还剩18页未读，
继续阅读
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练
展开
这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共21页。试卷主要包含了Directins，Summary Writing等内容，欢迎下载使用。
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Retirement - Paradise or Not
Most people look forward to retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time or energy to pursue before. But some recent studies on people in their golden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are more likely to suffer from depression and possibly higher rates of other diseases such as heart disease and high blood pressure. That's why a new study of French workers is welcome news.
Led by Hugo Westerlund, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, the study of more than 14,000 workers found lower rates of depression and fatigue in people after they got retired while they were still employed.
The scientists followed employees of the French National Gas and Electric Company for 14 years. They found in the year immediately after retirement, the volunteers reported 40% fewer depressive symptoms than they had in the year before their retirement. The researchers also found an 81% drop in reports of both mental and physical fatigue over the same time period.
Clearly, said Westerlund, much of these decrease in physical and mental fatigue can be traced back to relief from the stresses of work. The decline in depressive symptoms suggests that retirement may be having a positive mental effect, too, which may have a lot to do with the generous pensions that French workers enjoy. Most retirees in that country still benefit from about 80% of their yearly salaries.
"The economic or financial situation in retirement is very important," Westerlund says. "We don't know if the decrease in fatigue and depressive symptoms is because of the removal of something bad while in work or the addition of something good while in retirement. But no matter the reason, if life in retirement is not comfortable, then we won't see the improvements we did."
However, in European nations like France, governments are considering changes to pension plans, which may affect retirees' health after they leave their jobs-with less of a financial safety net, workers may no longer seem so mentally and physically happy to be out of work.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Living to 100
Since the mid-1950s, life expectancy around the world has increased dramatically, and many scientists believe that this trend is likely to continue in the future. The main reason for the increase during this period was the decline in infant mortality. Fewer children died at an early age, and this was mainly because of improved healthcare and better food production.
Most experts believe that people will continue to live longer in the future because of medical advances. Researchers predict that at least half of the North American and Japanese babies born since the year 2000 will live to an age of 90, and ten percent to 100 years old. Furthermore, new drugs are being developed which will slow down the ageing process. These will be available in a few years, and they will enable people to live 20 years longer.
If the current older populations in many countries become healthier, wealthier and live longer, the trend will have important consequences for people and governments. The cost of medical care for older people will rise, and governments will have to start thinking hard about how to fund state pensions for older citizens. Some people will want to keep on working later in their life, which could lead to changes in the age of retirement in many countries. Others would prefer to retire early to enjoy having more time for themselves. This will create business opportunities for companies in the leisure and entertainment industries and open up new segments of the market. The effect on the world population will be great. Europe’s population has been in decline for several years now as people prefer to have fewer children and families tend to be smaller. However, “the population will not decline as anti-ageing drugs start to become widely available”, as an expert on population, Professor Shripad Tuljapurkar, says in his recently-released book.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．Summary Writing
Working Around
According to the latest statistics, young men and women from the UK are leaving their country in large numbers because they want to work abroad. Is the idea of working abroad fact or fiction and what is it like to work in another country?
In order to find answers to these questions, the Guardian newspaper recently interviewed British workers in France, Germany, Spain and Holland. What they discovered was that if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work. Let’s take the following examples. Peter Tate moved to France in 1991. He had studied lighting design in England and had worked for eleven years in theatres around the country. He wanted a different lifestyle and certainly didn’t expect to get a job in his field immediately.
He did a number of different jobs until he was finally hired by Disneyland Paris in 1992. First he worked there as a lighting technician, then he eventually got a job in design. After all his experience, he says that you have to be realistic about finding exactly the kind of job you want abroad. “The theatre is a small world,” he explains. “Jobs are usually found through contracts. I had to get to know people first and I didn’t speak very good French when I first arrived.”
He admits that his poor level of French was a big problem. He did a three-month language course before he moved to France permanently, but this still was not enough. He says that if you want to get a good job in another country, you have to be able to speak the language well. A lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why play games? Because they are fun, and a lot more besides. Following the rules...planning your next move... acting as a team member...these are all “game” ideas that you will come across throughout your life.
Think about some of the games you played as a young child, such as rope-jumping and hide-and-seek. Such games are entertaining and fun. But perhaps more importantly, they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating.
Many children’s games have a practical side. Children around the world play games that prepare them for work they will do as grown-ups. For instance, some Saudi Arabian children play a game called bones, which sharpens the hand-eye coordination needed in hunting.
Many sports encourage national or local pride. The most famous games of all, the Olympic Games, bring athletes from around the world together to take part in friendly competition. People who watch the event wave flags, knowing that a gold medal is a win for an entire country, not just the athlete who earned it. For countries experiencing natural disasters or war, an Olympic win can mean so much.
Sports are also an event that unites people. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. People on all continents play it — some for fun and some for a living. Nicolette Iribarne, a Californian soccer player, has discovered a way to spread hope through soccer. He created a foundation to provide poor children with not only soccer balls but also a promising future.
Next time you play your favorite game or sport, think about why you enjoy it, what skills are needed, and whether these skills will help you in other aspects of your life.
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
The advantages of social networking
Why do most people sign up to social networking sites? The main reason is to stay in touch with other people. These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with. Renewing these long-lost friendships is just a click away. It is very exciting to be able to catch up with friends and keep up with their news on an almost daily basis thanks to frequent updates.
Keeping up-to-date, however, doesn’t have to be restricted to friends and acquaintances (相识的人). What many people tend to forget is that they can also use networking sites for professional reasons. It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities. Friends might know about job vacancies that may not be advertised elsewhere or they can even recommend their friends for certain jobs. Even people already employed can promote their business online. This is particularly important for artists, actors and musicians who can create pages devoted to their band or theatre company, and inform fans about their gigs (现场演唱会) or latest exhibitions. In addition, the sites can be used to allow the public to give instant feedback on the artists’ work and to interact with their favorite artist.
