非谓语动词 课件 2025届英语高考一轮复习语法部分

这是一份非谓语动词 课件 2025届英语高考一轮复习语法部分，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了Content，是谓语还是非谓语，与谓动时间的先后顺序，做题三部曲等内容，欢迎下载使用。
What is Nn-predicative Verbs
related cncept
Hw t slve prblems
1.定义：不能充当谓语的动词，但可以在句子中 充当其他句子成分（主/宾/表/定/状/宾补）2. 类型：⑴ 不定式 : t+V原⑵ 动名词： V-ing⑶ 现在分词：V-ing⑷ 过去分词 ：V-ed3. 特点：有时态(一般式/完成式）和语态（主动语态/被动语态）的变化。
如：lk 的不定式 主动：—t lk —t have lked 被动：—t be lked —t have been lked
学会判断何时使用非谓语动词
①The girl (read) bks in the classrm nw. ②The girl (read) bks in the classrm everyday and she lks very cnfident. ③The girl (read) bks in the classrm nw lks very cnfident. ④The girl wh (read) bks in the classrm nw lks very cnfident.
分析：该句 连接词/引导词,是 句, 谓语动词,所以横线上填 动词,根据时间标志词 ，谓语动词的时态为 。
现在进行时（am/is/are+V-ing）
分析：该句_____连词 ,是 句;其中, 左边的 句中 谓语动词,所以横线上填 动词，时态为 。（注意: and连接的两个句子,谓语动词的时态保持一致)
分析：该句 引导词 ,是 句，从句 谓语动词，所以横线上填 动词，根据时间标志词 ，谓语动词的时态为 。
分析：该句 连接词/引导词,是 句, 谓语动词，所以横线上填 动词, 因为the girls与动词read之间是 关系，所以非谓语动词选 。
现在分词（V-ing）
总结：使用非谓语动词的条件：
如果句中已经存在一个 动词，那么在没有 的情况下，这个句子就是 句，那么,另一个动词要选用 动词。【学以致用】The bk ___________(write) by San Ma.I like reading the nvels _______ (write) by San Ma. He________(g) int the classrm, pened his bk and wrte n the blackbard.Althugh it is winter nw, the tree in the schl campus _______(lk) beautiful.The girl that lives in the city ________(make) a phne call t the farmer yesterday. She gt ff the bus, but ________(leave) her bk in the bus.
was written
考点1：动词不定式作定语（1）动词不定式t d 在句中通常表示: 目的和将来The meeting t be held next week is very imprtant.（2）用来修饰被序数词、最高级或n ,all , any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。She is always the first t cme and the last t leave.她总是第一个来，最后一个走。He was the best man t d the jb.他是做这份工作的最佳人选。It is the nly thing t d. 这是唯一可以做的事。（the first, the last, the best, the nly thing 常跟不定式作定语）
考点1：动词不定式作定语（3）当被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时，常用不定式作后置定语，且不定式常用主动形式。常见的此类名词有ability，chance，idea，hpe, wish, fact, prmise, attempt，plan，way，pprtunity等。The ability t express an idea is as imprtant as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。And the best way t strengthen willpwer is t make it int a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
考点1：动词不定式作定语（4）不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。Suddenly a gd idea ccurred t her, but she culdn't find any paper t write n.特别提示：在作定语的动词不定式中，如果其中的动词是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词。但是如果被不定式修饰的名词为place，time，way等，不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省去。She is a very nice persn t wrk with.她是个可以共事的很好的人。He has n place t live (in).他没有地方住。
考点1：动词不定式作定语特别提示：动词不定式既可用主动式也可用被动式，但其含义有所不同。试比较：D yu have anything t send? (动作的执行者是“你”)你还邮寄什么东西吗？D yu have anything t be sent？(动作的执行者是“我”或“别人”)你还有什么东西要(我或别人)去寄吗？不定式作定语时，当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语，且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。I have a letter t pst, s I can't g swimming with yu.我有一封信(需要我)要寄出，因此我不能和你一起去游泳了。I have a letter t be psted. Can yu help me?我有一封信想(让别人替我)寄出去，你能帮我一下吗？
