适用于新高考新教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专题1NO.1题型微技法突破阅读理解4题型课件

这是一份适用于新高考新教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专题1NO.1题型微技法突破阅读理解4题型课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了维度1，维度2，维度3，选项特征 ，▶图解技法 ，一推理判断题，二词句猜测题等内容，欢迎下载使用。
目 录 索 引
维度1　自主练透送分点——细节理解题
细节理解题相对比较简单,但在高考阅读理解中占了60%的比重。细节理解题常分为直接信息题、间接信息题、综合信息题及数字计算题。[设问方式]1.特殊疑问句形式。以when,where,what,which,wh,hw much/many等疑问词引出问题。2.填空形式。如“ fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if 　　　”。 
直接信息题在原文中可直接找到答案,不需要考生对信息进行分析、概括或者推理判断,考查考生识别事实性信息的能力。正确选项和原文在语言表述上没有太大的差别。
技法1 直接信息题——定位信息巧比对
[典例印证] (2023全国甲卷,B)She credits these skills t her late grandfather and builder Derek Llyd.Frm the age f six,Terri,nw 26,accmpanied Derek t wrk during her schl hlidays.A day’s wrk was rewarded with ￡5 in pcket mney.She says:“I’m sure I wasn’t much f a help t start with.But when Derek built ur family huse abut eight years ag,I was heavily invlved(参与),painting the rms and putting dwn the flring thrughut the huse.It tk weeks and was backbreaking wrk,but I knw he was prud f my skills.”
25.Why did Terri’s grandfather give her ￡5 a day?A.Fr a birthday a treat fr her supprt her DIY encurage her t take up a hbby.▶分析根据题干中的定位词￡5可定位于“A day’s wrk was rewarded with ￡5 in pcket mney.”,据此可知,她外祖父每天给她零钱是为了奖励她一天的工作。[自主解答]　　 
解答间接信息题时,要做到“两关注”“一防范”。“两关注”是指关注正确选项的两个特征:一是同义词替换或释义,即把文中的语言(词汇和结构)改头换面,来表达相同的意思;二是对文章信息的归纳。“一防范”是指防范干扰选项的逼真性,稍有不慎就会落入命题人设置的陷阱中。
技法2 间接信息题——同义转换慎甄选
[典例印证] (2023全国乙卷,C)Accrding t a new study frm market analysts,1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd.Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t,and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre.One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills,and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking.The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling.Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre.With an increasing number f male chefs n TV,it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
30.Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?A.20%.　　　B.24%.　　　C.25%.　　　D.33%.▶分析题干中的关键词为ingredients,与文中 “Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients than they used t”中的ingredients为原词复现,题干中的mre diverse与该句中的a wider variety f是同义词,根据近三分之一的人可知是33%。[自主解答]　　 
为了增加细节理解题的难度,命题人有时候会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题,即一道试题中涉及一段或者几段的某些内容,需要学生进行概括和归纳后才能得出答案。此类试题虽然各个细节信息都能在文章中找到,但学生需要具备一定的概括和归纳能力才能正确作答。
技法3 综合信息题——概括归纳得答案
[典例印证] (2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷,B)When Jhn Tdd was a child,he lved t explre the wds arund his huse,bserving hw nature slved prblems.A dirty stream,fr example,ften became clear after flwing thrugh plants and alng rcks where tiny creatures lived.When he gt lder,Jhn started t wnder if this prcess culd be used t clean up the messes peple were making.After studying agriculture,medicine,and fisheries in cllege,Jhn went back t bserving nature and asking questins.Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)?Which kinds f fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right cmbinatin f animals and plants,he figured,maybe he culd clean up waste the way nature did.He decided t build what he wuld later call an ec-machine.
24.What can we learn abut Jhn frm the first tw paragraphs?A.He was fnd f enjyed being had an inquiring lnged t be a dctr.▶分析根据第一段中的“bserving hw nature slved prblems” “When he gt messes peple were making.”和第二段中的“Jhn went back t bserving nature and asking questins”以及第二段中的两个问题可以看出,Jhn拥有研究事物的好奇心,善于思考。[自主解答]　　 
此类题主要考查考生对具体细节信息的定位和识别,涉及的计算比较简单。
技法4 数字计算题——加减乘除巧推算
[典例印证] (2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷,A)Bike Rental & Guided TursWelcme t Amsterdam,welcme t MacBike.Yu see much mre frm the seat f a bike!Cycling is the mst ecnmical,sustainable and fun way t explre the city,with its beautiful canals,parks,squares and cuntless lights.Yu can als bike alng lvely landscapes utside f
22.Hw much d yu pay fr renting a bike with hand brake and three gears fr tw days?A.€15.75.　　B.€19.50.　　C.€22.75.　　D.€29.50.▶分析根据Prices部分所列表格的内容可知,带手刹的三挡自行车的日租金为14.75欧元,每超出一天按8欧元计算,故租两天的费用为22.75欧元。[自主解答]　　 
A(2023新高考Ⅱ卷,A)Yellwstne Natinal Park ffers a variety f ranger prgrams thrughut the park,and thrughut the year.The fllwing are descriptins f the ranger prgrams this summer.Experiencing Wildlife in Yellwstne(May 26 t September 2)Whether yu’re hiking a backcuntry trail(小径),camping,r just enjying the park’s amazing wildlife frm the rad,this quick wrkshp is fr yu and yur family.Learn where t lk fr animals and hw t safely enjy yur wildlife watching experience.Meet at the Canyn Village Stre.
Junir Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 t August 21)Kids can test their skills and cmpare their abilities t the animals f Yellwstne.Stay fr as little r as lng as yur plans allw.Meet in frnt f the Visitr Educatin Center.Canyn Talks at Artist Pint (June 9 t September 2)Frm a classic viewpint,enjy Lwer Falls,the Yellwstne River,and the breathtaking clrs f the canyn(峡谷) while learning abut the area’s natural and human histry.Discver why artists and phtgraphers cntinue t be drawn t this special place.Meet n the lwer platfrm at Artist Pint n the Suth Rim Drive fr this shrt talk.
