上海高考英语完形填空专项训练

这是一份上海高考英语完形填空专项训练，共42页。
完形填空
A recent series of studies examined the role of talent in the sports world. They focused on three different sports: World Cup soccer, professional basketball, and professional baseball. The results are mixed. For soccer and basketball, the studies revealed that adding talented players to a team is indeed a (n) ___1___ strategy, but only up to a point. Performance ___2___ when about 70% of the players were considered top talent. Above that level, the team’s performance began to decline. Interestingly, this trend was not evident in baseball, where additional ___3___ talent continued to enhance the team’s performance. (Figure 1 and 2)

In looking for an explanation for the different results for different sports, the researchers ___4___one important factor — the extent to which a good performance by a team required its members to coordinate (协调) their actions. This task ___5___ distinguishes baseball from basketball and soccer.
In baseball, the performance of individual players is ___6___ teammates than in soccer and basketball. The researchers concluded that when, during the course of play, task interdependence is high, team performance will ___7___ when there is too much talent in the group. When task interdependence is lower, ___8___ individual talent will have a positive effect on team performance.
One explanation for this phenomenon is not so far from the pecking order (等级排序) situation among chickens. If a basketball star is pursuing his own personal goals,___9___ trying to gather a high personal point total, he may be less ____10____ than team player. He may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a team mate, thus making the team’s overall performance suffer. “There is no____11____in TEAM,” young children learning to play team sports are often told. Apparently stars ____12____ follow this basic principle of sportsman ship.
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may begin to____13____ This is referred to as the Ringelmann effect. Ringelmann conducted an experiment in which he asked two, three, four, and up to 28 people to participate in a game of tug-of-war. He measured how much force each person used to pull the rope. He found that whenever he added a person to the team, everyone else pulled with less force.
____14____ the ideal team — for sports, business, science, or entertainment — is more complicated than simply hiring the best talent. An A-team may require a____15____ not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.
1．A．sensible B．partial C．alarming D．attainable
2．A．faded B．peaked C．evolved D．proceeded
3．A．team B．creative C．academic D．individual
4．A．identified B．overlooked C．considered D．concealed
5．A．explanation B．conclusion C．discussion D．interdependence
6．A．more suitable for B．more critical to C．less dependent on D．less involved in
7．A．swing B．suffer C．endure D．function
8．A．in principle B．in a sense C．in other words D．on the other hand
9．A．as a rule B．by contrast C．for example D．as a matter of fact
10．A．stressed B．genuine C．sensitive D．generous
11．A．I B．HE C．THEY D．WE
12．A．closely B．rarely C．humbly D．jointly
13．A．make less effort B．cause more trouble C．take less advantage D．attach more importance
14．A．Inspiring B．Intensifying C．Gathering D．Training
15．A．exploration B．balance C．stability D．flexibility

In a letter he wrote in 1884, Mark Twain complained that “Telephones, telegraphs and words are too slow for this age; we must get something that is faster.” “We should communicate by thought only, and say in a couple of minutes what should have ballooned into ____16____ in an hour and a half,” said him.
Despite the progress the previous century brought for our understanding of both language and the brain, we are no closer to telepathy(心灵感应), communication from one mind to another by ____17____ means, than we were in Twain’s time. The reason is that the telepathy we’ve been promised, the sort imagined by Twain, and ____18____ in countless movies and TV shows, is, for the time being, groundless.
“Good old-fashioned telepathy” (GOFT) involves a direct transfer of ____19____ from one mind to another. It has fascinated people for good reasons. It removes the ____20____ of language. With GOFT, we no longer need to put each concept into words or to ____21____ someone’s language. You know instantly what one means as the former channel of communication, language, is not at all necessary. The ____22____ of language is the central feature of GOFT. It is what enables science-fiction writers to imagine humans and aliens from other planets communicating telepathically despite not sharing a language. But can it really come true with current science and technology?
Besides, GOFT promises genuine communication. However, ____23____ is universal. We all have experiences of saying one thing, only to be understood as saying something else. Because language is so flexible, it is also easy to lie or ____24____ oneself.  We aren’t even certain if Bob’s expression could be in line with what he believes in a year’s time.
These weaknesses have driven people to look for alternatives and finally inspired inventions of artificial languages trying to remove misunderstanding. Of course, one day when technology allows, a direct thought-to-thought transfer seems the ____25____ solution.
Many of us have the confidence that we can think faster than we can speak or write. Having to rely ____26____ on language to communicate, however, is depressing. Therefore, the ____27____ of adding new direct brain-to-brain communication channels is exciting. By channels of this kind, our brains can be “____28____ ” and allowed to be committed to other ____29____ practices instead of conveying messages.  New brain-to-brain channels have the potential to increase ____30____, turning us into super-actors, handling so many tasks in a short period of time as we cannot yet imagine.
16．A．words B．gestures C．actions D．costs
17．A．extra-genetic B．extra-familial C．extra-sensory D．extra-legal
18．A．sacrificed B．popularized C．enclosed D．balanced
19．A．strength B．intelligence C．thoughts D．structures
20．A．limitations B．expenses C．command D．evolution
21．A．replace B．update C．decode D．imitate
22．A．avoidance B．discrimination C．employment D．expansion
23．A．reluctance B．privacy C．fear D．misinterpretation
24．A．contradict B．indicate C．delay D．justify
25．A．multiple B．invisible C．ultimate D．equivalent
26．A．roughly B．casually C．entirely D．willingly
27．A．distraction B．prospect C．origin D．regulation
28．A．fed up B．set up C．cut off D．let loose
29．A．profitable B．meaningful C．steady D．typical
30．A．charm B．recognition C．efficiency D．endurance

Have you ever had a song stuck in your head and, no matter how hard you tried, you could not get rid of it? The song played on and on, whether you were loading the dishwasher, weaving in and out of traffic, or attempting to ____31____ your mind at the start of yoga class.
Having a song stuck in one’s head, known as an earworm, is an experience that over 90% of us have on a ____32____ basis. We’re more likely to catch an earworm after we stop focusing, in moments when the working memory is ____33____, when we’re relaxed, when work is finished or when we’re a bit sleepy.
Certain songs are ____34____ than others, and so more likely to “auto repeat” in your head. There are certain musical characteristics that make songs more likely to become earworms, such as if the piece is repetitive, if there is a longer duration of certain notes, if ____35____ between the notes are smaller. ____36____, we know that mood can have an impact, with some people reporting that they always get the same earworm when they feel good, or people experiencing a fast-tempo earworm when they are ____37____. And of course familiarity with a song is a key ____38____. Songs that you don’t know very well are less likely to pop up as earworms.
If you’ve had enough of your earworm and need to stop it in its tracks, you would be well warned not to try to block the song out, but rather to ____39____ accept it. A determined effort to block the song out may result in the very _____40_____ of what you want. According to psychologist Daniel Wegner, _____41_____ the song may make your brain keep playing it over and over again. To get rid of an earworm, you may be best served by simply _____42_____ it, accepting it, and leaving it alone to let this phenomenon ends up weakening itself little by little.
Some people try to _____43_____ themselves from the song, and it works. You can try reading a book, listening to a different song or even playing an instrument. Others _____44_____ the tune in question, because it is commonly believed that earworms occur when you remember only part of a song; hearing the entire song may stop it. Neurologists (神经学家) point out that it’s recommendable to chew gum to reduce the _____45_____ of an earworm because jaw movement interferes with musical memory. However, it’s important to note that this phenomenon usually lasts less than 24 hours.
31．A．burden B．clear C．alter D．exploit
32．A．trial B．solid C．voluntary D．regular
33．A．inactive B．complicated C．dynamic D．uncertain
34．A．catchier B．slower C．harsher D．louder
35．A．phases B．intervals C．rhythms D．sessions
36．A．Instead B．Therefore C．Otherwise D．Additionally
37．A．alert B．pleased C．remote D．rigid
38．A．criterion B．consequence C．concept D．contributor
39．A．readily B．constantly C．passively D．critically
40．A．opposite B．fantasy C．emphasised D．equivalent
41．A．integrating B．converting C．resisting D．tolerating
42．A．interrupting B．acknowledging C．stimulating D．facilitating
43．A．perceive B．isolate C．distract D．identify
44．A．seek out B．act out C．cast out D．knock out
45．A．proportion B．intensity C．integrity D．preference

“Challenge-based learning is often focused on the challenges that have global impact. The students, who _____46_____the challenge, often don’t know what the solution will be. The facilitator is keeping them from _____47_____a solution too early, and encourages to analyze the challenge from multiple points of view, and from different scientific perspectives,” says Vilma Sukacke, a researcher at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Lithuania.
Such a learning approach is very fitting to sustainability education, which, according to various scholars,_____48_____a contextual, problem-oriented, reflective, interdisciplinary (跨学科), collaborative, participatory and empowered learning environment. In other words, educators have to _____49_____from more traditional teacher-centred education to becoming instructional designers of student-centred education.
Aiming to evaluate the _____50_____of such approaches, a group of researchers from Lithuanian, Danish, German, Portuguese and Spanish universities conducted a systematic literature review,_____51_____the three active learning methods, i.e.. project, problem and challenge-based learning according to the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) framework.
_____52_____the educators agree that problem-based learning (PBL), project-based learning (PJBL) and, more recently, challenge-based learning (CBL) are efficient in teaching the students to _____53_____technology in real-life situations and improving their transversal (横向) skills, such as teamwork, communication and conflict resolution, the application of these methods in the classroom may be challenging for both sides.
“In my practice, I have noticed that sometimes students are _____54_____innovative learning methods and are considering them as a sort of a game. As these classes often take place in a play full environment, full of different pencils, colorful notes and building blocks, it’s difficult for the students to take them _____55_____. Therefore, it’s very important to_____56_____the methods and the goals to the learners very clearly,” says Professor Saule Petroniene from KTU Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, a co-author of the study.
According to her, to successfully apply unconventional teaching methods is a challenge for a beginning teacher. However, this effort _____57_____, especially when students continue their activities outside school and focus on solving _____58_____social problems.
Rescarchers believe that the _____59_____of CBL, PJBL, and PBL requires a paradigm (范式) shift, where organization, staff and students change their view to education and learning. In this process, both teachers and students need to apply new skills and _____60_____roles that they might not have needed before.
46．A．allow B．introduce C．accept D．expect
47．A．carrying on B．focusing on C．applying for D．inquiring about
48．A．cares about B．tells of C．turns to D．calls for
49．A．shift B．differ C．suffer D．learn
50．A．outcome B．efficiency C．impact D．value
51．A．exploring B．applying C．modifying D．explaining
52．A．Whether B．As long as C．Although D．Because
53．A．develop B．include C．associate D．integrate
54．A．approving B．questioning C．preventing D．adopting
55．A．affectionately B．calmly C．seriously D．coolly
56．A．transfer B．change C．communicate D．express
57．A．pays off B．goes away C．gives off D．breaks down
58．A．subjective B．real C．imaginary D．virtual
59．A．combination B．organization C．realization D．cooperation
60．A．take on B．put away C．send for D．deal with