考点2：分词作定语（1）作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时，用过去分词。Last night, there were millins f peple watching the pening ceremny live n TV.The huses being built are fr the teachers.This is a bk written by a famus Chinese writer.（2）形容词化的动词­ing形式和动词­ed 形式。动词­ing形式意为“令人……的”；动词­ed形式意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的lk、expressin、tears、smile、vice等名词。amusing 有趣的amused 感到有趣的terrifying 令人恐怖的terrified 恐怖的inspiring令人鼓舞的inspired 受到鼓舞的frightening 令人害怕的frightened 害怕的
考点2：分词作定语（3）非谓语动词作定语的解法：考虑和被修饰语的关系表示被动、完成用过去分词dne，已经被；表示被动的动作尚未进行用t be dne，将要被；表示被动、进行用being dne，正在被；表示主动、进行用现在分词ding；表示主动、尚未进行用t d；试比较：①Tday there are mre airplanes carrying mre peple than ever befre in the skies.②The bridge built in 2019 was designed by a lcal cmpany.③The bridge being built nw was designed by a lcal cmpany.④The bridge t be built next year was designed by a lcal cmpany.having been dne 与 having dne 不做定语，可作状语
考点2：分词作定语（4）作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为: 现在分词和过去分词现在分词表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成，不表被动。 biling water 沸腾的水（表正在进行） biled water白开水（表完成） develping cuntries发展中国家（表正在进行） develped cuntries发达国家（表完成）falling leaves 正在下落的叶子（表正在进行） fallen leaves 落叶（表完成）（5）动名词通常位于所修饰的名词前，表示所修饰名词的用途、功能或作用。① reading rm 阅览室 waiting rm 等候室 changing rm 更衣室 perating rm 手术室 living rm 客厅 cnsulting rm 诊室 ② wrking hurs 工作时间 pening hurs 营业时间 clsing time下班时间 ③swimming pl 游泳池 parking lt 停车场 cking il 食用油 drinking water 饮用水 walking stick 拐杖 washing machine 洗衣机 driving license 驾驶证 building materials 建筑材料
考点1：动词不定式作状语（表示目的、原因、结果等）（1）作目的状语，有时用in rder t或s as t，但s as t不用于句首。We will cntinue ur campaign t prevent and cntrl air pllutin t make ur skies blue again.T enjy the cnvenience f digital payment, many senir citizens started t use smart phnes.（2）作原因状语，形容词作表语时，后接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因，如glad，happy，delighted，frightened，surprised，srry，disappinted，excited，ancius， pleased 等。I was frightened t find that in frnt f my dr sat a dg. 发现门前坐着一只狗，我很害怕。（3）作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果，常考结构： nly t d 表示出乎意料的结果 enugh t d... 足够做…… d... 太……而不能做…… s/ such t 如此……以至于……Tm tk a taxi t the airprt, nly t find his plane high up in the sky.注意:在nly t 结构中, t... t.….并非是“太……而不能……”之意。I am nly t glad t have passed the exam.考试及格了,我非常高兴。
考点1：动词不定式作状语（表示目的、原因、结果等）（4）动词不定式也可以跟在一些作表语的形容词easy、difficult、hard、cheap、expensive、fit、cmfrtable、heavy、gd、imprtant、impssible、dangerus、surprised、astnished、delighted、disappinted 等后面作状语，构成“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。This bk is difficult t understand.This machine is very easy t perate. Anybdy can learn t use it in a few minutes.特别提醒：如果不定式中的动词为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。In many peple's pinin, that cmpany, thugh relatively small, is pleasant t deal with.
考点2：分词作状语（1）分词做状语解法：考虑和逻辑主语的关系 作状语的的部分去除后，剩下的是一个完整的句子eg. Seen frm the space, the earth lke blue.eg. Seeing frm the space, we can see the earth is blue.eg. Nt knwing where I lived, he had t ask the way.eg. Nt having eaten anything since the night befre, I felt very hungry nw.分词做状语I gt t the ffice earlier that day, having caught the 7：30 train frm Paddingtn.Having been tld many times, he still repeated the samemistake.
