还剩18页未读，
继续阅读
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练
展开
这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共21页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in NO MORE THAN 60 WORDS. Use your own words as far as possible.
Scrabble
Scrabble is a crossword game. There is a board, a bag full of letter tiles, and small racks (架子) to put the tiles on. Letters like Q, X and Z are not common in English words. They are worth more points than common letters like E, S and N. For example, “E” is worth only 1 point and there are many “E” tiles. The letter “Q” is worth 5 points and there are only two “Q” tiles.
The game begins with all the letter tiles in a bag. This way, the players can’t see the tiles. Each player takes seven tiles and puts them on the rack in front of him or her. The players can’t see each other’s tiles.
The Scrabble board has many squares. In turn, players try to make words with their tiles and put them on the squares. The words can only go up and down or left to right. The first player puts down a word, and it must cover the star in the centre of the board. The player must take new tiles to replace the ones used to make the word. The next player must make a word using the word that is on the board.
To find the score, players add up the value of each tile in a word. For example, the letters “S”, “T” and “A” are each worth 1 point. So the word “sat” is worth 3 points. The pink and blue squares have a special value, too. For example, if the “Q” tile is on a triple-letter square, then it would be 15 points, not just 5 points. If the word “sat’ is on the double=word square, then it is worth 6 points. The game continues until all the tiles have been used and no player can make any new words on the board. The highest score wins!
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The problem of electronic waste
We have gradually come to realise that in two ways in particular, modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet. The first is its energy use; the worldwide scale of information technology is so enormous that electronics now produce fully two percent of global carbon emissions, which is about the same as the highly controversial emissions of aeroplanes. The other is the hardware, when it comes to the end of its natural life. This, increasingly, is pretty short. We have hardly noticed this important stream of waste, so much so that a Greenpeace report on the untraced and unreported e-waste two years ago referred to it as “the hidden flow”. We need to be aware of it.
The latest United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report estimates that worldwide, electronic waste is mounting by about 40 million tons a year. So what can we do about it?
The European Union has recognised the problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility. In other words, making it the duty of manufacturers of electronic goods to ensure their safe disposal at the end of their lives. In practice, an EU regulation now means that electronics dealers must either take back the equipment they sold you, or help to finance a network of drop-off points, such as public recycling sites. Its main feature is quite ambitious: it aims to deal with “everything with a plug”.
The new UN report suggests that all countries could do something about the problem with a change in design. Groups such as Greenpeace have led the way in putting pressure on major manufacturing companies to find substitutes for the toxic chemicals inside their products. Encouragingly, they have had some success in forcing them to develop non-poisonous alternatives to these. This may be the real way forward.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The music in you
Any party goer can tap her heel to an unfamiliar song without realizing it. Yet when asked on site, she might reply: “Music? I don’t know anything about that.”
Maybe you’ve heard a variation on this theme: “I don’t have a musical bone in my body.” Most of us make music publicly just a few times a year, when it’s someone’s birthday and the cake comes out. Privately, it’s a different story. We belt out tunes in the shower and create rhythm tracks on our steering wheel. But when we think about musical expertise, we tend to imagine professionals who specialize in performance, people we’d pay to hear. As for the rest of us, our bumbling private efforts, rather than illustrating that we share an irresistible urge to make music, seem only to demonstrate that we don’t enjoy essential musical capacity.
But the more psychologists investigate musicality, the more it seems that nearly all of us are musical experts, in quite a surprising sense. A lot of the most interesting and substantial elements of musicality are things that we all share. We aren’t talking about instinctive, inborn universals here. Our musical knowledge is the product of long experience; maybe not years spent over an instrument, but a lifetime spent absorbing music from the open window of every passing car.
In fact, for all its remarkable power, music is in good company. Many of our feelings are governed by a similar rule. We don’t know how we come to like certain food more than others. We don’t know why we fall in love. Yet in the very act of making these choices we reveal the effects of a host of instinctive mental processes. The fact that we respond to music so naturally and normally actually speaks to its strength and universality.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Advertising Objectives
When developing a successful advertising campaign, marketers must first set an advertising objective. The objective is the purpose for the advertising campaign. There are four main advertising objectives—to inform, to persuade, to compare, or to remind.
Companies use informative advertising to give information about a new type of product. In this case, the purpose is to increase demand for the new product. DVD players are a good example. The first sellers of these products had to tell consumers about the quality and convenience of the new product. Big sales soon followed.
However, informative advertising doesn’t work so well when there are many companies with the same kind of product. This is because consumers already know the normal features of the product. Instead, they need to see how one company’s version is better than all the others. This kind of advertising is called persuasive advertising. For instance, when DVD players became common, Sony began trying to persuade customers that its brand has the best quality for their money to keep sales high.
Comparative advertising also tries to persuade. Thus it is really a kind of persuasive advertising. In this, a company compares its brand with one or more other brands. Comparative advertising has been used for products from soft drinks to car rentals and credit cards. An example is Avis, a car rental company, which compared itself with its bigger rival Hertz by claiming, “We’re number two, so we try harder?”
A different kind of advertising is reminder advertising, which is important for products later in their life. Unlike the other types, its objective is to help to keep strong relationships with customers and to keep them thinking about the product. This is why expensive Coca-Cola television ads mainly build and maintain the Coca-Cola brand relationship, rather than trying to inform or persuade people to buy the drink straight away.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
When you’re having fun with your friends, you take selfies. When you visit famous places, you take selfies. When you are in beautiful spots, you take selfies. But sometimes you don’t look very attractive in the photos. And, of course, if you’re going to post them, you want to look your best. What can you do?
Instead of posting a photo you don’t like, you can turn to photo retouching. When you retouch an image, you improve its appearance. Many apps offer you the ability to do that. Their easy-to-use tools help you smooth your skin, make your teeth straighter and whiter, and more. Within the apps, you can also change your facial features. You can make your eyes rounder and brighter. You can change the shape of your face or your nose. You can also change the direction of the light source or add highlights. All in all, you can make yourself look like you wish you looked.
Now you’ve uploaded your retouched photos to social media. People leave positive comments, and you get a lot of likes. That’s great, right? Maybe not. With so many people sharing personal images of their lives, it’s almost like a contest.
Who looks the best, takes perfect selfies and lives up to social media’s standard of beauty? You need to be part of that crowd so that you don’t feel left out. Worse yet, you feel if you’re not part of that crowd, you may be criticized for your looks. Maybe you think that if you don’t look like the influencers you follow, you’re not good enough. People generally retouch themselves to have larger eyes, thinner chins and brighter skin. Does everyone now look the same? It seems like a lot of people are trying to match up to unrealistic beauty ideals. That isn’t good for anyone’s self-image.
Perhaps it’s time to post the real you and only lightly retouched, if at all.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Laughter Yoga Makes You Smile
“Friends, I must tell you, laughter yoga is not a comedy.” Dr Madan Kataria, the creator of laughter yoga, an exercise programme involving prolonged laughter, said. Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate (故意的) laughter, came from humble beginnings, but has mushroomed into a global movement. Hundreds of clubs, usually free to attend, have now been established across Asia, Europe and North America.