Another great advantage of social networking sites is how easy it is to organize an event with your friends. Thanks to different settings people can organize their friends by different criteria (标准). These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live. This means if a certain event takes place, for example, an open-air concert or a football match, all they have to do is invite the right group of friends to attend. Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Friendship
To help us understand what friendship really means, we need to review some classical views of friendship. According to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship:
Friendship based on utility. Utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to circumstances. When the ground for friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage. Such persons do not spend much time together, because sometimes they do not even like one another, and therefore feel no need of such an association unless they are mutually useful. They take pleasure in each other’s company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.
Friendship based on pleasure. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment. As they grow up, however, their tastes change too, so that they are quick to make and to break friendships. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.
Friendship based on goodness. Perfect friendship is based on goodness. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect. The conduct of good men is the same or similar. It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form. Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy; for as the saying goes, true friends must go through trials and tribulations (患难) together. And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love. and so won his trust. The wish for friendship may develop rapidly, but true friendship does not.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Functions of a Speech
The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2, 000 years ago. The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. Over the past years, the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time.
Persuasion is used in dealing with or reuniting different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to people's hearts. During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle.
A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible protection.
Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonna's speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music. It's not only in world meetings where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives.
On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.
Great speaking ability is not something we're born with. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Things to Do After You Study
Many students study with little thought about what comes after their study session. But what you do after studying could have an effect on how well you learn and remember new information. Actually, there are two no-cost ways that can help you improve your learning: wakeful rest and sleep.
When many students finish studying, they often go straight to another activity. Perhaps they look at their phone or computer. They might even play a video game or watch television. But research suggests that resting after you study may help you remember what you studied.
The basic idea is this: by reducing your activity after the study session, your brain gets a chance to rest. Resting is difficult when you have too much stimulation from electronic devices, games, lights and so on. Many studies have explored the benefits of resting after learning — what is called “wakeful rest.” A 2019 study found that both young and older adults were able to better remember, or recollect, information from prose passages after doing wakeful rest. The findings appeared in Neuroscience Letters. If you want to give “wakeful rest” a try, here are a few simple things to do: Rest quietly for five to ten minutes. Do not look at your phone, read stories or play games. Just limit the amount of stimulation you get. It is really that easy!
In addition to wakeful rest, sleep is also important for learning. The Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School notes that sleep helps people to learn. A report on the school’s website explains that “a sleep-deprived person cannot focus attention optimally and therefore cannot learn efficiently.” It also says, “sleep itself has a role in the consolidation of memory, which is essential for learning new information.”
Now you have two suggestions for how to learn new information. Try to get some “wakeful rest” after a study session. Then try to get a good night’s sleep. That’s it — a simple, no-cost way to help you remember what you learn.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation.“I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.From diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night.”The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat in their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,” says Dr. David, ”They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous.”
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their program.” In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”
To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David, ”Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Birthdays are an occasion for reflection. In the 15 years since its founding in 2004, Facebook has altered America in three notable ways. First, the company has created a virtual “me-economy” where people share their feelings, photos and comments. The company has done this twice: once with its flagship social network, which became the pastime and addiction of college students and high scholars in the mid-2000 and again with Instagram, which is the most popular photo sharing App. It has shaped what it means and feels like to be young.
Second, Facebook has changed attitudes to privacy. The social network thrives through trust. After Facebook was launched, for the first time people felt comfortable sharing intimate details online, including their phone number, relationship status, likes and dislikes, location and more, because they felt they could control who had access to them. Users were vaguely aware that Facebook was starting to make a fortune by inappropriately using this data and selling advertisers access to specific types of users, but they mostly did not object.
Third, Facebook has left a lasting mark on politics. The social-networking firm has become an invaluable tool for politicians seeking office, both through paid advertisements to reach voters and free content that spreads on the social network. “You’d find it difficult to name a politician who’s been elected in the last ten years who didn’t use Facebook,” says David Kirkpatrick, author of The Facebook Effect, a history of the social network.
Can the social-media giant stay as influential in the next 15 years as it has already been? At the risk of being wrong about Facebook again, that seems unlikely. This is partly because its impact has already been so extensive. But it is also because of growing unease with the platform. As with all new technologies, from the printed book to the telegraph, social media can be used both for good and bad.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1．One possible version:
Instead of a golden period to enjoy life, recent researches argue that retirement led to depression and diseases. However, a 14-year study involving 14000 French workers showed dramatic decline in depression and fatigue soon after retirement, which is believed to result from reduced work pressure and comfortable pension. Unfortunately, considering the possibility of cutting pension, the advantage may cease.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述大多数人期待着退休，可以从事他们以前从来没有时间或精力去追求的活动。但最近一些研究表明，退休人员更容易患抑郁症，心脏病和高血压等其他疾病的几率也更高。因为退休后他们还面临着经济压力。欧洲一些国家正在考虑通过调整养老金状况来减少老年退休的经济压力。
【详解】1 要点摘录①Most people look forward to retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time or energy to pursue before.
②But some recent studies on people in their golden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are more likely to suffer from depression and possibly higher rates of other diseases such as heart disease and high blood pressure.
③Led by Hugo Westerlund, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, the study of more than 14,000 workers found lower rates of depression and fatigue in people after they got retired while they were still employed.
④The scientists followed employees of the French National Gas and Electric Company for 14 years. They found in the year immediately after retirement, the volunteers reported 40% fewer depressive symptoms than they had in the year before their retirement.