（nt） ding 一般式（非谓与谓动同时发生或略先于谓动）（nt） having dne 一般完成式（非谓明显先于谓动）
考点2：分词作状语（2）动词­ing作状语时，表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随、结果等，与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，且含有进行之意。①作时间状语Eg: (While) Wrking in the factry, he was an advanced wrker.（主语 he 和 wrk 是主动关系）在工厂工作时， 他是一名先进工人。②作原因状语Eg: Being a League member, he is always helping thers.（主语 he 和 be 是主动关系）由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。③作方式状语，表示伴随Eg: He stayed at hme, cleaning and washing.（主语 he 和 clean 以及 wash 是主动进行关系）他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
考点2：分词作状语④作条件状语Eg: (If) Playing all day, yu will waste yur valuable time. （主语 yu 和 play 是主动进行关系）要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。⑤作结果状语Eg: He drpped the glass, breaking it int pieces.（主语 he 和 break 是主动关系）他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。⑥作让步状语Eg: (Thugh) Raining heavily, it cleared up very sn.（主语 it 和 rain 是主动进行关系）虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
考点2：分词作状语特别提示：动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示意想不到的结果；而动词-ing形式作结果状语时，常表示自然而然的结果。He hurried t the bus stp，nly t find that the bus had already gne.他急匆匆赶到车站，结果发现公交车已经走了。There was a terrible accident，causing the traffic jam.出了严重的交通事故，引起了交通堵塞。
考点2：分词作状语（3）过去作状语时，表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随等，与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，且含有完成之意。Seen frm the tp f the muntain，the city is very beautiful.从山顶上看，这座城市非常美丽。Ordinary sap, used crrectly, can deal with bacteria effectively.如果正确使用的话，普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。Given the right kind f training，these teenage sccer players may ne day grw int internatinal stars.如果给予正确的训练，这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。Bitten twice，the pstman refused t deliver ur letters unless we chained ur dg.由于被咬了两次，邮递员拒绝给我们送信，除非我们把狗拴起来。
考点2：分词作状语特别提醒：某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构中，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如：lst(迷路的)，seated(坐着的)，hidden(隐瞒的)，lst/absrbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着……的)，tired f(对……感到厌倦的)等。Absrbed in his bk，he didn’t ntice me enter the rm.专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。Dressed in red，she lks mre beautiful.穿着红色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。
考点2：分词作状语（4）连词＋分词作状语构成状语从句的省略，常用连词有while、when、nce、if、unless等。Generally speaking, if taken accrding t the directins, the drug has n side effect.一般来说，如果按照说明服用，这种药没有副作用。While walking the dg, yu were s careless that it gt lse and was hit by a car.当你遛狗时，你如此的粗心让它挣脱了，以至于它被汽车撞了。
考点3：独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的独立成分有：T be hnest, the pay isn't attractive enugh, thugh the jb itself is quite interesting.
考点4：独立主格结构作状语非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成，用于修饰整个句子。该结构位置相当灵活，可置于句首、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子主体分开，在句中通常作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等，还可以作定语。其构成形式主要有：名词/代词＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(主动表被动)Much time spent sitting at a desk, ffice wrkers are generally trubled by health prblems.Weather permitting, they will g n an uting t the beach tmrrw.Everything taken int cnsideratin, the result is better than expected.The test finished, we began ur hliday.The president assassinated, the whle cuntry was in deep srrw.
考点4：独立主格结构作状语（1）名词或主格代词＋动词不定式名词或主格代词与动词不定式之间是逻辑上的主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的将来的动作。He is ging t make a mdel plane，sme ld parts t help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。（2）名词或主格代词＋动词-ing形式名词或主格代词与动词-ing形式之间为逻辑上的主动关系。The girl staring at him (＝ As the girl stared at him)，he didn’t knw what t say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。（3）名词或主格代词＋过去分词名词或主格代词与过去分词之间为逻辑上的被动关系。The prblems slved (＝ As the prblems were slved)，the quality has been imprved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
考点4：独立主格结构作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语的关系 （1）非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。【误】Fund him angry，I began t tell jkes.【正】Finding him angry，I began t tell jkes.发现他生气了，我开始讲笑话。【误】Lking arund，there was n ne nearby.【正】Lking arund，I fund there was n ne nearby.环顾四周，我发现附近没有人。
（2）若非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在非谓语动词前加上其自身的逻辑主语，“逻辑主语(名词/主格代词)＋非谓语动词”被称为独立主格结构：具体形式如下：(1)名词/代词＋现在分词。表主动且进行，或表特征，现在分词可有语态和时态的变化。Winter cming，it gets clder and clder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。(2)名词/代词＋过去分词。表被动且完成，或表状态。The test finished，we began ur hliday.考试结束了，我们的假期开始了。(3)名词/代词＋不定式。不定式表示将来的动作，有语态的变化。The tw bys said gdbye t each ther, ne t g hme，the ther t g t his friend’s.两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回家，另一个去朋友家。
考点1：动词不定式作宾语想要干：want，wish，hpe，expect，seek，attempt，aim，claim，wuld like/lve，desire早打算：plan，prepare，arrange同意否：agree，prmise，undertake，ffer，refuse问问看：ask，beg决定了：decide，determine，make up ne’s mind，be determined尽力干：manage(反义词fail)，struggle，strive努力做：make an effrt别装蒜：pretend此外，learn，chse，affrd，happen，wait等也常用不定式作宾语。All the factrs cnsidered，we decided t ffer the jb t Li Wei，a man f rich experience.把所有的因素都考虑进去后，我们决定把这份工作给李伟，一个很有经验的人。
考点2：动名词作宾语考虑建议盼原谅：cnsider，suggest/advise，lk frward t，excuse/pardn承认推迟没得想：admit，delay/put ff，fancy避免错过继续练：avid，miss，keep/keep n，practice否认完成停止赏：deny，finish，stp，enjy/appreciate不禁介意准逃亡：can’t help，mind，allw/permit，escape不准冒险凭想象：frbid，risk，imagine此外，feel like，devte t，be/get used t，bject t，set abut，insist n，pay attentin t，stick t，be busy (in)，have difficulty/truble (in)等动词短语后也接动词-ing形式作宾语。I avided mentining the subject in case he shuld be ffended.我回避提及这个问题，以免冒犯他。特别提醒：allw、permit、frbid、advise后需加动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则用不定式作宾补，即allw/permit/frbid/advise sb. t d sth.
