上海高考英语完形填空专项训练

这是一份上海高考英语完形填空专项训练，共44页。
完形填空

For years, psychologists have known how to measure the intelligence of individuals, but only recently have they begun to investigate the issue of group intelligence. This notion stems from the observation that some groups seem to work ____1____ across tasks, even tasks that are not very similar. Early investigations suggest that group intelligence is not the ____2____ of the intelligence of the individuals in it. So what is the secret to their success?
Researchers at Google have tackled this question and they believe they finally ____3____ what makes some teams successful. In the Google study researchers collected thousands of data points on hundreds of groups and combed through them trying to find ____4____. Are the members of effective groups friends outside of work? Do groups whose members have similar personalities or backgrounds work together ____5____? Does gender make a difference? They put forward many theories but found no patterns to support them. In fact, who was in the group apparently did not seem to make a difference; ____6____, the difference between more and less effective groups seemed to lie in the ____7____ among the members.
Among the findings, the most significant is that, in effective groups, members spoke for a roughly equal amount of time — not at every meeting or interaction, but across the course of a ____8____. A second finding was that members displayed empathy, an understanding of how it might feel to walk in someone else’s shoes.
There were additional findings that support these general ones. ____9____, in effective groups, members face one another directly when they speak, and they use energetic and enthusiastic gestures. They also communicate _____10_____ with one another, not just through the leader or manager of the group. In fact, the study found that side conversations between individual members during meetings, far from being a _____11_____, actually increased the group’s productivity. All the findings _____12_____ the importance of having face-to-face meetings instead of phone calls, teleconferences, or email communications. The positive behaviors uncovered in the study occur primarily or exclusively in face-to-face interaction.
One might _____13_____ that most of these findings are extremely obvious, and needless to say, good managers have probably always understood these principles. Our social and professional lives, however, are not always structured in ways that facilitate the kind of interaction that apparently _____14_____ effective group performance. Understanding group _____15_____ can help businesses and other organizations make the fundamental changes necessary to improve group performance.
1．A．poorly B．intensively C．fantastically D．dominantly
2．A．quality B．sum C．role D．trace
3．A．marvel at B．look into C．figure out D．delight in
4．A．behaviors B．fulfillment C．diagnosis D．patterns
5．A．best B．on average C．below average D．worst
6．A．furthermore B．instead C．consequently D．obviously
7．A．persuasion B．imitation C．interaction D．moderation
8．A．regulation B．project C．scale D．transition
9．A．For example B．On the contrary C．In other words D．In theory
10．A．roughly B．steadily C．neutrally D．directly
11．A．distraction B．isolation C．supervision D．exhaustion
12．A．overlook B．highlight C．dedicate D．categorize
13．A．advocate B．argue C．command D．regret
14．A．reverses B．stocks C．underlines D．captures
15．A．perspective B．performance C．persistence D．intelligence

Do you prefer to watch TV or listen to the radio? There was a time when some people thought moving pictures sent out live into our houses would mean the ___16___ of tuning into the radio for entertainment and information. But radio ___17___ and developed quickly. And now, despite the development in complicated smartphones offering high-definition pictures, the popularity of podcasts (播客) is rising.
Perhaps the ___18___ in podcasting is not surprising - it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time. ___19___, it can also be streamed (在线收听) from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player. And it’s not just broadcasters, like the BBC, who are ___20___ podcasts; now commercial broadcasters, individuals and companies with no connection to broadcasting are making them. ___21___, anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.
But where did this ___22___ for making portable audio programmes like podcasts begin? Journalist Ben Hammersley told the BBC that two changes greatly ___23___ the market — one technical and one cultural. In 2012, Apple released the iPhone podcast app, followed by a great improvement in inexpensive recording and editing equipment. Finally, the development of 4G mobile phone connections and ___24___ wi-fi meant listeners could browse, download or stream shows whenever and wherever they wanted.
Technological development has driven many changes in our ____25____ consumption habits. But however good the tech may be, there still needs to be something worth watching or listening to. The cultural breakthrough came in 2014 with a very specific podcast, Serial, a piece of non-fiction investigative journalism. It tells a non-fiction story over multiple episodes (集) which ____26____ people’s imagination. To date, the first and second seasons of the show have had more than 340 million ____27____. Advertisers soon realised the money-making potential of this and other successful podcasts. And where the ____28____ goes, the money follows.
Now there are podcasts about anything and everything, even the educational contream that BBC Learning English offers! And these aural treats (听觉享受) are ____29____ on a wide range of platforms. Audiences are very specific, which can help advertisers ____30____ what they want to promote. And if there isn’t a podcast to suit your interests, you can now easily make and distribute them — and become your very own broadcaster.
16．A．chance B．extent C．end D．value
17．A．survived B．approached C．functioned D．benefited
18．A．balance B．growth C．theme D．range
19．A．Besides B．However C．Therefore D．Instead
20．A．monitoring B．producing C．advertising D．applying
21．A．For instance B．In advance C．By contrast D．In fact
22．A．technology B．trend C．exchange D．permit
23．A．affected B．regulated C．challenged D．divided
24．A．newborn B．widespread C．academic D．costly
25．A．power B．economy C．media D．educating
26．A．confirmed B．spotted C．analyzed D．attracted
27．A．editions B．lines C．downloads D．character
28．A．content B．audience C．platform D．civilization
29．A．changeable B．measurable C．memorable D．available
30．A．target B．conduct C．preserve D．illustrate

Many of the world’s most brilliant scientific minds were also fantastically weird. From Pythagoras’outright ban on beans to Benjamin Franklin’s naked ‘air baths’, the path to greatness is paved with some truly ___31___ habits. Scientists are increasingly realizing that intelligence is less about genetic luck than we tend to think. According to the latest review of the evidence, around 40% of what distinguishes the brainiacs from the blockheads in adulthood is ___32___ . Like it or not, our daily habits have a powerful influence on our brains, shaping their structure and changing the way we think.
Of all history’s great minds, arguably the master of combining genius with unusual habits was Albert Einstein. So what better person to study for clues to ___33___ behaviors to try ourselves? Could there be any benefits in following Einstein’s sleep, diet, and even ___34___ choices?
GOOD SLEEP
It’s common knowledge that sleep is good for your brain, and Einstein took this advice more seriously than most. He reportedly slept for at least 10 hours per day. But can you really sleep your way to a ___35___ mind?
Many of the most radical breakthroughs in human history, including the periodic table and Einstein’s theory of special relativity, have supposedly occurred while their discoverer was ___36___ . The latter came to Einstein while he was dreaming about cows being electrocuted.
DAILY WALK
Besides, Einstein’s daily walk was sacred to him. While he was working at Princeton University, New Jersey, he’d walk the mile and a half journey there and back. He followed in the footsteps of other ___37___ walkers, including Darwin, who went for three 45minute walks every day. These short walks weren’t just for ___38___ . There’s plenty of evidence that walking can boost memory, creativity and problem-solving.
EATING SPAGHETTI
So what do geniuses eat? Alas, it’s not clear what ___39___ Einstein’s extraordinary mind, though the Internet somewhat dubiously claims it was spaghetti.
It’s well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20%of the body’s energy though it only _____40_____ 2% of its weight. Just like the rest of the body, the brain prefers to snack on simple sugars, which can give the brain a valuable boost, but unfortunately this doesn’t mean eating spaghetti _____41_____ is a good idea.
NO SOCKS
No list of Einstein’s eccentricities would be complete without a mention of his _____42_____ of socks. “When I was young,” he wrote in a letter to his cousin-and later, wife-Elsa, “I found out that the big toe always ends up making a hole in a sock. So I stopped wearing socks.”
_____43_____ , there haven’t been any studies looking directly at the impact of going sockless, but changing into casual clothing, _____44_____ a more formal outfit, has been linked to poor performance on tests of abstract thinking.
And what better way to end that with some advice from the man himself. “The important thing is not to stop _____45_____ . Curiosity has its own reason for existing,” he told LIFE magazine in 1955.
31．A．beneficial B．crucial C．peculiar D．particular
32．A．environmental B．cultural C．cognitive D．genetic
33．A．self-regulating B．life-shaping C．health-promoting D．mind-enhancing
34．A．fashion B．career C．life D．education
35．A．stronger B．sharper C．more conscious D．more conscientious
36．A．unconscious B．distracted C．confused D．disturbed
37．A．unnoticed B．resourceful C．deliberate D．devoted
38．A．fitness B．passion C．breakthroughs D．clarity
39．A．constituted B．fueled C．enriched D．advanced
40．A．accounts for B．makes up for C．consists of D．adds up to
41．A．every once in a while B．to your heart’s content C．to some extent D．more often than not
42．A．discrimination B．disobedience C．dislike D．discretion
43．A．Regrettably B．Alternatively C．Fortunately D．Consequently
44．A．accompanied by B．coupled with C．in line with D．as opposed to
45．A．chasing B．believing C．persevering D．questioning

