适用于新高考新教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专题1NO.2文体深探究明晰文体读文快课件

这是一份适用于新高考新教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专题1NO.2文体深探究明晰文体读文快课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了文体1　应用文，文体2　记叙文，文体3　说明文，文体4　议论文，▶语篇图解 ，▶读文策略 等内容，欢迎下载使用。
目 录 索 引
2023全国乙卷,A篇　　主题语境:人与社会——社会服务 PRACTITIONERSJacqueline Felice de Almania(c.1322) highlights the suspicin that wmen practicing medicine faced.Brn t a Jewish family in Flrence,she mved t Paris where she wrked as a physician and perfrmed surgery.In 1322 she was tried fr practicing unlawfully.In spite f the curt hearing testimnials(证明)f her ability as a dctr,she was banned frm medicine.Tan Yunxian(1461—1554) was a Chinese physician wh learned her skills frm her grandparents.Chinese wmen at the time culd nt serve apprenticeships(学徒期) with dctrs.Hwever,Tan passed the fficial exam. Tan treated wmen frm all walks f life.In 1511,Tan wrte a bk,Sayings f a Female Dctr,describing her life as a physician.
James Barry(c.1789—1865) was brn Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but,dressed as a man,she was accepted by Edinburgh University t study medicine.She qualified as a surgen in 1813,and then jined the British Army, serving verseas.Barry retired in 1859,having practiced her entire medical prfessin living and wrking as a man.Rebecca Lee Crumpler(1831—1895) wrked as a nurse fr eight years befre studying in medical cllege in Bstn in 1860.Fur years later,she was the first African American wman t receive a medical degree.She mved t Virginia in 1865,where she prvided medical care t freed slaves.
21.What did Jacqueline and James have in cmmn?A.Ding teaching hired as banned frm was Tan Yunxian different frm the ther practitiners?A.She wrte a went thrugh wrked as a had frmal educatin.
23.Wh was the first African American with a medical degree?A.Jacqueline Felice de Lee Crumpler.
▶思路点拨21.通过文章第一部分中的“Brn t a Jewish family in Flrence,she mved t Paris where she wrked as a physician and perfrmed surgery.”以及第三部分中的“She qualified as a surgen in 1813”和“Barry retired in 1859,having practiced her entire medical prfessin living and wrking as a man.”可知,Jacqueline和James的共同点是都有资格进行外科手术。选　　　项。 22.通读全文,再根据文章第二部分中的“Tan wrte a bk,Sayings f a Female Dctr,describing her life as a physician”可推知,Tan与其他从业人员的不同之处在于她写了一本书。故　　　项正确。 23.通过文章第四部分中的“Fur years later,she was the first African American wman t receive a medical degree.”可知,Rebecca Lee Crumpler是第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国人。故　　　项正确。 
▶考情分析每套试卷的A篇都是应用文。应用文的类型通常有广告、海报、通知、旅游信息等。主要考查细节理解,偶尔考查推理判断与词句猜测。▶文体特点1.语言特点:语言简洁,句式相对简单。2.结构特点:①平行段落:几条或者几类信息不同的段落以相同的顺序呈现,如时间、地点、过程、联系方式等;②次级标题:通过小标题把文章分成几个部分,每一部分有一个或几个段落围绕小标题进行阐述。本文属于这类结构;③表格:利用列表的方式把不同的信息或者主题分割开,每一列或者每一行说明一个主题或者事件,直观明了。
▶读文策略①先题后文法。做这类题时没有必要阅读全文,宜采用“先题后文法”来处理,即先看问题,后看文章内容。这样在阅读中可以有重点地、有针对性地去读。在阅读时要特别留意文中以黑体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的部分。②题干定向法。若题干的问题与原文中的相应句段基本相同,则可直接对号入座;若题干的问题与原文中的相应句段有较大出入,则要进行一定的“处理”。这个“处理”是多方面的,它可能包括对原文进行同义变换、对概念进行解析、对事实进行归纳、将具体问题抽象化或将抽象问题具体化、将文中提到的原则或规则进行实际运用等。
A(2023全国甲卷,A)Where t Eat in BangkkBangkk is a highly desirable destinatin fr fd lvers.It has a seemingly bttmless well f dining ptins.Here are sme suggestins n where t start yur Bangkk eating adventure.