考点3：特殊情况动词want、need、require作“需要”讲时，其后要用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语，翻译成“某事需要被做”。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。The windw needs cleaning/t be cleaned.(clean与the windw之间存在动宾关系)窗户需要清洁一下。He needs t leave at nce.(leave与he之间不存在动宾关系)他必须马上离开。
考点3：特殊情况当非谓语动词位于介词but、except后时，习惯上要用不定式。并且，当其前有实义动词d及相关形式时，则不定式要省略t；若其前没有动词d，则不定式通常带t。We had n chice but t wait.我们除了等待之外别无选择。I culd d nthing except agree.我除了同意，什么都做不了。
考点4：不定式作动词（短语）learn, decide, knw, wnder, shw, tell, understand, explain, teach, advice, find ut 等的宾语时，通常用不定时短语，即“连接代词/ 副词（hw, what, whether, when, wh 等）+ 不定式eg. Peter can shw yu hw t turn an idea int act.此用法中不定式的逻辑主语须与句子的主语或宾语保持一致，否则要用宾从eg. I wnder hw he slved the prblem.eg. I dn’t knw whether the guest will cme tnight.
考点1：不定式作宾补不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系。1．常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise，allw，ask，cause，cmmand，encurage，expect，frbid，frce，get，hate，invite，leave，like，mean，rder，permit，persuade，prefer，request，tell，want，warn，wish，call n，depend n/upn，lng fr，wait fr等。If we expect peple t give up the habit f driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely n.Having finished her prject, she was invited by the schl t speak t the new students.We’re all lnging fr the new term t begin.特别提醒：在sb.be said/believed/knwn/reprted/cnsidered/thught＋t d/t have dne结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。He is thught t have acted flishly . Nw he has n ne but himself t blame fr lsing the jb.大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人，而是他自己。
考点1：不定式作宾补2.后用省略“t”的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：“五看；三使；二听；一感觉”五看：lk at/watch/ntice/see/bserve sb.d sth.三使：make/have/let sb.d sth.二听：listen t/hear sb.d sth.一感觉：feel sb.d sth.I like the film because it can make me laugh.我喜欢这部电影，因为它能让我笑。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则t不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号t可以省略，也可以保留。Let thse in need understand that we will g all ut t help them.让那些需要的人理解，我们会全力以赴帮助他们。She was seen t enter the manager’s ffice ten minutes ag.十分钟前她被看见进入了经理办公室。
考点2：分词作宾补（1）现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间是主动关系（主谓关系），且强调正在进行的主动动作。Listen! D yu hear smene calling fr help?I heard an English sng being sung by a little girl when I passed by her rm yesterday. (被动，正在进行)（2）过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间是被动关系（动宾关系），可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see、watch、bserve、ntice、hear、listen、feel)、使役动词(have、make、let、get)、find、leave、keep等I need a new passprt s I will have t have my phtgraph taken.不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。I was surprised t find my hmetwn changed s much.我吃惊得发现我的家乡变化如此大。
考点2：分词作宾补特别提醒：感官动词(see、watch、bserve、ntice、hear、listen、feel)后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：see
sb. d sth. 看见某人做了某事sb. ding sth. 看见某人正在作某事sb. / sth dne 看见某人/ 某事被
考点2：分词作宾补特别提醒：使役动词have、get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：①have sth.dne＝get sth.dne 表被动动作（主语可能参与，也可能没参与）； 让别人做某事（主语未参与动作）； 主语遭遇了某事eg. Huses near airprts smetimes have their windws brken.②have sb./sth.ding sth.意为“让某人一直做某事、让某物处于某种状态”； get sb./sth.ding意为“使……开始做某事”；③have sb.d sth.＝get sb.t d sth.意为“让某人做某事”。Befre driving int the city, yu are required t get yur car washed.在开车进城之前，你需要找人洗洗车。have sb. ding sth.用于否定句中，常与can't、wn't等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。I can't have yu getting away with telling lies. 我不能容忍你撒谎而不受惩罚。