So many of us are terrible at being terrible. As our children venture off to school, sports, dances and music lessons, we urge them: Just try something, keep practicing, you’re only a beginner. And yet, faced with our own failure, we become less confident, and quit altogether.
Images of perfection fill our social-media feeds, along with advertisements assuring us we wouldn’t be so ___61___ if we just bought this thing or tried that product. Parents often add to the pressure, ___62___ their kids will end up sliding down the socioeconomic ladder.
What if we’re ___63___?
“It’s such a ___64___ not to have to be good,” says Karen Rinaldi, who refers to herself as a horrible surfer. After 20 years on the board, she is still bad, and she loves it. There is the excitement of being out on the water, but there is also the ___65___ of not having to be the expert, the freedom to ___66___ help and rely on others in a way she never would at work. Back on land, she says she is more understanding and ___67___others’ mistakes. “The benefit of not ___68___ myself every day,” she says, “is that I get to surf every time I want.”
Ms. Rinaldi, whose experience led to a book about what you can learn from failure, recommends asking yourself: “What is it that you’ve always wanted to do or try but were too ___69___?” Whatever it is, she says, start doing it. Should you struggle, ____70____ the fact that you’re a beginner. “Go in there with the ____71____ to say, ‘I’m new,’” she says. “People want to help you learn. It makes them feel good.”
Take myself as another example. I started yoga lessons this summer. When I ____72____ Syd Schulz, a professional mountain biker, that I was terrible at the poses, her response was “what did you expect?” “It’s a little ____73____ to people who have spent years and years of their lives acquiring skills to think that you should have those overnight,” says Ms. Schulz. Years spent working on her cycling have taught her that improvement often comes in ____74____ steps, following long stretches of inactivity or even getting ____75____.
61．A．distressing B．imperfect C．impressive D．incredible
62．A．fearing B．confirming C．hoping D．indicating
63．A．missing out B．putting up C．setting in D．taking off
64．A．burden B．nonsense C．puzzle D．relief
65．A．disappointment B．nervousness C．preference D．satisfaction
66．A．acknowledge B．offer C．refuse D．seek
67．A．angry at B．delighted in C．embarrassed with D．patient with
68．A．awarding B．forgiving C．isolating D．pushing
69．A．afraid B．annoyed C．depressed D．exhausted
70．A．accept B．conceal C．deny D．examine
71．A．excitement B．modesty C．potential D．pride
72．A．apologized to B．argued with C．complained to D．shouted at
73．A．abusive B．amazing C．annoying D．attentive
74．A．careful B．hesitant C．involuntary D．unsteady
75．A．alert B．fulfilled C．improved D．worse

After five long years, it appears California’s drought is finally becoming less severe. ___76___ a recent string of storms, more than a third of the state has now welcomed healthy precipitation (降水量), and California’s snowpack—a(n) ___77___ source of water as the year progresses—has reached nearly twice its seasonal average in some parts of the Sierra Nevada. That’s a dramatic improvement over last summer, when literally every inch of the state ___78___ drought conditions. It’s also welcome news for Californians, who have faced a series of water ___79___ since Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency in early 2014. Farmers have been forced to spend heavily to maintain production.
The state’s water struggles, ___80___, are far from over. For one, nobody knows for sure how long these rains will last. Although recent precipitation has been ___81___—in some places more than 80 inches—the accuracy of storm forecasting remains ___82___ beyond a week. Californians know this all too well: last year, experts projected a “Godzilla” El Niño that would bring record levels of precipitation. It never ___83___. “Will six weeks from now be wet?” asks Jeanine Jones, California’s interstate water-resources manager. “The skill in that kind of forecasting is just not there.”
___84___, a storm slowdown is a very real possibility—and it could leave California without enough water to make it through the dry summer. ____85____, when that happens, the state has turned to groundwater stored in natural rock formations deep beneath the earth’s surface. But those ____86____ remain used up after years of drought; restoring them could take years in some places, says Jones.
The quick inrush of water has also created a(n) ____87____ balancing act for water managers. Keeping surface reservoirs (水库) filled to the edge protects against the possibility of a sudden dry spell, but it also
____88____ the risk of flooding if and when future storms hit. To that end, water managers opened the Sacramento Weir floodgates earlier this month to pour reservoir water into nearby fields after ____89____ showed local water levels would likely continue to rise. That’s a calculation that will be made across the state in the coming months.
For now, though, Jones is focused on planning and ensuring the state’s water supply whatever may happen. “We’re halfway through our wettest season, and conditions have been encouraging,” she says. “I would say we’re ____90____ optimistic.”
76．A．According to B．With respect to C．Thanks to D．In addition to
77．A．official B．exhaustible C．unexpected D．crucial
78．A．experienced B．improved C．worsened D．investigated
79．A．pollution B．restrictions C．pressure D．cycles
80．A．nevertheless B．therefore C．meanwhile D．moreover
81．A．accurate B．plentiful C．consistent D．emergent
82．A．productive B．unchangeable C．progressive D．unreliable
83．A．fell behind B．broke down C．came about D．took off
84．A．Or else B．In other words C．At that point D．Above all
85．A．Literally B．Contrarily C．Historically D．Consequently
86．A．levels B．formations C．struggles D．reserves
87．A．random B．delicate C．mechanical D．insensible
88．A．heightens B．assumes C．minimizes D．identifies
89．A．restorations B．calculations C．conditions D．projections
90．A．hopelessly B．extremely C．guardedly D．cheerfully

Take Heart, and Take Risks
Recently, we carried out an interesting social experiment. The participants were asked to choose between two ___91___: throw a coin to win one billion dollars if the coin happens to land on heads, or get a 10-million-dollar cheque without even throwing the coin.
Our purpose was not to measure the participants’ craze for money but to ___92___ their risk appetite. It ___93___ that a clear majority chose to take home the 10 million dollars. Only 31% of the subjects were ___94___ enough to test the depths of the river. Another study, conducted by psychology professor Keith Simonton at the University of California Davis, shows that most famous scientific ___95___ are risk-takers. Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton all dared to chase ideas that were ___96___ the mainstream ideas of their times.
The willingness to take risks without fear of failure is what ___97___ individuals towards achieving their ambitions. It forms a very important part of the stories of many successful businessmen globally.
The journey of Mark Zuckerberg is a classic example of this. In his second year in college, Zuckerberg decided to quit Harvard University to manage his social application company. In the years that followed, quite a few tech giants expressed early interest in purchasing the company. Their offers were ___98___. At the time, the young CEO and his team were widely criticized and publicly laughed at.
Today, Zuckerberg is one of the richest men on earth. His company still owns the most widely used social networking site in the world, ___99___ together over 2.8 billion users globally.
The lesson from Zuckerberg’s story is his risk-taking ____100____. He’s exactly the kind of person who’s willing to ____101____ interests for more rewarding future gains.
Generally, ____102____ achievements are often realized once a person decides to get out of their comfort zone. People’s ability to ____103____ from their comfort zone is closely tied to their risk-taking strength. It is like the case of a person who wishes to get a piece of fruit from the tree but is not willing to risk climbing up the branches of the tree in order to do so. “If you are not willing to risk the unusual, you will have to ____104____ the ordinary,” said the American author Jim Rohn.
The willingness to take risks is the oxygen that drives success in every field. If a risk-taker succeeds, he can lead others. If he fails, he may ____105____ others to success.
91．A．games B．faces C．options D．perspectives
92．A．access B．evaluate C．lose D．satisfy
93．A．ran out B．set out C．gave out D．turned out
94．A．courageous B．risky C．confident D．mature
95．A．contestants B．cooperators C．figures D．partners
96．A．subject to B．contrary to C．agreeable to D．relevant to
97．A．provides B．puzzles C．leans D．drives
98．A．scaled B．declined C．considered D．weighed
99．A．visualizing B．pursuing C．connecting D．announcing
100．A．tendency B．investment C．currency D．proposal
101．A．deposit B．capture C．separate D．sacrifice
102．A．eye-catching B．groundbreaking C．risk-taking D．trustworthy
103．A．depart B．benefit C．emerge D．suffer
104．A．send for B．apply for C．account for D．settle for
105．A．warn B．force C．guide D．retire

What will you do when you are hungry? Of course, anyone would go and grab something to eat. And then, what determines the ___106___ of food you take in? You may not be right if your answer is the degree of hunger. The conventional concept that ____107____ is the key factor is open to challenge. In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake (摄入) are influenced by a large number of factors besides our ____108____ need for energy. Some of the factors include our eating ____109____ and our perception of the food in front of us.
Studies have shown that ____110____ eating, for instance, eating while watching TV, or a similar distraction, can increase both hunger and food consumption. Even simple ____111____ clues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect consumption.
A new study suggested that our short-term ____112____ also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them — ____113____ , how much they remembered eating.
This difference suggests that the recall of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our ___114___ than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.
These findings agree with the earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes ______115______  our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie milkshake on two ______116______ occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shake’s ______117______  said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling ______118______ when they thought they’d consumed a higher-calories shake.
What does this mean to our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to cheat ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benifit of focusing on our food, avoiding TV and multitasking while eating. The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight against ______119______ while we are eating. By ______120______ mindful eating techniques, you have the opportunity to change your current eating habits by becoming more self-aware and in tune to your body’s hunger cues.
106．A．quality B．amount C．nutrient D．variety
107．A．deliciousness B．hunger C．nutrition D．flavor
108．A．occasional B．potential C．external D．biological
109．A．environment B．content C．time D．ability
110．A．habitual B．purposeful C．unfocused D．absorbed
111．A．optional B．visual C．hidden D．flexible
112．A．vacancy B．hunger C．supply D．memory
113．A．in other words B．as a whole C．by all means D．all in all
114．A．motive B．growth C．appetite D．health
115．A．advocate B．trick C．justify D．enhance
116．A．identical B．alternative C．dependent D．separate
117．A．label B．function C．usage D．material
118．A．wiser B．healthier C．happier D．fuller
119．A．distress B．waste C．distraction D．fullness
120．A．employing B．perceiving C．clarifying D．assuming