NahmOffering Thai fine dining,Nahm prvides the best f Bangkk culinary(烹饪的) experiences.It’s the nly Thai restaurant that ranks amng the tp 10 f the wrld’s 50 best restaurants list.Head Chef David Thmpsn, wh received a Michelin star fr his Lndn-based Thai restaurant f the same name,pened this branch in the Metrplitan Htel in 2010.Issaya Siamese ClubIssaya Siamese Club is internatinally knwn Thai Chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bangkk restaurant.The menu in this beautiful clnial huse includes traditinal Thai cuisine cmbined with mdern cking methds.
has been making waves in Bangkk’s culinary scene since it pened in 2009.Serving hard-t-find Thai dishes in an elegant atmsphere,the restaurant is true t Thai cuisine’s rts,yet still manages t add a special twist. This place is gd fr a candle-lit dinner r a wrk meeting with clleagues wh appreciate fine fd.Fr thse extremely hungry,there’s a large set menu.
GagganEarning first place n the latest “Asia’s 50 best restaurants” list, prgressive Indian restaurant Gaggan is ne f the mst exciting venues(场所) t arrive in Bangkk in recent years.The best table in this tw-stry clnial Thai hme ffers a windw right int the kitchen,where yu can see chef Gaggan and his staff in actin.Culinary theater at its best.[语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。曼谷是“吃货”游客理想的旅游胜地。作者为读者介绍了几家曼谷的餐馆。
1.What d Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in cmmn?A.They adpt mdern cking have branches in have tp-class are based in htels.
解析 推理判断题。根据Nahm部分第三句“Head Chef David Thmpsn, wh received a Michelin star fr his Lndn-based Thai restaurant f the same name, pened this branch in the Metrplitan Htel in 2010.”以及Issaya Siamese Club部分第一句“Issaya Siamese Club is internatinally knwn Thai Chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bankk restaurant.”可知,它们的共同之处是二者都具有顶级厨师。
2.Which restaurant ffers a large set menu? Siamese
解析 细节理解题。根据B.lan部分最后一句“Fr thse extremely hungry,there’s a large set menu.”可知答案为B项。
3.What is special abut Gaggan?A.It hires staff frm puts n a play every serves hard-t-find lcal shws the cking prcess t guests.
解析 推理判断题。根据短文最后一部分Gaggan中的第二句“The best table in this tw-stry clnial Thai hme ffers a windw right int the kitchen, where yu can see chef Gaggan and his staff in actin.”可推断,Gaggan的特别之处在于顾客可以直接看到厨房里面厨师烹饪的过程。故选D项。
B(2023浙江1月卷,A)Explrers Camp•Full day camp fr kids aged 5-13.•Mnday-Friday,July 8-26,9 am-4 pm.Week 1 | July 8-12Week 2 | July 15-19Week 3 | July 22-26•Register fr a single week r multiple weeks.•Fees:$365 per week.•The last day t cancel registratin and receive a full refund (退款) is June 15.
Camp StructureThe day is divided int tw thematic sessins per age grup.Campers have a three-hur mrning class engaging with a mrning theme (9 am t 12 nn) and a ne-hur lunch break,fllwed by anther three-hur class engaging with an afternn theme (1 pm t 4 pm).Snack perids are held thrughut the day.All campers shuld bring their wn bagged lunch and snacks.
Camp CntentExplrers Camp rganizes engaging arts,histry and science-related activities in every class,and fcuses n a range f tpics that emphasize active learning,explratin and,mst f all,fun!All camp sessins are created with age-apprpriate activities that are tailred t the multiple ways that kids learn.Camp StaffCampers enjy a staff-t-child rati ranging frm 1:4 t 1:7 depending n the age grup.Instructrs are passinate educatrs wh are experts in their fields and have undergne training and a backgrund check.[语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了探险家营地的相关信息。
4.On which f the fllwing dates can yu cancel yur registratin with a full refund?A.June 12.　B.June 19.D.July 26.
解析 细节理解题。根据“•The last day t cancel registratin and receive a full refund (退款) is June 15.”可知,你可以在6月12日取消注册并全额退款。
5.Hw are campers divided int different grups?A.By age.
解析 细节理解题。根据Camp Structure部分中的“The day is divided int tw thematic sessins per age grup.”可知,露营者按年龄划分成不同的小组。
6.Hw many hurs f class will yu have altgether if yu register fr a single week?A.15.D.42.