考点2：分词作宾补特别提醒：实意动词havehave sth t d 有某事要做（主语做）（表被动）have sth t be dne 有某事要做（别人做）（表被动）“D yu have anything mre ______, sir?” “N. Yu can have a rest r d smething else.” A. typing B. t be typed C. typed D. t type【分析】容易误选D，根据 have sth t d 这一常用结构推出。但是，最佳答案是B。确实，在“have+宾语+不定式”结构中，用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义，如 I have sme clthes t wash等，即尽管其中的 sme clthes 与其后的不定式 t wash 具有被动关系，但却习惯上用主动式表示被动意义。但值得指出的是，这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系，如 I have sme clthes t wash 中的 t wash 就是由该句主语 I 来完成的。而上面一题的情形有所不同，即其中的 t type 这一动作不是由句子主语 yu来完成的，而是由说话者“我”来完成的。
考点2：分词作宾补特别提醒：实意动词havehave用于“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”的结构，有 推测、假设之意。 1.must＋have＋过去分词，表示对过去时间发生的动作或存在的情况的推测，一般用于肯定句。 Her father thught that she must have met a fairy. 2.can(culd)＋have＋过去分词，表示对过去发生事情的“不肯定”，常用于否定句和疑问句。 He can't have been t yur hme, he desn't knw yur address. 3.shuld＋have＋过去分词，表示“某事本该早做而实际未做”，用于肯定句。 Yu shuld have been here five minutes ag.have a wrd(a few wrds)with sb.，表示和某人说一（几）句话。had better＋不带t的动词不定式，表示“…最好…”。have nthing(smething)t d with，表示“和…无（有）”关系。
考点1：动词不定式作主语（1）动词不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作。T get up early is necessary.早起是必要的。（2）通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长，用it作形式主语，动词不定式短语后置，构成句型：It＋be＋adj.(difficult/kind/clever等)＋fr/f sb.t d sth.； eg. It’s nt easy t wrk ut the prblem. 解决这一问题不容易。
描述事物性质的形容词：difficult/hard困难的, easy简单的, imprtant重要的, impssible不可能的, necessary有必要的
描述人物特征的形容词：kind善良的, brave勇敢的, hnest诚实, stupid/flish愚蠢的, cnsiderate体贴的, generus慷慨的
考点2：动名词作主语（1）动词-ing形式作主语表示抽象的、经常性的或习惯性的动作，尤其是一般行为倾向。It’s nt easy t learn English well．Reading as much as pssible is necessary.学好英语不容易。尽可能多阅读是必要的。（2）通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长，用it作形式主语，动词-ing短语后置,常用于动名词作主语的句型：It's a waste f time ding...；It's n use/gd ding...；It is useless is n use 's n use cmplaining withut taking actin. 不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。公式： It is + 抽象名词/形容词 + ding sth. It is dangerus swimming in the river. 下河游泳很危险 *不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。
考点1：动词不定式作表语不定式作表语时：（1）表示预定要发生的动作；（2）表示未来的可能性和假设；（3）当主语是aim、purpse、idea、plan、wish、decisin、chice等词时，常用不定式作表语；（4）主语为what引导的名词性从句时，多用不定式作表语；His wish is t be a dctr in the future. 他的愿望是将来当一名医生。My jb is t clean the rm every day.不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词d的形式，作表语的不定式常省略t。What I want t d mst in senir high is (t) imprve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。
考点2：动名词作表语动名词作表语时（1）说明主语的内容；（2）多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常性的行为The queen’s wrk is laying eggs.女王的工作是产卵。My jb is piaying all kinds f music. 公式: 主语+ be + ding sth. ...是...
考点3：过去分词作表语get, becme, lk, seem, appear 等系动词后，可以跟过去分词作表语，表示被动或状态This qutatin（名言）frm Winstn Churchil（丘吉尔）tells us that we shuldn’t get discuraged right after failures. remain 作“任然是”时，后可接现在分词或过去分词作表语 作“仍需去做，有待处理”时，后加 t be dne 作表语Please remain seated until all the lights are n.It remains t be seen whether the newlyfrmed cmmittee’s plicy can be put int practice.
（1）n. + ding（2）名词所有格（'s）+ ding（3）人称代词宾格+ ding（4）形容词性物主代词+ ding 动名词复合结构------作宾语，（2）和（4）可作主语 eg.Yur cming made us very happy. 你的到来让我们很高兴。 eg. Tm's cming made us very happy. Tm的到来让我们很高兴。 eg. D yu mind Tm’s/ Tm living nw? eg. D yu mind me/ my living nw?