⑤However, in European nations like France, governments are considering changes to pension plans, which may affect retirees' health after they leave their jobs-with less of a financial safety net, workers may no longer seem so mentally and physically happy to be out of work.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4两个要点进行整合，将第5要点进行优化
3.遣词造句Rather than a golden period to enjoy life, recent researches argue that retirement caused depression and diseases. However, a 14-year study involving 14000 French workers showed dramatic decline in depression and fatigue soon after retirement, which may result from reduced work pressure and comfortable pension.Unluckily, considering the possibility of cutting pension, the advantage may cease.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Instead of a golden period to enjoy life, recent researches argue that retirement led to depression and diseases.(运用that引导宾语从句)
[高分句型2]：However, a 14-year study involving 14000 French workers showed dramatic decline in depression and fatigue soon after retirement, which is believed to result from reduced work pressure and comfortable pension.(运用which引导的非限制性定语从句)
2．As healthcare and food production improved, more children could survive, lengthening people’s life expectancy. This trend is believed to continue thanks to development in medicine and anti-ageing drugs. If so, it will affect people and governments in many ways, like requiring more pensions for the elderly, postponing the retirement age, creating business opportunities in entertainment industry and increasing the population.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，随着医疗保健和粮食生产的改善，更多的儿童可以存活，延长人们的预期寿命。随着医学和抗衰老药物的发展，这一趋势将持续下去。如果是这样，它将在很多方面影响人民和政府，比如要求老年人更多的养老金，推迟退休年龄，在娱乐行业创造商机，增加人口。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Since the mid-1950s, life expectancy around the world has increased dramatically, and many scientists believe that this trend is likely to continue in the future.
Fewer children died at an early age, and this was mainly because of improved healthcare and better food production.
②Furthermore, new drugs are being developed which will slow down the ageing process. These will be available in a few years, and they will enable people to live 20 years longer.
③The cost of medical care for older people will rise, and governments will have to start thinking hard about how to fund state pensions for older citizens. Some people will want to keep on working later in their life, which could lead to changes in the age of retirement in many countries. Others would prefer to retire early to enjoy having more time for themselves. This will create business opportunities for companies in the leisure and entertainment industries and open up new segments of the market. The effect on the world population will be great.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3两个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
As healthcare and food production improved, more children could survive, lengthening people’s life expectancy.
This trend is believed to continue thanks to development in medicine and anti-ageing drugs.
If so, it will affect people and governments in many ways, like requiring more pensions for the elderly, postponing the retirement age, creating business opportunities in entertainment industry and increasing the population.
【点睛】[高分句型1] As healthcare and food production improved, more children could survive, lengthening people’s life expectancy.运用现在分词作状语对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] If so, it will affect people and governments in many ways, like requiring more pensions for the elderly, postponing the retirement age, creating business opportunities in entertainment industry and increasing the population.用动名词作宾语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．Nowadays, many young men and women from the UK are leaving their country in large numbers because they want to work abroad. According to the Guardian newspaper, if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work. For example, Peter Tate who moved to France in 1991 was hired by Disneyland Paris in 1992. He thought that a lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，如今，许多来自英国的年轻男女正在大量离开他们的国家，因为他们想在国外工作。根据《卫报》的报道，如果你拥有一项有市场价值的技能，并且能说你所在国家的语言，那么你找工作就没有问题。例如，1991年移居法国的彼得·泰特在1992年被巴黎迪斯尼乐园聘用。他认为，在欧洲找工作时，缺乏语言技能是主要问题。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①According to the latest statistics, young men and women from the UK are leaving their country in large numbers because they want to work abroad.
②What they discovered was that if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work.
③Peter Tate moved to France in 1991. He did a number of different jobs until he was finally hired by Disneyland Paris in 1992.
④A lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Nowadays, many young men and women from the UK are leaving their country in large numbers because they want to work abroad.
According to the Guardian newspaper, if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work.
For example, Peter Tate who moved to France in 1991 was hired by Disneyland Paris in 1992.
He thought that a lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.
【点睛】[高分句型1] According to the Guardian newspaper, if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work.（运用让步状语从句）
[高分句型2] He thought that a lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.（用that引导宾语从句）
4．People play games for various reasons. First, children play games to learn some basic rules for future life. Second, many children’s games that prepare them for grown-up work have a practical function. Third, many sports like the Olympics bring honor and pride to nation. Finally, sports like football also unite people and spread hope.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，人们玩游戏的原因多种多样。首先，孩子们玩游戏来学习一些未来生活的基本规则。第二，许多为儿童成人工作做准备的儿童游戏有一个实用的功能。第三，许多像奥运会这样的运动给国家带来荣誉和骄傲。最后，足球这样的运动也能团结人们，传播希望。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Why play games? Because they are fun, and a lot more besides.
②But perhaps more importantly, they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating.
③Many children’s games have a practical side. Children around the world play games that prepare them for work they will do as grown-ups.
④Many sports encourage national or local pride.
⑤Sports are also an event that unites people. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4、5四个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
People play games for various reasons.
First, children play games to learn some basic rules for future life.
Second, many children’s games that prepare them for grown-up work have a practical function.
Third, many sports like the Olympics bring honor and pride to nation.
Finally, sports like football also unite people and spread hope.
【点睛】[高分句型1] First, children play games to learn some basic rules for future life. (运用了不定式作目的状语)
[高分句型2] Second, many children’s games that prepare them for grown-up work have a practical function. (运用that引导的定语从句)
5．Social networking help people contact with others, even their playmates that they have lost touch with. It is also a way to find upcoming job opportunities. What’s more, it offers many games to a group of people who share common interests and hobbies. It is easy to organize an activity which is not limited by place.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍社交网络的3个优点：第一，与朋友取得联系；第二，找工作；第三，提供许多游戏，有助于与志同道合的朋友组织活动。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The main reason is to stay in touch with other people.
②These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with.
③It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities.
④These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live.
⑤Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
2.缜密构思
将1，2两个要点进行重组，将4，5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
These sites help people to stay in touch with others and find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with.
Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games to people who have common interests and hobbies so that they can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Social networking help people contact with others, even their playmates that they have lost touch with.（运用了that引导的定语从句）
[高分句型2] It is easy to organize an activity which is not limited by place.（运用了It作形式主语，which引导定语从句）
6．There are three kinds of friendship. Friendship based on utility occurs between the elderly, who find each other useful in pursuing their own advantage. Friendship based on pleasure happens between the young, who fall in and out of friendship quickly. Friendship based on goodness is perfect friendship, which is rare and needs time and intimacy.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是友谊的三种类型和各自的特征。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①According to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship.
②Friendship based on utility. Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage.
③Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.