解析 细节理解题。根据“•Mnday-Friday,July 8-26,9 am-4 pm.”可知,每周安排5天的活动。根据Camp Structure部分中的“Campers have a three-hur mrning class engaging with a mrning theme (9 am t 12 nn) and a ne-hur lunch break,fllwed by anther three-hur class engaging with an afternn theme (1 pm t 4 pm).”可知,全天有6个小时的课程。5*6=30。由此可知,如果你注册一周,你总共有30小时的课程。
2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷,B篇　　主题语境:人与自我——学习与生活 Turning sil,pulling weeds,and harvesting cabbage sund like tugh wrk fr middle and high schl kids.And at first it is,says Abby Jaramill,wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts,a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls.The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles.Jaramill’s students live in neighbrhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery stres. “The kids literally cme t schl with bags f snacks and large bttles f sft drinks,” she says.“They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful,dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt,mst are eager t try smething new.
Urban Spruts’ classes,at tw middle schls and tw high schls, include hands-n experiments such as sil testing,flwer-and-seed dissectin, tastings f fresh r dried prduce,and wrk in the garden.Several times a year, students ck the vegetables they grw,and they ccasinally make salads fr their entire schls.Prgram evaluatins shw that kids eat mre vegetables as a result f the classes.“We have students wh say they went hme and talked t their parents and nw they’re eating differently,” Jaramill says.
She adds that the prgram’s benefits g beynd nutritin.Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens.Besides,wrking in the garden seems t have a calming effect n Jaramill’s special educatin students,many f whm have emtinal cntrl issues.“They get utside,” she says,“and they feel successful.”
24.What d we knw abut Abby Jaramill?A.She used t be a health grew up in a lw-incme wns a fast fd is an initiatr f Urban was a prblem facing Jaramill at the start f the prgram?A.The kids’ parents distrusted had little time fr her kids disliked garden was n space fr schl gardens.
26.Which f the fllwing best describes the impact f the prgram?A.Far- can be a suitable title fr the text?A.Rescuing Schl GardensB.Experiencing Cuntry LifeC.Grwing Vegetable LversD.Changing Lcal Landscape
▶思路点拨24.根据第一段的“And at first it is,says Abby Jaramill,wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts,a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls.”可知,艾比·哈拉米洛是Urban Spruts的发起者。选　　　项。 25.根据第二段的“‘They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful,dirt is awful,insects are awful.’ Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt,mst are eager t try smething new.”可知,项目之初,一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故　　　项正确。 
26.根据最后一段“She adds that ... feel successful.”可知,这个项目不仅给学生提供了有营养的食物,而且许多学生开始回家建造了自己的菜园,对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用,从而推知,该项目的影响是深远的。故　　　项正确。 27.全文主要介绍了Jaramill发起和实施的“都市新芽”项目。该项目运行于四所低收入区学校,旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环境意识和健康生活方式。最终效果显著,孩子们吃菜更多,且爱上了种菜,把种子带回去在家里开垦菜园。由此可以确定,　　　项(培养蔬菜爱好者)是最佳题目。 
▶考情分析每套试卷中均有一篇记叙文类阅读理解。记叙文类阅读理解以细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题和标题归纳题为主。▶文体特点1.语言特点:①记叙文以描写、叙述为主。②一般以过去时为主,各种时态为辅,使用丰富多彩的谓语动词;多用动词,特别是动态强的行为动词。③新颖、生动、真实、典型的素材描写。2.结构特点:多按照时间先后顺序进行叙述,偶尔也有倒叙或插叙的情况。记叙文中有时会在叙述的基础上,辅以适当的议论,以表明作者的观点态度和目的,结构上采用“以叙为主,兼顾议论”或“先叙后议”或“夹叙夹议”。
A(2022全国甲卷,C)As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica,she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins(企鹅) lnging t say hell.These gentle,lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.Ever since her childhd,Ginni,nw 71,has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer,she tured in the UK,but always lnged t explre further.When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest,she decided it was time t take the plunge. 
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts,Ginni began t travel the wrld,eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg,the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland.“I just decided I wanted t g,” she says.“I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus,I just wanted t d it.And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008,Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre,t begin the jurney twards Antarctica.“Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises,the whle experience was amazing.Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,”Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale;it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us.Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”The realizatin that this is a precius land,t be respected by humans,was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Ginni从小就热爱旅游,后来通过机缘巧合去了南极洲旅行,并留下了深刻的印象的故事。
1.Which f the fllwing best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?A.Try challenging a back lst t a prmise.