“I had read so much about the benefits of laughter, and how acting out emotions, especially through facial expressions, can create them,” Kataria tells me. But he realised he wouldn’t often see people laughing in Mumbai. “The idea struck me: why not start a laughter club? Laughter reduces stress,” Kataria goes on, following some yogic postures, “it makes your immune (免疫) system stronger and keeps your mind positive!” Five people attended Katana’s first meet-up in Mumbai in 1995. He initially asked participants to tell jokes to force laughter, but as attendances grew Kataria learned that laughing for no reason at all was the best method. “We started just faking laughter,” he says. “And then people started laughing for real. It was infectious; we couldn’t stop.”
Laughter yoga addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled (遏制).Young children can laugh hundreds of times a day. But as we get older, the fun begins to stop —our brains learn how to adapt our emotions in tune with the needs of others. We develop empathy (同理心). But so are we told to stop laughing and be serious about life. There’s often a sense that if you’re laughing, you’re not properly learning, or working, or focusing, or paying respect. Sometimes this is justified, but not always. Perhaps that is the recipe for the growing popularity of laughter yoga.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The risk of pre-schooling
“Young children learning to read is one of the most important things primary education does. It’s fundamental to children making progress in life,” says Dominic Wyse, a professor of primary education at University College London, in the UK. “While learning literacy is vital to childern, the way we teach it really matters.”
In a 2022 report, he states that English school system’s intense focus on phonics – a method that involves matching the sound of a spoken word or letter, with individual written letters, through a process called “sounding out” – could be failing some children. A reason for this is that the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts. For example, the tests may ask pupils to “sound out” and spell nonsense words, to prevent them from simply guessing, or recognising familiar words. Since nonsense words are not meaningful language, children may find the task difficult and puzzling. It doesn’t end up being meaningful, it ends up being memorising rather than understanding context.
Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools, several studies now show. Early education can however have a positive impact on social development – which in turn feeds into the likelihood of graduation from school and university as well as being associated with lower crime rates. In short, attending preschool can have positive effects on later achievement in life, but not necessary on academic skills.
Too much academic pressure may even cause problems in the long run. A study published in January 2022 suggested that those who attended a preschool with a strong academic emphasis, showed lower academic achievements a few years later, compared to those who had not gained a place.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cycling isn’t always easy. Busy streets, honking horns, and inadequate bike lanes can make it an uphill battle. But not even these difficulties can stop Europeans’ passion for cycling. According to BBC, bicycles outsold cars in most of the European Union’s states last year.
There are traditional bicycle capitals”, such as Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Copenhagen in Denmark. But in many other traditionally car-made countries, the shift to bikes is striking. Italians, for instance, bought 1.6 million bikes against 1.4 million cars in 2012.
So what has led to cycling’s growing popularity in Europe?
The economic crisis has played an important role in the issue. “The economic crisis has had an effect on all areas of people’s lives, including on transport,” Giulietta Pagliaccio, head of the Italian cycling federation FIAB, told the Australian Associated Press.
Since the European debt crisis broke out in 2009, more people lost their jobs while the cost of living, including fuel costs, continued to rise. It forced many people to give up driving to save money, the Guangzhou-based New Express commented. Take Greece, a country seriously hit by the crisis, for example. It sold 320,000 bikes last year against 58,000 cars.
More importantly, people have changed their views toward cars and bikes. Cars are losing their appeal as status symbols. Yet, cycling is now seen as “a safe, clean, healthy, inexpensive way to get around town”, the Daily Star concluded. “It not only reduces traffic jam and pollution, but also contributes to public health.”
However, with more and more people turning to cycling, questions remain about traffic and safety problems.
To ease people’s worries, dozens of cities have joined a European Union to make bicycles equal to cars as a form of urban transport. Quite a few cities now offer well-marked bike lanes, such as the cycling super-highway marked in blue in London. It runs all over the city, from the center to the suburbs.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Have you ever found yourself waiting the stop of your bus to arrive and have a stranger ask a commonplace question? Perhaps you’ve stood in line waiting for a coffee and feel the need to just look over to the person next to you and ask about the weather.
This is small talk, and despite the name, it’s actually a big part of daily life.
“Small talk may seem trivial(微不足道的), but it’s a natural way for people to connect. It may seem like a waste of time. But it serves a vital role in our social interactions. Big relationships are built on small talk.” Lindy Pegler, who has a master’s degree in psychology, wrote on Medium.
In fact, we spend a lot of our time making small talk. Often, we find ourselves making small talk with the same people on a regular basis. Coming up with small conversations is the foundation of these relationships.
The benefits of such conversations can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole. In a study cited by The New York Times, researchers found that having a healthy amount of acquaintances(相识的人) and maintaining these relationships contribute to one’s sense of belonging to a community.
So how does one start making small talk? It can be as simple as complimenting one’s shirt, asking about their day or commenting on the traffic. “First and foremost, small talk is an act of politeness,” Pegler noted. “Our small talk at our first meeting is our chance to show who we are,” she added.
Who knows where this can lead? Nowadays, the small connections we make can lead to big results. You might find someone who has a common interest, or maybe even someone who turns out to be a close friend. There is one thing for sure: Making small talk can brighten our day—even if it’s just a nice comment or thoughtful question.
So the next time you find yourself waiting for the bus or checking your watch while you wait in a line, take the opportunity to look up and talk to someone around you. After all, it takes a small connection to lead to a larger one.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cutting air pollution is on the agenda of all countries nowadays. In the efforts to build low-pollution cities, there are some traps city planners must avoid falling into.
Many countries intend to accomplish the switch to electric cars in the next two decades. In Canada, the government is planning to initiate policies for promoting the use of electric cars: a financial subsidy(补助)on purchase, low-interest rates on loans, etc. However, simply switching to electric cars doesn’t mean pollution-free cities. Emissions at different levels will still be caused when the electricity to run them is generated. Also, brakes, tyres and other components all create airborne particles(大气细颗粒物)pollution as they wear out.
A number of city planners are counting on the car-sharing system to be a great contributor to the reduction of emissions. According to the Economist, car-sharing is fashionable and trendy, but, when it comes to cutting emissions, “unreliable actually”. To make sure the cars come in handy and are always in good condition whenever and wherever a use needs to hit the road, more frequent road trips need to be made by lorries to transport these cars to the right parking spots and to auto repair centers for maintenance, causing extra emissions.
Across the cities around the world, as more people move to city centres, while young people especially are opting for other means of travel, researchers have recently made an inference that motor vehicle use in urban areas has already reached its peak and will decline. City planners need to catch up with this trend, instead of laying new roads to deal with traffic jams. As users of London’s orbital M25 motorway will know, new roads rapidly fill with more traffic. In the US, studies have shown that building new roads can simply multiply the traffic, taking us back to the starting point.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．Scrabble is a crossword game. In this game, players try to spell words with letter tiles. There are some squares on the board worth special points. If a player can put a letter on these squares, that player can get more points. And if the player can use letters with high score on them, his / her points will be higher.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了拼字游戏的玩法。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Scrabble is a crossword game. Letters like Q, X and Z are not common in English words. They are worth more points than common letters like E, S and N.