One summer midnight several years ago, standing outside a wooden cabin in Michigan River, I looked up. The sky was filled with thousands of stars, the sight of which was almost enough to make me, a non-believer, offer a word of _____121_____ up into the star-filled sky. But to whom? Perhaps to Johan Eklof, author of The Darkness Manifesto.
As a bat scientist, Eklof’s work on bats requires a specific kind of darkness—the _____122_____kind, unpolluted by light. But this category of darkness is _____123_____. In the 1980s, Eklof tells readers, two-thirds of the churches in Sweden’s southwest housed bat colonies. Not any longer. “Today, forty years later, research I’ve done with my colleagues shows that this number has been reduced by a third, _____124_____ light pollution and other factors. Because the churches are all _____125_____ like carnivals(嘉年华) in the night,” he writes. “We are surrounding ourselves with light.”
Excess light is incredibly _____126_____ to the complex eco-systems nocturnal (夜间活动的) animals inhabit. It _____127_____ away the bats that Eklof studies. It frightens light-sensitive moths, leaving them easily _____128_____ to predation(捕食) or flying endlessly into lights that will never return their love. Baby turtles crawl away from the shoreline toward the lights of distant coastal cities and reef fish eggs go unhatched. Birds do not migrate _____129_____ and even they forget to sing. Modern advancements such as LED lights could significantly reduce some of the worst impacts, but they have not. At least, not yet.
It is worth mentioning that middle-aged writer like Eklof can ______130______ for a darker world — for darkened campuses and unlit parking lots. But darkness is not safe for everyone. We need to address the social issues that make lighted places so ______131______ in the first place.
The bottom line: We can change if we want to. Some of the solutions to light pollution— motion-detecting lights, shielded lights that do not ______132______ light upward, artificial light with wavelengths that is similar to natural light—are already within our grasp, if we just ______133______ them. “We could just turn it all off, but I guess we don’t want to,” said Eklof in a recent interview. “______134______, it’s vital we find a middle way.”
Right now it is hard to know what that middle way might look like. In 50 years, every city could be equipped with an array of programmed and ______135______ low-impact LED lights. Or we might have completely forgotten what darkness is—the sky filled with little moons.
121．A．honour B．gratitude C．optimism D．determination
122．A．artificial B．brilliant C．faint D．absolute
123．A．achieved B．distracted C．enhanced D．threatened
124．A．resulting from B．bringing about C．judging by D．contributing to
125．A．decorated B．restored C．lit D．faded
126．A．effective B．sensitive C．positive D．destructive
127．A．scares B．blows C．pulls D．turns
128．A．accustomed B．subject C．available D．restricted
129．A．on duty B．in turn C．on time D．in public
130．A．stimulate B．advocate C．negotiate D．account
131．A．challenging B．appealing C．demanding D．outstanding
132．A．absorb B．stretch C．transform D．reflect
133．A．reach for B．apply to C．long for D．adapt to
134．A．Therefore B．Furthermore C．However D．Instead
135．A．fundamentally B．scientifically C．environmentally D．economically

Has someone ever told you something that made you doubt your own memory or judgment? If so, you may be a ___136___ of gaslighting. “Gaslighting” is a kind of psychological abuse to gain ___137___ over others by purposely making other people think they’re wrong even when they’re right. The term comes from Patrick Hamilton’s play in 1938. Lead character Jack Manningham seeks to convince his wife Bella that she is ___138___, by saying she is imagining the dimming (变暗) of the gas light in their home, when it was actually he who lowered the brightness of the light.
Gaslighting is initially used to talk about what happens in romantic relationships. However, many individuals also experience gaslighting at work. ___139___, a recent survey has found that 58% of the respondents said they have experienced gaslighting at work. It’s ___140___ since gaslighting usually involves a power relationship and a need to control others. In the workplace, the ___141___ between a boss and his employee can be the perfect breeding (滋生的) ground for this type of behavior. Your boss might tell you to handle an assignment in a certain way, but when you do, he gets ___142___ and says it wasn’t what he wanted. It makes you feel like your memory is ___143___. In other situations, your boss may exclude you from a meeting ___144___ and when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly.
In order to find out whether your boss’s behavior really ___145___ gaslighting or he is just a poor communicator, you could write down your experiences and ask yourself what really happened, what his motives might have been, and how your emotion was ___146___. But always be careful because gaslighters know how to fly under the radar (雷达). They are skilled at weakening an employee’s confidence and sense of reality in a clever and ___147___ way.
To protect yourself, at the end of the conversation with your boss, repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points, ___148___ the interactions between you two. But don’t get your hopes high that this will automatically solve the problem, Robin Stern, author of The Gaslight Effect, warns, because it’s hard to get a gaslighter to ___149___ his behavior pattern. If things don’t improve, you may want to consider getting out of the gaslighting situation by looking for a new position. It may be one of the best things you can do for your ___150___ well-being.
136．A．creator B．victim C．host D．scholar
137．A．power B．wealth C．support D．experience
138．A．having fun B．feeling angry C．going crazy D．becoming younger
139．A．By comparison B．Worse still C．After all D．In fact
140．A．unsurprising B．irrelevant C．unnecessary D．improper
141．A．harmonies B．dynamics C．phases D．replacements
142．A．annoyed B．interested C．frightened D．excited
143．A．visual B．painful C．faulty D．lasting
144．A．at random B．for sure C．in time D．on purpose
145．A．recommends B．constitutes C．escapes D．discovers
146．A．facilitated B．affected C．represented D．monitored
147．A．hard-to-prove B．easy-to-spot C．safe-to-learn D．tough-to-survive
148．A．interrupting B．overcoming C．abandoning D．documenting
149．A．submit B．attain C．change D．forgive
150．A．emotional B．physical C．virtual D．economic



















参考答案：

1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．B 8．D 9．C 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了最近的一系列研究考察了天赋在体育界的作用。他们专注于三种不同的运动：世界杯足球、职业篮球和职业棒球。对于足球和篮球来说，研究表明，为球队增加有天赋的球员确实是一个明智的策略，但这只是在一定程度上。文章介绍了研究的一些发现以及背后的原因。
1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于足球和篮球来说，研究表明，为球队增加有天赋的球员确实是一个明智的策略，但这只是在一定程度上。A. sensible理智的；B. partial部分的；C. alarming令人担忧的；D. attainable可以达到的。后文“when about 70% of the players were considered top talent”提到当大约70%的球员被认为是顶尖人才时，他们的表现达到顶峰，所以为球队增加有天赋的球员确实是一个明智的策略，故选A。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当大约70%的球员被认为是顶尖人才时，他们的表现达到顶峰。A. faded褪色，消退；B. peaked到达高点；C. evolved逐渐形成；D. proceeded进行。根据后文“Above that level, the team’s performance began to decline.(超过这个水平，球队的表现开始下降)”可知，当大约70%的球员被认为是顶尖人才时，他们的表现达到顶峰。故选B。
3．考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：有趣的是，这种趋势在棒球运动中并不明显，在棒球运动中，个人天赋的增加会继续提高球队的表现。A. team队伍；B. creative创造性的；C. academic学业的；D. individual单独的，个人的。第三段中“In baseball, the performance of individual players is”提到了在棒球比赛中，球员的个人表现不像足球和篮球那样依赖于队友，所以在棒球运动中，个人天赋的增加会继续提高球队的表现。故选D。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了解释不同运动项目的不同结果，研究人员确定了一个重要因素——一个团队的良好表现对其成员协调行动的要求程度。A. identified识别，确定；B. overlooked忽视；C. considered考虑；D. concealed隐藏。根据后文“one important factor”指研究确定了运动项目的重要因素。故选A。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种任务的相互依赖性将棒球与篮球和足球区分开来。A. explanation解释；B. conclusion结论；C. discussion讨论；D. interdependence互相依赖。根据后文“task interdependence is high”可知，这里指相互依赖性将棒球与篮球和足球区分开来。故选D。
6．考查短语辨析。句意：在棒球比赛中，球员的个人表现不像足球和篮球那样依赖于队友。A. more suitable for更合适……的；B. more critical to更批判的；C. less dependent on对……没那么依赖的；D. less involved in少参与的。上文提到在相互依赖性中棒球与篮球和足球有区分，这是因为在棒球比赛中，球员的个人表现不像足球和篮球那样依赖于队友。故选C。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员得出的结论是，在比赛过程中，当任务之间的相互依赖性很高时，当团队中有太多天才时，团队表现就会受到影响。A. swing摇摆；B. suffer变差，遭受；C. endure持续存在；D. function运转。根据上文“task interdependence is high”以及后文“when there is too much talent in the group”可知，当任务之间的相互依赖性很高时，当团队中有太多天才时，团队表现就会受到影响。故选B。
8．考查介词短语辨析。句意：另一方面，当任务相互依赖程度较低时，个体才能会对团队绩效产生积极影响。A. in principle原则上；B. in a sense在某种意义上；C. in other words换句话说；D. on the other hand另一方面。后文是在说明相互依赖程度低的情况，即“另一方面”。故选D。
9．考查介词短语辨析。句意：如果一个篮球明星追求的是他自己的个人目标，例如试图获得更高的个人总得分，他可能没有团队球员慷慨。A. as a rule通常；B. by contrast相比之下；C. for example例如；D. as a matter of fact事实上。后文“trying to gather a high personal point total”是对篮球明星追求的是他自己的个人目标进行举例，故选C。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果一个篮球明星追求的是他自己的个人目标，例如试图获得更高的个人总得分，他可能没有团队球员慷慨。A. stressed紧张的；B. genuine真正的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. generous慷慨的。根据后文“He may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a team mate, thus making the team’s overall performance suffer.(当传球给队友更好的时候，他可能会自己投篮，从而使球队的整体表现受到影响)”可知，如果一个篮球明星追求的是他自己的个人目标，例如试图获得更高的个人总得分，他可能没有团队球员慷慨。故选D。
11．考查代词词义辨析。句意：学习团队运动的孩子们经常被告知“TEAM（团体）一词中没有I（我）”。A. I我；B. HE他；C. THEY他们；D. WE我们。根据后文“in TEAM”可知，team单词中没有I，即强调团体，而不是个人的作用。故选A。
12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：显然，明星们很少遵循这一运动员精神的基本原则。A. closely密切地；B. rarely很少；C. humbly谦虚地；D. jointly共同地。上文“He may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a team mate, thus making the team’s overall performance suffer.(当传球给队友更好的时候，他可能会自己投篮，从而使球队的整体表现受到影响)”可知，显然，明星队员很少遵循这一运动员精神的基本原则。故选B。
13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：另一种可能性是，当一个球队有很多天才时，一些球员可能会开始不那么努力。A. make less effort不努力；B. cause more trouble造成更多麻烦；C. take less advantage少占点便宜；D. attach more importance重视。根据后文“This is referred to as the Ringelmann effect. Ringelmann conducted an experiment in which he asked two, three, four, and up to 28 people to participate in a game of tug-of-war. He measured how much force each person used to pull the rope. He found that whenever he added a person to the team, everyone else pulled with less force.(这就是所谓的林格曼效应。林格曼进行了一项实验，他让2人、3人、4人，最多28人参加了一场拔河比赛。他测量了每个人拉绳子时用的力。他发现，每当他增加一个人到团队中，其他人拉的力都更小)”说明了，当一个球队有很多天才时，一些球员可能会开始不那么努力。故选A。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在体育、商业、科学或娱乐领域组建理想的团队，比简单地雇佣最优秀的人才要复杂得多。A. Inspiring鼓舞；B. Intensifying加紧；C. Gathering聚集；D. Training训练。根据后文“the ideal team — for sports, business, science, or entertainment — is more complicated than simply hiring the best talent”可知这里指组建团队，故选C。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：A级团队可能需要一个平衡——不仅是A级球员，还要有一些慷慨的B级球员。A. exploration探索；B. balance平衡；C. stability稳定性；D. flexibility灵活性。根据后文“not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.”可知，团队需要A级球员，还要有一些慷慨的B级球员，即需要平衡。故选B。