Hw t slve prblems
找逻辑主语，判定主被动
（一）分析句子结构，判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词首先判定所给提示词是否充当句子的谓语（关注连词和引导词）如果句子不缺少谓语，就用非谓语动词。（二）找逻辑主语，再判断与动词之间的关系非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是被修饰词；作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语；作补语时，其逻辑主语是动词或介词的宾语。分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(逻辑上的动作执行者)之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系(也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者)。如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词；如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词。但是当含有被动意义时，如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行，则用现在分词形式的被动式。（三）判断所给动词与谓语动词发生的先后顺序根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是完成式。如t have dne，having dne表示该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；t be ding，ding表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作(几乎)同时发生。
3．缺少前后主语一致意识(误) Befre handing in yur test paper，it is necessary t g ver the whle paper.(正) Befre handing in yur test paper，yu shuld g ver the whle paper.(正) Befre yu hand in yur test paper，yu shuld g ver the whle paper.
方法一　利用并列连词It tk three years t cmplete and was built using an interesting methd. This included digging up the rad, ________(lay) the track and then building a strng rf ver the tp.方法二　利用固定结构I quickly lwer myself，ducking my head t avid _________(lk) directly int his eyes s he desn't feel challenged.方法三　分析句子成分On the last day f ur week­lng stay, we were invited t attend a private cncert n a beautiful farm n the Nrth Shre under the stars, _________(listen) t musicians and meeting interesting lcals.Truly elegant chpsticks might be made f gld and silver with Chinese characters.Skilled wrkers als cmbine varius hardwds and metal _________(create) special designs.
【典例】During the Mid-Autumn Festival，family members ften gather tgether __________ (share) a meal，admire the mn and enjy mn cakes.解析：句意：在中秋节期间，家庭成员常常欢聚一堂，享受大餐、赏月并品尝月饼。分析句子结构可知，句子为简单句，且谓语动词为gather，故空处应填非谓语动词；再根据句意可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语。故填t share【典例】Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time _______ (spend)with his students.解析：句意：吉姆已经退休，但他仍记得与学生们一起度过的快乐时光。the happy time与spend是逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示一个已完成的动作，所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。故填spent【典例】He is thught ______________ (act) flishly．Nw he has n ne but himself t blame fr lsing the jb.解析：句意：他被认为是举止愚蠢的，现在失去这份工作他只能责怪自己，不能怨别人。be thught t d sth．表示“被认为做了某事”；由句意可知，act的动作发生在think之前，故用不定式的完成式t have acted。
t have acted　
(2020·新高考卷)As well as lking at exhibits, visitrs can play with cmputer simulatins (模拟) and imagine themselves living at a different time in histry r __________ (walk)thrugh a rainfrest.解析：此处与living是并列成分，共同做imagine的宾补，imagine sb ding sth. 强调句意的重要性(2020·新课标卷Ⅰ)Chinese researchers hpe t use the instruments nbard Chang’e-4 _________ (find) and study areas f the Suth Ple-Aitken basin.解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的，应使用不定式作目的状语。故填t find(2020·浙江卷)Later，they learned t wrk with the seasns，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, _________ (make)use f annual flds t irrigate(灌溉)their fields.解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，make所处的分句中无主语，故此处需用非谓语动词。make use f和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式(ding)形式做状语。故填making。
(2020·浙江卷)Agriculture gave peple their first experience f the pwer f technlgy ___________ (change)lives.解析：分析句意，此处需用不定式表示目的。故填t change。(2020·天津卷改编) _________ (help)us prepare fr the exam, the teacher suggested reading thrugh ur ntes.解析：表目的，应用动词不定式。故填T help。(2020·新课标卷Ⅱ)They represent the earth _________ (cme) back t life and best wishes fr new beginnings.解析：句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。句中谓语动词为represent，所以这里为非谓语动词。名词earth与cme back t之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作后置定语。故填cming。(2019·全国I卷)Scientists have respnded by _________ (nte) that hungry bears may be cngregating(聚集) arund human settlements, leading t the illusin(错觉) that ppulatins are higher than they actually are.解析：考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词by可知，此处用动名词主动形式。故填nting。
(2019·全国Ⅱ卷)A 90-year-ld has been awarded “Wman Of The Year” fr ________ (be) Britain’s ldest full-time emplyee—still wrking 40 hurs a week.解析：介词fr后跟动词时，应用其-ing形式作宾语。故填being(2019·浙江卷)But sme students didn’t want _________ (wear) the unifrm.解析： want t d sth．“想要做某事”，这是want的固定用法。故填t wear(2018·浙江卷)I still remember ___________ (visit) a friend wh’d lived here fr five years and I was shcked when I learnt she hadn’t cked nce in all that time.解析：表示记得做过某事用remember ding sth．故填visiting(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Yu may drink, smke, be verweight and still reduce yur risk f ________ (die) early by running.解析：此处f是介词，其后用动名词。故填dying(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Once his message was delivered, he allwed me _________ (stay)and watch.解析：固定短语allw sb. t d“允许某人做某事”，应该用t stay
