专题一 四选一阅读 第4讲　题型突破——词句猜测题 课件-2024年高考英语二轮复习

这是一份专题一 四选一阅读 第4讲　题型突破——词句猜测题 课件-2024年高考英语二轮复习，共45页。PPT课件主要包含了第4讲等内容，欢迎下载使用。
题型突破——词句猜测题
词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。
技法一　词义猜测题——巧用线索猜词义
词汇含义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，猜测词句能力的高低直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，29题)2.What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，30题)
3.What d the underlined wrds “jump n that bandwagn” mean in the first paragraph？ (2023·浙江1月，24题)4.What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，30题)
一、4种逻辑关系助力词义猜测
下面介绍巧用逻辑关系、语法关系、构词法和上下文语境猜测词汇含义。
In this “bk f bks”，artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures.We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl，with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins.Adults are prtrayed(描绘) alne in many settings and pses—absrbed in a vlume，deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag，but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
30.What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Understand. D.Transfrm.
词义猜测题。根据第二段尾句“These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.”中的but表达的语境可知，这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了我们都能理解的时刻。故画线词意为“理解”。故选A。
二、5种语法关系助力词义猜测
Terri Bltn is a dab hand when it cmes t DIY(d-it-yurself).Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing tgether furniture，she never pays smene else t d a jb she can d herself.
24.Which is clsest in meaning t “a dab hand” in paragraph 1?A.An artist. B.A winner.C.A specialist. D.A pineer.
词义猜测题。 根据画线短语后文对该短语的解释“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing tgether furniture，she never pays smene else t d a jb she can d herself.”可推知，此处指Terri Bltn是一位DIY高手。C项“a specialist”最接近画线短语“a dab hand”的意思。故选C。
三、3种构词法助力词义猜测
例如：A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness，uneasiness，r wrry.分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。四、上下文语境助力词义猜测有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy：the digital declutter.This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days.At the end f the thirty days，yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
29.What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?A.Clear-up. B.Add- D.Take-ver.
词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days.”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
技法二　代词指代题——“就近原则”判指代
代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t？(2020·新课标Ⅰ，29题)2.What des “I” refer t in the text？(2019·全国Ⅱ，21题)
解此类试题常用“就近原则”巧判断。解题流程如右：
In the mid-1990s，Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven mnths，physically brken and having lst his mind.A few years later，still attracted t the cuntry，he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit，hwever，ended up invlving a lt mre than that.Hence this bk，Chasing the Sea：Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia，which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan，where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea.It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land，and f the peple he meets n his way：Rustam，his translatr，a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia，Oleg and Natasha，his hsts in Tashkent，and a string f freign aid wrkers.
29.What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?A.Develping a serius mental a guided tur in Central as a vlunteer in an article abut the Aral Sea.
代词指代题。依据代词永远出现在原词之后可知，画线代词指代第一段最后一句的内容，即that指的是“写一篇有关咸海消失的文章”这件事。故选D。
技法三　句意猜测题——意义吻合推句意
高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
What des the expressin “mney with n strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean？ (2019·浙江，24题)
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对画线句子进行解释性的描述。其解题流程如下：
Mney with n strings attached.It’s nt smething yu see every day.But at Unin Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth，a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What Yu Can，Take What Yu Need.”
24.What des the expressin “mney with n strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Mney spent withut nt legally ffered withut nt tied tgether.
句意猜测题。根据下文的内容尤其是木板上写的“Give What Yu Can，Take What Yu Need.”可知，钉在木板上的钱是可以随意取的，并不附带任何条件，故选C项。
A(2023·浙江台州二模)Alarming levels f dangerus chemicals knwn as Perflurinated Alkylated Substances(PFAS) were discvered in fd packaging at many well-knwn fast-fd restaurants and grcery stre chains，a new reprt fund.
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了食品包装中发现了全氟烷基化物质，这已经成为一个备受关注的问题。
Often called “frever chemicals” because they d nt break dwn in the envirnment，PFAS are used in fd packaging t prevent grease(油脂) and water frm saking thrugh fd wrappers and cups.PFAS can als be fund in the ink used t print lgs and instructins n fd cntainers.The US Centers fr Disease Cntrl and Preventin calls expsure t PFAS a “public health cncern”，citing that the human-made chemicals can harm the immune system and reduce a persn’s resistance t infectius diseases.
Regulatry limits fr hw much PFAS fd packaging shuld cntain can vary greatly.Fr instance，a new law in Califrnia set the limit at less than 100 ppm.“Cmpared t America，Denmark sets a much lwer regulatry limit f 20 ppm with great success，” said Xenia Trier，an expert at the Eurpean Envirnment Agency.“It des wrk t set limits and enfrce them.PFAS d migrate frm the paper int the fd.Even thugh it was nt 100%，we still saw cnsiderable transmissin.In general，transmissin frm packaging t fd is increased as the temperature f the fd rises.It is the same with the time spent in wrapping materials，” Trier tld NBS，ne f the majr American mass-media cmpanies.