②The game begins with all the letter tiles in a bag.
③Each player takes seven tiles and puts them on the rack in front of him or her.
④The Scrabble board has many squares.
⑤To find the score, players add up the value of each tile in a word. For example, the letters “S”, “T” and “A” are each worth 1 point. So the word “sat” is worth 3 points. The pink and blue squares have a special value, too. For example, if the “Q” tile is on a triple-letter square, then it would be 15 points, not just 5 points. If the word “sat’ is on the double=word square, then it is worth 6 points.
⑥The game continues until all the tiles have been used and no player can make any new words on the board. The highest score wins!
2. 缜密深思
把要点1、2、3、4重组；要点5和要点6重组，整合。
3. 遣词造句
Scrabble is a crossword game.
The Scrabble board has many squares.
Each player in the game begins with all the letter tiles and to get the score, players add up the value of each tile in a word.
The game continues until all the tiles have been used and use letters with high score on them so that the player wins!
【点睛】【高分句型1】There are some squares on the board worth special points.（运用了there be句型和worth形容词作定语）
【高分句型2】If a player can put a letter on these squares, that player can get more points.（运用了if引导的条件状语从句）
2．We are increasingly aware that modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet, which includes its energy use and the hardware. The European Union has recognised the increasing electronic waste problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility. The new UN report suggests that all countries could do something about the problem with a change in design.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，我们已经逐渐意识到现代高科技对地球有害，这包括它的能源使用和硬件。欧盟已经认识到日益严重的电子垃圾问题，并采取了一项关键原则：生产者责任。这份新的联合国报告表明，所有国家都可以通过改变设计来解决这个问题。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①We have gradually come to realise that in two ways in particular, modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet. The first is its energy use; The other is the hardware, when it comes to the end of its natural life.
②The latest United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report estimates that worldwide, electronic waste is mounting by about 40 million tons a year. The European Union has recognised the problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility.
③The new UN report suggests that all countries could do something about the problem with a change in design.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3两个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
We are increasingly aware that modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet, which includes its energy use and the hardware.
The European Union has recognised the increasing electronic waste problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility.
The new UN report suggests that all countries could do something about the problem with a change in design.
【点睛】[高分句型1] We are increasingly aware that modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet, which includes its energy use and the hardware.运用that引导宾语从句对原文第一段进行概括。
[高分句型2] The European Union has recognised the increasing electronic waste problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility.用动名词作宾语对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．Most of us make music publicly several times a year, but we don’t think we have a talent for music. According to psychologists’investigation, nearly all of us are musical experts. Our musical knowledge comes from long experience. In fact, we respond to music so naturally and normally actually, which demonstrates its strength and universality.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们大部分人一年有几次都会在公开场合制造音乐，但是我们却认为自己没有音乐才能。根据心理学家对音乐性的研究可知，几乎所有人似乎都是音乐专家。我们的音乐知识是长期经验的产物。事实上，我们对音乐的反应如此自然和正常，实际上说明了它的力量和普遍性。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Most of us make music publicly just a few times a year
②As for the rest of us, our bumbling private efforts, rather than illustrating that we share an irresistible urge to make music, seem only to demonstrate that we don’t enjoy essential musical capacity.
③But the more psychologists investigate musicality, the more it seems that nearly all of us are musical experts, in quite a surprising sense.
④Our musical knowledge is the product of long experience.
⑤The fact that we respond to music so naturally and normally actually speaks to its strength and universality.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5几个要点进行改写。
3.遣词造句
Most of us make music publicly a few times a year, but we don’t think we are talented for music.
Psychologists’investigation shows that nearly all of us are musical experts.
Long experience shapes our musical knowledge.
The fact that we respond to music so naturally and normally actually shows its strength and universality.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Most of us make music publicly several times a year, but we don’t think we have a talent for music. (运用了省略that引导的宾语从句，概括了第一段和第二段)
[高分句型2]In fact, we respond to music so naturally and normally actually, which demonstrates its strength and universality.( 运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句，表达非常高级。)
4．Marketers usually launch an advertising campaign for four purposes. First, they advertise to give customers information about products, which work well for new products. Second, they advertise to convince customers that their products are the best. Third, they advertise by comparing their products with others. Lastly, they advertise to establish a strong link with customers.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，广告有四个主要目的，首先，他们做广告给顾客提供产品信息，这对新产品很有效。其次，他们做广告是为了让顾客相信他们的产品是最好的。第三，他们通过比较自己的产品来做广告。最后，他们通过广告与顾客建立牢固的联系。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①There are four main advertising objectives—to inform, to persuade, to compare, or to remind.
②Companies use informative advertising to give information about a new type of product.
③The first sellers of these products had to tell consumers about the quality and convenience of the new product.
④Instead, they need to see how one company’s version is better than all the others. This kind of advertising is called persuasive advertising.
⑤In this, a company compares its brand with one or more other brands.
⑥Unlike the other types, its objective is to help to keep strong relationships with customers and to keep them thinking about the product.
2. 缜密构思
将2,3句进行整合，1，4，5，6句进行要点提取，重新表达。
3. 遣词造句
Marketers usually launch an advertising campaign for four purposes.
They advertise to give customers information about their products, which is very effective for new products.
They advertise in order to convince customers that their products are the best.
【点睛】[高分句型1]First, they advertise to give customers information about products, which work well for new products.(which引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2]Second, they advertise to convince customers that their products are the best.(that引导宾语从句)
5．It’s about selfies. When you post them, you can use photo retouching to get better looks for positive comments and likes. If all always do such things follow the crowd or avoid being despised, each may look identical. Actually, many can not achieve their goals. It is better to post real you with little retouching if necessary.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍说明了关于自拍的现象和相关的建议。人们通常发布自拍，是为了获得更好的正面评论和点赞，所以会对照片进行修饰。如果所有的人都做这样的事，随波逐流或避免被轻视，那么每个人看起来可能都一样。事实上，许多人无法实现他们的目标。因此作者建议，如果有必要，最好贴出真实的你，稍作修饰。
【详解】1.要点摘录
1.When you’re having fun with your friends, you take selfies. When you visit famous places, you take selfies. When you are in beautiful spots, you take selfies.
2.Instead of posting a photo you don’t like, you can turn to photo retouching. When you retouch an image, you improve its appearance. All in all, you can make yourself look like you wish you looked.
3.With so many people sharing personal images of their lives, it’s almost like a contest.
4.It seems like a lot of people are trying to match up to unrealistic beauty ideals. That isn’t good for anyone’s self-image.
5.Perhaps it’s time to post the real you and only lightly retouched, if at all.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合，将第5点整合。
3.遣词造句
It’s about selfies.
When you post them, you can use photo retouching to get better looks for positive comments and likes.