Phtgraphy Wrkshps (June 19 & July 10)Enhance yur phtgraphy skills-jin Yellwstne’s park phtgrapher fr a hands-n prgram t inspire new and creative ways f enjying the beauty and wnder f Yellwstne.6/19-Waterfalls & Wide Angles:meet at Artist Pint.7/10-Wildflwers & White Balance:meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.[语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。作者介绍了今年夏天黄石公园为游客提供的四个护林员项目。
1.Which f the fur prgrams begins the earliest?A.Phtgraphy Ranger Wildlife Talks at Artist Wildlife in Yellwstne.
解析 细节理解题。题干所问的是“四个项目中哪一个项目最早开始?”,根据四个项目的标题可知,Experiencing Wildlife in Yellwstne开始于5月26日,Junir Ranger Wildlife Olympics开始于6月5日,Canyn Talks at Artist Pint开始于6月9日,Phtgraphy Wrkshps开始于6月19日。由此可知,Experiencing Wildlife in Yellwstne这个项目开始的时间最早。
2.What is the shrt talk at Artist Pint abut?A.Wrks f famus f wild phtgraphy f the canyn area.
解析 细节理解题。根据第三个项目部分中的“ learning abut the area’s natural and human histry.”可知,这个讲座是关于大峡谷地区的历史的。
3.Where will the participants meet fr the July 10 phtgraphy wrkshp?A Artist Village Educatin Center.
解析 细节理解题。根据第四个项目部分的最后一句“7/10-Wildflwers & White Balance:meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.”可知,参加7月10日摄影研讨会的人员需要到Washburn Trailhead集合。
B(2023全国乙卷,B)Living in Iwa and trying t becme a phtgrapher specializing in landscape(风景)can be quite a challenge,mainly because the crn state lacks gegraphical variatin.Althugh landscapes in the Midwest tend t be quite similar,either farm fields r highways,smetimes I find distinctive character in the hills r lakes. T make sme f my landscape shts,I have travelled up t fur hurs away t sht within 10-minute time frame.I tend t travel with a few f my friends t state parks r t the cuntryside t g n adventures and take phts alng the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style f phtgraphy.I ften leave early t seek the right destinatins s I can set up early t avid missing the mment I am attempting t phtgraph.I have missed plenty f beautiful sunsets/sunrises due t being n the spt nly five minutes befre the best mment.
One time my friends and I drve three hurs t Devil’s Lake,Wiscnsin, t climb the purple quartz(石英) rck arund the lake.After we fund a crazy-lking rad that hung ver a bunch f rcks,we decided t phtgraph the scene at sunset.The psitin enabled us t lk ver the lake with the sunset in the backgrund.We managed t leave this spt t climb higher because f the spare time until sunset.Hwever,we did nt mark the rute(路线)s we ended up almst missing the sunset entirely.Once we fund the place,it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.Still lking back n the phts,they are sme f my best shts thugh they culd have been s much better if I wuld have been prepared and managed my time wisely.[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者不畏艰险,拍摄出高质量的风景照的故事。
4.Hw des the authr deal with the challenge as a landscape phtgrapher in the Midwest?A.By teaming up with ther shting in the cuntryside r state studying the gegraphical creating settings in the crn fields.
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“T make sme f my landscape shts,I have travelled up t fur hurs away t sht within 10-minute time frame.I tend t travel with a few f my friends t state parks r t the cuntryside t g n adventures and take phts alng the way.”可知,为了拍摄一些风景照片,作者经常和几个朋友一起去州立公园或乡村探险,沿途拍照。故选B项。
5.What is the key t successful landscape phtgraphy accrding t the authr?A.Prper time shting styles.
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style f phtgraphy.”可知,作者认为,成功拍照的关键在于,在正确的时间出现在正确的地点,即适当的时间管理。故选A项。
6.What can we infer frm the authr’s trip with friends t Devil’s Lake?A.They went crazy with the purple quartz felt stressed while waiting fr the reached the shting spt later than had prblems with their equipment.
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段第五句“Hwever,we did nt mark the rute s we ended up almst missing the sunset entirely.”可知,作者他们险些错过了日落,即到达拍摄地点比预计的晚了一些。故选C项。
7.Hw des the authr find his phts taken at Devil’s Lake?A.Amusing.　　　D.Cmfrting.
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Still lking back n the phts,they are sme f my best shts thugh they culd have been s much better if I wuld have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”可知,尽管作者认为还有些缺憾,但照片拍得还是不错的,作者对此感到很满意。故选B项。
维度2　精准突破保分点——推理判断题和词句猜测题
推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,作出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的逻辑推理能力。它所涉及的内容可能是某几句话,要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上,对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理,揭示其深层含义。根据近几年高考真题来看,推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度为高频考点,而推断下段内容、文章出处、读者对象为低频考点。
技法1 隐含推断题——关键词句细推敲推断隐含意义类的题目要求考生根据语篇内容,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息,或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在关系,理解关键词句的真正含义,才可能作出准确的推断。一般题干主要包括六个动词: infer(推断),indicate(象征,暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),cnclude(得出结论)和assume(假定,设想)。[设问方式]1.What can we infer can be inferred can we learn d we knw f the fllwing best
[典例印证](2023全国甲卷,D)Obviusly,if precautins (预防) aren’t taken,grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd.If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites,grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble.Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away.“Our hpe is t have a clean,attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,” says James Jnkel,lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
35.What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?A.Fd shuld be prvided fr can live in harmny with grizzlies.C.A special path shuld be built fr can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.▶分析根据文中“If peple remve fd and als highly effective at getting grizzlies away”可以推断,人类只要采取合适的预防措施,就可以和灰熊和谐共处,故B项正确。[自主解答]　　 
[即学即练] (2022全国甲卷,D)Everywhere in Sydney these days,change and prgress are the watchwrds(口号),and traditins are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald,the city’s fficial histrian,tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past,including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said.“We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne.It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving(解决).”
On the ther hand,being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me.“What peple frget is that the Italians,when they came t Australia,brught 2,000 years f their culture,the Greeks sme 3,000 years,and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry.It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”He is right,but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
34.What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?A.It is lsing its shuld speed up its shuld expand its is becming mre internatinal.
