【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题20：概要写作之议论文 -精讲精练（上海用）

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►专题20 概要写作之议论文+高考题型组合练_________________________________________________________________________________________【考情链接】  概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以说明文、议论文为主，记叙文次之，近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。 【要点梳理】         要点一：议论文概要写作技巧议论文（Argumentation）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。          考点二：议论文概要写作模板议论文：opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons)          要点二：议论文概要写作的语言微技巧1. 要点获取。要点获取过程就是文本解读过程。对于结构比较清楚的段落，可以通过筛选、寻找主题句找到要点，这通常是指能够概括全文或段落的关键句子；对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，可以使用关键词来设计主题句的方法。2. 要点转述。要求使用自己的语言来进行自主表述。可以从以下几个主要方面进行转述：（1）同义替换法，指用相同的单词、短语替代原文；（2）语态转换法，指把句子在主动与被动语态之间转化；（3）词性改变法，在写作时，可以尝试改变词性，如将动词改成名词，或把形容词改为名词等手段变化原文；（4）句子重构，概要写作语言要求“以简为贵”，只有掌握多种句式，如定语从句、非谓语动词等，写作时就能从容自若，就能化复杂句式为简单句或整合重组松散句子。3. 要点衔接。 概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列与堆砌，因此，在获取要点和转述要点之后，应特别关注各要点之间内部联系和逻辑结构，用适当的衔接将要点进行连接，从而形成一篇结构紧凑的小小短文。写作中常见的衔接词如下： 1）对立关系包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, not…but等。2）因果关系常用的标志词和短语有：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, such…that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, as a result, for this reason等。3）并列关系常用的标志词和短语有：and, or, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same…as等。4）总分关系常用的标志词和短语有：such as, for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically等。5）递进关系常用的标志词和短语有：then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what’s worse, even worse等。                                                                         _____              Summary 1 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, it’s better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done. The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they can’t make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, “ Haste makes waste.” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our lives. Finally, slower life pace provides better health conditions for us. As is known to all, taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. But being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter. In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                          _____【2022黄埔二模】Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Teamwork Doubles the StrengthTeamwork is really important for any class or team to achieve its goals and objectives. Let me give you three reasons why teamwork is advantageous.As individuals we possess diverse talents, strengths, weaknesses and experiences. A team is like a blanket that weaves what each of us possesses, resulting in an end product that is diverse yet similar. As team members exchange thoughts and experiences, there can be more efficiency and effectiveness at problem-solving. This pooling of talents can also lead to greater innovation and success.Take Leicester City, for example. It won the Premier League in 2016, to the disbelief of many soccer fans. Leicester City, previously regarded as the underdog in the League, displayed surprisingly impressive teamwork that led to its unbelievable victory in soccer history.Next, teamwork helps to increase efficiency and productivity as members share the workload. It reduces the stress on each of us and ensures the completion of tasks within the regulated time frame. When work is distributed and each of us in a team specializes in specific tasks, we can expect greater job satisfaction.And finally, working in a team multiplies learning opportunities. Team members learn from more experienced members who may offer deeper insights and perspectives. Newer members may also contribute new and brave ideas. Besides encouraging the sharing of knowledge and experiences, teamwork also develops soft skills like communication and interpersonal skills. We learn to respect differences in working styles and opinions, and develop trust when working with others.Some may think that working in isolation is more efficient since more time is taken when cooperating with others. For more talented individuals, working alone means being the star of a project — there’s no need to share the success or glory with others. But, the loss of cooperativity that only team effort can generate may also prevent the team from reaching its fullest potential.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【2022宝山二模】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Hanks, wining the Golden Globe Cecil B. deMille Award which is for “outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment”, shared a story of when he worked in his first professional job as an intern at the Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival. Hanks said he and his fellow interns showed up to rehearsals after doing a little too much partying the previous night. The director wasn’t having it.“He screamed at us,” said Hanks. “You know what your job is?” the director asked. “You have got to show up on time, and you have to know the text, and you have to have a head full of ideas. Otherwise I can’t do my job.”And there it is, a simple, brilliant, three-step formula for success:Show up on time, know the text and have a head full of ideas.Show up on time“Showing up on time is one of the greatest liberating acts you can give yourself in a movie. You have the freedom of being there early enough to settle down - because when the time comes, you have to hit the marks,” explains Hanks.Know the text“Knowing your text - it’s not just your lines, it’s the whole thing,” Hanks continued. “You might not be right in the opinion you bring to it. But you’ve got to come at it with some direction.”In a word, Hanks is speaking here about preparation. Generally speaking, the more prepared you are, the more successful you’ll be.Think about it - professional athletes, creatives even analysts, it’s not the smartest or most talented person in the room who’s the most successful.It’s the one who comes most prepared.Have a head full of ideasSpeaking to this final point, Hanks said the following:“Bring anything. Try anything. They might not use it. If it is not fit, they won’t use it.”The best companies are successful because their employees are constantly seeking to try new things to grow and improve.Routines and processes are helpful, but growth doesn’t happen when you always do things the exact same way. Growth is a result of being willing to take risks, to break out of your comfort zone and to embrace failure when it happens.Because out of failure comes learning. And out of learning comes growth.