(全国卷Ⅱ)In additin t their simple beauty, what makes the adbe dwellings admirable is their ability t “air cnditin” a huse withut ________ (use) electric equipment.解析：介词withut之后的动词要用动名词形式，故填using(2019·全国Ⅲ卷)On ur way t the huse，it was raining s hard that we culdn’t help wndering hw lng it wuld take ________ (get)there.解析：句中的wuld提示我们作者还没有到达那座房子，wndering后的句子不缺谓语，此处应填非谓语动词，故填t get，作主语代替形式主语it(2019·天津卷) ___________ (learn) t think critically is an imprtant skill tday’s children will need fr the future.解析：句意：学会批判性思维是当代小孩未来所必需的重要技能。句子缺少主语成分，而过去分词、动词都不可以作主语。此处用动名词作主语。故填learning。
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lwer myself, ducking my head t avid lking directly int his eyes s he desn’t feel _____________ (challenge).解析：feel为系动词，表示“被挑战”，用过去分词challenged(2019·全国Ⅱ卷)When we gt a call _________ (say)she was shrt-listed，we thught it was a jke.解析：根据其后所接的宾语从句可知，此处用现在分词形式saying作后置定语，解释名词call的内容，call与say是主动关系。故填saying。(全国卷Ⅰ)But my cnnectin with pandas ges back t my days n a TV shw in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reprter ____________ (permit) t film a special unit caring fr pandas rescued frm starvatin in the wild.解析：因为句中已有谓语动词was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reprter之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语,故填permitted(四川)Fr 25 days, she never left her baby, nt even t find smething ________ (eat)!解析：不定式t eat作定语，修饰前面的不定代词smething
(全国卷Ⅰ)A study f travelers ____________ (cnduct) by the website TripAdvisr names Yangshu as ne f the tp 10 destinatins in the wrld.解析：句意：TripAdvisr网站进行的一项对于旅行者的调查把阳朔列为世界十佳旅游目的地之一。根据句意和句子结构可知，study与cnduct构成逻辑上的被动关系，故此处应该使用过去分词作定语，修饰名词study。故填cnducted(2019·江苏卷) __________ (enjy) the cnvenience f digital payment, many senir citizens started t use smart phnes.解析：T enjy(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The gvernment encurages farmers t grw crn instead f rice ____________ (imprve) water quality.解析：t imprve
(全国卷Ⅲ)The Chinese have used chpsticks fr five thusand years. Peple prbably cked their fd in large pts, ________ (use) twigs (树枝) t remve it.解析：已有谓语cked，且无其他连词，use与句主语存在主动关系，故填现在分词形式using作方式状语(2019·全国I卷)Mdern methds f tracking plar bear ppulatins have been emplyed nly since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ____________ (perfrm) cnsistently ver a large area.解析：考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后，常用不定式作原因等状语，句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的。故此处用t perfrm(全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are nw cld enugh _________ (cl) the huse during the ht day; at the same time, they warm up again fr the night.解析：“形容词＋enugh＋动词不定式”为常用句式,故填t cl I make _______ a rule t get up at six. 解析：it
① (walk) in the street, I saw him. （finish）his hmewrk, he was allwed t watch TV. (paint) white, the huse lks bigger. ② (be) ill, she didn't g t schl yeaterday. (lse) in deep thught, he didn't hear the ring. ③ (wrk) hard, yu will succeed in learning English. (see) by the cat, the muse will run immediately.
Having finished
现在分词的一般式: 非谓语动作与谓语动作同时发生; 现在分词的完成式: 非谓语动作发生在谓语动作之前.
④ The ld man slipped and fell, (hurt) his head. 老人滑倒了,头受伤了。⑤ (use) a stick, the painter drew a hrse n the grund. 画家用一个木棍在地上画了一匹马。 (dress) in red, she suddenly appeared. 她突然出现了,一身红衣。⑥She sat there (read) a nvel. 她坐在那里看小说。 He walked int the ffice after class, (fllw) by tw students. 下课后，他走进办公室,身后跟着两个学生。⑦ (take) mre care, he still made many mistakes. 尽管他多加小心,他还是犯了很多错误。 （hurt) by the dg, the girl still lked after it. 尽管被狗伤到了,女孩仍然照顾它。
现在分词和过去分词作伴随状语，表示非谓语动作与谓语动作同时发生。
作结果状语：现在分词侧重自然而然地结果，动词不定式侧重出人意料的结果。
hurt—hurt—hurt 伤害
Less than a mnth after Kumar wn the right____________ (cmpete) in them, the Tky 2020 Olympic Games was put ff until 2021.The drne, __________ (equip) with a special camera and a ludspeaker, can detect peple with fever at a certain distance and bradcast messages abut prtective measures t residents.____________________ (expse) t freign teachers since a yung age, I can cmmunicate with thers in fluent English.Past studies have shwn a link between sleeping less and weighing mre, but scientists have had difficulty _____________ (determine) “Which came first, the chicken r the egg？”With s much wrk ________(d), I can’t g swimming with yu.With s much wrk ________(d), I can g swimming with yu.If time _________ (permit), I’ll visit yu.Time ____________(permit), I’ll visit yu.