④Perfect friendship is based on goodness. Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
There are three kinds of friendship. Friendship based on utility occurs between the elderly, who finds each other useful in pursuing their own advantage. Friendship based on pleasure happens between the young, who fall in and out of friendship quickly. Friendship based on goodness is perfect friendship, which is rare and needs time and intimacy.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Friendship based on utility occurs between the elderly, who find each other useful in pursuing their own advantage.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段进行了概括。其中who引导的定语从句等表达高级。
[高分句型2] Friendship based on goodness is perfect friendship, which is rare and needs time and intimacy.用which引导的非限制性定语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
7．On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. First, speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions. Second, not only do informative speeches convey knowledge but also enhance understanding. What’s more, a mourning speech can be comforting. On a personal level, it is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a speech.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章以“演讲的功能”为题，主要介绍了演讲的说服或激励功能，以及告知、赞美、娱乐，和简单地介绍某人或某事以及接受某事的功能。
【详解】1 要点摘录①The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something.
②Persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions.
③A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us.
④A speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting.
⑤A personal speech will be needed to move people or make them laugh.
2.缜密构思
将1、4、5要点进行简化重组,2、3要点合并。
3.遣词造句
On no account can we ignore the power of the speech.
Speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions.
Not only do informative speeches convey knowledge but also enhance understanding. A mourning speech can be comforting.
It is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a personal speech.
【点睛】[高分句型1] On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. 运用了部分倒装且概括性强。
[高分句型2]：Speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions.用by + doing sth.作方式状语。
[高分句型3]：It is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a personal speech.用一个复杂的主从复合句概括倒数第二段内容。其中that引导主语从句、且从句中运用了虚拟语气。
8．Two cost-free ways, wakeful rest and sleep, can help improve your learning. According to research, having a quiet rest for 5 to 10 minutes after study without doing other things may help you better memorize what you’ve learned. As for sleep, not only is it good for your memory but it can foster optimal concentration and increase learning efficiency. (59 words)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，有两种免费的方法可以帮助你提高学习水平：清醒的休息和睡眠。根据研究，在学习后安静地休息5到10分钟而不做其他事情可能会帮助你更好地记住所学的东西。至于睡眠，它不仅对你的记忆力有好处，还能培养最佳的注意力，提高学习效率。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Actually, there are two no-cost ways that can help you improve your learning: wakeful rest and sleep.
②But research suggests that resting after you study may help you remember what you studied.
③If you want to give “wakeful rest” a try, here are a few simple things to do: Rest quietly for five to ten minutes.
④The Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School notes that sleep helps people to learn.
⑤A report on the school’s website explains that “a sleep-deprived person cannot focus attention optimally and therefore cannot learn efficiently.”
⑥It also says, “sleep itself has a role in the consolidation of memory, which is essential for learning new information.”
2.缜密构思
将1概写，将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4、5、6三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Two cost-free ways, wakeful rest and sleep, can help improve your learning.
According to research, having a quiet rest for 5 to 10 minutes after study without doing other things may help you better memorize what you’ve learned.
As for sleep, not only is it good for your memory but it can foster optimal concentration and increase learning efficiency.
【点睛】[高分句型1] According to research, having a quiet rest for 5 to 10 minutes after study without doing other things may help you better memorize what you’ve learned. (运用了what引导的宾语从句)
[高分句型2] As for sleep, not only is it good for your memory but it can foster optimal concentration and increase learning efficiency. (运用了部分倒装结构)
9．Sleep-deficit, a common phenomenon in America, is caused by several factors. Firstly, the invention of the light bulb has changed people’s lifestyle and shorten people’s sleep time by about 2 hours. Secondly, various pressures and misleading social concepts also contribute to sleep-deficit. Researchers have found out that sleep-deficit would influence us intellectually.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国人睡眠缺乏的原因，以及睡眠不足会带来的影响。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation.
②The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.
③By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock.
④Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day.
⑤In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”
⑥“We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David, ”Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”
2. 缜密构思
将要点1、6精简，将要点2、3，要点4、5进行整合
3.遣词造句
Sleep-deficit, a common phenomenon in America, is caused by several factors.
Firstly, the invention of the light bulb has changed people’s lifestyle and shorten people’s sleep time by about 2 hours.
Secondly, various pressures and misleading social concepts also contribute to sleep-deficit.
Researchers have found out that sleep-deficit would influence us intellectually.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Firstly, the invention of the light bulb has changed people’s lifestyle and shorten people’s sleep time by about 2 hours. （运用了and连接并列句）。
[高分句型2]Researchers have found out that sleep-deficit would influence us intellectually.（运用了that引导宾语从句）
10．Facebook has altered America in three ways since it was founded. First, Facebook has shaped what it means and feels like to be young. Second, it has changed attitudes to privacy. Third, Facebook has left a lasting mark on politics. But Facebook can’t stay influential in the future because of its extensive impact as well as the growing unease.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章陈述了Facebook自成立15年来对美国所带来的三方面影响，但因其影响的广泛性及用户对平台安全性的质疑，Facebook未来的影响力会不如从前。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①In the 15 years since its founding in 2004, Facebook has altered America in three notable ways.
②It has shaped what it means and feels like to be young.
③Second, Facebook has changed attitudes to privacy.
④Third, Facebook has left a lasting mark on politics.
⑤Can the social-media giant stay as influential in the next 15 years as it has already been? At the risk of being wrong about Facebook again, that seems unlikely. This is partly because its impact has already been so extensive. But it is also because of growing unease with the platform.
2.缜密构思
将第1要点进行整合，将第5要点归纳重组。
3.遣词造句
Facebook has altered America in three ways since it was founded.
First, Facebook has shaped what it means and feels like to be young. Second, It has changed attitudes to privacy. Third, Facebook has left a lasting mark on politics.
But Facebook can’t stay influential in the future because of its extensive impact as well as the growing unease.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Facebook has altered America in three ways since it was founded.（运用了since引导的状语从句）
[高分句型2]First, Facebook has shaped what it means and feels like to be young. （运用了what引导的宾语从句）
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Retirement - Paradise or Not
Most people look forward to retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time or energy to pursue before. But some recent studies on people in their golden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are more likely to suffer from depression and possibly higher rates of other diseases such as heart disease and high blood pressure. That's why a new study of French workers is welcome news.