16．A 17．C 18．B 19．C 20．A 21．C 22．A 23．D 24．A 25．C 26．C 27．B 28．D 29．B 30．C

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“心灵感应（GOFT）”这种交流方式的特点以及优势。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他说：“我们只应该通过思想交流，在几分钟内把应该在一个半小时内用文字表达出来的内容说出来。”A. words话语；B. gestures手势；C. actions行动；D. costs花费。根据上文“We should communicate by thought only,and say in a couple of minutes”可知，此处指把要写的话说出来。故选A。
17．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管上个世纪为我们对语言和大脑的理解带来了进步，但与吐温时代相比，我们并没有更接近心灵感应，即通过超感官手段从一个心灵到另一个心灵进行交流。A. extra-genetic非遗传的；B. extra-familial家族以外的；C. extra-sensory超感官的；D. extra-legal不受法律支配的。根据上文“we are no closer to telepathy, communication from one mind to another by”可知，心灵感应是超出感官之外的交流方式。故选C。
18．考查动词词义辨析。句意：原因是，我们被承诺的那种心灵感应，那种吐温想象的、在无数电影和电视节目中流行起来的心灵感应，暂时是没有根据的。A. sacrificed牺牲；B. popularized宣传；C. enclosed包围；D. balanced平衡。根据后文“countless movies and TV shows”可知，指在无数电影和电视节目中流行起来的心灵感应，故选B。
19．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“优秀的老式心灵感应（GOFT）”包括将思想从一个头脑直接转移到另一个头脑。A. strength力量；B. intelligence智力；C. thoughts想法；D. structures结构。根据后文“from one mind to another”从一个头脑到另一个头脑的是思想。故选C。
20．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它消除了语言的限制。A. limitations限制；B. expenses费用；C. command命令；D. evolution进化。根据后文“You know instantly what one means as the former channel of communication, language, is not at all necessary.(你马上就能明白，作为前一种交流渠道，语言根本不是必要的)”可知，它消除了语言的限制。故选A。
21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有了GOFT，我们不再需要将每个概念放入单词或解码别人的语言。A. replace取代；B. update更新；C. decode破译；D. imitate模仿。根据后文“You know instantly what one means as the former channel of communication, language, is not at all necessary.(你马上就能明白，作为前一种交流渠道，语言根本不是必要的)”可知，有了GOFT，我们不再需要将每个概念放入单词或解码别人的语言。故选C。
22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：回避语言是GOFT的中心特征。A. avoidance避免；B. discrimination歧视；C. employment雇用；D. expansion扩大。根据后文“It is what enables science-fiction writers to imagine humans and aliens from other planets communicating telepathically despite not sharing a language.(正是它使科幻小说作家能够想象人类和来自其他星球的外星人尽管没有共同的语言，但仍能通过心灵感应进行交流)”可知，回避语言是GOFT的中心特征。故选A。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，误解是普遍存在的。A. reluctance不情愿；B. privacy隐私；C. fear恐惧；D. misinterpretation误解。根据后文“We all have experiences of saying one thing, only to be understood as saying something else.(我们都有这样的经历:说了一件事，却被理解成说了另一件事)”可知，指误解是普遍存在的。故选D。
24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因为语言是如此的灵活，它也很容易说谎或自相矛盾。A. contradict自相矛盾；B. indicate表明；C. delay推迟；D. justify辩解。根据后文“We aren’t even certain if Bob’s expression could be in line with what he believes in a year’s time.(我们甚至不确定鲍勃的表情是否与他一年后的信念一致)”可知，语言很容易说谎或自相矛盾。故选A。
25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当然，当有一天技术允许时，一个直接的思想到思想的转移似乎是最终的解决方案。A. multiple多个的；B. invisible看不见的；C. ultimate最后的；D. equivalent等同的。根据上文“Of course, one day when technology allows, a direct thought-to-thought transfer seems the”可知，当有一天技术允许时，一个直接的思想到思想的转移似乎是最终的解决方案。故选C。
26．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，必须完全依靠语言来交流是令人沮丧的。A. roughly大概；B. casually随便地；C. entirely完全地；D. willingly愿意地。根据后文“on language to communicate, however, is depressing”可知，目前还无法心灵感应，所以完全依靠语言来交流。故选C。
27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，增加新的直接脑对脑通信通道的前景令人兴奋。A. distraction分心；B. prospect希望；C. origin起源；D. regulation规章。根据后文“of adding new direct brain-to-brain communication channels is exciting”可知，此处是在描述增加新的直接脑对脑通信通道的前景令人兴奋。故选B。
28．考查动词短语辨析。句意：通过这种渠道，我们的大脑可以“放松”，允许致力于其他有意义的实践，而不是传递信息。A. fed up厌倦；B. set up建立；C. cut off切断；D. let loose放松。根据后文“instead of conveying messages”可是，脑对脑通信通道可以让我们的大脑放松，致力于其他有意义的实践，故选D。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过这种渠道，我们的大脑可以“放松”，允许致力于其他有意义的实践，而不是传递信息。A. profitable盈利的；B. meaningful有意义的；C. steady稳定的；D. typical典型的。根据上文“allowed to be committed to other”指大脑致力于其它有意义的实践活动。故选B。
30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：新的大脑到大脑的通道有可能提高效率，把我们变成超级演员，在短时间内处理我们还无法想象的许多任务。A. charm迷人；B. recognition承认；C. efficiency效率；D. endurance持久。根据后文“handling so many tasks in a short period of time as we cannot yet imagine(在短时间内处理我们还无法想象的许多任务)”可知，新的大脑到大脑的通道有可能提高效率，故选C。

31．B 32．D 33．A 34．A 35．B 36．D 37．A 38．D 39．C 40．A 41．C 42．B 43．C 44．A 45．B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了一直萦绕在人们脑海里的洗脑音乐的特点及摆脱它的一些方法。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：无论你是在往洗碗机里装东西，在车流中穿梭，还是在瑜伽课开始时试图理清思绪，这首歌都在不停地播放。A. burden烦扰；B. clear清除；C. alter改变；D. exploit开采。根据后文“your mind at the start of yoga class”可知，当你清理思绪开始瑜伽课时，这首歌都一直在脑海里回响。故选B项。
32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有一首歌在脑海中萦绕，这被称为洗脑音乐，是我们90%以上的人经常经历的事情。A. trial试验性的；B. solid坚固的；C. voluntary自愿的；D. regular经常的。根据前文“over 90% of us have”可知，我们大部分人经常会遇到这样的情形。故选D项。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我们注意力不集中的时候，在工作记忆不活跃的时候，在我们放松的时候，当工作结束的时候，或者当我们有点困的时候，我们更容易产生洗脑音乐。A. inactive不活跃的；B. complicated复杂的；C. dynamic动态的；D. uncertain不确定的。根据前文“ we stop focusing”及后文“when we’re relaxed, when work is finished or when we’re a bit sleepy”可知，当我们注意力不集中，工作记忆不活跃的时候，更容易遇到这样的情形。故选A项。
34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：某些歌曲比其他歌曲更容易上口，因此更有可能在你的脑海中“自动重复”。A. catchier更容易记住的；B. slower更慢的；C. harsher更艰难的；D. louder更大声的。根据后文“so more likely to “auto repeat” in your head”可知，有些歌曲更容易记住，所以在脑海里会“自动重复”。故选A项。
35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：某些音乐特征使歌曲更有可能成为洗脑音乐，例如，如果这首歌是重复的，如果某些音符的持续时间较长，如果音符之间的间隔较小。A. phases阶段；B. intervals间隔；C. rhythms韵律；D. sessions会议，会期。根据后文“between the notes”可知，有些音乐音符之间间隔较小。故选B项。
36．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，我们知道情绪也会产生影响，有些人报告说，当他们感觉良好的时候，他们总是会有同样的洗脑音乐，或者当他们警觉的时候，他们会有快节奏的洗脑音乐。A. Instead相反；B. Therefore因此；C. Otherwise否则；D. Additionally另外。根据前文“There are certain musical characteristics that make songs more likely to become earworms”及后文“we know that mood can have an impact”可知，前后两句是并列递进关系。故选D项。
37．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，我们知道情绪也会产生影响，有些人报告说，当他们感觉良好的时候，他们总是会有同样的洗脑音乐，或者当他们警觉的时候，他们会有快节奏的洗脑音乐。A. alert警觉的；B. pleased满意的；C. remote遥远的；D. rigid刻板的。根据前文“people experiencing a fast-tempo earworm”可知，当人们警觉的时候，他们会有快节奏的洗脑音乐。故选A项。
38．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，熟悉一首歌是一个关键因素。A. criterion标准；B. consequence后果；C. concept观念；D. contributor促成因素。根据后文“Songs that you don’t know very well are less likely to pop up as earworms”可知，你不太熟悉的歌曲不太可能突然出现在耳朵里，故熟悉一首歌是产生洗脑音乐的关键因素。故选D项。
39．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果你受够了洗脑音乐，需要让它停止，你最好不要试图阻止这首歌，而是被动地接受它。A. readily准备好地；B. constantly不断地；C. passively被动地；D. critically批评地。根据后文“A determined effort to block the song out may result in the very ____10____ of what you want”可知，要想停止洗脑音乐，阻止它只会事与愿违，所以只能被动地接受它。故选C项。
40．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：坚决不听这首歌可能会导致与你想要的完全相反的结果。A. opposite相反的；B. fantasy幻想的；C. emphasised强调的；D. equivalent等同的。根据后文“___11____the song may make your brain keep playing it over and over again”可知，若是坚决不听这首歌，想着阻止这首歌出现在脑海里，只会事与愿违。故选A项。
41．考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据心理学家丹尼尔·韦格纳的说法，抵抗这首歌可能会让你的大脑一遍又一遍地播放这首歌。A. integrating整合；B. converting转变；C. resisting抵抗；D. tolerating容忍。根据上文“A determined effort to block the song out”可知，抵抗这首歌只会让它在脑海里不断地回响。故选C项。
42．考查动词词义辨析。句意：要想摆脱洗脑音乐，最好的办法就是承认它，接受它，让它自己慢慢消失。A. interrupting打断；B. acknowledging承认；C. stimulating刺激；D. facilitating促使。根据后文“accepting it, and leaving it alone”可知，想要摆脱洗脑音乐，最好是顺其自然，承认它，接受它，让它自己慢慢消失。故选B项。
43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些人试图让自己从这首歌中分心，这很有效。A. perceive感知；B. isolate孤立；C. distract使分心；D. identify识别。根据下文“You can try reading a book, listening to a different song or even playing an instrument.”可知，分散自己的注意力是一种有效方法。故选C项。
44．考查动词短语辨析。句意：另一些人则会找出有问题的曲调，因为人们普遍认为，当你只记住一首歌的一部分时，洗脑音乐就会出现；听完整首歌可能会让它停下来。A. seek out找出；B. act out付诸行动；C. cast out驱逐；D. knock out击倒。根据后文“the tune in question”可知，有些人会找出成为洗脑音乐的音乐片段，然后将歌曲完整听完试图停止脑海中的洗脑音乐。故选A项。
45．考查名词词义辨析。句意：神经学家指出，建议嚼口香糖来减轻洗脑音乐的强度，因为下巴的运动会干扰音乐记忆。A. proportion比例；B. intensity强度；C. integrity完整；D. preference偏好。根据后文“because jaw movement interferes with musical memory”可知，嚼口香糖可以减轻洗脑音乐的强度。故选B项。