If all always do such things follow the crowd or avoid being despised, each may look identical.
Actually, many can not achieve their goals.
It is better to post real you with little retouching if necessary.
【点睛】[高分句型1] When you post them, you can use photo retouching to get better looks for positive comments and likes.运用一个when引导的时间状语从句，对第一、二和三段的内容进行了概括。when引导时间状语从句，for引导的表原因的状语等表达高级。
[高分句型2]：It is better to post real you with little retouching if necessary.用it作为形式主语，不定式作为真正的主语，对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
6．Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate laughter, is a new way to reduce stress and improve immunity. Dr. Madan started the first laughter club in 1995 and the method was laughing for no reason. It addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled, which is the secret of its growing popularity.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文化介绍了“笑声瑜伽”。笑声瑜伽是一项结合了呼吸练习和故意的大笑的运动，因为笑声可以减轻压力，增强您的免疫力，保持积极向上的思想，还解决了一种根深蒂固的大笑需求，现已迅速发展成为一项全球运动。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate (故意的) laughter, came from humble beginnings, but has mushroomed into a global movement.
②The idea struck me: why not start a laughter club? Laughter reduces stress.
③It makes your immune (免疫) system stronger and keeps your mind positive!
④He initially asked participants to tell jokes to force laughter, but as attendances grew Kataria learned that laughing for no reason at all was the best method.
⑤Laughter yoga addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled (遏制).Perhaps that is the recipe for the growing popularity of laughter yoga.
2. 缜密构思
将1、2、3三个要点结合，将4、5两个要点整合。
3.遣词造句
Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate laughter, is a new way to reduce stress and improve immunity.
Dr. Madan started the first laughter club in 1995 and the method was laughing for no reason.
It addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled, which is the secret of its growing popularity.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate laughter, is a new way to reduce stress and improve immunity. （运用了a combination of的名词短语作插入语）
【高分句型2】It addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled, which is the secret of its growing popularity. （运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）
7．Learning literacy is important for children, and how they learn it counts. A study shows too much phonics learning negatively affects children because passing the tests only requires meaningless pronunciation and spelling instead of understanding. Although pre-schooling does good to the development of society, studies also show too much of it has nothing to do with later academic achievements.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章从英国所做的一项学前儿童的自然拼读实验得出结论：参加强化学前教育的孩子在以后的学习能力上和没有参加学前教育的孩子相差无几，相反太多的学业压力会对孩子未来的学术成就产生消极影响。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①While learning literacy is vital to children, the way we teach it really matters.
②In a 2022 report, Dominic Wyse states that English school system’s intense focus on phonics could be failing some children. Because the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts.
③Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools.
④People who attended a preschool with a strong academic emphasis showed lower academic achievements a few years later.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Though learning literacy is important to children, the way to teach really matters.
There will be many problems in the long run caused by too much academic pressure.
In short, attending preschool which is necessary on academic skills can have positive effects on later achievement in life.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：A reason for this is that the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts. (运用了that引导的表语从句，that引导的宾语从句)
[高分句型2]：Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools, several studies now show.(运用了who引导定语从句)
8．Cycling on the roads is tough, but bicycles are becoming more and more popular in Europe. The reason for the popularization of cycling in Europe lies in economic crisis. What is more important is that people have changed their attitudes towards cars and bicycles. As more and more ride bicycles, traffic and safety problems remain. Many cities offer well-marked bike lanes to ease people’s worries.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。首先提到，自行车上路如此艰难， 但为什么在欧洲如此受欢迎；紧接着提出两个原因。第一，是经济危机起着重要作用；第二，更重要的是人们改变了对汽车和自行车的看法。最后提到，为了交通和安全问题很多城市设立了良好的自行车道。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①But not even these difficulties can stop Europeans’ passion for cycling. According to BBC, bicycles outsold cars in most of the European Union’s states last year.
②The economic crisis has played an important role in the issue.
③More importantly, people have changed their atitidues towards cars and bicycles.
④To ease people’s worries, dozens of cities have joined a European Union to make bicycles equal to cars as a form of urban transport.
2. 缜密构思
将第1个要点作为文章主旨句，第2和3个要点进行整合，第四个要点是解决问题的方法。
3. 遣词造句
These difficulties can not stop Europeans’ passion for cycling, but increased the sales of bicycles in most of the European Union’s states last year.
It is important that people have changed their atitidues towards cars and bicycles.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Cycling on the roads is tough, but bicycles are becoming more and more popular in Europe. （动名词作主语）
【高分句型2】What is more important is that people have changed their atitidues towards cars and bicycles. （句中what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句）
【高分句型3】As more and more ride bicycles, traffic and safety problems come with them.（as引导时间状语从句）
9．Small talk plays an important part of daily life. We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole. Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要以“闲聊”为话题，讲述了其在日常生活中的重要性，以及如何开始闲聊。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①This is small talk, and despite the name, it’s actually a big part of daily life.
②In fact, we spend a lot of our time making small talk.
③Coming up with small conversations is the foundation of these relationships.
④The benefits of such conversations can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.
⑤So how does one start making small talk?
⑥It can be as simple as complimenting one’s shirt, asking about their day or commenting on the traffic.
⑦Making small talk can brighten our day—even if it’s just a nice comment or thoughtful question.
2.缜密构思
将第②③④两个要点进行整合，将第⑤⑥⑦两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Small talk plays an important part of daily life.
We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.
Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.
【点睛】[高分句型1] We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.（运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第四段和第五段进行了概括。其中and作为并列连词，连接前后两个要点并列句，which引导非限制性定语从句，表达较为高级。）
[高分句型2] Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.（运用一个主从复合句对原文第六段合第七段进行了概括，which引导非限制性定语从句，“start with”等短语用法比较高级。）
10．One possible version:
To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings. Firstly, electric cars can’t solve the problem, for the generation of electricity and the components of cars cause pollution. Secondly, car sharing is an unreliable practice, as the transport of cars causes emissions. Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说为了减少污染，城市规划者需要避免一些误解。首先，电动汽车不能解决这个问题，因为发电和汽车的零部件会造成污染。其次，汽车共享是一种不可靠的做法，因为汽车的运输会导致排放。最后，随着汽车使用量的下降，应该避免修建新的道路，因为它会造成更多的交通。
【详解】1 要点摘录①In the efforts to build low-pollution cities, there are some traps city planners must avoid falling into.
②Many countries intend to accomplish the switch to electric cars in the next two decades.
③A number of city planners are counting on the car-sharing system to be a great contributor to the reduction of emissions.
④City planners need to catch up with this trend, instead of laying new roads to deal with traffic jams.
2.缜密构思将第1点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings.
Firstly, electric cars can’t solve the problem, for the generation of electricity and the components of cars cause pollution.
Secondly, car sharing is an unreliable practice, as the transport of cars causes emissions.
Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.
【点睛】[高分句型1] To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings.（运用了动词不定式作目的状语。）
[高分句型2]：Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.（运用了连词as引导的时间状语从句以及动名词作主语。）
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in NO MORE THAN 60 WORDS. Use your own words as far as possible.