Led by Hugo Westerlund, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, the study of more than 14,000 workers found lower rates of depression and fatigue in people after they got retired while they were still employed.
The scientists followed employees of the French National Gas and Electric Company for 14 years. They found in the year immediately after retirement, the volunteers reported 40% fewer depressive symptoms than they had in the year before their retirement. The researchers also found an 81% drop in reports of both mental and physical fatigue over the same time period.
Clearly, said Westerlund, much of these decrease in physical and mental fatigue can be traced back to relief from the stresses of work. The decline in depressive symptoms suggests that retirement may be having a positive mental effect, too, which may have a lot to do with the generous pensions that French workers enjoy. Most retirees in that country still benefit from about 80% of their yearly salaries.
"The economic or financial situation in retirement is very important," Westerlund says. "We don't know if the decrease in fatigue and depressive symptoms is because of the removal of something bad while in work or the addition of something good while in retirement. But no matter the reason, if life in retirement is not comfortable, then we won't see the improvements we did."
However, in European nations like France, governments are considering changes to pension plans, which may affect retirees' health after they leave their jobs-with less of a financial safety net, workers may no longer seem so mentally and physically happy to be out of work.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Living to 100
Since the mid-1950s, life expectancy around the world has increased dramatically, and many scientists believe that this trend is likely to continue in the future. The main reason for the increase during this period was the decline in infant mortality. Fewer children died at an early age, and this was mainly because of improved healthcare and better food production.
Most experts believe that people will continue to live longer in the future because of medical advances. Researchers predict that at least half of the North American and Japanese babies born since the year 2000 will live to an age of 90, and ten percent to 100 years old. Furthermore, new drugs are being developed which will slow down the ageing process. These will be available in a few years, and they will enable people to live 20 years longer.
If the current older populations in many countries become healthier, wealthier and live longer, the trend will have important consequences for people and governments. The cost of medical care for older people will rise, and governments will have to start thinking hard about how to fund state pensions for older citizens. Some people will want to keep on working later in their life, which could lead to changes in the age of retirement in many countries. Others would prefer to retire early to enjoy having more time for themselves. This will create business opportunities for companies in the leisure and entertainment industries and open up new segments of the market. The effect on the world population will be great. Europe’s population has been in decline for several years now as people prefer to have fewer children and families tend to be smaller. However, “the population will not decline as anti-ageing drugs start to become widely available”, as an expert on population, Professor Shripad Tuljapurkar, says in his recently-released book.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．Summary Writing
Working Around
According to the latest statistics, young men and women from the UK are leaving their country in large numbers because they want to work abroad. Is the idea of working abroad fact or fiction and what is it like to work in another country?
In order to find answers to these questions, the Guardian newspaper recently interviewed British workers in France, Germany, Spain and Holland. What they discovered was that if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work. Let’s take the following examples. Peter Tate moved to France in 1991. He had studied lighting design in England and had worked for eleven years in theatres around the country. He wanted a different lifestyle and certainly didn’t expect to get a job in his field immediately.
He did a number of different jobs until he was finally hired by Disneyland Paris in 1992. First he worked there as a lighting technician, then he eventually got a job in design. After all his experience, he says that you have to be realistic about finding exactly the kind of job you want abroad. “The theatre is a small world,” he explains. “Jobs are usually found through contracts. I had to get to know people first and I didn’t speak very good French when I first arrived.”
He admits that his poor level of French was a big problem. He did a three-month language course before he moved to France permanently, but this still was not enough. He says that if you want to get a good job in another country, you have to be able to speak the language well. A lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why play games? Because they are fun, and a lot more besides. Following the rules...planning your next move... acting as a team member...these are all “game” ideas that you will come across throughout your life.
Think about some of the games you played as a young child, such as rope-jumping and hide-and-seek. Such games are entertaining and fun. But perhaps more importantly, they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating.
Many children’s games have a practical side. Children around the world play games that prepare them for work they will do as grown-ups. For instance, some Saudi Arabian children play a game called bones, which sharpens the hand-eye coordination needed in hunting.
Many sports encourage national or local pride. The most famous games of all, the Olympic Games, bring athletes from around the world together to take part in friendly competition. People who watch the event wave flags, knowing that a gold medal is a win for an entire country, not just the athlete who earned it. For countries experiencing natural disasters or war, an Olympic win can mean so much.
Sports are also an event that unites people. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. People on all continents play it — some for fun and some for a living. Nicolette Iribarne, a Californian soccer player, has discovered a way to spread hope through soccer. He created a foundation to provide poor children with not only soccer balls but also a promising future.
Next time you play your favorite game or sport, think about why you enjoy it, what skills are needed, and whether these skills will help you in other aspects of your life.
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
The advantages of social networking
Why do most people sign up to social networking sites? The main reason is to stay in touch with other people. These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with. Renewing these long-lost friendships is just a click away. It is very exciting to be able to catch up with friends and keep up with their news on an almost daily basis thanks to frequent updates.
Keeping up-to-date, however, doesn’t have to be restricted to friends and acquaintances (相识的人). What many people tend to forget is that they can also use networking sites for professional reasons. It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities. Friends might know about job vacancies that may not be advertised elsewhere or they can even recommend their friends for certain jobs. Even people already employed can promote their business online. This is particularly important for artists, actors and musicians who can create pages devoted to their band or theatre company, and inform fans about their gigs (现场演唱会) or latest exhibitions. In addition, the sites can be used to allow the public to give instant feedback on the artists’ work and to interact with their favorite artist.
Another great advantage of social networking sites is how easy it is to organize an event with your friends. Thanks to different settings people can organize their friends by different criteria (标准). These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live. This means if a certain event takes place, for example, an open-air concert or a football match, all they have to do is invite the right group of friends to attend. Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Friendship
To help us understand what friendship really means, we need to review some classical views of friendship. According to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship:
Friendship based on utility. Utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to circumstances. When the ground for friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage. Such persons do not spend much time together, because sometimes they do not even like one another, and therefore feel no need of such an association unless they are mutually useful. They take pleasure in each other’s company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.