46．C 47．B 48．D 49．A 50．B 51．A 52．C 53．D 54．B 55．C 56．C 57．A 58．B 59．C 60．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是基于挑战的学习方法的优点和对此进行的相关研究。
46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：接受挑战的学生往往不知道解决方案是什么。A. allow允许；B. introduce介绍；C. accept接受；D. expect期待。根据下文“often don’t know what the solution will be”可知，句子表示“接受挑战的学生往往不知道解决方案是什么”，空格处意为“接受”。故选C。
47．考查动词短语辨析。句意：立陶宛考纳斯理工大学的研究员Vilma Sukacke说:“引导者阻止他们过早地把注意力集中在解决方案上，并鼓励他们从多个角度、从不同的科学角度分析挑战。”A. carrying on继续；B. focusing on集中于；C. applying for申请；D. inquiring about询问。根据下文“encourages to analyze the challenge from multiple points of view, and from different scientific perspectives”可知，句子表示“引导者阻止他们过早地把注意力集中在解决方案上”。故选B。
48．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种学习方法非常适合可持续发展教育，根据许多学者的说法，可持续发展教育需要一个情境化的、问题导向的、反思的、跨学科的、协作的、参与式的和赋权的学习环境。A. cares about关心；B. tells of讲述；C. turns to求助于；D. calls for要求。根据下文“a contextual, problem-oriented, reflective, interdisciplinary (跨学科), collaborative, participatory and empowered learning environment”可知，句子表示“根据许多学者的说法，可持续发展教育需要一个情境化的、问题导向的、反思的、跨学科的、协作的、参与式的和赋权的学习环境”。故选D。
49．考查动词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，教育工作者必须从传统的以教师为中心的教育转变为以学生为中心的教育的教学设计师。A. shift转变；B. differ不同；C. suffer遭受；D. learn学习。根据下文“from more traditional teacher-centred education to becoming instructional designers of student-centred education”可知，句子表示“教育工作者必须从传统的以教师为中心的教育转变为以学生为中心的教育的教学设计师”。故选A。
50．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了评估这些方法的有效性，一组来自立陶宛、丹麦、德国、葡萄牙和西班牙大学的研究人员进行了系统的文献综述，探索了三种主动学习方法，即根据ADDIE（分析、设计、开发、实现和评估）框架进行基于项目、问题和挑战的学习。A. outcome结果；B. efficiency效率；C. impact影响；D. value价值。根据下文“a group of researchers from Lithuanian, Danish, German, Portuguese and Spanish universities conducted a systematic literature review,_____6_____the three active learning methods, i.e.. project, problem and challenge-based learning according to the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) framework”可知，句子表示“为了评估这些方法的有效性，一组来自立陶宛、丹麦、德国、葡萄牙和西班牙大学的研究人员进行了系统的文献综述”。故选B。
51．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了评估这些方法的有效性，一组来自立陶宛、丹麦、德国、葡萄牙和西班牙大学的研究人员进行了系统的文献综述，探索了三种主动学习方法，即根据ADDIE（分析、设计、开发、实现和评估）框架进行基于项目、问题和挑战的学习。A. exploring探索；B. applying应用；C. modifying修改；D. explaining解释。根据下文“the three active learning methods”可知，此处表示“探索了三种主动学习方法”。故选A。
52．考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然教育工作者都认为基于问题的学习、基于项目的学习以及最近的基于挑战的学习在教授学生将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能（如团队合作、沟通和解决冲突）方面是有效的，但这些方法在课堂上的应用可能对双方都具有挑战性。A. Whether是否；B. As long as只要；C. Although虽然；D. Because因为。根据下文“the application of these methods in the classroom may be challenging for both sides”可知，句子表示“虽然教育工作者都认为基于问题的学习、基于项目的学习以及最近的基于挑战的学习在教授学生将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能（如团队合作、沟通和解决冲突）方面是有效的，但这些方法在课堂上的应用可能对双方都具有挑战性”，空格处意为“虽然”，是although，引导让步状语从句。故选C。
53．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然教育工作者都认为基于问题的学习、基于项目的学习以及最近的基于挑战的学习在教授学生将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能（如团队合作、沟通和解决冲突）方面是有效的，但这些方法在课堂上的应用可能对双方都具有挑战性。A. develop发展；B. include包括；C. associate联系；D. integrate（使）合并。根据下文“technology in real-life situations and improving their transversal (横向) skills”可知，句子表示“将技术整合到现实生活情境中并提高他们的横向技能”。故选D。
54．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在我的实践中，我注意到有时学生会质疑创新的学习方法，并将其视为一种游戏。A. approving批准；B. questioning质疑；C. preventing阻止；D. adopting采用。根据下文“considering them as a sort of a game”可知，句子表示“有时学生会质疑创新的学习方法”。故选B。
55．考查副词词义辨析。句意：由于这些课程通常是在一个充满游戏的环境中进行的，充满了不同的铅笔，彩色的笔记和积木，学生很难把它们当回事。A. affectionately亲切地；B. calmly平静地；C. seriously认真地；D. coolly冷静地。根据上文“these classes often take place in a play full environment, full of different pencils, colorful notes and building blocks”可知，句子表示“由于这些课程通常是在一个充满游戏的环境中进行的，充满了不同的铅笔，彩色的笔记和积木，学生很难把它们当回事”，take sth. seriously意为“认真对待某事”。故选C。
56．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，将方法和目标清楚地传达给学习者是非常重要的。A. transfer转移；B. change改变；C. communicate传达，传递；D. express表达。根据下文“the methods and the goals to the learners very clearly”可知，此处表示“将方法和目标清楚地传达给学习者”。故选C。
57．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，这种努力是有回报的，尤其是当学生们继续在校外活动，专注于解决真正的社会问题时。A. pays off得到回报；B. goes away走开；C. gives off发出；D. breaks down出故障。根据上文“According to her, to successfully apply unconventional teaching methods is a challenge for a beginning teacher. However”和however表转折可知，此处表示“然而，这种努力是有回报的，尤其是当学生们继续在校外活动，专注于解决真正的社会问题时”。故选A。
58．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这种努力是有回报的，尤其是当学生们继续在校外活动，专注于解决真正的社会问题时。A. subjective主观的；B. real真正的；C. imaginary虚构的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据下文“social problems”可知，此处表示“解决真正的社会问题”。故选B。
59．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究者认为，CBL、PJBL和PBL的实现需要范式转变，组织、员工和学生改变对教育和学习的看法。A. combination结合；B. organization组织；C. realization实现；D. cooperation合作。根据下文“of CBL, PJBL, and PBL requires a paradigm (范式) shift, where organization, staff and students change their view to education and learning”可知，CBL、PJBL和PBL的实现需要范式转变，故选C。
60．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在这个过程中，老师和学生都需要应用新的技能，承担他们以前可能不需要的角色。A. take on承担；B. put away放好；C. send for派人去叫；D. deal with处理。根据下文“roles that they might not have needed before”可知，此处表示“承担他们以前可能不需要的角色”。故选A。

61．B 62．A 63．A 64．D 65．D 66．D 67．D 68．D 69．A 70．A 71．B 72．C 73．A 74．D 75．D

【导语】本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。在接受自己很糟糕这件事情上，我们许多人都做的很糟糕，作者建议我们要接纳自己的不完美，不优秀，想尝试的事就勇敢地去做，享受其中的过程，谦虚地承认自己是个新手，还能博得他人的帮助。
61．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：社交媒体上充斥着完美的图片，还有广告向我们保证，只要我们买了这个东西或尝试了那个产品，我们就不会那么不完美。A. distressing使痛苦的；B. imperfect不完美的；C. impressive令人印象深刻的；D. incredible难以置信的。根据句中的Images of perfection fill our social-media feeds可知，媒体上出现的“完美”的图片就是使用了某个产品而产生的，可以令使用者从“不完美”（imperfect）变得完美。故选B项。
62．考查动词词义辨析。句意：父母通常会增加压力，担心他们的孩子最终会在社会经济阶梯上下滑。A. fearing害怕；B. confirming确认；C. hoping希望；D. indicating表示。根据空后的their kids will end up sliding down the socioeconomic ladder可知，这是家长担心的事，fearing符合语境。故选A项。
63．考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果我们错过了呢？A. missing out错过；B. putting up提供，建造；C. setting in设置；D. taking off起飞。根据上文“Images of perfection fill our social-media feeds, along with advertisements assuring us we wouldn’t be so ___1___ if we just bought this thing or tried that product. (社交媒体上充斥着完美的图片，还有广告向我们保证，只要我们买了这个东西或尝试了那个产品，我们就不会那么不完美。)”可知，此处要表达的意思是：如果我们没有去尝试拿个产品，错过（missing out）变完美的机会，会产生什么结果呢？故选A项。
64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不用优秀真是一件轻松的事，自称糟糕的冲浪者的凯伦·里纳尔迪说。A. burden负担；B. nonsense胡闹；C. puzzle难题；D. relief宽慰。根据下文“After 20 years on the board, she is still bad, and she loves it. There is the excitement of being out on the water, but there is also the ___5___ of not having to be the expert, the freedom to ___6___ help and rely on others in a way she never would at work. (在冲浪板上20年后，她仍然不擅长冲浪，她喜欢它。在水上有一种兴奋，但也有一种不必成为专家的满足感，有寻求帮助和依赖他人的自由，这是她在工作中从未有过的。)”可知，尽管不是冲浪高手，这不影响凯伦在冲浪中享受兴奋、满足感，relief符合语境。故选D项。
65．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在水上有一种兴奋，但也有一种不必成为专家的满足感，有寻求帮助和依赖他人的自由，这是她在工作中从未有过的。A. disappointment失望；B. nervousness紧张；C. preference偏好；D. satisfaction满意。根据上文“It’s such a ___4___ not to have to be good (不用优秀真是一件轻松的事)”可知，不必拼命使自己变成为冲浪能手，而是享受冲浪的过程，令凯伦很满意（satisfaction）。故选D项。
66．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在水上有一种兴奋，但也有一种不必成为专家的满足感，有寻求帮助和依赖他人的自由，这是她在工作中从未有过的。A. acknowledge承认；B. offer提供；C. refuse拒绝；D. seek寻求。根据本句中的rely on others可知，凯伦会向别人求助，seek符合语境。故选D项。
67．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：回到陆地上，她说她对别人的错误更加理解和耐心。A. angry at为……生气；B. delighted in因……感到快乐；C. embarrassed with感到尴尬；D. patient with对……有耐心。根据上文“It’s such a ___4___ not to have to be good (不用优秀真是一件轻松的事，)”可知，凯伦承认自己不优秀，也对不优秀的人很宽容，能耐心地对待犯错的人。patient with符合语境。故选D项。
68．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说：“不用每天督促自己的好处是，我可以随时冲浪。”A. awarding授予，颁发；B. forgiving原谅；C. isolating孤立；D. pushing推。根据上文“It’s such a ___4___ not to have to be good (不用优秀真是一件轻松的事，)”可知，凯伦承认接纳自己的不完美、不优秀，也就不用逼着自己发愤练习冲浪，而是享受冲浪，想冲浪就冲浪。此处考查动词短语push oneself意为“鞭策自己；发愤”，push符合语境。故选D项。
69．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：里纳尔迪，她的经历让她写了一本书，内容是关于你可以从失败中学到什么，她建议问自己:“有什么事情是你一直想做或尝试，但又太害怕的?”A. afraid害怕的；B. annoyed恼火的；C. depressed沮丧的；D. exhausted筋疲力尽的。根据句中what you can learn from failure可知，人们一直想尝试某件事，但是又怕自己在做的过程中体验到失败，所以产生了又想尝试，又害怕尝试的情况。afraid符合语境。故选A项。
70．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你有困难，接受你是个初学者的事实。 A. accept接受；B. conceal隐瞒；C. deny否认；D. examine检查。根据下文“Go in there with the ___11___ to say, ‘I’m new,’ (谦虚地说，‘我是新来的’)”可知，当有困难时，承认自己是新来的，即接受（accept）自己是初学者的事实。故选A项。
71．考查名词词义辨析。句意：谦虚地说，“我是新来的。”A. excitement兴奋；B. modesty谦虚；C. potential潜力；D. pride骄傲。根据下文“People want to help you learn. It makes them feel good. (人们希望帮助您学习。这让他们感觉良好。)”可知，求助时带着谦虚的态度，别人会很乐意帮助一个谦虚的新人。modesty符合语境。故选B项。
72．考查动词短语辨析。句意：当我向专业山地自行车手西德·舒尔茨抱怨我的动作很糟糕时，她的回答是“你指望什么？”A. apologized to向某人道歉；B. argued with和……争吵；C. complained to向……抱怨；D. shouted at对……大喊。根据下文“‘It’s a little ___13___ to people who have spent years and years of their lives acquiring skills to think that you should have those overnight,” says Ms. Schulz. (对于那些花了多年时间学习技能的人来说，认为一夜之间就能掌握这些技能，这有点虐待他们，西德·舒尔茨说。)”可知，作者想短时间内学会瑜伽的动作，但是自己的动作很糟糕，所以向西德抱怨。complained to符合语境。故选C项。
73．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于那些花了多年时间学习技能的人来说，认为一夜之间就能掌握这些技能，这有点虐待他们。A. abusive侮辱的；B. amazing惊人的；C. annoying烦人的；D. attentive专心的。根据上文“Take myself as another example. I started yoga lessons this summer. When I ___12___ Syd Schulz, a professional mountain biker, that I was terrible at the poses, her response was ‘what did you expect?’ (再举个例子。今年夏天我开始上瑜伽课。当我向专业山地自行车手西德·舒尔茨抱怨我的动作很糟糕时，她的回答是‘你指望什么?’)”可知，作者刚刚开始学瑜伽，就想在短时间内掌握瑜伽的技能，这种想法对于苦练多年的人来说是虐心的，能短时间就掌握技能，哪里至于要苦练多年？abusive符合语境。故选A项。
74．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：多年的骑行训练让她明白，进步往往是断断续续的，而且在取得进步之前还会经历长时间的停滞不前，甚至是退步。A. careful小心的；B. hesitant犹豫不决的；C. involuntary无意识的；D. unsteady不稳定的。根据句中的following long stretches of inactivity or even getting ___15___可知，进步的过程中会经历停滞不前，会退步，所以进步的步伐不稳定，unsteady符合语境。故选D项。
75．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：而多年的骑行训练让她明白，进步往往是断断续续的，而且在取得进步之前还会经历长时间的停滞不前，甚至是退步。A. alert警惕的；B. fulfilled有成就感的；C. improved改良的；D. worse更糟的。根据空前的long stretches of inactivity可知，停滞不前，使人无法进步，那么更糟糕的就是不进则退，get worse意为“变得更糟糕”，故选D项。