解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“has had a deep lve fr travel”以及“her sns eventually flew the nest”可知,Ginni从小就热爱旅行并且儿子们都自立门户了,自己可以去尝试有挑战的事情了。故选A项。
2.What made Ginni decide n the trip t Antarctica?A.Lvely scenery.C.A discunt fare.D.A friend’s invitatin.
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica...”以及第三句中的“I just decided I wanted t g”可知,在智利她买到了去往南极洲的廉价船票,然后她决定去南极。C项意为“打折票”,符合题意。故选C项。
3.What des Ginni think abut Antarctica after the jurney?A.It culd be a hme fr shuld be easily shuld be well needs t be fully intrduced.
解析 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The realizatin that this is a precius land,t be respected by humans...”可知,它应该被很好地保护。注意 “hit hme t sb” 意为“切中要害,使人接受”,不指“家”的概念。 故选C项。
4.What is the text mainly abut?A.A childhd unfrgettable arund the animals in Antarctica.
解析 主旨大意题。文章从第一段就提到Ginni去了南极洲,第二段讲述了她去旅行的前提条件,第三段讲述机缘巧合她决定去南极洲旅行,最后两段主要说明Ginni去南极洲旅游的印象和感受。旅行和南极洲贯穿了全文,且文章第一段最后一句提到了“Ginni永远不会忘记的一次旅途”可知,一次难忘的经历最合适。 故选B项。
B(2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷,B)By day,Rbert Tittertn is a lawyer.In his spare time thugh he ges n stage beside pianist Maria Rasppva—nt as a musician but as her page turner.“I’m nt a trained musician,but I’ve learnt t read music s I can help Maria in her perfrmance.”Mr Tittertn is chairman f the Omega Ensemble but has been the grup’s fficial page turner fr the past fur years.His jb is t sit beside the pianist and turn the pages f the scre s the musician desn’t have t break the flw f sund by ding it themselves.He said he became just as nervus as thse playing instruments n stage.
“A lt f skills are needed fr the jb.Yu have t make sure yu dn’t turn tw pages at nce and make sure yu find the repeats in the music when yu have t g back t the right spt.”Mr Tittertn explained.Being a page turner requires plenty f practice.Sme pieces f music can g fr 40 minutes and require up t 50 page turns,including back turns fr repeat passages.Silent nstage cmmunicatin is key,and each pianist has their wn style f “ndding” t indicate a page turn which they need t practise with their page turner.
But like all perfrmances,there are mments when things g wrng.“I was turning the page t get ready fr the next page,but the draft wind frm the turn caused the spare pages t fall ff the stand,”Mr Tittertn said,“Luckily I was able t catch them and put them back.”Mst page turners are pian students r up-and-cming cncert pianists, althugh Ms Rasppva has nce asked her husband t help her ut n stage.“My husband is the wrst page turner,”she laughed.“He’s interested in the music,feeling every nte,and I have t say:‘Turn,turn!’Rbert is the best page turner I’ve had in my entire life.”[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。Rbert Tittertn是一位律师,但他很喜欢音乐,业余时间他在舞台上为钢琴家Maria Rasppva翻乐谱。翻乐谱这份工作看似简单,其实要求很高。
5.What shuld Tittertn be able t d t be a page turner?A.Read the the instruments.
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“but I’ve learnt t read music s I can help Maria”可知,要想为钢琴家翻乐谱,必须能够识谱。故选A项。
6.Which f the fllwing best describes Tittertn’s jb n stage?A.Bring.　　　　B.Well-D.Dangerus.
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段内容可推断,在台上为钢琴家翻乐谱这项工作看似简单,实则不然,是一份要求高的工作。故选C项。
7.What des Tittertn need t practise?A.Cunting the the “ndding” falling in his wn style.
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知,舞台上的无声交流是很关键的,每位钢琴家都有属于自己风格的点头示意的方式,翻乐谱的人必须学会察言观色,才能与演奏者高度默契,而这需要双方经过大量的练习才能实现。故选B项。
8.Why is Ms Rasppva’s husband “the wrst page turner”?A.He has very pr ignres the has n interest in frgets t d his jb.