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【2021徐汇期末】Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.Are you a textaholic?Do you spend over an hour each day texting your friends? Do you frequently neglect work, study and leisure activities to check your phone for text message? Are you moody and emotional if you are separated from your mobile phone? Do you hardly ever use your phone to talk any more, and do your thumbs from texting too much?If you answered 'Yes' to any of the above questions, then the chances are that you are a textaholic.A textaholic can be defined as someone who is addicted to sending and receiving text messages.The main symptoms are strong will to text which takes precedence over (优先于) everything else, and withdrawal symptoms (戒断症状)if messages fail to come in, leading to anger, depression and a lack of self-respect.Other problems include sleeplessness, eye strain, and repetitive strain injury due to constant messaging, not to mention expensive phone bills.The root of the problem, as with many addictions, is the desire to escape from emotional difficulties such as stress, anxiety and relationship problems.Experts warn that text addiction is likely to become the most common form of addiction in the future, especially among the young.So what can you do if you think you may be textaholic? The key is to get your life back in balance.Make sure you resist the urge to answer every message you receive, and consider leaving your mobile phone behind occasionally when you go out.Most importantly, make a point of spending quality time with friends and family, and make time to re — learn the art of face-to-face conversation instead of conducting your relationships by means of text messages.Not only will you save time and money, but you may also rediscover the pleasure of true communication.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                         _____一．语法填空Smart phones were once the best thing to happen to the tech industry. In the 11 years since the iPhone made its debut, smart phones ____1____（include）just about every other gadget. And it is surprising that it ____2____ alter every business.But ____3____ smart phones have achieved dominance, revolution is again in the air.At Google’s and Apple’s recent developer conference, executives took the stage to show how much more irresistible they were making our phones. Then each company unveiled the software ____4____（help）you use your phone a lot less.There’s reason for this seemingly contradictory engineering effort, and it’s ____5____ I call“Peak Screen”.For much of the last decade, a technology industry ____6____（rule）by smart phones has pursued a singular goal of completely ____7____（conquer）our eyes. Tech has now captured pretty much all visual capacity. Americans spend three to four hours a day looking at their phones, and that’s the minimum estimation.So tech giants are to build the beginning of something new: a ____8____（visual）tech world, a digital landscape ____9____ relies on voice assistants, headphones, watches and other wearables to take some pressure off our eyes.We may simply end up adding new devices to our screen-addled lives, ____10____ it could change everything again. As I argued, in many ways screens have become to dominant in our lives. The sooner we find something else, the better.  二．选词填空Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. applause    B. backed    C. conditions    D. creative    E. emphasis    F. fix         G. level      H. loyal        I. pass        J. rewards        K. suspendedKick-starter---funding successKick-starter is an online crowdfunding platform. It is an Internet space where entrepreneurs can ____11____ the need for traditional investors such as banks or venture capitalists, and instead gather together a group of financial backers from among members of the public.The project creators ____12____ the amount they want to raise and then set a deadline by which to do this. If the amount is not reached by the designated time, then no funds are collected from backers. The projects themselves tend to be in the ____13____ sphere-technology and design, music and dance, film and theatre, the arts and publishing. Co-funder, Perry Chen, describes the system as a mixture of ‘patronage and commerce’: that is to say, the supporters for the project may simply benefit from the knowledge that they have ____14____ something worthwhile or they may benefit in some more concrete and commercial way. For example, a project to start a women's history magazine in Sweden offered funders a range of ____15____ from a ‘big thank you and shout out on Facebook’ to a full page advertisement in the magazine, depending on the ____16____ of their contribution.Unlike some other crowdfunding sites, Kick-starter requires no ownership or stake in the project itself; they simply take a five per cent fee on the total amount of money raised. In this way it leaves the creator in control of the their own success. The ____17____ it places on the project owners--that the project is original, genuine and realizable-are largely based on trust, and projects have been occasionally ____18____ which are not honest or feasible.Kick-starter has been a witness to many such successes. To date, nearly $2 billion has been raised through its efforts, and several film and theatre projects have enjoyed critical ____19____ . Perhaps as important as the funding that enables the project to get off the ground is the _____20_____ community of followers that each project then takes with them.   三．阅读理解http://aibertoherandez bloaspot.com/commentsMarianne:  15 hours agoThanks, Alberto. Your blog is fantastic and so helpful. I just want to say that I have a suspicion that my employer is playing Big Brother*. My boss scans our office with video cameras, keeps a log of all office phone conversations, tracks our location with cell phones and ID cards, and reads our incoming and outgoing e-mail. think this supervision has gone too far and is outside the range of a responsible business.Marcel:  12 hours agoIn my company, we're forced to take drug tests whether we like it or not, without warning, and for no good reason. In this suspicious atmosphere, it's impossible to have a sense of pride and dignity in my work. I can' 't understand what's driving this increase in employee monitoring.Robert:  6 hours agoI don't agree with Marcel and Marianne. There's nothing harmful about these monitoring practices. As an employer, I have the right to know how my employees are using their time. On top of that, I use video cameras only to prevent theft. And I check employee e-mail to watch for any insulting language or racism. Come on－you know it's only for the employee's protection.40. In Marianne's opinion, her boss is ______.A. a fantastic and helpful person B. trying to restrict their behaviorC. an irresponsible person D. trying to know them better41. How does Marcel most probably feel in his company?A. Thrilled.                B. Proud. C. Disrespected.             D. Unsuccessful.42. From the comments we can conclude that ______ must be an employer.A. Alberto                 B. Marianne         C. Marcel                 D. Robert