解析 推理判断题。依据题干定位细节,即上文第一段中的“ are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald,the city’s fficial histrian,tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s,Sydney swept aside much f its past,including many f its finest buildings.”,揣摩此细节可知,Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化,正在失去它的传统。
35.Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?A.A city can be yung and ld at the same time.B.A city built n ancient cultures is mre is usually achieved at the cst f shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
解析 推理判断题。依据题干定位细节,即上文第二段中的“On the ther hand,being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins.I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny.”和最后一段中的“He is right”,揣摩此细节可知,作者赞同Anthny的观点,认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。
技法2 观点态度题——依据措辞定态度理解观点、态度类的题目旨在考查考生对作者或者文中人物的观点或态度的理解能力,要求考生具备较高层次的阅读理解能力,在理解文意的基础上就作者或文中人物对某个人或事物所持的态度进行推理判断。有时文中没有直接表明相关人物的观点态度的词句,考生需要结合文中描述该人物语气、动作、表情的词句及他人的评价等信息来推断其观点或态度。此类试题题干中常见的关键词(组)有attitude,pinin,believe,cnsider,regard, feel abut,think f 等。
[设问方式]1.What is the authr’s attitude des the authr think des the authr feel f the fllwing can best describe the authr’s attitude
[典例印证] (2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷,D)Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt,the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful.The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) n emtin by emplyers,educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being.The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
34.What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?A.Favrable.D.Unclear.▶分析根据选段第一句中的“Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt,the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful.”可知,作者认为情商的普及整体上利大于弊。由此可推知,作者对于情商的普及持支持态度。[自主解答]　　 
[即学即练](2020全国Ⅲ卷,C)With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤独),mre families are chsing t live tgether.The drway t peace and quiet,fr Nick Bright at least,leads straight t his mther-in-law:she lives n the grund flr,while he lives upstairs with his wife and their tw daughters.Fur years ag they all mved int a three-strey Victrian huse in Bristl—ne f a grwing number f multigeneratinal families in the UK living tgether under the same rf.They share a frnt dr and a washing machine,but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen,bathrm,bedrm and living rm n the grund flr.
“We flated the idea t my mum f sharing a huse,”says Kathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in:“We spke mre with Nick because I think it’s a big thing fr Nick t live with his mther-in-law.”And what des Nick think?“Frm my standpint,it all seems t wrk very well.Wuld I recmmend it?Yes,I think I wuld.”...
29.What is Nick’s attitude twards sharing the huse with his mther-in-law?A.Psitive.　D.Unwilling.
解析 根据第五段中“And what des Nick think?‘Frm my standpint,it all seems t wrk very well.Wuld I recmmend it?Yes,I think I wuld.’” 可知,Nick同意和岳母住在一起,并且很愿意推荐这一做法,所以是psitive,选A项。
技法3 写作意图题——“4看”推意图判断写作意图要求考生根据文章内容,揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的,表意图或目的的常见表达有:t illustrate/shw(表明),t explain(解释),highlight/stress(强调),t intrduce/recmmend(介绍),t predict(预告),t prve(证实),t amuse/entertain readers(娱乐读者),t reach a cnclusin(得出结论),t present an argument(提出论点)。作者一般不会直接表明自己的意图,而是通过文章的具体内容向读者传达某种观点或想法。这类题要求考生不仅要能够理解文章大意,同时还要具备对作者阐述的内容进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
1.段落/细节意图:考查文中某段或某细节的写作意图,常见的设问方式有:(1)Why des the authr (2)What des the authr intend t d in (3)What is the purpse f the last part f the text?(4)Why in 篇章意图:考查文章整体的写作意图,常见的设问方式有:(1)What is the purpse f the text?(2)What des the stry intend t tell us?(3)What des the writer f the stry want t tell us?
[典例印证] (2023浙江1月卷)A machine can nw nt nly beat yu at chess,it can als utperfrm yu in debate.Last week,in a public debate in San Francisc,a sftware prgram called Prject Debater beat its human ppnents,including Na Ovadia,Israel’s frmer natinal debating champin.
28.Why des the authr mentin Na Ovadia in the first paragraph?A.T explain the use f a sftware shw the cleverness f Prject intrduce the designer f Prject emphasize the fairness f the cmpetitin.▶分析推理判断题。通读第一段内容可知,文章第一段提到以色列前国家辩论冠军Na Ovadia是为了说明Prject Debater在辩论方面很出色,故B项“为了展示Prject Debater 的聪明”正确。[自主解答]　　 
[即学即练] (2020天津卷,D)After years f bserving human nature,I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance: curisity and discntent.I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either.And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth.The tw belng tgether.Tgether,these deep human urges(驱策力)cunt fr much mre than ambitin.Galile was nt merely ambitius when he drpped bjects f varying weights frm the Leaning Twer at Pisa and timed their fall t the grund.Like Galile,all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent,“Why? Why? Why?”
Frtunately,curisity and discntent dn’t have t be learned.We are brn with them and need nly recapture them.“The great man,” said Mencius(孟子),“is he wh des nt lse his child’s heart.”Yet mst f us d lse it.We stp asking questins.We stp challenging custm.We just fllw the crwd.And the crwd desires nly the calm and restful average.It encurages us t ccupy ur wn little crner,t avid flish leaps int the dark,t be satisfied.Mst f us meet new peple,and new ideas,with hesitatin.But nce having met and liked them,we think hw terrible it wuld have been,had we missed the chance.We will prbably have t frce urselves t waken ur curisity and discntent and keep them awake.
Hw shuld yu start? Mdestly,s as nt t becme discuraged.I think f ne friend wh culdn’t arrange flwers t satisfy herself.She was curius abut hw the experts did it.Nw she is ne f the experts,writing bks n flwer yu start,remember there is n better time t start than right nw,fr yu’ll never be mre alive than yu are at this mment.
51.In writing paragraph 1,the authr aims t 　　　. A.prpse a definitin　 B.make a cmparisnC.reach a cnclusinD.present an argument
解析 写作意图题。本文是一篇议论文,按照“文体特点推意图”法,此篇议论文开篇明义,阐述了作者对成功人士必备品质的看法,下面各段都是围绕着这一看法展开的,故选D项“提出论点”。
技法4 文章出处/读者身份题——看内容巧推断文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识,能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者身份推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象。[设问方式]1.Where can the text be fund?2.Where is this text mst likely frm?3.In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?4.Wh may the text be intended fr?5.Wh is the passage mainly written fr?6.Wh are the mst pssible readers f the passage?