A question of judgement
The pandemic has required many people to make difficult judgements. Politicians have had to decide which restrictions to impose on citizens’ behavior and individuals were forced to assess how much personal risk to take, Managers, faced with tough calls like which parts of their operations to close, have not been_____46_____
Good judgment is a quality everyone would like to have. But it is remarkably difficult to define_____47_____, and many people are not sure whether they personally possess it. Sir Andrew Likierman has spent a long time talking to leaders in a wide range of fields, from business and the army to the law and medicine, in an effort to create a_____48_____for understanding judgment.
First, he had to define the word. He suggests that judgment is “the_____49_____of personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and take decisions”. And he argues that, thus defined, judgment involves a_____50_____-taking in information, deciding whom and what to trust, summarizing one's personal knowledge, checking any prior beliefs or feelings, summarizing the available choices and then making the decision. At each stage, decision-makers must ask themselves questions, such as whether they have the relevant experience and expertise to make their choice, and whether the option they favor is_____51_____.
Expertise can be useful in making judgements. But it is not the same thing. “Academics have expertise,” Sir Andrew observes, “They don't necessarily have judgement.” People with judgement know when they are out of their depth in making a decision and typically then seek the_____52_____of someone who has the right background and knowledge. It is, of course, possible to follow all these steps and still make the_____53_____choice. But Sir Andrew argues that a sensible process improves the chance of getting it right. The temptation is to look at people's track records when assessing whether they have good judgment, but_____54_____may have played a huge part, “While good judgment is important to success,” Sir Andrew cautions, “success is not a signal that there has been good judgment.”
The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more______55______. Those with routine tasks generally have limited scope for judgment. Line supervisors have some rights to decide by themselves. For a chief executive, the proportion of decisions involving judgment is_______56_______.Deciding not to take action is also a judgement with potentially serious consequences. The world is full of people whose lack of judgement brought their careers or personal life______57______.
Some people think that good judgment is innate. Sir Andrew accepts that some individuals are born with the ability to listen, be self- aware and better understand other people. People with good judgment tend to have a breadth of experiences and relationships that enables them to recognize parallels or analogies that others______58______
Others may have the wrong sort of characteristics; a tendency to ignore others, stick to rules______59______context, rush into action without reflection and struggle to make up their minds. Many leaders make bad judgments because they unconsciously filter the information they receive or are not______60______critical of what they hear or read. The danger is that people ignore insights that they don't want to hear, a tendency that can increase with age.
46．A．included B．guaranteed C．promoted D．spared
47．A．equally B．naturally C．precisely D．wisely
48．A．brochure B．catalogue C．framework D．timetable
49．A．combination B．equivalent C．foundation D．selection
50．A．formula B．process C．subsequence D．standard
51．A．frequent B．practical C．precious D．unique
52．A．advice B．approval C．contribution D．praise
53．A．logical B．major C．smart D．wrong
54．A．experience B．luck C．occupation D．support
55．A．responsibility B．tasks C．information D．courage
56．A．exaggerated B．fixed C．high D．minimal
57．A．calming down B．cheering up C．cleaning up D．crashing down
58．A．copy B．emphasize C．miss D．value
59．A．in line with B．based on C．instead of D．without regard to
60．A．clearly B．mainly C．publicly D．sufficiently

Globalization Is Causing the Death of Minority Languages
As the world becomes more connected, language diversity is declining at an unprecedented rate. Forty percent of the world’s 7,000 languages in ____61____ are at risk of disappearing, according to estimates by the Endangered Languages Project. That trend is ____62____ linked to economic globalization, as suggested by a new report published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
“The dominating effect of a single socioeconomic factor, GDP per capita (人均), on speaker growth rate suggests that economic growth and globalization are ____63____ drivers of recent language speaker declines (mainly since the 1970s onwards), through political and educational developments,” the researchers conclude in their report.
Actually, the impact of global economies on language ____64____ has been an argument that goes all the way back to the 1970s, when Herbert Schiller proposed the hotly debated theory of “cultural imperialism”, which suggested economically powerful nations hold huge cultural ____65____ over the weaker countries they influence.
However, such impact has never been fully ____66____ until now, according to researchers. In the study, the researchers first established a set of ____67____ languages, based on several factors: small speaker population sizes, rapid declines in speaker numbers, and a small geographic ____68____. After dealing with the numbers by using data selected from the Ethnologue, an authoritative source for basic information about the world’s languages, the researchers concluded that 25 percent of the world’s languages are under immediate ____69____ of disappearing forever.
Threatened languages were numerous in highly economically developed regions, like northwestern North America, northern Europe, and eastern Asia. ____70____ they explored relationships between the danger of extinction and multiple environmental factors, including rainfall and temperature, GDP per capita was the factor most tightly correlating with at-risk languages.
Of course, there are factors ____71____ GDP that play a role in the disappearance of minority languages. According to UNESCO, languages are also ____72____ with external forces such as military, religious, cultural or educational subiugation (征服), or by ____73____ forces such as a community’s negative attitude towards its own language. ____74____, even the internet has been linked to the extinction of little-spoken tongues by creating a digital ____75____ that locks out some groups and give advantages to others (and their languages).
61．A．reality B．stock C．use D．need
62．A．to a great extent B．at that time C．in this way D．in the end
63．A．official B．major C．complete D．cultural
64．A．difference B．familiarity C．similarity D．diversity
65．A．dominance B．ruling C．preference D．spread
66．A．globalized B．furthered C．quantified D．communicated
67．A．endangered B．extinct C．fluent D．native
68．A．development B．feature C．gap D．range
69．A．pressure B．control C．law D．threat
70．A．Once B．While C．As D．Because
71．A．apart from B．as to C．on behalf of D．in terms of
72．A．halved B．associated C．threatened D．replaced
73．A．definite B．local C．double D．internal
74．A．Somehow B．Moreover C．Comparatively D．Therefore
75．A．divide B．device C．clip D．trade

In the history of language, words rise and fall. We make and remake them; they make and remake us. The story of a word is as complex as a hurricane. It is _____76_____ to know for sure how it catches on, meets new needs, and acquires new meanings. It is impossible to _____77_____ the decline of one word on the rise of another.
But in the destinies of two pairs of words is a suggestion of a turning in American _____78_____. It is a turning away from an idea of the natural worth of things: from “pleasure”, with its sense of a (n) _____79_____ condition of mind, to “fun” , so closely affiliated with outward activities; from “excellence”, an inner trait whose attainment is its own reward, to “achievement”, which comes through hard work and _____80_____.
“Pleasure” speaks of a state of mind that comes organically, that need not be artificially induced. “Fun”, though almost the same as “pleasure” for contemporary speakers, often _____81_____artificial inducement(诱导). You don’t feel fun; you do a fun thing. And “fun” has no hint of elitism, while “pleasure” does.
If “pleasure” comes from being, “fun” comes from doing and, often, switching off the brain. The transition of American usage from “pleasure” to “fun” perhaps partly accounts for the American_____82_____ on activities for all occasions, rather than trusting pleasure to develop on its own. In “Eat, Pray, Love”, the best-selling memoir by Elizabeth Gilbert, she concludes that “Americans have an _____83_____ to relax into pure pleasure. Ours is an entertainment-seeking nation, but not _____84_____ a pleasure-seeking one.” Italians, ______85______, have mastered “bel far niente (the joy of doing nothing)”.
Then there is the ______86______ from “excellence” to “achievement”. “Excellence” has a hint of virtue. Anyone can achieve, in garbage collection or neurosurgery, but how many can truly be ______87______?
“Achievement”, like “fun”, is outward in nature. It comes in doing specific things. It is more about checking boxes than ______88______ inner potentials. The achievement culture influences every aspect of life today. From elementary-school testing to the continual pressure to over-schedule as a university student, educational culture emphasizes the accumulation of achievements over intellectual sparkle. Wall Street stumbled(绊跌) in part because so many chased achiever bonuses while neglecting the ______89______ of excellence in their vocation. An American culture of immediate celebrity teaches young people that fame is a(n) ______90______ in itself rather than an incidental symptom of excellence in craft.
76．A．necessary B．difficult C．possible D．crucial
77．A．impose B．criticize C．impress D．blame
78．A．literature B．culture C．history D．population
79．A．peaceful B．uneasy C．internal D．external
80．A．recognition B．admission C．identification D．reflection
81．A．covers B．hides C．involves D．connects
82．A．persistence B．resistance C．existence D．insistence
83．A．inaction B．inspiration C．inability D．instinct
84．A．absolutely B．particularly C．specifically D．necessarily
85．A．for example B．in fact C．in the long run D．on the contrary
86．A．exchange B．transformation C．transition D．transplantation
87．A．distinguished B．outstanding C．excellent D．successful
88．A．abandoning B．fulfilling C．enhancing D．awarding
89．A．core B．purchase C．nature D．pursuit
90．A．process B．progress C．consequence D．end

It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, however, to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviours have multiple components. ____91____ one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you’ll ____92____ see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to ____93____ that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are ____94____. Safety and security for the old, the sick, the disabled? No time for that. And how about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why? Because the target is ____95____. People complained that buses were late and infrequent. ____96____, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were ____97____ or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit their targets. But they also hit cyclists. People are hurt on buses and by buses.
If the target was changed to ____98____, you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more ____99____ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another problem: people become immensely _____100_____ in hitting targets. Have you noticed that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a trip is _____101_____ to take. A one-hour flight is now _____102_____ as a two-hour flight. It’s the same with rail journeys. They now take twice as long as they did 20 or even 40 years ago.
The _____103_____ of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion or even two and you may well _____104_____ others. Everything (well almost everything) can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a cost. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting or, as it is sometimes called, “management by objectives” with the use of “key performance indicators” (KPI). But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria relating to critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not to _____105_____ just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better achieve the objective.
91．A．Emphasize B．Identify C．Assess D．Explain
92．A．nearly B．curiously C．eagerly D．quickly
93．A．claim B．prove C．check D．recall
94．A．threatened B．ignored C．mocked D．blamed
95．A．punctuality B．hospitality C．competition D．innovation
96．A．Yet B．So C．Besides D．Still
97．A．hired B．trained C．rewarded D．grouped
98．A．comfort B．revenue C．efficiency D．security
99．A．friendly B．quiet C．cautious D．diligent
100．A．persistent B．practical C．emotional D．inventive
101．A．assigned B．tailored C．adapted D．meant
102．A．billed B．restricted C．classified D．compromised
103．A．moral B．background C．style D．form
104．A．interpret B．criticize C．sacrifice D．tolerate
105．A．specify B．predict C．restore D．create