Friendship based on pleasure. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment. As they grow up, however, their tastes change too, so that they are quick to make and to break friendships. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.
Friendship based on goodness. Perfect friendship is based on goodness. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect. The conduct of good men is the same or similar. It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form. Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy; for as the saying goes, true friends must go through trials and tribulations (患难) together. And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love. and so won his trust. The wish for friendship may develop rapidly, but true friendship does not.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Functions of a Speech
The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2, 000 years ago. The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. Over the past years, the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time.
Persuasion is used in dealing with or reuniting different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to people's hearts. During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle.
A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible protection.
Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonna's speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music. It's not only in world meetings where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives.
On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.
Great speaking ability is not something we're born with. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Things to Do After You Study
Many students study with little thought about what comes after their study session. But what you do after studying could have an effect on how well you learn and remember new information. Actually, there are two no-cost ways that can help you improve your learning: wakeful rest and sleep.
When many students finish studying, they often go straight to another activity. Perhaps they look at their phone or computer. They might even play a video game or watch television. But research suggests that resting after you study may help you remember what you studied.
The basic idea is this: by reducing your activity after the study session, your brain gets a chance to rest. Resting is difficult when you have too much stimulation from electronic devices, games, lights and so on. Many studies have explored the benefits of resting after learning — what is called “wakeful rest.” A 2019 study found that both young and older adults were able to better remember, or recollect, information from prose passages after doing wakeful rest. The findings appeared in Neuroscience Letters. If you want to give “wakeful rest” a try, here are a few simple things to do: Rest quietly for five to ten minutes. Do not look at your phone, read stories or play games. Just limit the amount of stimulation you get. It is really that easy!
In addition to wakeful rest, sleep is also important for learning. The Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School notes that sleep helps people to learn. A report on the school’s website explains that “a sleep-deprived person cannot focus attention optimally and therefore cannot learn efficiently.” It also says, “sleep itself has a role in the consolidation of memory, which is essential for learning new information.”
Now you have two suggestions for how to learn new information. Try to get some “wakeful rest” after a study session. Then try to get a good night’s sleep. That’s it — a simple, no-cost way to help you remember what you learn.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation.“I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.From diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night.”The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat in their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,” says Dr. David, ”They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous.”
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their program.” In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”
To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David, ”Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Birthdays are an occasion for reflection. In the 15 years since its founding in 2004, Facebook has altered America in three notable ways. First, the company has created a virtual “me-economy” where people share their feelings, photos and comments. The company has done this twice: once with its flagship social network, which became the pastime and addiction of college students and high scholars in the mid-2000 and again with Instagram, which is the most popular photo sharing App. It has shaped what it means and feels like to be young.
Second, Facebook has changed attitudes to privacy. The social network thrives through trust. After Facebook was launched, for the first time people felt comfortable sharing intimate details online, including their phone number, relationship status, likes and dislikes, location and more, because they felt they could control who had access to them. Users were vaguely aware that Facebook was starting to make a fortune by inappropriately using this data and selling advertisers access to specific types of users, but they mostly did not object.
Third, Facebook has left a lasting mark on politics. The social-networking firm has become an invaluable tool for politicians seeking office, both through paid advertisements to reach voters and free content that spreads on the social network. “You’d find it difficult to name a politician who’s been elected in the last ten years who didn’t use Facebook,” says David Kirkpatrick, author of The Facebook Effect, a history of the social network.
Can the social-media giant stay as influential in the next 15 years as it has already been? At the risk of being wrong about Facebook again, that seems unlikely. This is partly because its impact has already been so extensive. But it is also because of growing unease with the platform. As with all new technologies, from the printed book to the telegraph, social media can be used both for good and bad.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1．One possible version:
Instead of a golden period to enjoy life, recent researches argue that retirement led to depression and diseases. However, a 14-year study involving 14000 French workers showed dramatic decline in depression and fatigue soon after retirement, which is believed to result from reduced work pressure and comfortable pension. Unfortunately, considering the possibility of cutting pension, the advantage may cease.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述大多数人期待着退休，可以从事他们以前从来没有时间或精力去追求的活动。但最近一些研究表明，退休人员更容易患抑郁症，心脏病和高血压等其他疾病的几率也更高。因为退休后他们还面临着经济压力。欧洲一些国家正在考虑通过调整养老金状况来减少老年退休的经济压力。
【详解】1 要点摘录①Most people look forward to retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time or energy to pursue before.
②But some recent studies on people in their golden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are more likely to suffer from depression and possibly higher rates of other diseases such as heart disease and high blood pressure.
③Led by Hugo Westerlund, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, the study of more than 14,000 workers found lower rates of depression and fatigue in people after they got retired while they were still employed.
④The scientists followed employees of the French National Gas and Electric Company for 14 years. They found in the year immediately after retirement, the volunteers reported 40% fewer depressive symptoms than they had in the year before their retirement.
⑤However, in European nations like France, governments are considering changes to pension plans, which may affect retirees' health after they leave their jobs-with less of a financial safety net, workers may no longer seem so mentally and physically happy to be out of work.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4两个要点进行整合，将第5要点进行优化
3.遣词造句Rather than a golden period to enjoy life, recent researches argue that retirement caused depression and diseases. However, a 14-year study involving 14000 French workers showed dramatic decline in depression and fatigue soon after retirement, which may result from reduced work pressure and comfortable pension.Unluckily, considering the possibility of cutting pension, the advantage may cease.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Instead of a golden period to enjoy life, recent researches argue that retirement led to depression and diseases.(运用that引导宾语从句)
[高分句型2]：However, a 14-year study involving 14000 French workers showed dramatic decline in depression and fatigue soon after retirement, which is believed to result from reduced work pressure and comfortable pension.(运用which引导的非限制性定语从句)
2．As healthcare and food production improved, more children could survive, lengthening people’s life expectancy. This trend is believed to continue thanks to development in medicine and anti-ageing drugs. If so, it will affect people and governments in many ways, like requiring more pensions for the elderly, postponing the retirement age, creating business opportunities in entertainment industry and increasing the population.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，随着医疗保健和粮食生产的改善，更多的儿童可以存活，延长人们的预期寿命。随着医学和抗衰老药物的发展，这一趋势将持续下去。如果是这样，它将在很多方面影响人民和政府，比如要求老年人更多的养老金，推迟退休年龄，在娱乐行业创造商机，增加人口。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Since the mid-1950s, life expectancy around the world has increased dramatically, and many scientists believe that this trend is likely to continue in the future.