[典例印证] (2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷,C)Reading Art:Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject-the bk,represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld.The image f the reader appears thrughut histry,in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being.In artists’ representatins f bks and reading,we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures.We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl,with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins.Adults are prtrayed(描绘) alne in many settings and pses-absrbed in a vlume,deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag,but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect(才智),wealth r faith f the subject.Befre the wide use f the printing press,bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right.Mre recently,as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway,artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks-transfrming cvers,pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated.Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient,but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader.T serve its functin,a bk must be activated by a user:the cver pened,the pages parted,the cntents reviewed,perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined.And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked,a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private,“ff-line” activity.
28.Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?A.An intrductin t a bk.B.An essay n the art f writing.C.A guidebk t a museum.D.A review f mdern paintings.▶分析文章出处题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句“Reading Art:Art fr Bk Lvers is a hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld.”可知,《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品,本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可以推知,本文最有可能摘自书的序言。[自主解答]　　 
[即学即练] (2021全国甲卷,A)Take a view,the Landscape(风景) Phtgrapher f the Year Award,was the idea f Charlie Waite,ne f tday’s mst respected landscape phtgraphers.Each year,the high standard f entries has shwn that the Awards are the perfect platfrm t shwcase the very best phtgraphy f the British landscape.Take a view is a desirable annual cmpetitin fr phtgraphers frm all crners f the UK and beynd.
23.Where can the text be fund?A.In a histry bk.　　　B.In a an art magazine.D.In a bigraphy.
解析 文章出处题。依内容判出处,本文主要介绍了“Take a view”年度风景摄影师大赛的背景以及2011年和2014年的获奖作品信息,结合选项可知,这类文章应该出自艺术杂志。
A(2023全国甲卷,C)I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld.It was full f ideas that were new t me,s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk.It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy(哲学).That lve fr philsphy lasted until I gt t cllege.Nthing kills the lve fr philsphy faster than peple wh think they understand Fucault, Baudrillard,r Cnfucius better than yu—and then try t explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Scrates Express:In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy.It is nt an explanatin,but an invitatin t think and experience philsphy.Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext(背景) f ne thing they can help us d better.The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates,see like Threau,listen like Schpenhauer,and have n regrets like Nietzsche.This,mre than a bk abut understanding philsphy,is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.
He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences,and he des s with plenty f humr.Weiner enters int cnversatin with sme f the mst imprtant philsphers in histry,and he becmes part f that crwd in the prcess by decding (解读) their messages and adding his wn interpretatin.
The Scrates Express is a fun,sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness,and aging.The invitatin is clear: Weiner wants yu t pick up a cffee r tea and sit dwn with this bk.I encurage yu t take his ffer.It’s wrth yur time,even if time is smething we dn’t have a lt f.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。作者向读者推荐了Eric Weiner的一本书The Scrates Express:In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers,这本书以简单朴素的语言向读者讲述了哲学,值得一读。
1.Wh pened the dr t philsphy fr the authr? Gaarder.D.A cllege teacher.
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy.”可知,Jstein Gaarder的书籍Sphie’s Wrld为作者打开了哲学的大门,故选C项。
2.Why des the authr list great philsphers in paragraph 4?A.T cmpare Weiner with give examples f great praise their writing help readers understand Weiner’s bk.
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche.”可推知,作者之所以列举这些哲学家,是为了方便读者理解Weiner的书,故选D项。
3.What des the authr like abut The Scrates Express?A.Its views n histry are well- ideas can be applied t daily includes cmments frm leaves an pen ending.
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“This, mre than a bk abut understanding philsphy, is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.”可推断,这本书可以帮我们改善生活,也就是说,我们可以把这本书应用到生活中。故选B项。
4.What des the authr think f Weiner’s bk?A.Objective and and and hard t and straightfrward.
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging.”中的fun和simplicity可知,作者认为这本书幽默风趣、简单易懂。故选D项。
B(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷,D)As cities balln with grwth,access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find.If yu’re lucky,there might be a pcket park near where yu live,but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans,but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred park-gers,asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissins,cding(编码) experiences int different categries.Fr example,ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”Acrss the 320 submissins,a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge.After the cding f all submissins,half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs.These include encuntering wildlife,walking alng the edge f water,and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them.Fr example,the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park.Back dwntwn during a wrkday,they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives.And fr that t happen,we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn,a senir authr f the study.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。随着城市的飞速发展,人们接触大自然的机会越来越少。研究发现,人类的健康和幸福与城市中自然场所息息相关。研究人员正试图创建一种“语言”,帮助人们更好地与大自然互动。
5.What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?A.Pcket parks are nw nature is hard t find in cities are enjy living clse t nature.
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“As cities balln with grwth,access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find.”以及第二句中的“ it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.”可知,作者在文章的开头所描述的现象是:在城市里居住的人越来越难以找到相对野生的环境。
6.Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?A.T cmpare different types f park- explain why the park attracts analyze the main features f the find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句和第五段第一句可推知,研究人员把参与者提交的编码分类,就是为了从中查找人与自然互动的模式。
7.What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?A.Walking is the best way t gain access t peple are t busy t interact with same nature experience takes different nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
解析 推理判断题。根据第五段所举的例子“ experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park.Back dwntwn during a wrkday,they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.”可知,同样的自然体验可以通过不同的形式获得:周末在公园里徒步走,工作日则利用午休时间在喷泉旁散步。
8.What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?A.Language cmmunicatin.
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句中的“we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it”可知,我们需要先保护大自然,然后才能更好地与大自然互动。
词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力,既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新意,还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外,阅读文章时,常常也会遇到一些过去未见过的词,但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。
[设问方式]1.The wrd“...” in 　　　. 2.Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “...” in d the underlined wrds“...” prbably mean?4.What des the underlined wrd/phrase“...”in t?5.The underlined expressin“...” in prbably means “　 　”.