One of the presents in my house this Christmas was a late 18th-century volume of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (大英百科全书). It is a window into the discoveries and thinking of the time. The encyclopaedia is an entertaining reminder of how ___106___ some of our current truths are bound to be. Certainties in areas we haven’t yet understood will look just as ridiculous as some of these in centuries to come. And one of those we are still remarkably ___107___ is the effect of food and exercise on our bodies. We’re surrounded by confident ___108___ on how to eat, how to avoid or reverse obesity (肥胖), and yet the advice seems pointless while the world gets fatter. Much of what we think we know is a pile of assumptions rather than ___109___ .
Our confusion is the theme of Spoon-Fed, a book by one of Britain’s leading nutrition researchers, Tim Spector of King’s College London. Its subtitle is: “Why almost everything we’ve been told about food is wrong.” It is a call for us to ___110___ more.
One by one Spector offers answers to recent food ___111___. Coffee can save our lives, he says. Three to four cups a day reduces the risk of heart disease and may cut the risk of death by 8 per cent. Butter does not damage our hearts, Spector argues, and salt is vital. Eggs have gone “from heroes to villains and back again”. Don’t say no to all red meat on ___112___ grounds; occasional small quantities of high-quality unprocessed meat provide important vitamins and iron and are “probably good for you“. Exercise is so good for longevity and happiness that it should be considered our No 1 drug, but the one thing for which it’s ___113___ useless is losing weight. Vitamin pills are a multibillion-pound industry with almost no proven ___114___ but which can cause real harm. Even vitamin D, which Spector used to study and believe in, he now ___115___.
Spector also offers more than a set of currently ___116___ tips. The science of nutrition has not been solved by him, as he would be the first to admit. His most ___117___ point is that there is no one size that fits all. Our bodies are complex, and our reactions are ___118___: yet nobody wants to pay for the research that might explain why.
Some combination of food choices, genes, environment and the chemical reactions generated by our microbiome — the unique microbe (微生物的) combinations in our body ― yes different ___119___ for each of us, leaving some lean and two thirds of us too fat. This is the territory Spector wants to explore further and which might just allow us to ___120___ the global trend to obesity, with all the risks we’ve witnessed this year.
106．A．well-known B．aim-oriented C．ill-founded D．long-lived
107．A．certain about B．ignorant of C．capable of D．worried about
108．A．decisions B．courses C．focuses D．suggestions
109．A．facts B．chances C．reasons D．features
110．A．investigate B．demand C．concentrate D．spend
111．A．supplies B．shortages C．standards D．myths
112．A．culture B．history C．economy D．health
113．A．equally B．practically C．socially D．impossibly
114．A．effectiveness B．consciousness C．competitiveness D．emptiness
115．A．serves B．shares C．recognizes D．dismisses
116．A．pointless B．topical C．defensible D．additional
117．A．emotional B．significant C．questionable D．forgivable
118．A．individual B．unpredictable C．important D．available
119．A．changes B．outcomes C．profits D．addicts
120．A．start B．analyze C．stop D．reflect

‘Guilty’ Pleasures? No Such Thing
We know them when we see them: The TV shows and movies we love, even though we just know they’re bad. The trashy books we simply can’t ____121____. The awful earworms we hate to love.
Yes, these are our guilty pleasures — what some people consider the ____122____ food in our media diets. But if we enjoy them, why should we feel ____123____ ? We should be free to enjoy whatever we like! And as it turns out, these so-called “guilty” pleasures can actually be good for us, so long as they’re enjoyed in ____124____.
Taking a mental break and enjoying something that doesn’t require intense intellectual ____125____ gets us out of problem-solving mode, said Robin Nabi, a professor of communication at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who specializes in media effects and emotion. It can also improve our ability to productively deal with stressors and help us ____126____ more positively with other people.
If that’s true, then why do guilty pleasures get such a bad ____127____? Well, it’s not the addiction itself, but the ____128____ we have when talking about them. However, according to experts like Dr. Nabi, feeling guilty about or disparaging (贬低) activities we enjoy can ____129____ the benefits they offer us while getting rid of self-imposed (自我强加的) embarrassment about our interests can be empowering and enrich our social lives, which is why it’s time to remove “guilty pleasure” from our collective _____130_____.
One important value of a guilty pleasure is the bond it can create between people. “These shows are out there for a reason — they’re resonating (产生共鸣的),” Dr. Nabi said. He added that the connections we make with others who share our interests in such things “is not to be _____131_____.”
_____132_____, talking about what we enjoy can ease any remaining guilt and makes it easier to discover more things that bring us pleasure. Being able to talk _____133_____ about what we love is more than just a way to spend the time. After all, if you don’t feel like you can be honest about what TV pleases you, then what else are you _____134_____ yourself and others.
Still, it’s best to follow the age-old advice our parents taught us: Everything in moderation. Though guilt can enhance pleasure in some cases, it can also push us to indulge (沉溺) in _____135_____ we feel guilty about in others.
121．A．turn down B．take in C．tear apart D．put down
122．A．junk B．sugary C．spiritual D．transformative
123．A．relaxed B．guilty C．helpless D．alert
124．A．mass B．moderation C．minimum D．depression
125．A．focus B．superiority C．quality D．development
126．A．struggle B．charge C．engage D．persevere
127．A．breakup B．principle C．condition D．reputation
128．A．consciousness B．obligation C．attitudes D．requirements
129．A．switch B．receive C．claim D．decrease
130．A．vocabulary B．experience C．recognition D．target
131．A．established B．underestimated C．found D．strengthened
132．A．In addition B．On the contrary C．All in all D．Therefore
133．A．enthusiastically B．casually C．openly D．politely
134．A．driving away B．insisting on C．pushing forward D．keeping from
135．A．theories B．behaviors C．problems D．relationships

Scientific discovery is popularly believed to result from the sheer genius of such intellectual stars as naturalist Charles Darwin and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Our view of such unique contributions to science often ____136____ the person’s prior experience and the efforts of their lesser-known predecessors (前任者).
____137____ such greats as Darwin and Einstein—whose remarkable contributions are duly celebrated — we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error, where two steps forward may sometimes come with one step back, as well as one or more steps to the right or left. This evolutionary view of human innovation weakens the idea of ____138____ genius and recognizes the accumulative nature of scientific progress.
Consider one ____139____ scientist: John Nicholson, a mathematical physicist working in the 1910s who assumed the existence of ‘proto-elements’ in outer space. By combining different numbers of weights of these proto-elements’ atoms, Nicholson could recover the weights of all the elements in the then-known periodic table. These successes are all the more noteworthy given the fact that Nicholson was ____140____ about the presence of proto-elements: they do not actually exist. Yet, amid his often fanciful theories and wild guesses, Nicholson also ____141____ a new theory about the structure of atoms. Niels Bohr, the Nobel prize-winning father of modern atomic theory, ____142____ this interesting idea to come up with his now-famous model of the atom.
What are we to make of this story? We propose that science is constantly ____143____, much as species of animals do. In biological systems, organisms may display new characteristics that ____144____ random genetic mutations (变异). In the same way, random or accidental mutations of ideas may help pave the way for _____145_____ in science. _____146_____ mutations prove beneficial, the animal or the scientific theory will continue to thrive and perhaps reproduce.
_____147_____ for this evolutionary view of behavioral innovation comes from many domains. Consider one example of an influential innovation in US horseracing. The so-called ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup (马镫) placement, in which the rider’s foot in his left stirrup is placed as much as 25 centimeters lower than the right, is believed to give important speed advantages when turning on egg-shaped tracks. It was developed by a relatively unknown jockey named Jackie Westrope. Had he _____148_____ the speed advantage that would be provided by riding acey-deucy? No. He suffered a leg injury, which left him unable to fully bend his left knee. His _____149_____ just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance.
Plenty of other stories show that fresh advances can arise from error, misadventure, and also pure serendipity — a happy _____150_____. The time seems right for abandoning the naive notions of intelligent design and genius, and for scientifically exploring the true origins of creative behavior.
136．A．overlooks B．enriches C．questions D．reflects
137．A．Aiming at B．Longing for C．Holding back D．Setting aside
138．A．native B．creative C．subjective D．sensitive
139．A．stressed B．unrecognized C．celebrated D．respected
140．A．suspicious B．concerned C．wrong D．guilty
141．A．tested B．rejected C．accepted D．proposed
142．A．got rid of B．made room for C．jumped off from D．put up with
143．A．struggling B．reversing C．evolving D．shrinking
144．A．result from B．contribute to C．depart from D．relate to
145．A．priorities B．trials C．advances D．obstacles
146．A．If B．Until C．While D．Unless
147．A．Responsibility B．Prejudice C．Dislike D．Support
148．A．doubted B．neglected C．foreseen D．exceeded
149．A．motivation B．modification C．dedication D．publication
150．A．occasion B．life C．accident D．ending