76．C 77．D 78．A 79．B 80．A 81．B 82．D 83．C 84．B 85．C 86．D 87．B 88．A 89．D 90．C

【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了加州今年干旱减轻的现状，以及一些新的担忧。
76．考查介词短语辨析。句意：由于最近的一系列风暴，该州超过三分之一的地区现在迎来了健康的降水量，随着时间的推移，加利福尼亚州的积雪——一个重要的水源——在内华达山脉的一些地区已经达到了季节平均水平的两倍左右。A. According to根据；B. With respect to关于；C. Thanks to由于；D. In addition to除了。根据上文“After five long years, it appears California’s drought is finally becoming less severe. (经过漫长的五年，加州的干旱似乎终于减轻了。)”可知，干旱得到缓解，而下文指出的就是缓解的原因。故选C项。
77．考查形容词辨析。句意：由于最近的一系列风暴，该州超过三分之一的地区现在迎来了健康的降水量, 随着时间的推移，加利福尼亚州的积雪——一个重要的水源——在内华达山脉的一些地区已经达到了季节平均水平的两倍左右。A. official官方的；B. exhaustible用得尽的；C. unexpected未料想的；D. crucial至关重要的。根据本句“snowpack (积雪)”可知，积雪是重要水源。故选D项。
78．考查动词词义辨析。句意：与去年夏天相比，这有了显著的改善，当时该州的每一寸土地都经历了干旱。A. experienced经历；B. improved提升；C. worsened恶化；D. investigated调查。根据本句搭配“every inch of the state(该州的每一寸土地)”和“drought conditions (干旱状况)”可知，此处指的是这个州去年暑假到处都很干旱，即经历了干旱。故选A项。
79．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这对加州人来说也是个好消息，自2014年初州长杰里·布朗宣布进入紧急状态以来，他们面临着一系列的用水限制。A. pollution污染；B. restrictions限制；C. pressure压力；D. cycles循环。根据下文“Farmers have been forced to spend heavily to maintain production. (农民们被迫花费巨资来维持生产。)”可知，因为干旱，包括农民在内的加州人遭受了很多麻烦，这是因为政府限制用水。故选B项。
80．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，该州的水资源斗争远未结束。A. nevertheless然而；B. therefore因此；C. meanwhile同时；D. moreover而且。根据上文“That’s a dramatic improvement over last summer, when literally every inch of the state experienced drought conditions. (与去年夏天相比，这有了显著的改善，当时该州的每一寸土地都经历了干旱。)”可知，上文指出情况有好转，但本段接着却说斗争未结束，这是一个不好的现象，即前后文存在转折关系。故选A项。
81．考查形容词辨析。句意：尽管最近一些地方的降雨量超过80英寸，但风暴预报的准确性在一周后仍然不可靠。A. accurate精准的；B. plentiful丰富的；C. consistent连贯的；D. emergent紧急的。根据本句破折号后的说明“in some places more than 80 inches (一些地方的降雨量超过80英寸)”可知，降雨量充足。故选B项。
82．考查形容词辨析。句意：尽管最近一些地方的降雨量超过80英寸，但对一周以后的风暴预报的准确性仍然不可靠。A. productive多产的；B. unchangeable无法改变的；C. progressive进步的；D. unreliable靠不住的。根据下文“The skill in that kind of forecasting is just not there. (这种预测的技巧尚未存在)”可知，天气预测的技巧尚不成熟，可推测准确性不可靠。故选D项。
83．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这从来没有发生过。A. fell behind落后；B. broke down出故障；C. came about出现；D. took off腾飞。根据上文“Californians know this all too well: last year, experts projected a “Godzilla” El Niño that would bring record levels of precipitation. (加州人非常清楚这一点：去年，专家预测“哥斯拉”厄尔尼诺现象将带来创纪录的降水量。)”可知，专家预测了降水；而下文“The skill in that kind of forecasting is just not there. (这种预测的技巧尚未存在。)”可知，天气预测的技巧尚不成熟，因此专家的推测并不准确，其推测的创纪录的降水量并未出现。故选C项。
84．考查短语辨析。句意：换句话说，风暴减缓是一种非常现实的可能性，它可能会使加利福尼亚州没有足够的水来度过干燥的夏天。A. Or else要不然；B. In other words换言之；C. At that point就在那时；D. Above all总之。根据本句“a storm slowdown is a very real possibility—and it could leave California without enough water to make it through the dry summer. (风暴减缓是一种非常现实的可能性，它可能会使加利福尼亚州没有足够的水来度过干燥的夏天。)”可知，此处延续上文，继续描述对降水量的推测，即是换一种方式说明上文提及的预测。故选B项。
85．考查副词词义辨析。句意：历史上，当这种情况发生时，该州转向储存在地表深处天然岩层中的地下水。A. Literally字面意思地；B. Contrarily反之；C. Historically在历史上；D. Consequently因此。根据本句“when that happens, the state has turned to groundwater stored in natural rock formations deep beneath the earth’s surface (当这种情况发生时，该州转向储存在地表深处天然岩层中的地下水。)”可知，此句描述的是以前发生这种情况时的处理方法，即历史上的处理方法。故选C项。
86．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但经过多年的干旱，这些储备仍然耗尽；琼斯说，在某些地方，修复它们可能需要数年时间。A. levels水平；B. formations构成；C. struggles挣扎；D. reserves储备。根据上文“Historically, when that happens, the state has turned to groundwater stored in natural rock formations deep beneath the earth’s surface. (历史上，当这种情况发生时，该州转向储存在地表深处天然岩层中的地下水。)”可知，以前发生干旱时，都会借助储存在地表深层的地下水，这是水储备的一种方式。故选D项。
87．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：水的快速涌入也为水资源管理者创造了一种易被破坏的平衡行为。A. random随机的；B. delicate易被破坏的；C. mechanical机械的；D. insensible无知觉的。根据下文“Keeping surface reservoirs (水库) filled to the edge protects against the possibility of a sudden dry spell, but it also heightens the risk of flooding if and when future storms hit. (保持地表水库填充到边缘可以防止突然干旱的可能性，但如果未来风暴来袭，也会增加洪水的风险。)”可知，水的快速涌入很容易破坏平衡，同时可能造成干旱和洪水，即这种平衡很容易被破坏。故选B项。
88．考查动词词义辨析。句意：保持地表水库填充到边缘可以防止突然干旱的可能性，但如果未来风暴来袭，也会增加洪水的风险。A. heightens使变高，使加强；B. assumes认为；C. minimizes最小化；D. identifies认出。根据本句前半句“Keeping surface reservoirs (水库) filled to the edge protects against the possibility of a sudden dry spell (保持地表水库填充到边缘可以防止突然干旱的可能性)”可知，这能防止干旱的可能性，但转折连词but说明下半句并列句与上文转折，即在提高防止干旱的可能性的同时也增加了洪水的可能性。故选A项。
89．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为此，在预测显示当地水位可能会继续上升后，水务管理人员于本月早些时候打开了萨克拉门托堰的闸门，将水库水倒入附近的田地。A. restorations恢复；B. calculations计算；C. conditions状况；D. projections预测。根据下文“That’s a calculation that will be made across the state in the coming months. (这是未来几个月将在全州范围内进行的计算。)”可知，此处提及的未来几个月将会进行计算就是一种预测。故选D项。
90．考查副词词义辨析。句意：“我想说，我们谨慎乐观。”A. hopelessly无望地；B. extremely极其；C. guardedly谨慎地；D. cheerfully开心地。根据上文“For now, though, Jones is focused on planning and ensuring the state’s water supply whatever may happen. (不过，目前，无论发生什么，琼斯专注于规划和确保该州的供水。)”可知，虽然目前状况令人鼓舞，但是琼斯表示还需专注于供水，故可知情况乐观但也需谨慎对待。故选C项。