技法1 利用上下文语境猜词义利用上下文语境猜测词义是解决词义猜测题最常用的方法,考生可以结合上下文,利用语境推测出生词的含义或者熟词的生义。[典例印证] (2023全国甲卷,B)Terri Bltn is a dab hand when it cmes t DIY(d-it-yurself).Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing tgether furniture,she never pays smene else t d a jb she can d herself.
24.Which is clsest in meaning t “a dab hand” in paragraph 1?A.An artist.B.A winner.C.A specialist.D.A pineer.▶分析根据第一段的实例说明“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing tgether furniture,she never pays smene else t d a jb she can d herself.”中的skilled at和never pays smene else t d a jb she can d herself可知,泰瑞·博尔顿擅长搭架子和拼装家具,她自己能做的工作从不付钱让别人做。据此可知,她是自我动手方面的专家,故画线部分意为“专家”。[自主解答]　　 
[即学即练](2022全国乙卷,C) mre regularly they can be inspected,the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved.Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient(高效) acrss the bard.That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,ften at night,t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
29.What des “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?A.Persnnel frm and f infrastructure.
解析 画线词所在句表示“那包括在maintenance成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全上节约的大笔开销”;再由后文中的“It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,ften at night,t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”可知,派遣“maintenance”人员的目的在于检查和修复(inspect and repair)铁路基础设施,故maintenance 指的就是检查和修复,C项正确。
技法2 利用语法关系猜词义英语的行文离不开语法,句子中的同位语、定语、代词等分别所起的解释说明、修饰限定、指代等作用,也可以给考生提供相关的猜词线索,帮助考生推出词义。
[典例印证](2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷,C)Wendy Wilsn,extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street,ne f the first t embark n the prject,said:“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins.We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
30.What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?A.Imprve.D.Evaluate.▶分析ne f the first t embark n the prject与主语Wendy Wilsn为同位语,根据embark n前面的ne f the first及其后面的Residents really welcme the idea f可知,此处指Wendy Wilsn是最早发起这个项目的人之一。[自主解答]　　 
[即学即练] (2020北京卷,D)Certain frms f AI are indeed becming ubiquitus.Fr example,algrithms (算法) carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets,self-driving cars are appearing n city streets,and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther.These systems are smetimes faster and mre perceptive than we humans are.But s far that is nly true fr the specific tasks fr which the systems have been designed.That is smething that sme AI develpers are nw eager t change.
42.What des the underlined wrd “ubiquitus” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?A.Enrmus in in everywhere.
解析 根据画线词后的Fr example可知,下文是对画线词所在句的举例:算法帮助人们在金融市场进行大量的交易,自动驾驶汽车出现在城市的街道,智能手机实现不同语言间的转换等。这些例子都是人工智能被广泛应用到生活中不同领域的体现,由此可以推测出,画线词用于形容人工智能的普遍现象。
技法3 利用逻辑关系猜词义文章都是以一定的逻辑关系来展开的,因此,考生可以借助逻辑关系大致推断画线词的含义。一般来说,能借助的逻辑关系有因果、转折以及并列等。
[典例印证](2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷,C)When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America,the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife.Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely.Unfrtunately,it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.Millins f waterfwl(水禽) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen.Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins,greatly reducing waterfwl habitat(栖息地).
29.What des the underlined wrd “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?A.Acquire.D.Distribute.▶分析根据选段前两句可知,探险家们第一次踏上北美大陆之前,北美土著人把这里多种多样的野生动物照顾(take care f)得很好。由画线词所在句可知,此处讲述的是不幸的事情,Unfrtunately表示转折关系,再结合下文的描述可猜出此处表达的是,这些探险者和定居者只用了几十年的时间就破坏了这些资源的大部分。由此可推断,decimate与take care f的含义相反。[自主解答]　　 
[即学即练] (2021全国乙卷,B)Still,55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter (29%) rely nly n their smartphnes,accrding t a survey(调查).Of thse Australians wh still have a landline,a third cncede that it’s nt really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies.I think my hme falls int that categry.
25.What des the underlined wrd “cncede” in paragraph 3 mean?A.Admit.　　D.Remark.
解析 画线词所在的句子中有破折号,而画线词又位于破折号之前,因此,需特别注意破折号后面的内容,破折号后的内容一般是对上文的进一步解释说明。根据画线词所在句的下文可知,很多人保留座机是为了预防紧急情况,并有一部分人根本不用座机。画线词所在句是说,有三分之一的人承认座机不是必须要有的东西,他们将其作为一种心理安慰。因此cncede意为“承认”。
技法4 利用构词法猜词义利用构词法不用阅读上下文便能够猜出词义,然后再结合语境猜测,这样事半功倍,而且具有双重保险,大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以建议考生,在做题时可以利用构词法的一定先利用构词法,再结合语境解题。
[典例印证](2020新高考全国Ⅱ卷,B)I decided t think up a methd f dealing with frbidden imaginary Grandma’s Bx wrked like magic that spring,and later. Smetimes students wuld ask me t describe all the things I had in it.Then I wuld try t remember the different pssessins I suppsedly had taken away—since I seldm actually kept them.Usually the ffender wuld appear at the end f the day,and I wuld return the belnging.
25.What d the underlined wrds “the ffender” in paragraph 8 refer t?A.The student’s maker f the Grandma’s authr’s wner f the frbidden fruit.▶分析根据构词法知识可知,“-er”为后缀,当其与动词组合时,表示“做某事的人或物”;ffend为动词,意为“违反;冒犯”。所以ffender有“犯规者;违反者”之意。结合上文中出现的frbidden fruit以及下文提到的return the belnging可推断,画线词所在句表示,通常the ffender会在放学的时候过来,作者就会把东西归还给他/她。因此,the ffender就是携带“违禁物品”的人。[自主解答]　　 
技法5 利用“就近原则”判定代词指代代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中,考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
[典例印证] (2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷,C)In the mid-1990s,Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths,physically brken and having lst his mind.A few years later,still attracted t the cuntry,he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.His visit,hwever,ended up invlving a lt mre than that.Hence this bk,Chasing the Sea:Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia,which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan,where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea.It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land,and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam,his translatr,a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia,Oleg and Natasha,his hsts in Tashkent,and a string f freign aid wrkers.