参考答案：

1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．B 14．C 15．D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了心理学家对群体智力的研究与发现。
1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这个概念源于这样一种观察，即一些团队似乎可以难以置信地跨任务工作，甚至是不太相似的任务。A. poorly差地；B. intensively密集地；C. fantastically难以置信地；D. dominantly占主导地位地。根据下文“even tasks that are not very similar”及“So what is the secret to their success?”可知，此处指一些团队似乎可以难以置信地跨任务工作。故选C。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：早期的研究表明，群体智力并不是群体中个体智力的总和。A. quality质量；B. sum总和；C. role角色；D. trace痕迹。根据空后“the intelligence of the individuals in it”可知，此处指群体中个体智力的总和。故选B。
3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：谷歌的研究人员已经解决了这个问题，他们相信他们最终找到了一些团队成功的原因。A. marvel at惊叹；B. look into调查；C. figure out弄清楚；D. delight in喜欢。根据上文“So what is the secret to their success?”及“Researchers at Google have tackled this question”可知，此处指谷歌的研究人员相信他们最终弄清楚了一些团队成功的原因。故选C。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在谷歌的研究中，研究人员收集了数百个群体的数千个数据点，并对它们进行了梳理，试图找到模式。A. behaviors行为；B. fulfillment履行；C. diagnosis诊断；D. patterns模式。根据下文“They put forward many theories but found no patterns to support them.”可知，此处指研究人员试图找到模式。故选D。
5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：具有相似性格或背景的团队成员合作得最好吗？A. best最好地；B. on average平均；C. below average低于平均水平；D. worst最差地。根据上文“groups whose members have similar personalities or backgrounds”及常识可知，此处指具有相似性格或背景的团队成员合作得会最好。故选A。
6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：事实上，谁在小组里似乎并没有什么不同；相反，效率较高和较低的群体之间的差异似乎在于成员之间的互动。A. furthermore此外；B. instead相反；C. consequently因此；D. obviously显然。前后句意存在相反关系，应用转折副词instead。故选B。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，谁在小组里似乎并没有什么不同；相反，效率较高和较低的群体之间的差异似乎在于成员之间的互动。A. persuasion说服；B. imitation模仿；C. interaction互动；D. moderation适度。根据下文“Among the findings, the most significant is that, in effective groups, members spoke for a roughly equal amount of time — not at every meeting or interaction, but across the course of a 　　8　　.”可知，此处指效率较高和较低的群体之间的差异似乎在于成员之间的互动。故选C。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这些发现中，最重要的是，在有效的团队中，成员的发言时间大致相等——不是在每次会议或互动中，而是在整个项目过程中。A. regulation监管；B. project项目；C. scale规模；D. transition过渡。根据上文“not at every meeting or interaction, but across the course”可知，此处指整个项目过程。故选B。
9．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，在有效的群体中，成员说话时直接面对彼此，他们使用充满活力和热情的手势。A. For example例如；B. On the contrary恰恰相反；C. In other words换句话说；D. In theory理论上。根据上文“There were additional findings that support these general ones.”及空后“in effective groups, members face one another directly when they speak, and they use energetic and enthusiastic gestures.”可知，此处指在举例说明。故选A。
10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们也直接彼此沟通，而不仅仅是通过团队的领导或经理。A. roughly大致地；B. steadily稳定地；C. neutrally中性地；D. directly直接地。根据下文“not just through the leader or manager of the group.”可知，此处指团队成员直接彼此沟通。故选D。
11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，研究发现，在会议期间，个别成员之间的谈话非但不会分散注意力，反而会提高团队的效率。A. distraction分心；B. isolation隔离；C. supervision监督；D. exhaustion精疲力竭。根据上文“side conversations between individual members during meetings”及常识可知，在会议期间，个别成员之间的谈话会被认为是分心的事情。故选A。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：所有的研究结果都强调了面对面交流的重要性，而不是打电话、电话会议或电子邮件交流。A. overlook俯瞰；B. highlight强调；C. dedicate奉献；D. categorize分类。根据下文“The positive behaviors uncovered in the study occur primarily or exclusively in face-to-face interaction. ”可知，此处指所有的研究结果都强调了面对面交流的重要性。故选B。
13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有人可能会提出质疑，这些发现大多是非常明显的，不用说，优秀的管理者可能一直都明白这些原则。A. advocate辩护；B. argue提出质疑；C. command命令；D. regret后悔。根据下文“that most of these findings are extremely obvious, and needless to say, good managers have probably always understood these principles.”可知，此处指有人可能会对研究发现提出质疑。故选B。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们的社会和职业生活并不总是以促进那种明显强调有效群体表现的互动的方式构建的。A. reverses颠倒；B. stocks贮备；C. underlines强调；D. captures捕获。根据上文“Our social and professional lives, however, are not always structured in ways that facilitate the kind of interaction”及语境可知，此处指强调有效群体表现的互动的方式构建。故选C。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：了解群体智力可以帮助企业和其他组织做出必要的根本性改变，以提高群体绩效。A. perspective视角；B. performance性能；C. persistence持久性；D. intelligence智力。根据语境可知，全文一直在讲述对群体智力的研究及发现。由此可知，此处指了解群体智力可以帮助企业和其他组织做出必要的根本性改变，以提高群体绩效。故选D。

16．C 17．A 18．B 19．A 20．B 21．D 22．B 23．A 24．B 25．C 26．D 27．C 28．B 29．D 30．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了播客的发展及其优点。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：曾经有一段时间，一些人认为在我们家能播放电影，这将意味着收听广播娱乐和信息的结束。A. chance机会；B. extent程度；C. end结束；D. value价值。由上文“some people thought moving pictures sent out live into our houses”可知，一些人认为在家里能播放电影，这将意味着收听广播娱乐和信息的结束，the end of“……的结束”，故选C。
17．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但无线电得以幸存并迅速发展。A. survived幸存；B. approached接近；C. functioned起作用；D. benefited受益。由下文“developed quickly”可知，无线电得以幸存并迅速发展，故选A。
18．考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许播客的发展并不令人惊讶——它提供了一个数字音频文件，可以随时下载和存储以供收听。A. balance平衡；B. growth发展；C. theme主题；D. range范围。由上文“the popularity of podcasts (播客) is rising.”可知，播客不断受人们欢迎，这说明播客发展很快，故选B。
19．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，它还可以从互联网上在线收听，并在电脑或MP3播放器上播放。A. Besides此外；B. However然而；C. Therefore因此；D. Instead代替。上文“it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time.”在介绍播客的好处，此处“it can also be streamed (在线收听) from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player.”在介绍播客其他的好处，所以此处用“此外”符合语境，故选A。
20．考查动词词义辨析。句意：制作播客的不仅仅是广播公司，比如英国广播公司；现在，与广播无关的商业广播公司、个人和公司正在制作这些节目。A. monitoring监测；B. producing制作（电影、戏剧等）；C. advertising做广告；D. applying申请。由下文“making them”可知，此处表示制作，produce与make同义，故选B。
21．考查介词短语辨析。句意：事实上，任何有话要说的人，只要花几英镑购买设备，就可以参与进来。A. For instance例如；B. In advance提前；C. By contrast相比之下；D. In fact事实上。由下文“anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.”和上文提到的制作播客不仅仅是广播公司可知，除了与广播无关的商业广播公司、个人和公司外，实际上任何有话要说的人都可以参与进来，故选D。
22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是这种制作像播客这样的便携式音频节目的趋势是从哪里开始的呢？A. technology技术；B. trend趋势；C. exchange交换；D. permit执照。由下文“for making portable audio programmes like podcasts begin”可知，此处指制作像播客这样的便携式音频节目的趋势，故选B。
23．考查动词词义辨析。句意：记者Ben Hammersley告诉BBC，两个变化对市场产生了巨大影响——一个是技术上的，另一个是文化上的。A. affected影响；B. regulated调整；C. challenged挑战；D. divided分开。由上文“two changes greatly”以及上文提出制作播客是从何时开始的可知，此处在对上文进行回答——两个变化对市场产生了巨大影响，促进了播客的发展，故选A。
24．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最后，4G手机连接的发展和广泛的无线网络意味着听众可以随时随地浏览、下载或观看流媒体节目。A. newborn新生的；B. widespread广泛传播的；C. academic学术的；D. costly昂贵的。由下文“shows whenever and wherever they wanted.”可知，随时随地浏览、下载或观看流媒体节目是由于4G手机连接的发展和广泛的无线网络发展造成的，故选B。
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：科技的发展促使我们的媒体消费习惯发生了许多变化。A. power能量；B. economy经济；C. media媒体；D. educating教育。由下文“But however good the tech may be, there still needs to be something worth watching or listening to.(但是不管这项技术有多好，仍然需要一些值得看或听的东西)”和文章谈论播客的发展可知，此处指科技的发展促使我们的媒体消费习惯发生了许多变化，故选C。
26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它讲述了一个多集的吸引人们想象力的非小说故事。A. confirmed确认；B. spotted认出；C. analyzed分析；D. attracted吸引。由下文“the first and second seasons of the show have had more than 340 million”可知，这部非小说故事很受人们欢迎，由此可知，它吸引人们的想象力，故选D。
27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：到目前为止，第一季和第二季的下载量已经超过了3.4亿。A. editions版本；B. lines线；C. downloads下载；D. character性格。由上文“the show have had more than 340 million”可知，此处指下载量已经超过了3.4亿，故选C。
28．考查名词词义辨析。句意：观众去哪里，钱就跟到哪里。A. content内容；B. audience观众；C. platform平台；D. civilization文明。由下文“the money follows.”可知，有观众就能挣钱。故选B。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些听觉享受可以在各种平台上获得。A. changeable可改变的；B. measurable显著的；C. memorable难忘的；D. available可利用的；可获得的。由上文“Now there are podcasts about anything and everything, even the educational contream that BBC Learning English offers!”故一切东西都在播客上有，所以此处指这些听觉享受可以在多种平台上获得。选D。
30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：观众是特定的，这可以帮助广告商瞄准他们想要推广的内容。A. target以…为目标；瞄准；B. conduct管理；C. preserve保护；D. illustrate阐明。由上文“Audiences are very specific, which can help advertisers”和下文“what they want to promote”可知，广告商可以瞄准播客上的观众来做广告，故选A。