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可推断,Rasppva的丈夫其实很喜欢音乐,但是他在舞台上只顾欣赏每一个音符,忘记了自己的本职工作,所以妻子才不断提醒他,并称其“the wrst page turner”。故选D项。
2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷,C篇　　主题语境:人与社会——生活 The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism,including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks,and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.T d s,I divided the bk int tw parts.In part ne,I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism,starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable,befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy:the digital declutter.This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days.At the end f the thirty days,yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.In the final chapter f part ne,I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter.In ding s,I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter.Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them,and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters,I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude(独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use.Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices,which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances.
28.What is the bk aimed at?A.Teaching critical thinking a simple digital philsphical the use f a digital des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?A.Clear-up.　B.Add-D.Take-ver.
30.What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?A.Theretical mdels.B.Statistical examples.D.Histrical des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?A.Use them as them t their the ideas behind them.
▶语篇图解A bk summary f Digital Minimalism by Cal Newprt
▶思路点拨28.根据第一段中的“The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism...”可知,该书的目的是提倡一种简单的数字生活方式。故选　　　项。 29.根据画线词后的“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days.”可知,这个过程(即指the digital declutter)要求读者在30天内远离可选的网络活动,所以作者应是建议读者进行数字产品的清理。由此猜测,画线词declutter表示“清理”,与clear-up含义相近。故选　　　项。 
30.根据第四段中的“Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them,and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.”可知,在第一部分的最后一章中,作者提供了一些真实的案例。故选　　　项。 31.根据最后一段中的“Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances.”可知,作者建议读者把书中这些做法看作是一个工具箱,以此帮助自己建立一种适合个人特殊情况的极简主义生活方式。由此可知,作者建议读者根据需要来使用书中第二部分所提供的做法。 故选　　项。
▶考情分析每套卷均有一至二篇说明文。说明文中考查主旨大意题、词句猜测题、写作意图题和观点态度题的频率较高。▶文体特点信息量大,难词较多,句式复杂,理解起来难度较大。
A(2022全国乙卷,D)The Gvernment’s sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate,the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.First annunced in April,2016,the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml,was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity(肥胖).It is believed that tday’s children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar,putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make ￡520m a year fr the Treasury.Hwever,data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt.At present it is expected t generate ￡240m fr the year ending in April 2019,which will g t schl sprts.It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) s they can avid paying the tax.Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers’ effrts t avid the charge,accrding t Treasury figures.Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt,depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever,sme high sugar brands,like Classic Cca Cla,have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax,as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.Tday’s figures,accrding t ne gvernment fficial,shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schls.Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance,and the industry is playing its part.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。英国从2016年开始对软饮料制造商征收“糖税”,这个做法是为了确保儿童的身体健康。事实证明,截至目前,该政策已经卓有成效。
1.Why was the sugar tax intrduced?A.T cllect mney fr imprve the quality f prtect children’s encurage research in educatin.
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知,向制造商征收“糖税”的目的是帮助减少儿童肥胖问题,也就是为了保护儿童健康。故选C项。
2.Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?A.They turned t verseas raised the prices f their cut dwn n their reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知,一些饮料制造商为了避免缴纳“糖税”,设法减少饮料的含糖量。故选D项。
3.Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?A.Mst alchlic Cke.
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知,A、B、C三项都是免税的,只有经典可乐接受了要缴纳“糖税”这件事。故选D项。
4.What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?A.It is a shrt-sighted is a success benefits upsets custmers.
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,推行“糖税”迫使一些软饮料制造商减少了产品中糖的含量,而缴纳的税费被用于增加学校的体育设施和为学生提供更加健康的饮食。由此推断,这种做法非常成功。故选B项。
B(2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷,B)Like mst f us,I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste.The arugula(芝麻菜) was t make a nice green salad,runding ut a rast chicken dinner.But I ended up wrking late.Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the arugula went bad. Even wrse,I had unthinkingly bught way t much;I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry,“fd waste ges against the mral grain,” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry.It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away—frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water,fuel,and ther resurces used t grw it.That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem.In fact, Ryte writes,“if fd waste were a cuntry,it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand,let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr.Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time—but fr him,it’s mre like 12 bxes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn,D.C.,which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals.Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished(有瑕疵的) prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields.And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash,cut,and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius,yet s ften we just dn’t think.“Everyne can play a part in reducing waste,whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。作者通过自己浪费芝麻菜的例子引出食物浪费的主题,进而呼吁我们减少食物浪费。
5.What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?A.We pay little attentin t fd waste fd unintentinally at waste mre vegetables than have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Then friends called with a dinner invitatin.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the arugula went bad.”可知,朋友邀请作者就餐,作者把鸡肉放进冰柜里,但随着日子一天天过去,芝麻菜变坏了。由此猜测,作者提到芝麻菜是为了说明有时我们会无意识地浪费食物。故选B项。
6.What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the text?A.Mral decline.　　B.Envirnmental shrtage.D.Wrldwide starvatin.