29.What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?A.Develping a serius mental a guided tur in Central as a vlunteer in an article abut the Aral Sea.▶分析代词指代题。依据代词永远出现在原词之后可知,画线代词指代第一段最后一句,由此可知,此处that指的是“写一篇有关咸海消失的文章”这件事。故选D项。[自主解答]　　 
A(2023全国乙卷,D)If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld,a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity,yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne,because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts,while mst f the wrld,fr mst f the time,has nt.Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements,and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的)scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects,and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that,but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict,at Btany Bay,between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals.Frm the English side,we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day.Frm the Australian side,we have nly a wden shield(盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht.If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day,the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides,there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted,especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write.Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries.The Caribbean Tain,the Australian Abriginals,the African peple f Benin and the Incas,all f whm appear in this bk,can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made:a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice.When we cnsider cntact(联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these,all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted,nly ne half f a dialgue.If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin,we have t read nt just the texts,but the bjects.[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了文字和实物史料共同记录历史的重要性,不能仅凭文字记载历史。
1.What is the first paragraph mainly abut?A.Hw past events shuld be humanity is cncerned facts speak luder than written language is reliable.
解析 主旨大意题。通读第一段内容可知,作者认为不能只通过文本来讲述历史,因为世界上大多数地方在大多数时候都没有文字,而且,甚至许多有文字的社会不仅用文字,而且用实物记录他们的担忧。作者开篇点题,引出了文章所要讨论的主题:应如何呈现过去的事件。故选A项。
2.What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?A.His reprt was represented the lcal ruled ver Btany recrd was ne-sided.
解析 推理判断题。根据本段第一句话可知,作者提及库克船长是暗示他的记录是单方面的,是片面的。本段举例是为了论证段落主旨句第一句,只有文字是不全面的,还需要实物,也就是shield。故选D项。
3.What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?A.Prblem.D.Sciety.
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词前部分中的“a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice”可知,此处的cnversatin指的“历史”。同时重申本文论点:要了解历史,不仅需要文字,还需要实物。故选B项。
4.Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?A.Hw Maps Tell Stries f the WrldB.A Shrt Histry f AustraliaC.A Histry f the Wrld in 100 ObjectsD.Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries
解析 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries.”和“a histry tld thrugh things”以及“we have t read nt just the texts,but the bjects”可知,本文选自A Histry f the Wrld in 100 Objects.故选C项。
B(2022新高考全国Ⅱ卷,C)Over the last seven years,mst states have banned texting by drivers,and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.Yet the prblem,by just abut any measure,appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving,as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts.Rad accidents,which had fallen fr years,are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre,but Mark Rsekind,the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin,said distracted(分心) driving was “nly increasing,unfrtunately”.“Big change requires big ideas,” he said in a speech last mnth,referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety.S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir,lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach:They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer.It wuld wrk like this:An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity.The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted,emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk’s hands-free driving laws.
“We need smething n the bks that can change peple’s behavir,” said Félix W.Ortiz,wh pushed fr the state’s 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers.If the Textalyzer bill becmes law,he said,“peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.”[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”,引发交通事故的问题,纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer(短信监控器)的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
5.Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers’ texting in the US?A.Ineffective.D.Unfair.
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段以及第二段中的“Yet the prblem,by just abut any measure,appears t be getting wrse.”可知,大多数州禁止司机开车时发短信,使用了各种各样的方法来说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机,可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法都是无效的。ineffective意为“无效的”。故选A项。
6.What can the Textalyzer help a plice fficer find ut?A.Where a driver came a driver used their fast a driver was a driver arrived at the scene.
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted,emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk’s hands-free driving laws.”可知,Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及做过其他免提驾驶法不允许的事情。故选B项。
7.What des the underlined wrd “smething” in the last paragraph refer t?A.Advice.D.Laws.
解析 代词指代题。画线词所在的句子的意思是“我们需要一些能改变人们行为的有案可查的东西。”由此可知,smething指能够改变人们的行为的有案可查的东西。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law,he said,‘peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.’”可知,smething指代的是法律。故选D项。
8.What is a suitable title fr the text?A.T Drive r Nt t Drive?Think Befre Yu StartB.Texting and Driving?Watch Out fr the TextalyzerC.New Yrk Banning Hand-Held Devices by DriversD.The Next Generatin Cell Phne:The Textalyzer
解析 主旨大意题。纵观全文,第一段至第三段阐述的是虽然大多数州禁止司机开车时发短信,可是问题却越来越严重。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题,纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法,即利用Textalyzer技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案,由此才能真正改变人们的行为。由此可知,选项B适合做文章的标题。故选B项。
维度3　高效攻克抢分点——主旨大意题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目,因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此,遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答,一定要读完、读通文章后再做判断,建议学生将此类题目放在最后来做。
一、熟知题型特点与设问方式(一)命题解读1.主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解、概括能力,它要求在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。2.标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题,文章大意题和段落大意题考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
(二)题型特点1.把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式:The best title fr the passage is 　　　. The passage is mainly abut 　　　. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the passage?What is the text mainly abut?The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is 　　　. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?2.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度:(1)高频考点:标题归纳题、文章大意题;(2)低频考点:段落大意题。
二、明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征
标题是文章中心思想的精练表达。此类题目主要考查考生把握文章主旨、理解文章中心思想的能力,要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法,对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括,最终准确地选出文章的标题。选择标题的四大准则如下:精——语言要精练;准——观点表达得要准确;统——统领全文;新——新颖,对读者有吸引力。
技法1 选定最佳标题——文章主线定标题
[设问方式]1.What is the best title fr the text?2.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?3.What can be a suitable title fr the text?4.Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?5.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
[典例印证](2022全国乙卷,C)Can a small grup f drnes(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and,at the same time,help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year?That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints.The mre regularly they can be inspected,the mre railway safety,reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved.Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient(高效) acrss the bard.That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,ften at night,t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
By using the latest technlgies,drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways,detecting faults in the rail r switches,befre they can cause any safety prblems.T perfrm these tasks,drnes fr rail dn’t need t be flying verhead.Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept:the rail drnes f the future.They will be mving n the track ahead f the train,and prgrammed t run autnmusly...