Scrabble
Scrabble is a crossword game. There is a board, a bag full of letter tiles, and small racks (架子) to put the tiles on. Letters like Q, X and Z are not common in English words. They are worth more points than common letters like E, S and N. For example, “E” is worth only 1 point and there are many “E” tiles. The letter “Q” is worth 5 points and there are only two “Q” tiles.
The game begins with all the letter tiles in a bag. This way, the players can’t see the tiles. Each player takes seven tiles and puts them on the rack in front of him or her. The players can’t see each other’s tiles.
The Scrabble board has many squares. In turn, players try to make words with their tiles and put them on the squares. The words can only go up and down or left to right. The first player puts down a word, and it must cover the star in the centre of the board. The player must take new tiles to replace the ones used to make the word. The next player must make a word using the word that is on the board.
To find the score, players add up the value of each tile in a word. For example, the letters “S”, “T” and “A” are each worth 1 point. So the word “sat” is worth 3 points. The pink and blue squares have a special value, too. For example, if the “Q” tile is on a triple-letter square, then it would be 15 points, not just 5 points. If the word “sat’ is on the double=word square, then it is worth 6 points. The game continues until all the tiles have been used and no player can make any new words on the board. The highest score wins!
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The problem of electronic waste
We have gradually come to realise that in two ways in particular, modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet. The first is its energy use; the worldwide scale of information technology is so enormous that electronics now produce fully two percent of global carbon emissions, which is about the same as the highly controversial emissions of aeroplanes. The other is the hardware, when it comes to the end of its natural life. This, increasingly, is pretty short. We have hardly noticed this important stream of waste, so much so that a Greenpeace report on the untraced and unreported e-waste two years ago referred to it as “the hidden flow”. We need to be aware of it.
The latest United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report estimates that worldwide, electronic waste is mounting by about 40 million tons a year. So what can we do about it?
The European Union has recognised the problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility. In other words, making it the duty of manufacturers of electronic goods to ensure their safe disposal at the end of their lives. In practice, an EU regulation now means that electronics dealers must either take back the equipment they sold you, or help to finance a network of drop-off points, such as public recycling sites. Its main feature is quite ambitious: it aims to deal with “everything with a plug”.
The new UN report suggests that all countries could do something about the problem with a change in design. Groups such as Greenpeace have led the way in putting pressure on major manufacturing companies to find substitutes for the toxic chemicals inside their products. Encouragingly, they have had some success in forcing them to develop non-poisonous alternatives to these. This may be the real way forward.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The music in you
Any party goer can tap her heel to an unfamiliar song without realizing it. Yet when asked on site, she might reply: “Music? I don’t know anything about that.”
Maybe you’ve heard a variation on this theme: “I don’t have a musical bone in my body.” Most of us make music publicly just a few times a year, when it’s someone’s birthday and the cake comes out. Privately, it’s a different story. We belt out tunes in the shower and create rhythm tracks on our steering wheel. But when we think about musical expertise, we tend to imagine professionals who specialize in performance, people we’d pay to hear. As for the rest of us, our bumbling private efforts, rather than illustrating that we share an irresistible urge to make music, seem only to demonstrate that we don’t enjoy essential musical capacity.
But the more psychologists investigate musicality, the more it seems that nearly all of us are musical experts, in quite a surprising sense. A lot of the most interesting and substantial elements of musicality are things that we all share. We aren’t talking about instinctive, inborn universals here. Our musical knowledge is the product of long experience; maybe not years spent over an instrument, but a lifetime spent absorbing music from the open window of every passing car.
In fact, for all its remarkable power, music is in good company. Many of our feelings are governed by a similar rule. We don’t know how we come to like certain food more than others. We don’t know why we fall in love. Yet in the very act of making these choices we reveal the effects of a host of instinctive mental processes. The fact that we respond to music so naturally and normally actually speaks to its strength and universality.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Advertising Objectives
When developing a successful advertising campaign, marketers must first set an advertising objective. The objective is the purpose for the advertising campaign. There are four main advertising objectives—to inform, to persuade, to compare, or to remind.
Companies use informative advertising to give information about a new type of product. In this case, the purpose is to increase demand for the new product. DVD players are a good example. The first sellers of these products had to tell consumers about the quality and convenience of the new product. Big sales soon followed.
However, informative advertising doesn’t work so well when there are many companies with the same kind of product. This is because consumers already know the normal features of the product. Instead, they need to see how one company’s version is better than all the others. This kind of advertising is called persuasive advertising. For instance, when DVD players became common, Sony began trying to persuade customers that its brand has the best quality for their money to keep sales high.
Comparative advertising also tries to persuade. Thus it is really a kind of persuasive advertising. In this, a company compares its brand with one or more other brands. Comparative advertising has been used for products from soft drinks to car rentals and credit cards. An example is Avis, a car rental company, which compared itself with its bigger rival Hertz by claiming, “We’re number two, so we try harder?”
A different kind of advertising is reminder advertising, which is important for products later in their life. Unlike the other types, its objective is to help to keep strong relationships with customers and to keep them thinking about the product. This is why expensive Coca-Cola television ads mainly build and maintain the Coca-Cola brand relationship, rather than trying to inform or persuade people to buy the drink straight away.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
When you’re having fun with your friends, you take selfies. When you visit famous places, you take selfies. When you are in beautiful spots, you take selfies. But sometimes you don’t look very attractive in the photos. And, of course, if you’re going to post them, you want to look your best. What can you do?
Instead of posting a photo you don’t like, you can turn to photo retouching. When you retouch an image, you improve its appearance. Many apps offer you the ability to do that. Their easy-to-use tools help you smooth your skin, make your teeth straighter and whiter, and more. Within the apps, you can also change your facial features. You can make your eyes rounder and brighter. You can change the shape of your face or your nose. You can also change the direction of the light source or add highlights. All in all, you can make yourself look like you wish you looked.
Now you’ve uploaded your retouched photos to social media. People leave positive comments, and you get a lot of likes. That’s great, right? Maybe not. With so many people sharing personal images of their lives, it’s almost like a contest.
Who looks the best, takes perfect selfies and lives up to social media’s standard of beauty? You need to be part of that crowd so that you don’t feel left out. Worse yet, you feel if you’re not part of that crowd, you may be criticized for your looks. Maybe you think that if you don’t look like the influencers you follow, you’re not good enough. People generally retouch themselves to have larger eyes, thinner chins and brighter skin. Does everyone now look the same? It seems like a lot of people are trying to match up to unrealistic beauty ideals. That isn’t good for anyone’s self-image.
Perhaps it’s time to post the real you and only lightly retouched, if at all.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Laughter Yoga Makes You Smile
“Friends, I must tell you, laughter yoga is not a comedy.” Dr Madan Kataria, the creator of laughter yoga, an exercise programme involving prolonged laughter, said. Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate (故意的) laughter, came from humble beginnings, but has mushroomed into a global movement. Hundreds of clubs, usually free to attend, have now been established across Asia, Europe and North America.