Fewer children died at an early age, and this was mainly because of improved healthcare and better food production.
②Furthermore, new drugs are being developed which will slow down the ageing process. These will be available in a few years, and they will enable people to live 20 years longer.
③The cost of medical care for older people will rise, and governments will have to start thinking hard about how to fund state pensions for older citizens. Some people will want to keep on working later in their life, which could lead to changes in the age of retirement in many countries. Others would prefer to retire early to enjoy having more time for themselves. This will create business opportunities for companies in the leisure and entertainment industries and open up new segments of the market. The effect on the world population will be great.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3两个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
As healthcare and food production improved, more children could survive, lengthening people’s life expectancy.
This trend is believed to continue thanks to development in medicine and anti-ageing drugs.
If so, it will affect people and governments in many ways, like requiring more pensions for the elderly, postponing the retirement age, creating business opportunities in entertainment industry and increasing the population.
【点睛】[高分句型1] As healthcare and food production improved, more children could survive, lengthening people’s life expectancy.运用现在分词作状语对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] If so, it will affect people and governments in many ways, like requiring more pensions for the elderly, postponing the retirement age, creating business opportunities in entertainment industry and increasing the population.用动名词作宾语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．Nowadays, many young men and women from the UK are leaving their country in large numbers because they want to work abroad. According to the Guardian newspaper, if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work. For example, Peter Tate who moved to France in 1991 was hired by Disneyland Paris in 1992. He thought that a lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，如今，许多来自英国的年轻男女正在大量离开他们的国家，因为他们想在国外工作。根据《卫报》的报道，如果你拥有一项有市场价值的技能，并且能说你所在国家的语言，那么你找工作就没有问题。例如，1991年移居法国的彼得·泰特在1992年被巴黎迪斯尼乐园聘用。他认为，在欧洲找工作时，缺乏语言技能是主要问题。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①According to the latest statistics, young men and women from the UK are leaving their country in large numbers because they want to work abroad.
②What they discovered was that if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work.
③Peter Tate moved to France in 1991. He did a number of different jobs until he was finally hired by Disneyland Paris in 1992.
④A lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Nowadays, many young men and women from the UK are leaving their country in large numbers because they want to work abroad.
According to the Guardian newspaper, if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work.
For example, Peter Tate who moved to France in 1991 was hired by Disneyland Paris in 1992.
He thought that a lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.
【点睛】[高分句型1] According to the Guardian newspaper, if you have a marketable skill and can speak the language of the country you are in, then you will have no problem finding work.（运用让步状语从句）
[高分句型2] He thought that a lack of language skills is the main problem when trying to find work in Europe.（用that引导宾语从句）
4．People play games for various reasons. First, children play games to learn some basic rules for future life. Second, many children’s games that prepare them for grown-up work have a practical function. Third, many sports like the Olympics bring honor and pride to nation. Finally, sports like football also unite people and spread hope.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，人们玩游戏的原因多种多样。首先，孩子们玩游戏来学习一些未来生活的基本规则。第二，许多为儿童成人工作做准备的儿童游戏有一个实用的功能。第三，许多像奥运会这样的运动给国家带来荣誉和骄傲。最后，足球这样的运动也能团结人们，传播希望。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Why play games? Because they are fun, and a lot more besides.
②But perhaps more importantly, they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating.
③Many children’s games have a practical side. Children around the world play games that prepare them for work they will do as grown-ups.
④Many sports encourage national or local pride.
⑤Sports are also an event that unites people. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4、5四个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
People play games for various reasons.
First, children play games to learn some basic rules for future life.
Second, many children’s games that prepare them for grown-up work have a practical function.
Third, many sports like the Olympics bring honor and pride to nation.
Finally, sports like football also unite people and spread hope.
【点睛】[高分句型1] First, children play games to learn some basic rules for future life. (运用了不定式作目的状语)
[高分句型2] Second, many children’s games that prepare them for grown-up work have a practical function. (运用that引导的定语从句)
5．Social networking help people contact with others, even their playmates that they have lost touch with. It is also a way to find upcoming job opportunities. What’s more, it offers many games to a group of people who share common interests and hobbies. It is easy to organize an activity which is not limited by place.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍社交网络的3个优点：第一，与朋友取得联系；第二，找工作；第三，提供许多游戏，有助于与志同道合的朋友组织活动。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The main reason is to stay in touch with other people.
②These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with.
③It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities.
④These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live.
⑤Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
2.缜密构思
将1，2两个要点进行重组，将4，5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
These sites help people to stay in touch with others and find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with.
Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games to people who have common interests and hobbies so that they can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Social networking help people contact with others, even their playmates that they have lost touch with.（运用了that引导的定语从句）
[高分句型2] It is easy to organize an activity which is not limited by place.（运用了It作形式主语，which引导定语从句）
6．There are three kinds of friendship. Friendship based on utility occurs between the elderly, who find each other useful in pursuing their own advantage. Friendship based on pleasure happens between the young, who fall in and out of friendship quickly. Friendship based on goodness is perfect friendship, which is rare and needs time and intimacy.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是友谊的三种类型和各自的特征。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①According to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship.
②Friendship based on utility. Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage.
③Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.