31.Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?A.What Faults Can Be Detected with DrnesB.Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be ExpandedC.What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will FaceD.Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
▶解题流程第一步　读文章,理清结构
第二步　析选项,斟酌判断
第三步　对比选项得出答案[自主解答]　　 
[即学即练](2023浙江1月卷,D)Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin,the number f slar panels installed (安装) has grwn rapidly in the past decade,and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals.But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space,and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible,s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often,they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds.The result is that many cmmunities,especially in farming regins,see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick,the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment (InSPIRE) prject.“They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact”slar develpment,which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land.One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs (传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss,pesticide use,and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades,which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy.Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use.Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses,schls,cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.Over the past few years,many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin.“These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?A.Pllinatrs:T Leave r t StayB.Slar Energy:Hpe fr the FutureC.InSPIRE:A Leader in AgricultureD.Slar Farms:A New Develpment
解析 文章第一、二段主要指出目前存在的问题:太阳能电池板对环境尤其是农业环境的消极影响。第三段给出了解决方案:建立和经营对土地更友好的太阳能农场。第四、五段介绍了传粉昆虫友好型太阳能农场建设的积极影响。所以纵观全文,关键词应该是slar farms。
理解全文主旨类题目主要考查考生对一篇文章的整体理解,要求考生具备在速读中准确掌握全文主旨的能力,考生需要在理解全文内容的基础上,通过归纳概括、推理判断等逻辑思维活动,概括出全文主旨。在寻找和归纳全文主旨时,我们应注意以下几点:1.关注文章的首段,尤其是其中符合主题句特点的句子,留意下文是否有对该句的解释和细节支撑。2.快速通读文章主体部分的每一段,寻找每一段的主题句,判断各个段落是否与文章开头的主题句呼应。
技法2 理解全文主旨——定位主题知文意
3.注意文章的末尾,看此处出现的主题句和文章首段的主题句是否呼应。如果文章首段的主题句语言精练,且在主体部分从多角度被说明或论证,又与尾段的主题句呼应,则首段的主题句就是全文的主题句。4.如果文章中出现了两种及两种以上的观点,在文章最后作者提出的观点一般为文章的主要观点。此时要注意一些标志性的词语,如n the whle、 in shrt、therefre、 in spite f、n the cntrary、hwever等,因为这些词语之后的内容往往是作者的观点,也是全文的主旨。理解全文主旨题常见设问形式:(1)What is the text mainly abut?(2)What’s the main idea f the text?(3)What is mainly talked abut in the text?
[典例印证](2021全国甲卷,C)When I was 9,we packed up ur hme in Ls Angeles and arrived at Heathrw,Lndn n a gray January mrning.Everyne in the family settled quickly int the city except me.Withut my belved beaches and endless blue-sky days,I felt at a lss and ut f place.Until I made a discvery.
Suthbank,at an eastern bend in the Thames,is the center f British skatebarding,where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing.I lved it.I sn made friends with the lcal skaters.We spke ur wn language.And my favrite:Safe.Safe meant cl.It meant hell.It meant dn’t wrry abut it.Once,when trying a certain trick n the beam(横杆),I fell nt the stnes,damaging a nerve in my hand,and Tby came ver,helping me up: Safe,man.Safe.A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their bards lud,shuting:“Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks,being a gd skater.
When I was 15,my family mved t Washingtn.I tried skatebarding there, but the lcals were far less welcming.Within a cuple f years,I’d given it up.When I returned t Lndn in 2004,I fund myself wandering dwn t Suthbank,spending hurs there.I’ve traveled back several times since,mst recently this past spring.The day was cld but clear; turists and Lndners stpped t watch the skaters.Weaving(穿梭) amng the kids wh rushed by n their bards,I fund my way t the beam.Then a rail-thin teenager,in a baggy white T-shirt,skidded(滑) up t the beam.He sat next t me.He seemed nt t ntice the man next t him.But sn I caught a few f his glances.“I was a lcal here 20 years ag,” I tld him.Then,slwly,he began t nd his head.“Safe,man.Safe.”“Yeah,” I said.“Safe.”
31.What message des the authr seem t cnvey in the text?A.Children shuld learn a secnd is necessary fr children’s need a sense f the wrld is a must fr children.
▶解题流程第一步　读文章,概括文意
第三步　对比选项得出答案[自主解答]　　 ▶图解技法
[即学即练](2022全国甲卷,C)As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica,she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins(企鹅) lnging t say hell.These gentle,lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.Ever since her childhd,Ginni,nw 71,has had a deep lve fr travel.Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer,she tured in the UK,but always lnged t explre further.When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest,she decided it was time t take the plunge. 
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts,Ginni began t travel the wrld,eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg,the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland.“I just decided I wanted t g,” she says.“I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus,I just wanted t d it.And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008,Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre,t begin the jurney twards Antarctica.“Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises,the whle experience was amazing.Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,”Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale;it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us.Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”The realizatin that this is a precius land,t be respected by humans,was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
What is the text mainly abut?A.A childhd unfrgettable arund the animals in Antarctica.