“I had read so much about the benefits of laughter, and how acting out emotions, especially through facial expressions, can create them,” Kataria tells me. But he realised he wouldn’t often see people laughing in Mumbai. “The idea struck me: why not start a laughter club? Laughter reduces stress,” Kataria goes on, following some yogic postures, “it makes your immune (免疫) system stronger and keeps your mind positive!” Five people attended Katana’s first meet-up in Mumbai in 1995. He initially asked participants to tell jokes to force laughter, but as attendances grew Kataria learned that laughing for no reason at all was the best method. “We started just faking laughter,” he says. “And then people started laughing for real. It was infectious; we couldn’t stop.”
Laughter yoga addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled (遏制).Young children can laugh hundreds of times a day. But as we get older, the fun begins to stop —our brains learn how to adapt our emotions in tune with the needs of others. We develop empathy (同理心). But so are we told to stop laughing and be serious about life. There’s often a sense that if you’re laughing, you’re not properly learning, or working, or focusing, or paying respect. Sometimes this is justified, but not always. Perhaps that is the recipe for the growing popularity of laughter yoga.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The risk of pre-schooling
“Young children learning to read is one of the most important things primary education does. It’s fundamental to children making progress in life,” says Dominic Wyse, a professor of primary education at University College London, in the UK. “While learning literacy is vital to childern, the way we teach it really matters.”
In a 2022 report, he states that English school system’s intense focus on phonics – a method that involves matching the sound of a spoken word or letter, with individual written letters, through a process called “sounding out” – could be failing some children. A reason for this is that the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts. For example, the tests may ask pupils to “sound out” and spell nonsense words, to prevent them from simply guessing, or recognising familiar words. Since nonsense words are not meaningful language, children may find the task difficult and puzzling. It doesn’t end up being meaningful, it ends up being memorising rather than understanding context.
Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools, several studies now show. Early education can however have a positive impact on social development – which in turn feeds into the likelihood of graduation from school and university as well as being associated with lower crime rates. In short, attending preschool can have positive effects on later achievement in life, but not necessary on academic skills.
Too much academic pressure may even cause problems in the long run. A study published in January 2022 suggested that those who attended a preschool with a strong academic emphasis, showed lower academic achievements a few years later, compared to those who had not gained a place.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cycling isn’t always easy. Busy streets, honking horns, and inadequate bike lanes can make it an uphill battle. But not even these difficulties can stop Europeans’ passion for cycling. According to BBC, bicycles outsold cars in most of the European Union’s states last year.
There are traditional bicycle capitals”, such as Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Copenhagen in Denmark. But in many other traditionally car-made countries, the shift to bikes is striking. Italians, for instance, bought 1.6 million bikes against 1.4 million cars in 2012.
So what has led to cycling’s growing popularity in Europe?
The economic crisis has played an important role in the issue. “The economic crisis has had an effect on all areas of people’s lives, including on transport,” Giulietta Pagliaccio, head of the Italian cycling federation FIAB, told the Australian Associated Press.
Since the European debt crisis broke out in 2009, more people lost their jobs while the cost of living, including fuel costs, continued to rise. It forced many people to give up driving to save money, the Guangzhou-based New Express commented. Take Greece, a country seriously hit by the crisis, for example. It sold 320,000 bikes last year against 58,000 cars.
More importantly, people have changed their views toward cars and bikes. Cars are losing their appeal as status symbols. Yet, cycling is now seen as “a safe, clean, healthy, inexpensive way to get around town”, the Daily Star concluded. “It not only reduces traffic jam and pollution, but also contributes to public health.”
However, with more and more people turning to cycling, questions remain about traffic and safety problems.
To ease people’s worries, dozens of cities have joined a European Union to make bicycles equal to cars as a form of urban transport. Quite a few cities now offer well-marked bike lanes, such as the cycling super-highway marked in blue in London. It runs all over the city, from the center to the suburbs.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Have you ever found yourself waiting the stop of your bus to arrive and have a stranger ask a commonplace question? Perhaps you’ve stood in line waiting for a coffee and feel the need to just look over to the person next to you and ask about the weather.
This is small talk, and despite the name, it’s actually a big part of daily life.
“Small talk may seem trivial(微不足道的), but it’s a natural way for people to connect. It may seem like a waste of time. But it serves a vital role in our social interactions. Big relationships are built on small talk.” Lindy Pegler, who has a master’s degree in psychology, wrote on Medium.
In fact, we spend a lot of our time making small talk. Often, we find ourselves making small talk with the same people on a regular basis. Coming up with small conversations is the foundation of these relationships.
The benefits of such conversations can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole. In a study cited by The New York Times, researchers found that having a healthy amount of acquaintances(相识的人) and maintaining these relationships contribute to one’s sense of belonging to a community.
So how does one start making small talk? It can be as simple as complimenting one’s shirt, asking about their day or commenting on the traffic. “First and foremost, small talk is an act of politeness,” Pegler noted. “Our small talk at our first meeting is our chance to show who we are,” she added.
Who knows where this can lead? Nowadays, the small connections we make can lead to big results. You might find someone who has a common interest, or maybe even someone who turns out to be a close friend. There is one thing for sure: Making small talk can brighten our day—even if it’s just a nice comment or thoughtful question.
So the next time you find yourself waiting for the bus or checking your watch while you wait in a line, take the opportunity to look up and talk to someone around you. After all, it takes a small connection to lead to a larger one.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cutting air pollution is on the agenda of all countries nowadays. In the efforts to build low-pollution cities, there are some traps city planners must avoid falling into.
Many countries intend to accomplish the switch to electric cars in the next two decades. In Canada, the government is planning to initiate policies for promoting the use of electric cars: a financial subsidy(补助)on purchase, low-interest rates on loans, etc. However, simply switching to electric cars doesn’t mean pollution-free cities. Emissions at different levels will still be caused when the electricity to run them is generated. Also, brakes, tyres and other components all create airborne particles(大气细颗粒物)pollution as they wear out.
A number of city planners are counting on the car-sharing system to be a great contributor to the reduction of emissions. According to the Economist, car-sharing is fashionable and trendy, but, when it comes to cutting emissions, “unreliable actually”. To make sure the cars come in handy and are always in good condition whenever and wherever a use needs to hit the road, more frequent road trips need to be made by lorries to transport these cars to the right parking spots and to auto repair centers for maintenance, causing extra emissions.
Across the cities around the world, as more people move to city centres, while young people especially are opting for other means of travel, researchers have recently made an inference that motor vehicle use in urban areas has already reached its peak and will decline. City planners need to catch up with this trend, instead of laying new roads to deal with traffic jams. As users of London’s orbital M25 motorway will know, new roads rapidly fill with more traffic. In the US, studies have shown that building new roads can simply multiply the traffic, taking us back to the starting point.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．Scrabble is a crossword game. In this game, players try to spell words with letter tiles. There are some squares on the board worth special points. If a player can put a letter on these squares, that player can get more points. And if the player can use letters with high score on them, his / her points will be higher.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了拼字游戏的玩法。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Scrabble is a crossword game. Letters like Q, X and Z are not common in English words. They are worth more points than common letters like E, S and N.