91．C 92．B 93．D 94．A 95．C 96．B 97．D 98．B 99．C 100．A 101．D 102．B 103．A 104．D 105．C

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要分析了一个人冒险的意愿与成功的关系。如果一个敢于冒险的人成功了，他可以领导其他人。如果他失败了，他可能会引导他人走向成功。
91．考查名词词义辨析。句意：参与者被要求在两种选择中做出选择：如果硬币正好落在头上，扔一枚硬币赢得10亿美元，或者甚至不扔硬币就获得1000万美元的支票。A. games游戏；B. faces脸；C. options选择；D. perspectives观点。根据下文“throw a coin to win one billion dollars if the coin happens to land on heads, or get a 10-million-dollar cheque without even throwing the coin. (如果硬币正好落在头上，扔一枚硬币赢得10亿美元，或者甚至不扔硬币就获得1000万美元的支票。)”可知，参与者被要求在两种选择中做出选择故选C。
92．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们的目的不是衡量参与者对金钱的狂热，而是评估他们的风险偏好。A. access访问；到达；B. evaluate评估；C. lose失去；D. satisfy满足。根据下文“It 　　3　　 that a clear majority chose to take home the 10 million dollars. Only 31% of the subjects were 　　4　　 enough to test the depths of the river.”可知，这个实验是为了评估参与者的风险偏好。故选B。
93．考查动词短语辨析。句意：事实证明，绝大多数人选择将这1000万美元带回家。A. ran out用完；B. set out出发；C. gave out发出，释放；D. turned out结果是。根据语境可知，这是这一实验的结果。故选D。
94．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：只有31%的受试者有足够的勇气测试河流的深度。A. courageous有勇气的；B. risky有风险的；C. confident自信的；D. mature成熟的。根据下文“test the depths of the river”可知，这些受试者是有勇气的。故选A。
95．考查名词词义辨析。句意：加州大学戴维斯分校心理学教授基思·西蒙顿进行的另一项研究表明，大多数著名的科学人物都是冒险者。A. contestants选手；B. cooperators合作者；C. figures数字；人物；D. partners伙伴。根据下文“Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton”可知，这些都是著名的科学人物。故选C。
96．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦、查尔斯·达尔文和艾萨克·牛顿都敢于追逐与当时主流思想相悖的思想。A. subject to从属于；B. contrary to与……相反；C. agreeable to同意；D. relevant to与……相关。根据下文““If you are not willing to risk the unusual, you will have to 　　14　　 the ordinary,” said the American author Jim Rohn.”可知，这些人都敢于追逐与当时主流思想相悖的思想。下文unusual是提示。故选B。
97．考查动词词义辨析。句意：敢于冒险而不害怕失败是促使个人实现抱负的动力。A. provides提供；B. puzzles使困惑；C. leans倚靠；D. drives驱使；促使。根据“The willingness to take risks without fear of failure”可知，敢于冒险而不害怕失败是促使个人实现抱负的动力。故选D。
98．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们的报价被拒绝了。A. scaled攀登；爬越；B. declined拒绝；C. considered考虑；D. weighed权衡。根据下文“At the time, the young CEO and his team were widely criticized and publicly laughed at.”可知，他拒绝了他们的报价。故选B。
99．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他的公司仍然拥有世界上使用最广泛的社交网站，在全球范围内连接了超过28亿用户。A. visualizing可视化；B. pursuing追求；C. connecting连接；D. announcing宣布。根据上文“social networking site”可知，他的公司在全球范围内连接了超过28亿用户。故选C。
100．考查名词词义辨析。句意：扎克伯格的故事给我们的教训是他的冒险倾向。A. tendency趋势；B. investment投资；C. currency货币；流通；D. proposal提议。根据下文“He’s exactly the kind of person who’s willing to 　　11　　 interests for more rewarding future gains.”以及上文他拒绝别人的报价可知，他的冒险倾向促使他成功。故选A。
101．考查动词词义辨析。句意：正是那种愿意牺牲利益来换取未来更多回报的人。A. deposit存储；B. capture捕获；C. separate把……分开；D. sacrifice牺牲。根据上文“Their offers were 　　8　　”可知，他愿意牺牲利益来换取未来更多回报。故选D。
102．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一般来说，一旦一个人决定走出自己的舒适区，就会取得突破性的成就。A. eye-catching吸引人的；B. groundbreaking突破性的；C. risk-taking冒险的；D. trustworthy值得信任的。根据上文扎克伯格的例子可知，一旦一个人决定走出自己的舒适区，就会取得突破性的成就。故选B。
103．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们脱离舒适区的能力与他们的冒险能力密切相关。A. depart离开；B. benefit对……有益；C. emerge浮现；D. suffer遭受。根据上文这些著名人物的例子可知，人们脱离舒适区的能力与他们的冒险能力密切相关。故选A。
104．考查动词短语辨析。句意：美国作家吉姆·罗恩说：“如果你不愿意冒不寻常的风险，你就只能接受普通的。”A. send for派人去请；B. apply for申请；C. account for导致；占……比例；D. settle for勉强接受。根据上文“If you are not willing to risk the unusual”可知，此处指如果你不愿意冒不寻常的风险，你就只能接受普通。故选D。
105．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果他失败了，他可能会引导他人走向成功。A. warn警告；B. force强迫；C. guide带领；D. retire退休。根据上文“If a risk-taker succeeds, he can lead others.”可知，如果他失败了，他可能会引导他人走向成功。lead与guide是同义词复现。故选C。

106．B 107．B 108．D 109．A 110．C 111．B 112．D 113．A 114．C 115．B 116．D 117．A 118．D 119．C 120．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了影响食物摄入量的因素以及饮食策略。
106．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然后，是什么决定了你摄入的食物量？A. quality质量；B. amount数量；C. nutrient营养物质；D. variety类别。根据第3空所在的“In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake (摄入) are influenced by a large number of factors besides our 　　　　　3　　　　 need for energy. ”可知，此处讨论的是事物的摄入量，故选B项。
107．考查名词词义辨析。句意：饥饿是关键因素的传统观念是可以挑战的。A. deliciousness美味；B. hunger饥饿；C. nutrition营养；D. flavor味道。根据前文的“You may not be right if your answer is the degree of hunger.”(如果你的答案是饥饿的程度，那么你可能是不对的)可知，传统的观念认为饥饿是影响食物摄入量的关键因素，故选B项。
108．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：近年来，越来越多的研究表明，我们的食欲和食物摄入量除了我们对能量的生理需求外，还受到许多因素的影响。A. occasional偶然的；B. potential潜在的；C. external外部的；D. biological生理的。此处的需求指的是饥饿，这是人的一种生理需求，故选D项。
109．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其中一些因素包括我们的饮食环境和我们对面前食物的感知。A. environment环境；B. content内容；C. time时间；D. ability能力。根据第5空的“Studies have shown that  5 eating, for instance, eating while watching TV, or a similar distraction, can increase both hunger and food consumption.”( 研究表明，饮食，例如，边看电视边吃，或类似的分心行为，会增加饥饿感和食物消耗。)可知，此处指的是饮食环境会影响食物摄入量，故选A项。
110．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，不集中注意力的饮食，例如，边看电视边吃，或类似的分心行为，会增加饥饿感和食物消耗。A. habitual习惯的；B. purposeful故意的；C. unfocused心不在焉的；D. absorbed全神贯注的。根据“eating while watching TV”可知，此处指的是不集中注意力地吃饭，故选C项。
111．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使是简单的视觉线索，如盘子大小和照明，也被证明会影响消费。A. optional选择的；B. visual视觉的；C. hidden隐藏的；D. flexible灵活的。根据“like plate size and lighting”可知，这些指的是视觉影响，故选B项。
112．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项新的研究表明，我们的短期记忆也可能在食欲中发挥作用。A. vacancy空缺；B. hunger饥饿；C. supply供给；D. memory记忆。根据第8空的“how much they remembered eating”可知，此处指的是短期记忆的影响，故选D项。
113．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：饭后几个小时，人们的饥饿程度不是通过他们吃了多少来预测的，而是通过他们已经看到面前有多少食物来预测的——换句话说，就是他们记得吃了多少。A. in other words换句话说；B. as a whole作为整体；C. by all means千方百计；D. all in all总而言之。根据句意可知，后半句是对前句的解释说明，“换句话说”，故选A项。
114．考查名词词义辨析。句意：布里斯托尔大学实验心理学教授杰弗里·M·布伦斯特罗姆说，这种差异表明，记起上一顿饭对我们的食欲的影响可能比实际饭量更大。A. motive动机；B. growth成长；C. appetite胃口；D. health健康。本文主要谈论对饭量，即胃口的影响因素，故选C项。
115．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些发现与早期的研究一致，早期的研究表明，我们对食物的感知有时会欺骗我们身体对食物本身的反应。A. advocate倡议；B. trick欺骗；C. justify为……辩解、说明；D. enhance巩固。根据后文的“people who drank the same 380-calorie milkshake on two occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones ”可知，此处指的是我们对事物的感知带来的欺骗性，故选B项。
116．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，在2011年的一项研究中，在两个不同的场合喝同一杯380卡路里的奶昔的人产生了不同水平的饥饿相关激素, 这取决于奶昔的标签上说它含有620卡路里还是140卡路里。A. identical同样的；B. alternative可供选择的；C. dependent依赖的；D. separate分隔的。根据语境可知，这是一个对比实验，在不同的场合喝同样的食物，符合实验逻辑，故选D项。
117．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. label标签；B. function功能；C. usage用途；D. material材料。根据常识可知，食物的卡路里数量一般标记在标签上，故选A项。
118．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，参与者报告说，当他们认为自己摄入了更高热量的奶昔时，会感到更饱。A. wiser更明智的；B. healthier更健康的；C. happier更开心的；D. fuller更饱的。根据前文提到欺骗性可知，当参与者认为自己吃了更高热量的食物时，会觉得更饱，这正是欺骗性的一种体现，故选D项。
119．考查名词词义辨析。句意：所谓的正念饮食策略可以在我们吃饭时对抗分心。A. distress忧虑、悲伤；B. waste废物；C. distraction分散注意力；D. fullness饱。根据前文提到的不集中注意力的饮食会增加饮食消耗可知，我们需要对抗这种饮食中的分心来控制食物摄入量，故选C项。
120．考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过使用注意饮食的技巧，你有机会通过变得更加自我意识和适应身体的饥饿提示来改变你目前的饮食习惯。A. employing雇佣，运用；B. perceiving感知；C. clarifying澄清；D. assuming假定。根据“mindful eating techniques”可知，此处指的是采用正念饮食策略，故选A项。