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem.”和“‘... it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.’”可知,食物浪费会造成环境危害。故选B项。
7.What des Curtin’s cmpany d?A.It prduces kitchen turns rtten arugula int clean helps lcal farmers grw makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn,D.C.,which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals.”可知,该公司回收食物并把它制成更健康的食物。故选D项。
8.What des Curtin suggest peple d?A.Buy nly what is fd shpping nce a in restaurants less ften.
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping”可知,Curtin建议我们只购买需要的东西。故选A项。
2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷,D篇　　主题语境:人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通 On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect.The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs,thse errrs aren’t always the same.Sme peple will tend t verestimate,and sme t underestimate.When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether,they cancel each ther ut,resulting in a mre accurate estimate.If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs,then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut.In mre technical terms,the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.If fr whatever reasns,peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent,the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist(转折) n this classic phenmenn.The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin,the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.Fr instance,the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates?Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds?This happened sme f the time,but it wasn’t the dminant respnse.Mst frequently,the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.”Smehw,these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr.Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain,the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
32.What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?A.The methds f underlying lgic f the causes f peple’s design f Galtn’s ’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if 　　　 crwds were relatively smallB.there were ccasinal underestimatesC.individuals did nt cmmunicateD.estimates were nt fully independent
34.What did the fllw-up study fcus n?A.The size f the grups.　 B.The dminant discussin prcess.D.The individual is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?A.Unclear.D.Apprving.
▶思路点拨32.根据第二段中的“This effect capitalizes n the fact in a mre accurate estimate.”可知,当足够多的误差被平均在一起时,它们就会相互抵消,从而得到更准确的估计。由此可知,本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑。故选　　　项。 33.根据第三段中的“The key finding f the study was thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.”可知,Navajas的研究表明,即使在个体估计不是完全独立的情况下,其准确率的提高也是可以做到的。故选　　　项。 
34.根据最后一段中的“ researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin.”可知,后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选　　　项。 35.根据文章最后一段内容可知,尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性,仍存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知,作者对Navajas的研究是赞成的。故选　　　项。 
▶考情分析议论文类阅读理解在全国卷中的考查概率很低。题目涉及细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题和主旨大意题。▶文体特点议论文类文体通常分为三部分:提出问题(引论)→分析问题(本论)→解决问题(结论)
A(2019全国Ⅰ卷,D)During the rsy years f elementary schl(小学),I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes,which allwed me t keep my high scial status.I was the queen f the playgrund.Then came my tweens and teens,and mean girls and cl kids.They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy.Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries:the likable and the status seekers.The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships,jump-start interpersnal skills and,when tapped early,are emplyed ever after in life and wrk.Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence:status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed,Dr.Prinstein’s studies shw unpleasant cnsequences.Thse wh were highest in status in high schl,as well as thse least liked in elementary schl,are “mst likely t engage(从事) in dangerus and risky behavir”.
In ne study,Dr.Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents,scring the least liked,the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(调查研究).“We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates.But s had thse wh were high in status.It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment,high status has just the ppsite effect n us.”Dr.Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date—sharing,kindness,penness—carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research,Dr.Prinstein came t anther cnclusin:Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes,but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes,t.“Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage,” he said.[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了赢得欢迎度的两种类型及这两种类型对日后生活和成功的影响。结果表明,与人为善,人缘不会差。
1.What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?A.Unkind.D.Cl.
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第一、二句“During the rsy years f elementary schl,I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes,which allwed me t keep my high scial status.I was the queen f the playgrund.”可知,在小学阶段,作者是一个慷慨大方的姑娘,人缘很好。故选C项。
2.What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?A.The classificatin f the characteristics f imprtance f interpersnal causes f dishnrable behavir.
解析 段落大意题。根据第二段第二句“Mitch Prinstein,a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers.”可知,本段主要论述人气的分类:讨人喜爱型与追求地位型。故选A项。
3.What did Dr.Prinstein’s study find abut the mst liked kids?A.They appeared t be tended t be mre enjyed the highest perfrmed well academically.