解析 主旨大意题。依据“主题句定位”法,通读全文,尤其是第一段中的“These gentle,lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.”可知,An unfrgettable experience(一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B项。
段落大意题主要考查考生对段落核心信息的理解,要求考生在理解段落内容的基础上提炼出核心信息,然后对比选项,选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。段落的组织形式一般有以下四种:1.细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,主题句常在段尾,即“分总式”;2.先提观点,后举例子,主题句常出现在段首,即“总分式”,这种组织形式常出现在说明文和议论文中;3.有时段落会先叙述,然后提出观点,再写支撑性细节,这时主题句常在段中;4.段落中没有明显的主题句,考生需要根据关键词和段落内容概括出段落大意。
技法3 归纳段落大意——首尾兼顾定段意
[设问方式]1.What is the mainly abut?2.What des talk abut?3.Which f the fllwing can best summarize des the writer try t express in
[典例印证](2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷,D)The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid.Fd became easier t chew at this pint.The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age,with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years.These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
34.What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?A.Supprting evidence fr the research applicatin f the research findings.C.A further explanatin f the research methds.D.A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
▶解题流程第一步　首尾兼顾定段意选段第一段提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关,而选段第二段主要说明了一项语言数据库的分析也证实在新石器时代之后,世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化,因此选段第二段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。选段第二段第一句中的cnfirmed (证实)是关键词。
[即学即练](2022全国甲卷,D)Smetime in the early 1960s,a significant thing happened in Sydney,Australia. The city discvered its harbr.Then,ne after anther,Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there—brad parks,superb beaches,and a culturally diverse ppulatin.But it is the harbr that makes the city.What is the first paragraph mainly abut?A.Sydney’s striking cultural diversity f key t Sydney’s ’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
解析 段落大意题。依据“首尾兼顾知段意”原则,即根据“Smetime in the early 1960s,a significant thing happened in Sydney,Australia.The city discvered its harbr.”以及“But it is the harbr that makes the city.”可知,本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。
A(2023浙江1月卷,B)Live with rmmates?Have friends and family arund yu?Chances are that if yu’re lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle,nt everyne arund yu will be ready t jump n that bandwagn. I experienced this when I started switching t a zer waste lifestyle five years ag,as I was living with my parents,and I cntinue t experience this with my husband,as he is nt cmpletely zer waste like me.I’ve learned a few things alng the way thugh,which I hpe yu’ll find encuraging if yu’re ding yur best t figure ut hw yu can make the change in a nt-always-supprtive husehld.
Zer waste was a radical lifestyle mvement a few years back.I remember shwing my parents a vide f Bea Jhnsn,sharing hw cl I thught it wuld be t buy grceries with jars,and have s little trash!A few days later,I came back with my first jars f zer waste grceries,and my dad cmmented n hw silly it was fr me t carry jars everywhere.It came ff as a bit discuraging.
Yet as the mnths f reducing waste cntinued,I did what I culd that was within my wn reach.I had my wn bedrm,s I wrked n remving things I didn’t need.Since I had my wn tiletries (洗漱用品),I was able t start persnalising my rutine t be mre sustainable.I als ffered t ck every s ften,s I prtined ut a bit f the cupbard fr my wn zer waste grceries. Perhaps yur husehld wn’t entirely make the switch,but yu may have sme cntrl ver yur wn persnal spaces t make the changes yu desire.
As yu make yur lifestyle changes,yu may find yurself wanting t speak up fr yurself if thers cmment n what yu’re ding,which can turn itself int a whle husehld debate.If yu have individuals wh are nt n bard,yur wrds prbably wn’t d much and can ften leave yu feeling mre discuraged.S here is my advice:Lead by actin.[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。
1.What d the underlined wrds “jump n that bandwagn” mean in the first paragraph?A.Share an apartment with yu in what yu’re yur way f yu t make the decisin.
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线部分前“Live with rmmates?”“Have friends and family arund yu?” 及“lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle” 提及的对生活方式的渴望,再根据下文描述的作者在生活方式的选择上与家人不同时的经历可推断,此处表示当你想选择更加可持续的生活方式时,不是身边所有人都会加入其中,故B项与画线词组的意思最为接近。
2.What was the attitude f the authr’s father tward buying grceries with jars?A.He disapprved f was favrable t was tlerant f didn’t care abut it.
解析 观点态度题。根据第三段中的“my dad cmmented everywhere” 可知,父亲对作者在“零浪费”生活方式上做的尝试并不赞同,故A项正确。
3.What can we infer abut the authr?A.She is quite gd at respects thers’ enjys being a is a determined persn.
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“hw silly it was” “a bit discuraging”可知,作者在最开始尝试可持续生活方式时并不顺利,未获得家人支持。根据第二段中的“I experienced waste like me”及下文内容可知,作者仍然坚持自己“零浪费”的生活方式。由此可知,虽然在生活方式上的转变未获得家人的支持,但她依然坚持,可见她是一个意志坚定的人,故D项正确。
4.What is the text mainly abut?A.Hw t get n well with ther family t have ne’s wn persnal space at t live a zer waste lifestyle in a t cntrl the budget when buying grceries.
解析 主旨大意题。文章第一、二段讲述了在家庭生活中实行“零浪费”生活方式可能遭遇反对,第三、四段讲述了作者自身如何通过行动在家庭中改变生活方式,第五段讲述了当你改变生活方式时,你可能遭遇的情况,第六段讲述了作者给读者的建议,再根据第二段尾句中的“hw yu can make the change in a nt-always-supprtive husehld”可知,文章主要内容与如何在家庭生活中实现“零浪费”生活方式有关,故C项正确。
B(2021浙江卷,C)If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can “tell” whether yu lk cntent r annyed,yu may be nt smething.Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces,accrding t a new study.
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images (图像) f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face.During the training stage,each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn’s face.The researchers then tested the dgs’ ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn’s face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training.The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. “We can rule ut that the dgs simply distinguish between the pictures based n a simple cue,such as the sight f teeth,” said study authr Crsin Müller. “Instead,ur results suggest that the successful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes,and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes.” “With ur study,we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins,” Müller tld Live Science.
At this pint,it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans.“T us,the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans,which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins,” and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Müller said.[语篇解读]本文是一篇科普类短文,主要介绍了狗能够识别人类的喜怒哀乐。
5.The new study fcused n whether dgs can 　　　. A.distinguish shapesB.make sense f human facesC.feel happy r angryD.cmmunicate with each ther
解析 主旨大意题。根据短文首段的第二句“Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces,accrding t a new study.”以及倒数第二段中“With ur study,we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins”可知,研究结论:至少一些狗能够辨别人类的面部表情。故选B项。
6.What can we learn abut the study frm paragraph 2?A.Researchers tested the dgs in randm methds were adpted during used in the tw stages were dgs were phtgraphed befre the test.
解析 细节理解题。根据题干中的“frm paragraph 2”可将答案定位到第二段。其中“The researchers then tested the dgs’ ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn’s face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training.”一句明确说明:研究者给狗展示了人脸的另一半或与以往训练完全不同的图片,进而测试狗辨别人类面部表情的能力。故选C项。