④Perfect friendship is based on goodness. Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
There are three kinds of friendship. Friendship based on utility occurs between the elderly, who finds each other useful in pursuing their own advantage. Friendship based on pleasure happens between the young, who fall in and out of friendship quickly. Friendship based on goodness is perfect friendship, which is rare and needs time and intimacy.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Friendship based on utility occurs between the elderly, who find each other useful in pursuing their own advantage.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段进行了概括。其中who引导的定语从句等表达高级。
[高分句型2] Friendship based on goodness is perfect friendship, which is rare and needs time and intimacy.用which引导的非限制性定语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
7．On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. First, speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions. Second, not only do informative speeches convey knowledge but also enhance understanding. What’s more, a mourning speech can be comforting. On a personal level, it is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a speech.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章以“演讲的功能”为题，主要介绍了演讲的说服或激励功能，以及告知、赞美、娱乐，和简单地介绍某人或某事以及接受某事的功能。
【详解】1 要点摘录①The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something.
②Persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions.
③A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us.
④A speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting.
⑤A personal speech will be needed to move people or make them laugh.
2.缜密构思
将1、4、5要点进行简化重组,2、3要点合并。
3.遣词造句
On no account can we ignore the power of the speech.
Speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions.
Not only do informative speeches convey knowledge but also enhance understanding. A mourning speech can be comforting.
It is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a personal speech.
【点睛】[高分句型1] On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. 运用了部分倒装且概括性强。
[高分句型2]：Speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions.用by + doing sth.作方式状语。
[高分句型3]：It is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a personal speech.用一个复杂的主从复合句概括倒数第二段内容。其中that引导主语从句、且从句中运用了虚拟语气。
8．Two cost-free ways, wakeful rest and sleep, can help improve your learning. According to research, having a quiet rest for 5 to 10 minutes after study without doing other things may help you better memorize what you’ve learned. As for sleep, not only is it good for your memory but it can foster optimal concentration and increase learning efficiency. (59 words)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，有两种免费的方法可以帮助你提高学习水平：清醒的休息和睡眠。根据研究，在学习后安静地休息5到10分钟而不做其他事情可能会帮助你更好地记住所学的东西。至于睡眠，它不仅对你的记忆力有好处，还能培养最佳的注意力，提高学习效率。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Actually, there are two no-cost ways that can help you improve your learning: wakeful rest and sleep.
②But research suggests that resting after you study may help you remember what you studied.
③If you want to give “wakeful rest” a try, here are a few simple things to do: Rest quietly for five to ten minutes.
④The Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School notes that sleep helps people to learn.
⑤A report on the school’s website explains that “a sleep-deprived person cannot focus attention optimally and therefore cannot learn efficiently.”
⑥It also says, “sleep itself has a role in the consolidation of memory, which is essential for learning new information.”
2.缜密构思
将1概写，将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4、5、6三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Two cost-free ways, wakeful rest and sleep, can help improve your learning.
According to research, having a quiet rest for 5 to 10 minutes after study without doing other things may help you better memorize what you’ve learned.
As for sleep, not only is it good for your memory but it can foster optimal concentration and increase learning efficiency.
【点睛】[高分句型1] According to research, having a quiet rest for 5 to 10 minutes after study without doing other things may help you better memorize what you’ve learned. (运用了what引导的宾语从句)
[高分句型2] As for sleep, not only is it good for your memory but it can foster optimal concentration and increase learning efficiency. (运用了部分倒装结构)
9．Sleep-deficit, a common phenomenon in America, is caused by several factors. Firstly, the invention of the light bulb has changed people’s lifestyle and shorten people’s sleep time by about 2 hours. Secondly, various pressures and misleading social concepts also contribute to sleep-deficit. Researchers have found out that sleep-deficit would influence us intellectually.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国人睡眠缺乏的原因，以及睡眠不足会带来的影响。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation.
②The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.
③By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock.
④Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day.
⑤In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”
⑥“We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David, ”Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”
2. 缜密构思
将要点1、6精简，将要点2、3，要点4、5进行整合
3.遣词造句
Sleep-deficit, a common phenomenon in America, is caused by several factors.
Firstly, the invention of the light bulb has changed people’s lifestyle and shorten people’s sleep time by about 2 hours.
Secondly, various pressures and misleading social concepts also contribute to sleep-deficit.
Researchers have found out that sleep-deficit would influence us intellectually.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Firstly, the invention of the light bulb has changed people’s lifestyle and shorten people’s sleep time by about 2 hours. （运用了and连接并列句）。
[高分句型2]Researchers have found out that sleep-deficit would influence us intellectually.（运用了that引导宾语从句）
10．Facebook has altered America in three ways since it was founded. First, Facebook has shaped what it means and feels like to be young. Second, it has changed attitudes to privacy. Third, Facebook has left a lasting mark on politics. But Facebook can’t stay influential in the future because of its extensive impact as well as the growing unease.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章陈述了Facebook自成立15年来对美国所带来的三方面影响，但因其影响的广泛性及用户对平台安全性的质疑，Facebook未来的影响力会不如从前。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①In the 15 years since its founding in 2004, Facebook has altered America in three notable ways.
②It has shaped what it means and feels like to be young.
③Second, Facebook has changed attitudes to privacy.
④Third, Facebook has left a lasting mark on politics.
⑤Can the social-media giant stay as influential in the next 15 years as it has already been? At the risk of being wrong about Facebook again, that seems unlikely. This is partly because its impact has already been so extensive. But it is also because of growing unease with the platform.
2.缜密构思
将第1要点进行整合，将第5要点归纳重组。
3.遣词造句
Facebook has altered America in three ways since it was founded.
First, Facebook has shaped what it means and feels like to be young. Second, It has changed attitudes to privacy. Third, Facebook has left a lasting mark on politics.
But Facebook can’t stay influential in the future because of its extensive impact as well as the growing unease.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Facebook has altered America in three ways since it was founded.（运用了since引导的状语从句）
[高分句型2]First, Facebook has shaped what it means and feels like to be young. （运用了what引导的宾语从句）
相关试卷
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins，概要写作等内容，欢迎下载使用。
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共21页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