In respnse t the issue，Whle Fds became the first grcery chain t publicly cmmit t remve PFAS frm takeut cntainers and bakery paper.Many ther cmpanies fllwed suit.Experts say peple wh want t avid PFAS in their takeut and fd delivery packaging shuld favr cmpanies that have prmised t remve the chemicals.“As sn as yu receive yur takeut，yu’d better take fd ut f the cntainer immediately，and never reheat fd in its riginal cntainer.Instead，remve yur fd and heat it in glass cntainers，” Trier said.
1.What can we learn abut PFAS in fd packaging?A.They are natural chemicals in d little harm t cnsumers’ are used t break dwn the can make wrappers resistant t grease and water.
细节理解题。根据第二段中“PFAS are used in fd packaging t prevent grease(油脂) and water frm saking thrugh fd wrappers and cups”可知，食品包装中的PFAS可以使包装防油防水。故选D。
2.What is Xenia Trier’s attitude t setting a lwer limit f PFAS?A.Favrable. D.Oppsed.
观点态度题。根据第四段中“‘Cmpared t America，Denmark sets a much lwer regulatry limit f 20 ppm with great success，’ said Xenia Trier”可知，对于设定更低的PFAS下限，Xenia Trier持支持态度。故选A。
3.What des the underlined wrd “it” refer t in paragraph 4?A.Cnsiderable migratin f grease and transmissin frm packaging t expsure t high fd limits cncerning fd packaging.
代词指代题。根据第四段中“PFAS d migrate frm the paper int the fd.Even thugh it was nt 100%，we still saw cnsiderable transmissin.”可知，句中it指代上文提及的“PFAS从纸张到食品中的转移”。故选B。
4.What is the main idea f the text?A.Fd packaging cntains dangerus are recmmended t have PFAS-free fund in fd packaging have becme a great gvernment has taken measures t reduce PFAS expsure.
主旨大意题。综合分析文章可知，本文主要介绍了食品包装中发现了全氟烷基化物质，这已经成为一个备受关注的问题，C项最能概括文章大意。故选C。
B(2023·山东济南一模)There is nthing quite like enjying the sights，sunds and culture f a city while tasting a cup f cffee utdrs.But it is nt that enjyable when heat waves sweep the city.An utdr cling system prduced by Kinnk，an Israeli(以色列的) cmpany，began t be tested in Tel Aviv.The sweltering city is a perfect place t try the new technlgy.
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统，这项新技术有望在2024年投入市场，使人们在炎热的天气下，能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快乐。
With glbal warming heating up the temperature，it will sn be t ht t sit utside in cafes.While utdr cling systems have existed fr a while，mst f them use sme srt f water r misting system t cl the air arund them，cnsuming t much water and pwer.After tw years f develpment，the perfect slutin t the prblem was fund.“We have invented a new generatin f air cnditiner，” Kinnk CEO Leizer said.
As Leizer intrduced，the energy is frm the pressure created between liquid nitrgen(氮) and gas nitrgen.When liquid nitrgen at －196 degrees turns int gas，it prduces a very strng pressure and the pressure is used t run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical engine that slwly releases freezing nitrgen gas t cl dwn the air arund it.
The technlgy is unique and amazing.Beynd the clness f the cncept，it als has ther advantages.The wrk unit desn’t need t be pwer-driven，and desn’t blw ut harmful warm air as it wrks.As fr the ptential price，it will prbably be n mre expensive than any ther air cnditiner.In additin，the liquid nitrgen cntainer will need t be replaced every seven t ten days，depending n usage.This makes it an affrdable ptin fr all srts f businesses.The cling system is expected t be n the market in 2024.
5.What des the underlined wrd “sweltering” mean in paragraph 1?A.Warm. D.Freezing.
词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“But it is nt that enjyable when heat waves sweep the city.An utdr cling t be tested in Tel Aviv.”可知，这种制冷系统是针对炎热天气研发的，而且将在Tel Aviv进行测试，故这座城市是非常闷热的。画线词sweltering意为“闷热的”。故选C。
6.What prblem d the existing utdr cling systems have?A.They are wasteful.B.They verheat ften break dwn.D.They are slw t cl the air.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While utdr cling systems have existed fr a while，mst f them use sme srt f water r misting system t cl the air arund them，cnsuming t much water and pwer.”可知，现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电力，是比较浪费的。故选A。
7.What des paragraph 3 mainly explain?A.What pwers the engine.B.What turns liquid int the pressure is frmed.D.Hw the new system wrks.
段落大意题。根据第三段中的“When liquid nitrgen at － 196 degrees turns int gas，it prduces a very strng pressure and the pressure is used t run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical engine that slwly releases freezing nitrgen gas t cl dwn the air arund it.”可知，该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。故选D。
8.What is the purpse f this text?A.T prmte a cmpany.B.T settle an energy intrduce a technlgy.D.T market a misting system.
写作意图题。根据第一段中的“An utdr cling system prduced by Kinnk，an Israeli(以色列的) cmpany，began t be tested in Tel Aviv.”和最后一段中的“The technlgy is unique and amazing.”及“The cling system is expected t be n the market in 2024.”可推知，本文的主要目的是向人们介绍一种新的室外冷却技术。故选C。