemicals. When an antigen is found in the body, the immune system will create antibodies to mark the antigen for the body to destroy.FunctionThe antibodies act sort of like the immune system’s scouts. They find antigens, stick to them, and ___13___for the immune system the ___14___type of antigen so that it can be destroyed. Each antibody is made for one and only one antigen, and it’s fitted with special receptors that will only ___15___to that antigen. For instance, a specific antibody is created to help destroy the chickenpox virus. Only that particular antibody will attack a chickenpox virus.How Antibodies Fight AntigensSo what happens when an antigen tries to enter the body? When it does, the immune system is ___16___. Chemical signals are sent to ___17___all the different parts of the immune system into action.First, the virus is met by a type of cell called B cells. The B cells are responsible for creating antibodies to match the antigen. Remember, each type of antibody matches to only one antigen. After the B cells have created their antibodies, the antibodies stick to the virus, marking it for the next round of ___18___. T cells are then ordered to attack the antigen that the antibodies have marked for it.After the antigen has been destroyed, the cleanup crew comes along. A wave of phagocytes large cells that can consume foreign matter, eats the ___19___of the infection.ImmunizationsAfter an infection is defeated, the antibodies still remain in the body. They are left there to wait in case that particular antigen returns. Immunizations take advantage of the fact that antibodies remain in the body after an infection is eradicated. Most immunizations consist of a weak or diluted form of an antigen-not enough of the antigen to make the patient sick, but just enough to trigger the creation of antibodies. This way, the body can____20____attack any form of the infection it encounters, stopping the infections before they begin. Section CESP, Extra Sensory Perception, is a catch-all expression for the so-called ability of certain people to receive transmitted thoughts from others, to transmit their own thoughts, to see what will happen in the future or to be able to move objects from one place to another without physically touching them. These special people are called psychics. Some believe that we all have this ability to some degree but that most of us choose not to develop it. Many people are skeptical about ESP. Alongside the existence of documented evidence, there are plenty of claims that have turned out to be cheating. For most people, it is difficult to accept such claims without having had first hand experience. The lack of scientific evidence is another factor to take into account. On the other hand, most of us have, at some time, experienced a seemingly unexplainable occurrence; hearing the telephone ring and knowing who will be on the other end of the line or cases of coincidence that seem to be too extreme to be accidental. Over the years there have been numerous ESP experiments conducted by serious scientists in serious institutions. Joseph Banks Rhine, a botanist at Duke University published a famous book in 1934 called “Extra-Sensory Perception” in which he claimed to have enormous evidence of ESP. However, other scientists have been unable to copy his results since, which has resulted in the book losing much of its original credibility and fame. The Ganzfield Experiments are considered to have been the most carefully examined ESP experiments. So-called psychics had their eyes covered and ears blocked while a “sender” attempted to transmit messages. Later the psychics would compare the messages received to the original messages sent out. There was a great deal of excitement and interest at the time, but the research failed to produce convincing results. One of the strongest criticisms against ESP is that in order for it to exist, the fundamental laws of physics would necessarily have to be broken. Human beings are attracted to the whole range of supernatural phenomena. ESP will always continue to fascinate. This becomes clear when we see how much of the media is dedicated to the topic: magazines, journals, web sites, television and radio programs. Some of the most successful films in recent years have fuelled interest among the younger generations who are starting to ask the same questions and to look for explanations for the same phenomena as their parents and grandparents before them. Who knows? One day we might just find these answers because one thing is certain: “The truth is out there! ”74. According to the 1st paragraph, a psychic can do the following EXCEPT __________.A. read what his parents are thinking aboutB. transmit one friend’s thought to anotherC. predict what’ll happen at tomorrow’s meetingD. change the position of a chair without touching it75. The underlined word “skeptical” in the second paragraph can be replaced with __________.A. enthusiastic   B. doubtful   C. particular   D. curious76. What can be learned about the book “Extra–Sensory Perception” and “the Ganzfield Experiments”?A. They both failed to prove the existence of ESP scientifically.B. They were both the products of casually-designed research.C. Others followed their examples and got the same consequences.D. The writer and the experiment operators lost their fame eventually.77. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Whether ESP exists.      B. How ESP works. C. Who ESP attracts.      D. Why ESP fails.