121．B 122．D 123．D 124．A 125．C 126．D 127．A 128．B 129．C 130．B 131．B 132．D 133．A 134．A 135．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了光污染对鸟类以及夜间习性动物的影响，以及作者提出了可能的解决方法。
121．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一景象几乎足以让我这个不信教的人在布满星星的天空中说出一个感恩词。A. honour荣誉；B. gratitude感恩；C. optimism乐观主义；D. determination决心。根据后文“Birds do not migrate _____9_____ and even they forget to sing. Modern advancements such as LED lights could significantly reduce some of the worst impacts, but they have not. At least, not yet”以及“It is worth mentioning that middle-aged writer like Eklof can _____10_____ for a darker world — for darkened campuses and unlit parking lots.”可知作者的感恩是出于对Johan Eklof，也就是《黑暗宣言》的作者。故选B项。
122．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：作为一名蝙蝠科学家，埃克洛夫对蝙蝠的研究需要一种特殊的黑暗—纯粹的那种不受光污染的黑暗。A. artificial人工的；B. brilliant灿烂的；C. faint微弱的；D. absolute完全的。根据后文“unpolluted by light”可知埃克洛夫的研究需要的是完全没有光污染的黑暗。故选D项。
123．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但这类黑暗受到了威胁。A. achieved获得；B. distracted分心；C. enhanced增强；D. threatened威胁。根据后文“Because the churches are all _____5_____ like carnivals(嘉年华) in the night,”可知这种类型的光减少了很多， 收到了威胁。故选D项。
124．考查动词短语辨析。句意：四十年后的今天，我和同事们所做的研究表明，由于光污染和其他因素导致了这个数字已经减少了三分之一。A. resulting from由……引起；B. bringing about导致；C. judging by从……判断；D. contributing to为……作出贡献。根据后文的“Because the churches are all _____5_____ like carnivals(嘉年华) in the night”可知光污染和其他因素导致他的研究减少了。故选A项。
125．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因为在晚上教堂都装饰地像嘉年华一样。A. decorated装饰；B. restored恢复；C. lit点亮；D. faded褪色。根据后文的“We are surrounding ourselves with light.”可知教堂用灯光装饰了。故选C项。
126．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：过量的光线对夜间活动的动物所居住的复杂生态系统具有难以置信的破坏性。A. effective有效的；B. sensitive敏感的；C. positive积极的；D. destructive破坏性的。根据后文的“It _____7_____ away the bats that Eklof studies. It frightens light-sensitive moths”可知过量的光线是有破坏性的。故选D项。
127．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它把埃克洛夫研究的蝙蝠吓跑了。A. scares吓到，使……害怕；B. blows打击；C. pulls拉；D. turns转动。根据前文的“Excess light is____6_____ destructive to the complex eco-systems nocturnal (夜间活动的) animals inhabit.”可知蝙蝠吓跑了。故选A项。
128．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它吓坏了对光敏感的蛾类，使它们很容易被捕食或者无休止地飞向永远不会回报他们爱的光芒。A. accustomed习惯的；B. subject可能受……影响的；C. available可用的；D. restricted受限制的。根据后文“or flying endlessly into lights that will never return their love”可知灯光影响了蛾类。故选B项。
129．考查介词短语辨析。句意：鸟类不准时迁徙，甚至它们也忘了唱歌。A. on duty值班；B. in turn依次；C. on time准时；D. in public当众。根据常识可知鸟儿迁徙每年几乎是同一个时间。故选C项。
130．考查动词词义辨析。句意：值得一提的是，像埃克洛夫这样的中年作家支持一个更黑暗的世界—黑暗的校园和没有灯光的停车场。A. stimulate刺激；B. advocate辩护，支持；C. negotiate协商；D. account认为是，视为。根据后文“We need to address the social issues that make lighted places so _____11_____ in the first place.”可知克洛夫支持“黑暗世界”。故选B项。
131．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们需要首先解决那些使照明场所如此吸引人的社会问题。A. challenging挑战性的；B. appealing吸引人的；C. demanding要求高的；D. outstanding优秀的。根据前文“Baby turtles crawl away from the shoreline toward the lights of distant coastal cities and reef fish eggs go unhatched. Birds do not migrate _____9_____ and even they forget to sing.”可知这些灯光对动物和昆虫们太有吸引力。故选B项。
132．考查动词词义辨析。句意：光污染的一些解决方案—运动检测灯、不向上反光的屏蔽灯、波长与自然光相似的人造光都已经在我们的掌握范围内了。A. absorb吸收；B. stretch拉伸；C. transform变换；D. reflect反映，反射。根据后文“light upward”可知此处指的是灯光向上反射。故选D项。
133．考查动词短语辨析。句意：光污染的一些解决方案—运动检测灯、不向上反射光的屏蔽灯、波长与自然光相似的人造光—如果我们能找到的话，它们已经在我们的掌握范围内了。A. reach for伸手去够；B. apply to适用于；C. long for渴望；D. adapt to适应。根据前文“are already within our grasp”可知此处表示在我们可掌控范围内。故选A项。
134．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此找到一条中间道路至关重要。A. Therefore因此；B. Furthermore此外；C. However然而；D. Instead相反。根据前文“We could just turn it all off, but I guess we don’t want to”可知此处表示一种结果。故选A项。
135．考查副词词义辨析。句意：50年后，每个城市都可以配备一系列程序化、环保的低冲击LED灯。A. fundamentally基本上地；B. scientifically科学地；C. environmentally环境地，环保地；D. economically经济地，实惠地。根据后文“low-impact LED lights”可知是环保的LED灯。故选C项。

136．B 137．A 138．C 139．D 140．A 141．B 142．A 143．C 144．D 145．B 146．B 147．A 148．D 149．C 150．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是煤气灯效应和员工该如何保护自己免受这种效应的影响。
136．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果是这样，你可能是煤气灯的受害者。A. creator创造者；B. victim受害者；C. host主人；D. scholar学者。根据上文“someone ever told you something that made you doubt your own memory or judgment”可知，句子表示“你可能是煤气灯的受害者”。故选B。
137．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Gaslighting 是一种心理虐待，目的是故意让别人认为自己是错的，即使他们是对的。A. power力量；B. wealth财富；C. support支持；D. experience经历。根据下文“purposely making other people think they’re wrong even when they’re right”可知，句子表示“Gaslighting 是一种心理虐待，目的是故意让别人认为自己是错的，即使他们是对的”，gain power over sb.意为“征服某人”。故选A。
138．考查动词短语辨析。句意：主角Jack Manningham试图说服他的妻子贝拉相信她疯了，他说她是在想象他们家的煤气灯变暗，而实际上是他调低了灯的亮度。A. having fun玩得开心；B. feeling angry感到生气；C. going crazy发疯；D. becoming younger变得更年轻。根据下文“saying she is imagining the dimming (变暗) of the gas light in their home, when it was actually he who lowered the brightness of the light”可知，主角Jack Manningham试图说服他的妻子贝拉相信她疯了。故选C。
139．考查固定短语辨析。句意：事实上，最近的一项调查发现，58%的受访者表示他们在工作中经历过煤气灯效应。A. By comparison相比之下；B. Worse still更糟糕的是；C. After all毕竟；D. In fact事实上。根据下文“a recent survey has found that 58% of the respondents said they have experienced gaslighting at work”可知，句子表示“事实上，最近的一项调查发现，58%的受访者表示他们在工作中经历过煤气灯照明”。故选D。
140．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这并不奇怪，因为煤气灯照明通常涉及权力关系和控制他人的需要。A. unsurprising不足为奇的；B. irrelevant不相关的；C. unnecessary不必要的；D. improper不适当的。根据下文“since gaslighting usually involves a power relationship and a need to control others”可知，在工作中经历过煤气灯效应是不足为奇的。故选A。
141．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在工作场所，老板和员工之间的动态关系可能是这种行为的完美滋生地。A. harmonies和谐；B. dynamics动态；C. phases短语；D. replacements替代。根据下文“between a boss and his employee”可知，此处指“老板和员工之间的动态关系”。故选B。
142．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你的老板可能会告诉你用某种方式处理一项任务，但当你这样做时，他会很生气，说这不是他想要的。A. annoyed生气的；B. interested感兴趣的；C. frightened害怕的；D. excited激动的。根据下文“says it wasn’t what he wanted”可知，句子表示“你的老板可能会告诉你用某种方式处理一项任务，但当你这样做时，他会很生气，说这不是他想要的”。故选A。
143．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这让你觉得你的记忆是错误的。A. visual视觉的；B. painful痛苦的；C. faulty错误的；D. lasting持久的。根据上文“it wasn’t what he wanted”可知，句子表示“这让你觉得你的记忆是错误的”，故选C。
144．考查固定短语辨析。句意：在其他情况下，你的老板可能会故意把你排除在会议之外，当你问他这件事时，他可能会指责你太敏感，而不是直接回答你的问题。A. at random任意地；B. for sure毫无疑问地；C. in time及时；D. on purpose故意地。根据下文“when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly”可知，句子表示“你的老板可能会故意把你排除在会议之外，当你问他这件事时，他可能会指责你太敏感，而不是直接回答你的问题”。故选D。
145．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了弄清楚你老板的行为是否真的构成了煤气灯，还是他只是一个糟糕的沟通者，你可以写下你的经历，问问自己真实发生了什么，他的动机可能是什么，以及你的情绪是如何受到影响的。A. recommends推荐；B. constitutes构成；C. escapes逃跑；D. discovers发现。根据下文“gaslighting or he is just a poor communicator”可知，此处表示“为了弄清楚你老板的行为是否真的构成了煤气灯，还是他只是一个糟糕的沟通者”。故选B。
146．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了弄清楚你老板的行为是否真的构成了煤气灯，还是他只是一个糟糕的沟通者，你可以写下你的经历，问问自己真实发生了什么，他的动机可能是什么，以及你的情绪是如何受到影响的。A. facilitated促进，推动；B. affected影响；C. represented代表；D. monitored监控。根据上文“when you ask him about it, he might accuse you of being too sensitive instead of answering your question directly”可知，老板这么对待员工，员工的情绪肯定会受影响，此处表示“你的情绪是如何受到影响的”。故选B。
147．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们擅长用一种巧妙而难以证明的方式削弱员工的信心和现实感。A. hard-to-prove难以证明的；B. easy-to-spot容易被发现的；C. safe-to-learn有把握学习的；D. tough-to-survive难以存活的。根据下文“To protect yourself, at the end of the conversation with your boss, repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points”可知，老板擅长用一种巧妙而难以证明的方式削弱员工的信心和现实感。故选A。
148．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了保护自己，在与老板的谈话结束时，重复你听到的内容，然后发电子邮件重申要点，记录你们之间的互动。A. interrupting打断；B. overcoming克服；C. abandoning放弃；D. documenting记录。根据上文“repeat back what you heard and follow up with an e-mail restating the main points”可知，此处表示“在与老板的谈话结束时，重复你听到的内容，然后发电子邮件重申要点，记录你们之间的互动”。故选D。
149．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不过，《煤气灯效应》一书的作者Robin Stern警告说，不要对这样就能自动解决问题抱太大希望，因为要让一个煤气灯点燃者改变他的行为模式是很难的。A. submit提交；B. attain得到；C. change改变；D. forgive原谅。根据上文“don’t get your hopes high that this will automatically solve the problem”可知，句子表示“不要对这样就能自动解决问题抱太大希望，因为要让一个煤气灯点燃者改变他的行为模式是很难的”。故选C。
150．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这可能是你为自己的情感健康所能做的最好的事情之一。A. emotional情绪的；B. physical物理的；C. virtual虚拟的；D. economic经济的。根据上文“how your emotion was ___11__”可知，句子表示“这可能是你为自己的情感健康所能做的最好的事情之一”。故选A。