31．C 32．A 33．D 34．A 35．B 36．A 37．D 38．A 39．B 40．A 41．B 42．C 43．A 44．D 45．D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要以爱因斯坦为例，说明日常习惯对大脑有着强大的影响，塑造了它们的结构，改变了我们的思维方式。
31．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从完全禁止信徒食用豆子的毕达哥拉斯（Pythagoras），到进行裸体“空气浴”本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin），这些科学家在通往伟大的道路上都不乏有一些非常奇怪的嗜好。A. beneficial有益的；B. crucial至关重要的；C. peculiar怪异的；D. particular特殊的。根据上文中的“From Pythagoras’outright ban on beans to Benjamin Franklin’s naked ‘air baths’”可知，此处指的是这些伟人的“怪异”行为。故选C项。
32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最新研究证明，决定你成年后是天才还是傻瓜的因素中，40％是环境因素。A. environmental环境的；B. cultural文化的C. cognitive认识的；D. genetic遗传的。根据下文中的“Like it or not, our daily habits have a powerful influence on our brains”可知，我们的日常习惯对大脑有强大的影响，结合选项，此处为environmental表示“环境的”符合语境。故选A项。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以，如果要找一个研究对象，寻找可以让大脑更聪明的行为，就没有比爱因斯坦更适合的人选了。A. self-regulating自动调节的；B. life-shaping塑造生活的；C. health-promoting提升健康的；D. mind-enhancing提升心智的。根据上文中的“arguably the master of combining genius with unusual habits”可知，习惯与智慧结合在一起的是爱因斯坦，由此可知，此处指的是用习惯“提升大脑”。故选D项。
34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那么我们能从爱因斯坦的睡眠、饮食，甚至时尚选择中学到点什么吗？A. fashion时尚；B. career职业生涯；C. life生活；D. education教育。根据上文中的“Einstein’s sleep, diet, and even”并结合下文讲述的各方面的怪异形为中的“NO SOCKS”可知，此处与“时尚”有关。故选A项。
35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们真的能靠睡觉变聪明吗？A. stronger更强大的；B. sharper更敏锐的；C. more conscious更有意识的；D. more conscientious更勤勉的。根据上文中的“It’s common knowledge that sleep is good for your brain”并结合该部分讲述的睡眠促进大脑可知，此处指的是“更敏锐的”思维。故选B项。
36．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：据说，人类历史上的许多最具颠覆性的突破，比如发现元素周期表以及爱因斯坦的狭义相对论，都得益于发现者无意识间获得的灵感.。A. unconscious无意识的；B. distracted注意力分散的；C. confused迷惑的；D. disturbed不安的。根据下文中的“The latter came to Einstein while he was dreaming about cows being electrocuted.”可知，爱因斯坦的狭义相对论是在睡梦中出现的，由此可知，此处为“无意识的”符合语境。故选A项。
37．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：爱因斯坦跟随其他忠诚的散步者的脚步，其中就包括了达尔文（Darwin），达尔文每天要散步三次，每次持续45分钟。A. unnoticed未注意的；B. resourceful机敏的；C. deliberate故意的；D. devoted挚爱的，忠诚的。根据下文中的“who went for three 45minute walks every day”可知，此处用devoted walkers表示“忠诚的散步者”。故选D项。
38．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些短距离的散步不仅仅是为了健身。A. fitness健康；B. passion激情；C. breakthroughs突破；D. clarity清晰。根据上文中的“These short walks”以及常识可知，散步是为了“健康”，下文中“There’s plenty of evidence that walking can boost memory, creativity and problem-solving.”表明，散步不仅有助于“健康”还能增强记忆力，创造力和解决问题的能力。故选A项。
39．考查动词词义辨析。句意：很可惜，我们还不清楚爱因斯坦是吃什么来为大脑提供养分的，不过互联网上盛传一种可疑的说法，即爱因斯坦提升智慧的方法是吃意大利面。A. constituted构成；B. fueled给……提供燃料；增强；C. enriched丰富；D. advanced推进。根据本段主题“EATING SPAGHETTI”可知，本段讲述的是饮食方面的怪异行为对大脑的影响。结合下文中的“Einstein’s extraordinary mind, though the Internet somewhat dubiously claims it was spaghetti.”可知，此处指的是爱因斯坦吃什么为大脑提供养分。故选B项。
40．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：众所周知，大脑是个贪恋美食的馋鬼，虽然只占身体重量的2%，却消耗着身体中20%的能量。A. accounts for占比……；B. makes up for弥补；C. consists of由……组成。D. adds up to合计达……。根据“It’s well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20%of the body’s energy”可知，此处讲述的是大脑只占身体重量的20%。故选A项。
41．考查固定短语词义辨析。句意：就像身体的其他部分一样，大脑也喜欢吃单糖，这可以给大脑带来宝贵的促进作用，但不幸的是，这并不意味着尽情地吃意大利面是个好主意。A. every once in a while偶尔，时常；B. to your heart’s content尽兴地；C. to some extent某种程度上；D. more often than not通常情况下。根据上文中的“the brain prefers to snack on simple sugars, which can give the brain a valuable boost”可知，大脑喜欢甜食，这对大脑有促进作用，结合“but unfortunately”可知，此处讲述的应是这并不意味着可以“尽情地”吃意大利面。故选B项。
42．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在列举爱因斯坦的怪癖时，如果不写上他对袜子的极度厌恶，那这个怪癖单显然是不完整的。A. discrimination歧视；B. disobedience不服从；C. dislike厌恶；D. discretion谨慎；慎重。根据下文中的““I found out that the big toe always ends up making a hole in a sock. So I stopped wearing socks.””可知，此处指的是他对袜子的“厌恶”。故选C项。
43．考查副词词义辨析。句意：令人遗憾的是，尚未出现任何直接针对不穿袜子的影响进行的研究，但已经有研究表明，换上休闲服装，而不是更正式的服装之后，人们在抽象思维测试中的表现会变得糟糕。A. Regrettably令人遗憾的是；B. Alternatively要不，或者；C. Fortunately幸运地；D. Consequently因此。根据下文中的“there haven’t been any studies looking directly at the impact of going sockless”可知，没有任何证据证明不穿袜子的影响，这应该是“遗憾地”。故选A项。
44．考查短语词义辨析。句意：令人遗憾的是，尚未出现任何直接针对不穿袜子的影响进行的研究，但已经有研究表明，换上休闲服装，而不是更正式的服装之后，人们在抽象思维测试中的表现会变得糟糕。A. accompanied by连同；B. coupled with加上，外加；C. in line with与……一致；D. as opposed to与……截然相反；对照。根据空前的“changing into casual clothing”与空后的“a more formal outfit”的可知，空前后内容意义相反，所以应为“与……截然相反”符合语境。故选D项。
45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“最重要的是，不要停止发问；好奇心的存在是有原因的，”1955年爱因斯坦接受《生活》杂志采访时说道。A. chasing追逐；B. believing相信；C. persevering坚持；D. questioning质疑。根据下文中的“Curiosity has its own reason for existing” he told LIFE magazine in 1955.”可知，好奇心就是要不断提出“质疑”。故选D项。

46．D 47．C 48．C 49．A 50．B 51．B 52．A 53．D 54．B 55．A 56．C 57．D 58．C 59．D 60．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了判断力是一种难以定义而很需要的能力。
46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：管理者们也未能幸免，因为他们面临着关闭运营哪些部分的艰难抉择。A. included包括；B. guaranteed保证；C. promoted促进；D. spared使……逃脱。根据上文“faced with tough calls like which parts of their operations to close(面临着关闭运营哪些部分的艰难抉择)”可知，管理者们面临着关闭运营哪些部分的艰难抉择，他们也没有从中幸免，故选D项。
47．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但要精确定义它非常困难，许多人不确定自己是否拥有它。A. equally平等地；B. naturally自然地；C. precisely精准地；D. wisely聪明地。根据上文“Good judgment is a quality everyone would like to have(良好的判断力是每个人都希望拥有的品质)”以及下文“many people are not sure whether they personally possess it(许多人不确定自己是否拥有它)”可知，此处上下文说的是良好的判断力，但是许多人不确定自己是否拥有它，所以很难精准地对它定义，故选C项。
48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Andrew Likierman爵士花了很长时间与从商业、军队到法律和医学等各个领域的领导人交谈，试图建立一个理解判断的框架。A. brochure手册；B. catalogue目录；C. framework框架；D. timetable时间表。根据下文“First, he had to define the word(首先，他必须定义这个词)”、“he argues that, thus defined, judgment involves a process -taking in information(他认为，根据这样的定义，判断涉及一个获取信息的过程)”以及“At each stage, decision-makers must ask themselves questions(在每个阶段，决策者都必须问自己问题)”可知，Andrew Likierman爵士首先定义理解力这个词，然后他认为判断涉及一个获取信息的过程，在每个阶段，决策者都必须问自己问题，由此可知，Andrew Likierman爵士制定了一个理解判断力的框架，故选C项。
49．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他认为，判断是“个人素质与相关知识以及经验融合而成的观点和决策”。A. combination结合；B. equivalent对应物；C. foundation基础；D. selection选择。根据下文“personal qualities with relevant knowledge and experience”可知，个人素质与相关知识以及经验融合而成的观点和决策，故选A项。
50．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他认为，根据这样的定义，判断力包括一个接受信息的过程，决定信任谁和信任什么，总结个人知识，检查任何先前的信念或感受，总结可用的选择，然后做出决定。A. formula公式；B. process过程；C. subsequence顺序；D. standard标准。根据下文“taking in information, deciding whom and what to trust, summarizing one's personal knowledge, checking any prior beliefs or feelings, summarizing the available choices and then making the decision(接受信息，决定信任谁和信任什么，总结个人知识，检查任何先前的信念或感受，总结可用的选择，然后做出决定)”可知，这是一个过程，空白处应填表示“过程”含义的名词，故选B项。
51．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在每个阶段，决策者都必须问自己一些问题，比如他们是否有相关的经验和专业知识来做出选择，以及他们喜欢的选择是否实用。A. frequent频繁的；B. practical实用的；C. precious宝贵的；D. unique独一无二的。根据上文“whether they have the relevant experience and expertise to make their choice(他们是否有相关的经验和专业知识来做出选择)”可知此处上下文说的是要有相关的经验和专业知识，分析四个选项，B项“practical(实用的)”表示的含义符合语境，修饰the option表示“实用的选择”，故选B项。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有判断力的人知道什么时候他们在做决定时力不从心，然后通常会寻求有正确背景和知识的人的建议。A. advice建议；B. approval同意；C. contribution贡献；D. praise表扬。根据下文“someone who has the right background and knowledge(有正确背景和知识的人)”可知，可以通过这些人寻求建议，因为他们有正确的背景和知识，故选A项。
53．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当然，遵循所有这些步骤，仍有可能做出错误的选择。A. logical符合逻辑的；B. major主要的；C. smart聪明的；D. wrong错误的。根据下文“Sir Andrew argues that a sensible process improves the chance of getting it right.( 安德鲁爵士认为，一个合理的过程可以提高把事情做好的机会)”可知，合理的过程能提高把事情做好的机会，但是仍然会存在出错的可能，故选D项。
54．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在评估人们是否有良好的判断力时，人们很想看看他们的过往记录，但运气可能起了很大作用。A. experience经验；B. luck运气；C. occupation职业；D. support支持。根据下文“success is not a signal that there has been good judgment(成功并不是有良好判断力的信号)”可知，成功并不代表着有良好的判断力，由此可推理出作者认为其中也有运气的成分，故选B项。
55．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着人们承担更多的责任，所需的判断程度往往会增加。A. responsibility责任；B. tasks任务；C. information信息；D. courage勇气。根据下文“Line supervisors have some rights to decide by themselves. For a chief executive, the proportion of decisions involving judgment is high(生产线主管有一些自行决定的权利。对于首席执行官来说，涉及判断的决策比例很高)”可知，涉及承担更多责任的岗位，需要更高的判断力，故选A项。
56．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于首席执行官来说，涉及判断的决策比例很高。A. exaggerated夸大了的；B. fixed固定的；C. high高的；D. minimal最小的。根据上文“The degree of judgment required tends to increase as people take on more responsibility(随着人们承担更多的责任，所需的判断力程度往往会增加) ”可知，承担更多责任的岗位，所需的判断力程度往往会增加，首席执行官是一个承担了更多责任的岗位，所以涉及判断的决策比例很高，故选C项。
57．考查动词短语辨析。句意：世界上到处都是缺乏判断力导致职业生涯或个人生活崩溃的人。A. calming down镇静下来；B. cheering up高兴起来；C. cleaning up打扫；D. crashing down崩溃。根据上文“Deciding not to take action is also a judgement with potentially serious consequences.(决定不采取行动也是一种具有潜在严重后果的判断)”以及“lack of judgement(缺乏判断力)”可知，不采取行动会导致缺乏判断力，带来职业生涯或个人生活崩溃的严重后果，分析四个选项，D项“crashing down(崩溃)”符合语境，故选D项。
58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：具有良好判断力的人往往拥有丰富的经验和人际关系，这使他们能够识别他人遗漏的相似之处或类比。A. copy复制；B. emphasize强调；C. miss漏掉；D. value珍惜。根据上文“Sir Andrew accepts that some individuals are born with the ability to listen, be self- aware and better understand other people. People with good judgment tend to have a breadth of experiences and relationships(安德鲁爵士承认，有些人天生就有倾听、自我意识和更好地理解他人的能力。有良好判断力的人往往有丰富的经验和人际关系)”可知，安德鲁爵士认可有些人天生就有倾听、自我意识和更好地理解他人的能力，这些人天生就有良好判断力，由此可推理出这些品质是其他人所没有的，故选C项。
59．考查介词短语辨析。句意：其他人可能有错误的特征；忽视他人的倾向，不考虑实际情况而坚持规则，不经思考而仓促行动，难以下定决心。A. in line with    与……一致；B. based on基于；C. instead of用……代替；D. without regard to不考虑。根据上文“Others may have the wrong sort of characteristics(其他人可能有错误的特征)”可知，此处上下文说的是错误的特征，分析四个选项，D项“without regard to(不考虑)”表达的含义符合语境，放在句子中表示“不考虑实际情况而坚持规则”，与句子表达的含义一致，故选D项。
60．考查副词词义辨析。句意：许多领导者之所以做出错误的判断，是因为他们无意识地过滤了收到的信息，或者对听到或读到的信息没有进行足够的批判性思考。A. clearly清晰地；B. mainly主要地；C. publicly公开地；D. sufficiently足够地。根据上文“Many leaders make bad judgments(许多领导者之所以做出错误的判断)”可知此处上下文说的是领导做出的错误判断，分析四个选项，D项“sufficiently(足够地)”放在句子中表示“没有进行足够的批判性思考”含义，与句子表达的含义一致，故选D项。