②The game begins with all the letter tiles in a bag.
③Each player takes seven tiles and puts them on the rack in front of him or her.
④The Scrabble board has many squares.
⑤To find the score, players add up the value of each tile in a word. For example, the letters “S”, “T” and “A” are each worth 1 point. So the word “sat” is worth 3 points. The pink and blue squares have a special value, too. For example, if the “Q” tile is on a triple-letter square, then it would be 15 points, not just 5 points. If the word “sat’ is on the double=word square, then it is worth 6 points.
⑥The game continues until all the tiles have been used and no player can make any new words on the board. The highest score wins!
2. 缜密深思
把要点1、2、3、4重组；要点5和要点6重组，整合。
3. 遣词造句
Scrabble is a crossword game.
The Scrabble board has many squares.
Each player in the game begins with all the letter tiles and to get the score, players add up the value of each tile in a word.
The game continues until all the tiles have been used and use letters with high score on them so that the player wins!
【点睛】【高分句型1】There are some squares on the board worth special points.（运用了there be句型和worth形容词作定语）
【高分句型2】If a player can put a letter on these squares, that player can get more points.（运用了if引导的条件状语从句）
2．We are increasingly aware that modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet, which includes its energy use and the hardware. The European Union has recognised the increasing electronic waste problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility. The new UN report suggests that all countries could do something about the problem with a change in design.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，我们已经逐渐意识到现代高科技对地球有害，这包括它的能源使用和硬件。欧盟已经认识到日益严重的电子垃圾问题，并采取了一项关键原则：生产者责任。这份新的联合国报告表明，所有国家都可以通过改变设计来解决这个问题。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①We have gradually come to realise that in two ways in particular, modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet. The first is its energy use; The other is the hardware, when it comes to the end of its natural life.
②The latest United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report estimates that worldwide, electronic waste is mounting by about 40 million tons a year. The European Union has recognised the problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility.
③The new UN report suggests that all countries could do something about the problem with a change in design.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3两个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
We are increasingly aware that modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet, which includes its energy use and the hardware.
The European Union has recognised the increasing electronic waste problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility.
The new UN report suggests that all countries could do something about the problem with a change in design.
【点睛】[高分句型1] We are increasingly aware that modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet, which includes its energy use and the hardware.运用that引导宾语从句对原文第一段进行概括。
[高分句型2] The European Union has recognised the increasing electronic waste problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility.用动名词作宾语对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．Most of us make music publicly several times a year, but we don’t think we have a talent for music. According to psychologists’investigation, nearly all of us are musical experts. Our musical knowledge comes from long experience. In fact, we respond to music so naturally and normally actually, which demonstrates its strength and universality.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们大部分人一年有几次都会在公开场合制造音乐，但是我们却认为自己没有音乐才能。根据心理学家对音乐性的研究可知，几乎所有人似乎都是音乐专家。我们的音乐知识是长期经验的产物。事实上，我们对音乐的反应如此自然和正常，实际上说明了它的力量和普遍性。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Most of us make music publicly just a few times a year
②As for the rest of us, our bumbling private efforts, rather than illustrating that we share an irresistible urge to make music, seem only to demonstrate that we don’t enjoy essential musical capacity.
③But the more psychologists investigate musicality, the more it seems that nearly all of us are musical experts, in quite a surprising sense.
④Our musical knowledge is the product of long experience.
⑤The fact that we respond to music so naturally and normally actually speaks to its strength and universality.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5几个要点进行改写。
3.遣词造句
Most of us make music publicly a few times a year, but we don’t think we are talented for music.
Psychologists’investigation shows that nearly all of us are musical experts.
Long experience shapes our musical knowledge.
The fact that we respond to music so naturally and normally actually shows its strength and universality.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Most of us make music publicly several times a year, but we don’t think we have a talent for music. (运用了省略that引导的宾语从句，概括了第一段和第二段)
[高分句型2]In fact, we respond to music so naturally and normally actually, which demonstrates its strength and universality.( 运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句，表达非常高级。)
4．Marketers usually launch an advertising campaign for four purposes. First, they advertise to give customers information about products, which work well for new products. Second, they advertise to convince customers that their products are the best. Third, they advertise by comparing their products with others. Lastly, they advertise to establish a strong link with customers.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，广告有四个主要目的，首先，他们做广告给顾客提供产品信息，这对新产品很有效。其次，他们做广告是为了让顾客相信他们的产品是最好的。第三，他们通过比较自己的产品来做广告。最后，他们通过广告与顾客建立牢固的联系。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①There are four main advertising objectives—to inform, to persuade, to compare, or to remind.
②Companies use informative advertising to give information about a new type of product.
③The first sellers of these products had to tell consumers about the quality and convenience of the new product.
④Instead, they need to see how one company’s version is better than all the others. This kind of advertising is called persuasive advertising.
⑤In this, a company compares its brand with one or more other brands.
⑥Unlike the other types, its objective is to help to keep strong relationships with customers and to keep them thinking about the product.
2. 缜密构思
将2,3句进行整合，1，4，5，6句进行要点提取，重新表达。
3. 遣词造句
Marketers usually launch an advertising campaign for four purposes.
They advertise to give customers information about their products, which is very effective for new products.
They advertise in order to convince customers that their products are the best.
【点睛】[高分句型1]First, they advertise to give customers information about products, which work well for new products.(which引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2]Second, they advertise to convince customers that their products are the best.(that引导宾语从句)
5．It’s about selfies. When you post them, you can use photo retouching to get better looks for positive comments and likes. If all always do such things follow the crowd or avoid being despised, each may look identical. Actually, many can not achieve their goals. It is better to post real you with little retouching if necessary.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍说明了关于自拍的现象和相关的建议。人们通常发布自拍，是为了获得更好的正面评论和点赞，所以会对照片进行修饰。如果所有的人都做这样的事，随波逐流或避免被轻视，那么每个人看起来可能都一样。事实上，许多人无法实现他们的目标。因此作者建议，如果有必要，最好贴出真实的你，稍作修饰。
【详解】1.要点摘录
1.When you’re having fun with your friends, you take selfies. When you visit famous places, you take selfies. When you are in beautiful spots, you take selfies.
2.Instead of posting a photo you don’t like, you can turn to photo retouching. When you retouch an image, you improve its appearance. All in all, you can make yourself look like you wish you looked.
3.With so many people sharing personal images of their lives, it’s almost like a contest.
4.It seems like a lot of people are trying to match up to unrealistic beauty ideals. That isn’t good for anyone’s self-image.
5.Perhaps it’s time to post the real you and only lightly retouched, if at all.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合，将第5点整合。
3.遣词造句
It’s about selfies.
When you post them, you can use photo retouching to get better looks for positive comments and likes.
If all always do such things follow the crowd or avoid being despised, each may look identical.