解析 推理判断题。根据第五、六段可知,乐于分享、仁慈善意、开放心态能够使人更好地建立人脉。讨人喜欢不仅与积极的生活体验相关,而且与人生的成功和幸福相关。受欢迎的孩子能为未来的人生际遇创造机会。他们会更能适应未来的生存挑战。故选B项。
4.What is the best title fr the text?A.Be Nice—Yu Wn’t Finish LastB.The Higher the Status,the BetterC.Be the Best—Yu Can Make ItD.Mre Self-Cntrl,Less Aggressiveness
解析 主旨大意题。本文分别讲了受欢迎的两种类型可能在社会长远生活中产生的影响。因追求权力和地位而惹人喜爱的人与最不受欢迎的人相仿,他们更倾向于采取冒险举动。因此这种类型更容易给人的发展带来负面影响。最后证实最受欢迎的人能对日后长远生活带来的好处。由此推知,我们要做一个受欢迎的人,这样你在社会交往中不会差。故选A项。
B(2019江苏卷,C)Wh cares if peple think wrngly that the internet has had mre imprtant influences than the washing machine?Why des it matter that peple are mre impressed by the mst recent changes?It wuld nt matter if these misjudgments were just a matter f peple’s pinins.Hwever,they have real impacts,as they result in misguided use f scarce resurces.
The fascinatin with the ICT(Infrmatin and Cmmunicatin Technlgy) revlutin,represented by the internet,has made sme rich cuntries wrngly cnclude that making things is s “yesterday” that they shuld try t live n ideas.This belief in “pst-industrial sciety” has led thse cuntries t neglect their manufacturing sectr(制造业),with negative cnsequences fr their ecnmies.
Even mre wrryingly,the fascinatin with the internet by peple in rich cuntries has mved the internatinal cmmunity t wrry abut the “digital divide” between the rich cuntries and the pr cuntries.This has led cmpanies and individuals t dnate mney t develping cuntries t buy cmputer equipment and internet facilities.The questin,hwever,is whether this is what the develping cuntries need the mst.Perhaps giving mney fr thse less fashinable things such as digging wells,extending electricity netwrks and making mre affrdable washing machines wuld have imprved peple’s lives mre than giving every child a laptp cmputer r setting up internet centres in rural villages.I am nt saying that thse things are necessarily mre imprtant,but many dnatrs have rushed int fancy prgrammes withut carefully assessing the relative lng-term csts and benefits f alternative uses f their mney.
In yet anther example,a fascinatin with the new has led peple t believe that the recent changes in the technlgies f cmmunicatins and transprtatin are s revlutinary that nw we live in a “brderless wrld”.As a result,in the last twenty years r s,many peple have cme t believe that whatever change is happening tday is the result f great technlgical prgress,ging against which will be like trying t turn the clck back. Believing in such a wrld,many gvernments have put an end t sme f the very necessary regulatins n crss-brder flws f capital,labur and gds, with pr results.
Understanding technlgical trends is very imprtant fr crrectly designing ecnmic plicies,bth at the natinal and the internatinal levels, and fr making the right career chices at the individual level.Hwever,ur fascinatin with the latest,and ur under-valuatin f what has already becme cmmn,can,and has,led us in all srts f wrng directins.[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。作者对人类过于迷恋新的技术和产品进行了批判,认为低估现存的技术和产品对人们的影响将会导致人们朝错误的方向前进。
5.Misjudgments n the influences f new technlgy can lead t 　　　. A.a lack f cnfidence in technlgyB.a slw prgress in technlgyC.a cnflict f public pininsD.a waste f limited resurces
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段可推断,对新技术的影响的错误判断将会导致人类的有限资源的巨大浪费。
6.The example in paragraph 4 suggests that dnatrs shuld 　　　. A.take peple’s essential needs int accuntB.make their prgrammes attractive t pepleC.ensure that each child gets financial supprtD.prvide mre affrdable internet facilities
解析 推理判断题。根据该段倒数第二句可推断,捐赠者在捐赠物品时,应该考虑人们的基本生活需求,而不是随便赠送一些不实用的或者不急需的东西。
7.What has led many gvernments t remve necessary regulatins?A.Neglecting the impacts f technlgical that the wrld has becme the pwer f ecnmic the rle f internatinal cmmunicatin.
解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句可知,很多政府去除了一些必要的规章制度是因为他们相信,这是一个没有国界的世界。