61．C 62．A 63．B 64．D 65．A 66．C 67．A 68．D 69．D 70．B 71．A 72．C 73．B 74．B 75．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，世界上使用中的语言因各种因素正在面临着消失的危险。
61．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据濒危语言项目的估计，世界上7000种正在使用的语言中有40%有消失的风险。A. reality现实；B. stock库存；C. use使用；D. need需要。根据下文“are at risk of disappearing（正面临着消失的危险）”可知，这里说的是在使用中的语言，故选择C项。
62．考查短语词义辨析。句意：正如发表在《英国皇家学会学报B》上的一份新报告所表明的那样，这一趋势在很大程度上与经济全球化有关。A. to a great extent在很大程度上；B. at that time那时；C. in this way用这种方法；D. in the end最后。结合句意可知，语言的消失在很多大程度上与经济全球化有关，to a great extent“在很大程度上”，符合题意，故选择A项。
63．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：单一社会经济因素的主导效应，人均GDP(人均), 研究人员在报告中总结道：“关于语言增长率的研究表明，经济增长和全球化是最近（主要是自20世纪70年代以来）通过政治和教育发展导致语言水平下降的主要驱动因素。A. official官方的；B. major主要的；C. complete完全的；D. cultural文化的。根据上文的“economic growth and globalization（经济增长与全球化）”可知，这两者是语言水平下降的主要驱动因素，故选择B项。
64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，全球经济对语言多样性的影响一直是一个可以追溯到20世纪70年代的论点，当时赫伯特·席勒提出了备受争议的“文化帝国主义”理论，该理论认为经济强国对其影响力较弱的国家拥有巨大的文化主导地位。A. difference不同；B. familiarity熟悉；C. similarity相似性；D. diversit多样性。根据第一段中“As the world becomes more connected, language diversity is declining at an unprecedented rate.（随着世界的联系越来越紧密，语言多样性正在以前所未有的速度下降。）”可知，这里说的是全球经济对语言多样性的影响，故选择D项。
65．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，全球经济对语言多样性的影响一直是一个可以追溯到20世纪70年代的论点，当时赫伯特·席勒提出了备受争议的“文化帝国主义”理论，该理论认为经济强国对其影响力较弱的国家拥有巨大的文化主导地位。A. dominance支配地位；B. ruling裁决；C.preference偏好；D.spread传播；根据上文
“when Herbert Schiller proposed the hotly debated theory of “cultural imperialism”（赫伯特·席勒提出了备受争议的“文化帝国主义”理论）”可知，这里说的是经济强国对其影响力较弱的国家拥有巨大的文化主导地位，故选择A项。
66．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，研究人员表示，到目前为止，这种影响从未被完全量化。A. globalized全球化；B. furthered促进，增进；C. quantified量化；D. communicated交流。根据下文“After dealing with the numbers by using data selected from the Ethnologue, an authoritative source for basic information about the world’s languages, the researchers concluded that 25 percent of the world’s languages are under immediate ____9____ of disappearing forever.（研究人员通过使用从世界语言基本信息的权威来源人种学中选择的数据处理这些数字后得出结论，世界上25%的语言正面临着永远消失的直接威胁）”可知，上文说的是，这种影响，在之前从未被量化，故选择C项。
67．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在这项研究中，研究人员首先基于几个因素建立了一套濒危语言：讲者群体规模小、讲者数量迅速下降以及地理范围小。A. endangered濒危的；B. extinct灭绝的；C. fluent流利的；D. native本地的。根据下文“small speaker population sizes, rapid declines in speaker numbers, and a small geographic ____8____. （讲者群体规模小、讲者数量迅速下降以及地理范围小）”可知，上文说的是濒危的语言，故选择A项。
68．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这项研究中，研究人员首先基于几个因素建立了一套濒危语言：讲者群体规模小、讲者数量迅速下降以及地理范围小。A. development发展；B. feature特点；C. gap差距；D. range范围。根据上文“small speaker population sizes, rapid declines in speaker numbers, and a small geographic（者群体规模小、讲者数量迅速下降以及地理）”可知，这里说的是濒危语言的几个因素，地理范围小，符合题意，故选择D项。
69．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员通过使用从世界语言基本信息的权威来源人种学中选择的数据处理这些数字后得出结论，世界上25%的语言正面临着永远消失的直接威胁。A. pressure压力；B. control控制；C. law法律；D. threat威胁。根据of后的disappearing可知，这里要说的是面临着消失的威胁，故选择D项。
70．考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然他们探索灭绝危险与包括降雨量和温度在内的多种环境因素之间的关系时，但人均国内生产总值是与风险语言最密切相关的因素。A. Once一旦；B. While尽管；C. As正如；D. Because因为。结合上下句之间的关系可知，此处使用while“尽管”引导让步状语符合句意，故选择B项。
71．考查短语词义辨析。句意：当然，除了GDP之外，还有一些因素在少数民族语言的消失中发挥了作用。A. apart from此外；B. as to至于；C. on behalf of代表；D. in terms of从……某方面来说。根据下文“According to UNESCO, languages are also 　　12　　 with external forces such as military, religious, cultural or educational subiugation (征服), or by 　　13　　 forces such as a community’s negative attitude towards its own language.（根据联合国教科文组织的说法，语言也受到军事、宗教、文化或教育等外部力量的威胁，或受到当地力量的威胁（如社区对自己语言的负面态度）。）”可知，除了GDP之外还有其他的因素影响到语言的消失，故选择A项。
72．考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据联合国教科文组织的说法，语言也受到军事、宗教、文化或教育等外部力量的威胁，或受到当地力量的威胁（如社区对自己语言的负面态度）。A. halved减半；B. associated联系；C. threatened威胁；D. replaced替代。根据上文“Of course, there are factors 　　11　　 GDP that play a role in the disappearance of minority languages.（当然，除了GDP之外，还有一些因素在少数民族语言的消失中发挥了作用。）”可知，这里说的是处GDP之外的威胁到语言的一些因素，故选择C项。
73．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据联合国教科文组织的说法，语言也受到军事、宗教、文化或教育等外部力量的威胁，或受到当地力量的威胁（如社区对自己语言的负面态度）。A. definite肯定的；B. local当地的；C. double加倍的；D. internal内心的。根据下文“such as a community’s negative attitude towards its own language.（例如一个社区对自己语言的消极态度。）”可知，这里说的是当地对于语言的影响，故选择B项。
74．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，即使是互联网也与小语种的灭绝联系在一起，因为它造成了一个数字鸿沟，将一些群体拒之门外，并给其他群体（及其语言）带来了优势。A. Somehow不知怎么地；B. Moreover此外；C. Comparatively相对地；D. Therefore因此。根据上文“Of course, there are factors 　　11　　 GDP that play a role in the disappearance of minority languages.（当然，除了GDP之外，还有一些因素在少数民族语言的消失中发挥了作用。）”结合下文可知，本段主要讲述的是除GDP之外的影响因素，此处属于递进关系，故选择B项。
75．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，即使是互联网也与小语种的灭绝联系在一起，因为它造成了一个数字鸿沟，将一些群体拒之门外，并给其他群体（及其语言）带来了优势。A. divide差异，分水岭；B. device设备；C. clip猛击；D. trade交易。根据下文“that locks out some groups and give advantages to others (and their languages)（将一些群体拒之门外，并给其他群体（及其语言）带来了优势）”可知，这里说的是因为网络带来的语言使用上的差异，故选择A项。