Actually, many can not achieve their goals.
It is better to post real you with little retouching if necessary.
【点睛】[高分句型1] When you post them, you can use photo retouching to get better looks for positive comments and likes.运用一个when引导的时间状语从句，对第一、二和三段的内容进行了概括。when引导时间状语从句，for引导的表原因的状语等表达高级。
[高分句型2]：It is better to post real you with little retouching if necessary.用it作为形式主语，不定式作为真正的主语，对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
6．Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate laughter, is a new way to reduce stress and improve immunity. Dr. Madan started the first laughter club in 1995 and the method was laughing for no reason. It addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled, which is the secret of its growing popularity.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文化介绍了“笑声瑜伽”。笑声瑜伽是一项结合了呼吸练习和故意的大笑的运动，因为笑声可以减轻压力，增强您的免疫力，保持积极向上的思想，还解决了一种根深蒂固的大笑需求，现已迅速发展成为一项全球运动。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate (故意的) laughter, came from humble beginnings, but has mushroomed into a global movement.
②The idea struck me: why not start a laughter club? Laughter reduces stress.
③It makes your immune (免疫) system stronger and keeps your mind positive!
④He initially asked participants to tell jokes to force laughter, but as attendances grew Kataria learned that laughing for no reason at all was the best method.
⑤Laughter yoga addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled (遏制).Perhaps that is the recipe for the growing popularity of laughter yoga.
2. 缜密构思
将1、2、3三个要点结合，将4、5两个要点整合。
3.遣词造句
Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate laughter, is a new way to reduce stress and improve immunity.
Dr. Madan started the first laughter club in 1995 and the method was laughing for no reason.
It addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled, which is the secret of its growing popularity.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate laughter, is a new way to reduce stress and improve immunity. （运用了a combination of的名词短语作插入语）
【高分句型2】It addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled, which is the secret of its growing popularity. （运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）
7．Learning literacy is important for children, and how they learn it counts. A study shows too much phonics learning negatively affects children because passing the tests only requires meaningless pronunciation and spelling instead of understanding. Although pre-schooling does good to the development of society, studies also show too much of it has nothing to do with later academic achievements.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章从英国所做的一项学前儿童的自然拼读实验得出结论：参加强化学前教育的孩子在以后的学习能力上和没有参加学前教育的孩子相差无几，相反太多的学业压力会对孩子未来的学术成就产生消极影响。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①While learning literacy is vital to children, the way we teach it really matters.
②In a 2022 report, Dominic Wyse states that English school system’s intense focus on phonics could be failing some children. Because the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts.
③Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools.
④People who attended a preschool with a strong academic emphasis showed lower academic achievements a few years later.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Though learning literacy is important to children, the way to teach really matters.
There will be many problems in the long run caused by too much academic pressure.
In short, attending preschool which is necessary on academic skills can have positive effects on later achievement in life.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：A reason for this is that the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts. (运用了that引导的表语从句，that引导的宾语从句)
[高分句型2]：Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools, several studies now show.(运用了who引导定语从句)
8．Cycling on the roads is tough, but bicycles are becoming more and more popular in Europe. The reason for the popularization of cycling in Europe lies in economic crisis. What is more important is that people have changed their attitudes towards cars and bicycles. As more and more ride bicycles, traffic and safety problems remain. Many cities offer well-marked bike lanes to ease people’s worries.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。首先提到，自行车上路如此艰难， 但为什么在欧洲如此受欢迎；紧接着提出两个原因。第一，是经济危机起着重要作用；第二，更重要的是人们改变了对汽车和自行车的看法。最后提到，为了交通和安全问题很多城市设立了良好的自行车道。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①But not even these difficulties can stop Europeans’ passion for cycling. According to BBC, bicycles outsold cars in most of the European Union’s states last year.
②The economic crisis has played an important role in the issue.
③More importantly, people have changed their atitidues towards cars and bicycles.
④To ease people’s worries, dozens of cities have joined a European Union to make bicycles equal to cars as a form of urban transport.
2. 缜密构思
将第1个要点作为文章主旨句，第2和3个要点进行整合，第四个要点是解决问题的方法。
3. 遣词造句
These difficulties can not stop Europeans’ passion for cycling, but increased the sales of bicycles in most of the European Union’s states last year.
It is important that people have changed their atitidues towards cars and bicycles.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Cycling on the roads is tough, but bicycles are becoming more and more popular in Europe. （动名词作主语）
【高分句型2】What is more important is that people have changed their atitidues towards cars and bicycles. （句中what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句）
【高分句型3】As more and more ride bicycles, traffic and safety problems come with them.（as引导时间状语从句）
9．Small talk plays an important part of daily life. We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole. Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要以“闲聊”为话题，讲述了其在日常生活中的重要性，以及如何开始闲聊。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①This is small talk, and despite the name, it’s actually a big part of daily life.
②In fact, we spend a lot of our time making small talk.
③Coming up with small conversations is the foundation of these relationships.
④The benefits of such conversations can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.
⑤So how does one start making small talk?
⑥It can be as simple as complimenting one’s shirt, asking about their day or commenting on the traffic.
⑦Making small talk can brighten our day—even if it’s just a nice comment or thoughtful question.
2.缜密构思
将第②③④两个要点进行整合，将第⑤⑥⑦两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Small talk plays an important part of daily life.
We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.
Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.
【点睛】[高分句型1] We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.（运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第四段和第五段进行了概括。其中and作为并列连词，连接前后两个要点并列句，which引导非限制性定语从句，表达较为高级。）
[高分句型2] Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.（运用一个主从复合句对原文第六段合第七段进行了概括，which引导非限制性定语从句，“start with”等短语用法比较高级。）
10．One possible version:
To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings. Firstly, electric cars can’t solve the problem, for the generation of electricity and the components of cars cause pollution. Secondly, car sharing is an unreliable practice, as the transport of cars causes emissions. Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说为了减少污染，城市规划者需要避免一些误解。首先，电动汽车不能解决这个问题，因为发电和汽车的零部件会造成污染。其次，汽车共享是一种不可靠的做法，因为汽车的运输会导致排放。最后，随着汽车使用量的下降，应该避免修建新的道路，因为它会造成更多的交通。
【详解】1 要点摘录①In the efforts to build low-pollution cities, there are some traps city planners must avoid falling into.
②Many countries intend to accomplish the switch to electric cars in the next two decades.
③A number of city planners are counting on the car-sharing system to be a great contributor to the reduction of emissions.
④City planners need to catch up with this trend, instead of laying new roads to deal with traffic jams.
2.缜密构思将第1点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings.
Firstly, electric cars can’t solve the problem, for the generation of electricity and the components of cars cause pollution.
Secondly, car sharing is an unreliable practice, as the transport of cars causes emissions.
Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.
【点睛】[高分句型1] To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings.（运用了动词不定式作目的状语。）
[高分句型2]：Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.（运用了连词as引导的时间状语从句以及动名词作主语。）
相关试卷
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins，概要写作等内容，欢迎下载使用。
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共21页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