t cmplete
Having been expsed
determining
Mm made Jim ________(clean) his rm.Jim was made _________ (clean) his rm.The bss made wrkers _________ (wrk) all the day.When I gt hme, I fund him ________ (play) games.He spent much mney ___________ (decrate) his new huse.I didn’t mean ________(hurt) yu.Mark didn’t tell the truth, fr he wanted t avid _______________ (punish).I can’t affrd _________ (buy) the huse.All f us can’t stand _________ (wrk) in such ht weather.It’s a __________ (terrify) play s I am __________(terrify).
being punished
D yu knw the girl __________ (stand) under the tree?The building ____________ (build) nw is asupermarket. Have yu ever read the nvel _________ (write) by M Yan?This is the prblem_______________(discuss) tmrrw.__________ (absrb) in painting, Jhn didn’t ntice evening appraching._______(face) with difficulties, he tk great curage t vercme them.________(face) difficulties, he tk great curage t vercme them.________ (dress) in red, she lks pretty.__________ (seat) in the first rw, he can see the blackbard clearly.__________ (sit) in the first rw, he can see the blackbard clearly.He gt t the airprt, nly ___________ (tell) the star had left.The rain lasted fr a week, __________(cause) serius flding.
being built
t be discussed
___________(cver) by snw, the huse is mre beautiful. _______________(cver) the furniture with clth, we left the huse.___________________ (finish) hmewrk, he went t bed.___________________ (receive) a reply, he decided t call her.My sister had her wallet _______(steal )n a bus last mnth.We hurriedly ended ur meeting, leaving many prblems _____________ (settle).
Having cvered
Nt having received
t be settled
While ___________ (walk)the dg, yu were s careless that it gt lse and was hit by a car.【解析】walking_________(absrb) in painting, Jhn didn't ntice evening appraching.【解析】 AbsrbedHe is thught t have acted_________ flishly . Nw he has n ne but himself t blame fr lsing the jb.【解析】 have acted 在sb.be said/believed/knwn/reprted/cnsidered/thught＋t d/t have dne结构I like the film because it can make me _________（laugh）.【解析】 laugh
(2020·新课标卷Ⅰ)I like eating frying tmates with eggs, and I thught it must be easy t ck.解析：frying改为fried , 动词fry与tmates之间是动宾关系(2020·新课标卷Ⅰ)My mm tld me hw t preparing it.解析：preparing改为prepare “hw＋不定式”作tld的宾语(2020·新课标卷Ⅲ)I tell my mm that if we’re frced eat things, we may becme ill.解析：frced 后面加t be frced t d sth．被迫做某事(全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, which is n the rftp f their huse.解析：interesting →interested be interested in意为“对……感兴趣”(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lt by sell the fish.解析：sell →selling 此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling
(新课标全国Ⅱ)Have tea in the late afternn prvides a bridge between lunch and dinner, which might nt be served until 8 ’clck at night.解析：Have →Having 动词原形不能作句子的主语，所以应该用动名词形式作主语(全国卷Ⅱ)We can chse between staying at hme and take a trip.解析：take →taking 此处为between… and… 结构，与前面保持一致(浙江)The psitin f the classrm with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.解析：felt →feel make后跟复合宾语，当宾补为动词且与宾语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系时，用动词原形(2019·全国I卷)All the ftball players n the playgrund cheered ludly, say that I had a talent fr ftball.解析：say改为saying 谓语动词为cheered，say在这里作伴随状语,与主语players是主动关系(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyne was silent, wait t see wh wuld be called upn t read his r her paragraph alud.解析：wait →waiting 谓语为was，而且没有连词，与主语是主动关系，所以wait 要用非谓语waiting，表伴随。
(陕西卷)I might have t retire again next year just get sme mre f these biscuits.解析：just后加t 用动词不定式表示目的(全国卷Ⅰ)The instructr kept repeating the wrds, “Speed up！” “Slw dwn！” “Turning left！”解析：Turning →Turn 这三个属于并列结构，都是祈使句，都以动词原形开头(四川卷)We’ve been spending a lt f time sing in karake bars. 解析：sing →singing spend time(in) ding sth．花费时间做某事