76．B 77．D 78．B 79．C 80．A 81．C 82．D 83．C 84．D 85．D 86．C 87．C 88．B 89．D 90．D

【导语】本文是一篇议论文，讲述了美国人对pleasure和fun，excellence和achievement这两组词使用频率的变化，即pleasure和excellence使用频率降低，fun和achievement使用频率增加，指出并分析美国文化所发生的转变。
76．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们很难确切知道它是如何流行起来的，是如何满足新需求的，以及是如何获得新意思的。A. necessary必要的；B. difficult困难的；C. possible可能的；D. crucial至关重要的。根据前一句中的“as complex as a hurricane”可知，知道一个词流行、满足新需求以及拥有新词义的方式是很难的。故选B。
77．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们不可能将某一词的衰退归咎于另一词的兴起。A. impose推行；B. criticize批判；C. impress给……留下深刻的好印象；D. blame归咎，责怪。故根据上文中的“In the history of language, words rise and fall.(在语言的历史中，词语跌落起伏)”可知，词语有兴有落，这是自然的现象，所以不能将一个词的衰退归咎到其他词的兴起上。选D。
78．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但两组词的命运却暗示了美国文化的转变。A. literature文学；B. culture文化；C. history历史；D. population人口。根据最后一段中的“American culture”可知，此处是culture的原词复现。故选B。
79．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是对注重事物内在价值这一观点的偏离：从表示内心状态的“愉悦”到和外部活动紧密相关的“娱乐”；从其成就本身即为回报的内在品质“卓越”到历经苦干和认可获得的“成就”。A. peaceful和平的；B. uneasy不安的；C. internal内部的，内在的；D. external外部的，外在的。根据后面的“to ‘fun’, so closely affiliated with outward activities”可知，此处pleasure和fun对照，所以空处应和outward对照，表示“内心状态”。故选C。
80．考查名词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. recognition认可；B. admission承认；C. identification确认；D. reflection反映。根据空前的“‘achievement’, which comes through hard work”可知，此处只历经苦干和认可才获得的“成就”。故选A。
81．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“娱乐”虽然对现代人来说几乎和“愉悦”相同，但通常含有人为诱导的因素。A. covers覆盖；B. hides隐藏；C. involves包含；D. connects将……联系起来。根据上文中的“comes organically”和空后的“artificial inducement(刺激)”可知，这里指“娱乐”含有人为诱导的因素。故选C。
82．考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国人从“愉悦”到“娱乐”使用的转变，可能在一定程度上解释了美国人在所有场合都坚持行动，而不相信愉悦会自行生成。A. persistence锲而不舍；B. resistance反对；C. existence存在；D. insistence坚持。insistence on意为“坚持”，为固定搭配。故选D。
83．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在Elizabeth Gilbert最畅销的回忆录《美食，祈祷，爱》中，她总结道，“美国人无法放松到纯愉悦中。我们是一个寻求娱乐的国家，但不一定是一个寻求愉悦的国家。”A. inaction无行动；B. inspiration启发；C. inability无能，不能；D. instinct本能。根据上文中的“rather than trusting pleasure to develop on its own”可知，美国人不相信愉悦会自行生成，所以他们不能放松到纯愉悦的状态。故选C。
84．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们是一个寻求娱乐的国家，但不一定是一个寻求愉悦的国家。A. absolutely绝对地；B. particularly特别；C. specifically具体地；D. necessarily必然地。not necessarily意为“不一定”，为固定搭配。故选D。
85．考查介词短语辨析。句意：而意大利人则掌握了“无所事事”之美。A. for example例如；B. in fact事实上；C. in the long run从长远来看；D. on the contrary恰恰相反。根据上一句“Ours is an entertainment-seeking nation, but not 　　9　　a pleasure-seeking one.(我们是一个寻求娱乐的国家，但不一定是一个寻求愉悦的国家)”和下文中的“have mastered ‘bel far niente (the joy of doing nothing)’”可知，美国人和意大利人的情况是相反的。故选D。
86．考查名词词义辨析。句意：还有从“卓越”到“成就”的转变。A. exchange交换；B. transformation（彻底的）变化；C. transition转变，过渡；D. transplantation移植。根据上文中的“The transition of American usage from ‘pleasure’ to ‘fun’”可知，上文讲述了pleasure到fun的转变，此处为transition的原词复现，讲述了另一组词的转变。故选C。
87．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无论是捡垃圾者还是神经外科医生，任何人都可以取得成就，但真正卓越者有几人？A. distinguished杰出的；B. outstanding出色的；C. excellent卓越的；D. successful成功的。根据上文中的“from ‘excellence’ to ‘achievement’”和本句中的“achieve”可知，此处是问有多少人能真正做到卓越。故选C。
88．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它与其说是发挥内在潜能，不如说是勾选（任务完成与否的）复选框。A. abandoning抛弃；B. fulfilling实现；C. enhancing促进；D. awarding奖励。根据前面的“checking boxes”可知，此处是说发挥内在潜能。fulfil potential意为“发挥潜能”。故选B。
89．考查名词词义辨析。句意：华尔街出现不顺利的部分原因是许多人追求成就者奖金，而忽视了在职业中追求卓越。A. core核心；B. purchase购买；C. nature自然；D. pursuit追求。根据前面的“chased achiever bonuses”可知，此处与之对应，说的是追求卓越。故选D。
90．考查名词词义辨析。句意：追逐即时声名的美国文化教给年经人的是：名望本身是追求的终极目标，而非卓越技能的偶然现象。A. process过程；B. progress进步；C. consequence后果；D. end目的。根据后面的“an incidental symptom”可知，这里与之相反，是说不是偶尔现象，而是终极目标。故选D。

91．A 92．D 93．C 94．B 95．A 96．B 97．C 98．B 99．C 100．D 101．D 102．A 103．A 104．C 105．A

【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了为员工设定目标并不难。然而，要理解它们的负面影响要困难得多。大多数与工作相关的行为都有多个组成部分。强调一个，其他的就会被歪曲。所有好的目标都应该有多个标准，这些标准与时间、金钱、质量和客户反馈等关键因素有关。诀窍不在于只指定目标的一个或甚至两个维度，而在于了解如何帮助人们更好地实现目标。
91．考查动词词义辨析。句意：强调一个，其他的就会被扭曲。A. Emphasize强调；B. Identify认出，识别；C. Assess评价；D. Explain解释。根据上文“Most work-related behaviours have multiple components.”说明大多数与工作相关的行为都有多个组成部分，以及该句中的“and the others become distorted.”可推知，此处为强调一个，其他的就会被歪曲。故选A项。
92．考查副词词义辨析。句意：乘坐伦敦的公共汽车，你很快就会看到这对司机是如何起作用的。A. nearly几乎，差不多；B. curiously好奇地；C. eagerly渴望地；D. quickly快速地。   根据句意以及该句中的“see how this works with drivers.”可推知，此处为乘坐伦敦的公共汽车，你很快就会看到这对司机是如何起作用的。故选D项。
93．考查动词词义辨析。句意：是否有检查人员检查人们是否付款？A. claim声称，断言；B. prove证明；C. check检查；D. recall回忆。根据上文“Are they carefully inspected?”以及该句中的“inspectors”可推知，此处为是否有检查人员检查人们是否付款？故选C项。
94．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们被忽视了。A. threatened威胁；B. ignored忽视；C. mocked嘲笑；D. blamed责备。根据上文所有的问题都几乎给出的否定回答，结合该句的问题“And people who run for the bus?”可推知，此处为他们被忽视了。故选B项。
95．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因为目标是准时。A. punctuality准时；B. hospitality热情好客；C. competition比赛；D. innovation革新。根据上文“Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.”公共汽车几乎和骑自行车的人一样经常这样做。以及下文“People complained that buses were late and infrequent.”人们抱怨公共汽车迟到而且不频繁。可推知，此处为因为目标是准时。故选A项。
96．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，公交车和公交车道的数量增加，司机根据他们所花费的时间进行奖励或惩罚。A. Yet然而；B. So所以；C. Besides此外；D. Still仍然。根据上文“People complained that buses were late and infrequent.”人们抱怨公共汽车迟到而且不频繁。可推知，此处为因此，公交车和公交车道的数量增加。故选B项。
97．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，公交车和公交车道的数量增加，司机根据他们所花费的时间进行奖励或惩罚。A. hired雇佣；B. trained训练；C. rewarded奖励；D. grouped分组。根据该句中的“or punished according to the time they took.”以及下文“And drivers hit their targets.”可推知，司机根据他们所花费的时间进行奖励或惩罚。故选C项。
98．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果目标改为收入，就会有更多的检查员和更敏感的定价。A. comfort安慰；B. revenue收入；C. efficiency效率；D. security安全。根据下文“you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.”可推知，此处为如果目标改为收入，就会有更多的检查员和更敏感的定价。故选B项。
99．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果标准改为安全，你会得到更谨慎的司机遵，他们守交通法规。A. friendly友好的；B. quiet安静的；C. cautious谨慎的；D. diligent勤奋的。根据该句中的“If the criterion changed to safety”可推知，此处为如果标准改为安全，司机开车时会更谨慎。故选C项。
100．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：还有一个问题：人们在实现目标方面变得非常有创造力。A. persistent持续的；B. practical实际的；C. emotional情感的；D. inventive有创造力的。根据下文“Have you noticed that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?”提出问题，以及下文具体的解决方案，可推知，此处为人们在实现目标方面变得非常有创造力。故选D项。
101．考查动词词义辨析。句意：航空公司只是改变了旅行的时间。A. assigned分配；B. tailored量身定制；C. adapted适应；D. meant意味，打算。根据下文“A one-hour flight is now 　　　　　　12　　　　 as a two-hour flight.”可知，此处为航空公司改变了原来的飞行时间。故选D项。
102．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个小时的飞行现在被标榜为两个小时的飞行。A. billed把……宣布；B. restricted限制；C. classified分类；D. compromised妥协。根据句意以及该句中的“as a two-hour flight.”可知，此处为一个小时的飞行现在被标榜为两个小时的飞行。be billed as“被标榜为，被宣传为”。故选A项。
103．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个故事的寓意很简单。A. moral寓意；B. background背景；C. style风格；D. form形式。根据下文“Most jobs are… well ____14____ others.”具体的说明解释可知，可推知，此处为这个故事的寓意很简单。故选A项。
104．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数工作都是多维度的，有多个标准。选择一个甚至两个标准，你很可能会牺牲其他标准。A. interpret解释；B. criticize批评；C. sacrifice牺牲；D. tolerate忍受。根据上文“Emphasize one and the others become distorted.”以及下文“Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.”可推知，此处为大多数工作都是多维度的，有多个标准。选择一个甚至两个标准，你很可能会牺牲其他标准。故选C项。
105．考查动词词义辨析。句意：诀窍不在于只指定目标的一个或甚至两个维度，而在于了解如何帮助人们更好地实现目标。A. specify指定；B. predict预计；C. restore恢复；D. create创造。根据上文“All good targets should have multiple criteria relating to critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback.”提到所有好的目标都应该有多个标准，这些标准与时间、金钱、质量和客户反馈等关键因素有关。以及该句中的“…is not to specify just one or even two dimensions of the objective”可推知，此处为诀窍不在于只指定目标的一个或甚至两个维度，而在于了解如何帮助人们更好地实现目标。故选A项。

106．C 107．B 108．D 109．A 110．A 111．D 112．D 113．B 114．A 115．D 116．C 117．B 118．A 119．B 120．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了我们对食物和运动对身体的作用认识仍然存在困惑和假设，作者Spector指出了一些迄今为止的食品误解，提出了个性化营养学的重要性，并呼吁进行更多研究以解释个体之间的微生物组成的差异和其与肥胖之间的关系。最终目的是希望通过正确的饮食和锻炼习惯控制全球肥胖的趋势。
106．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：百科全书是一个有趣的提醒，提醒我们当前的一些真理必然是多么没有根据。A. well-known众所周知的；B. aim-oriented以目标为导向的；C. ill-founded缺乏根据的；D. long-lived长寿的。根据下文“Certainties in areas we haven’t yet understood will look just as ridiculous as some of these in centuries to come. (我们尚未了解的领域的确定性在未来几个世纪中看起来与其中一些一样荒谬)”可知，当前的一些被认为是真理的东西可能是缺乏根据的。故选C项。
107．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：我们仍然非常无知的其中一个是食物和运动对我们身体的影响。A. certain about确定；B. ignorant of无知；C. capable of有能力；D. worried about担心。根据“one of those”及空后“the effect of food and exercise on our bodies.”可知，对于食物和运动对我们身体的影响我们仍是无知的。故选B项。
108．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们被关于如何饮食，如何避免或逆转肥胖的自信建议所包围，但当世界变得更胖时，这些建议似乎毫无意义。A. decisions决定；B. courses课程；C. focuses重点；D. suggestions建议。根据空后“how to eat, how to avoid or reverse obesity”可知，这些都是建议。故选D项。
109．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们认为我们所知道的大部分内容都是一堆假设而不是事实。A. facts事实；B. chances机会；C. reasons原因；D. features特征。根据空前“rather than(而不是)”可知，空处应为与“assumptions”相对应的词，故选A项。
110．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这要求我们进行更多调查。A. investigate调查；B. demand需求；C. concentrate集中；D. spend花费。根据空前“Why almost everything we’ve been told about food is wrong.(为什么我们被告知的几乎所有关于食物的东西都是错误的)”可知，我们被告知的关于食物的东西是错误的，所以要求我们进行“调查”，故选A项。
111．考查名词词义辨析。句意：斯佩克特为最近一个接一个的食物神话提供了答案。A. supplies供应；B. shortages短缺；C. standards标准；D. myths神话。根据下文“Coffee can save our lives, he says. Three to four cups a day reduces the risk of heart disease and may cut the risk of death by 8 percent. Butter does not damage our hearts, Spector argues, and salt is vital. Eggs have gone “from heroes to villains and back again”. (咖啡可以拯救我们的生命，他说。每天三到四杯可以降低患心脏病的风险，并可能将死亡风险降低8%。黄油不会伤害我们的心脏，斯佩克特认为，盐是至关重要的。鸡蛋已经“从英雄变成了恶棍，然后再回来”)”可知，食物的作用被夸大其词了，斯佩克特认为这些是食物神话。故选D项。
112．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不要以健康为由对所有红肉说不，偶尔少量的优质未加工肉类提供重要的维生素和铁，“可能对你有好处”。A. culture文化；B. history历史；C. economy经济；D. health健康。根据下文“provide important vitamins and iron”可知，红肉提供了维生素和铁，空处表示不要以“健康”为由，故选D项。
113．考查副词词义辨析。句意：运动对长寿和幸福是如此有益，以至于它应该被认为是我们的第一大药物，但它实际上毫无用处的一件事就是减肥。A. equally同等；B. practically实际上；C. socially社会；D. impossibly不可能。根据空后“useless is losing weight.”可知，运动对减肥“实际上”是没有用处的，故选B项。
114．考查名词词义辨析。句意：维生素丸是一个价值数十亿英镑的行业，几乎没有被证实的有效性，但可能会造成真正的伤害。A. effectiveness有效性；B. consciousness意识；C. competitiveness竞争力；D. emptiness空虚。根据空前“almost no proven”及空后“real harm”可知，维生素丸没有被证明“有效性”，可能还有害。故选A项。
115．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使是斯佩克特曾经研究和相信的维生素D，他现在也对他不屑一顾。A. serves服务；B. shares股份；C. recognizes承认；D. dismisses不屑一顾。根据空前“used to study and believe in”及“now”可知，空处表达的意思与前文相反，即曾经研究和相信，现在不屑一顾。故选D项。
116．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：斯佩克特还提供了不止一套目前可以辩护的技巧。A. pointless无意义；B. topical局部；C. defensible可辩护；D. additional附加。根据“a set of currently 　　11　　 tips.”可知，斯佩克特有不止一套理论来支持他的观点，可以为其辩护，故选C项。
117．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他最重要的观点是没有放之四海而皆准的标准。A. emotional情绪化的；B. significant重要的；C. questionable可疑的；D. forgivable可原谅的。根据空后“no one size that fits all”可知，这是他最重要观点，故选B项。
118．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的身体非常复杂，反应也因人而异：然而没有人愿意为可能解释这一现象的研究买单。A. individual个人的；B. unpredictable不可预测的；C. important重要的；D. available可用的。根据常识可知，每个人对不同的食物或运动项目的反应因人而异的。故选A项。
119．考查名词词义辨析。句意：食物选择，基因，环境和我们微生物组产生的化学反应的某种组合——我们体内独特的微生物组合——是的，我们每个人的结果都不同，留下一些瘦肉和三分之二的人太胖。A. changes变化；B. outcomes结果；C. profits利润；D. addicts成瘾者。根据前文“Some combination of food choices, genes, environment and the chemical reactions generated by our microbiome—the unique microbe (微生的)combinations in our body”可知，不同的食物选择，基因和环境及微生物产生的微生物组合的结果是不一样的，故选B项。
120．考查动词词义辨析。句意：斯佩克特希望进一步探索，这可能使我们能够阻止全球肥胖趋势，以及我们今年目睹的所有风险。A. start开始；B. analyze分析；C. stop阻止；D. reflect反思。根据空后“the global trend to obesity”可知，斯佩克特想进步一的进行研究，以阻止全球的肥胖趋势。故选C项。

121．D 122．A 123．B 124．B 125．A 126．C 127．D 128．C 129．D 130．A 131．B 132．A 133．C 134．D 135．B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了事实证明，只要适度享受，这些所谓的“有罪的快感”对我们是有好处的。
121．考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们根本放不下那些垃圾书。A. turn down拒绝；B. take in吸收；C. tear apart撕破；D. put down放下。根据“The TV shows and movies we love, even though we just know they’re bad.”可知，此处表示因为喜欢垃圾书，所以根本放不下它们。故选D。
122．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：是的，这些都是我们的有罪的快感——有些人认为是我们媒体饮食中的垃圾食品。A. junk垃圾；B. sugary含糖的；C. spiritual精神上的；D. transformative有改革能力的。根据上文的“even though we just know they’re bad.”、“The trashy books”和“The awful earworms”可知，此处指垃圾食品。故选A。
123．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但如果我们喜欢它们，我们为什么要感到有罪恶感呢？A. relaxed放松的；B. guilty有罪恶感的；C. helpless无助的；D. alert警觉的。根据上文的“Yes, these are our guilty pleasures”可知，此处提出疑问“既然喜欢，为什么要有罪恶感？”故选B。
124．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实证明，只要适度享受，这些所谓的“有罪”的快感实际上对我们有好处。A. mass大量；B. moderation适度；C. minimum最小值；D. depression抑郁。根据“We should be free to enjoy whatever we like!”和“these so-called “guilty” pleasures can actually be good for us”可知，只要适度的喜欢，这些有罪的快感对我们是有好处的。故选B。
125．考查名词词义辨析。句意：加州大学圣巴巴拉分校(University of California, Santa Barbara)专门研究媒体效应和情感的传播学教授罗宾·纳比(Robin Nabi)说，让精神休息一下，享受一些不需要高度专注于智力的事情，可以让我们摆脱解决问题的模式。A. focus关注；B. superiority优势；C. quality质量；D. development发展。根据“enjoying something that doesn’t require intense intellectual”可知，此处表示享受一些不需要高度专注于智力的事情。故选A。
126．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它还可以提高我们有效处理压力源的能力，帮助我们更积极地与他人交往。A. struggle奋斗；B. charge收费；C. engage从事；D. persevere坚持不懈。engage with为固定短语，表示“与……交往，建立友好关系”。故选C。
127．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果这是真的，那么为什么有罪的快感会有这么坏的名声呢？A. breakup破裂；B. principle原则；C. condition条件；D. reputation名声。根据“bad”和“Well, it’s not the addiction itself”可知，有罪的快感有坏的名声。故选D。
128．考查名词词义辨析。句意：问题不在于上瘾本身，而在于我们谈论上瘾时的态度。A. consciousness意识，知；B. obligation义务；C. attitudes态度；D. requirements要求。此处表示表明，罪恶的快感有坏的名声，是我们谈论它的态度有问题。故选C。
129．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，根据纳比博士等专家的说法，对我们喜欢的活动感到内疚或贬低会减少它们给我们带来的好处，而摆脱对我们的兴趣的自我强加的尴尬可以增强和丰富我们的社交生活，这就是为什么是时候把“有罪的快感”从我们的集体词汇中删除了。A. switch交换；B. receive接收；C. claim声称；D. decrease减少。根据“feeling guilty about or disparaging (贬低) activities we enjoy”可知，对我们喜欢的活动感到内疚或贬低会减少它们给我们带来的好处。故选D。
130．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. vocabulary词汇；B. experience经历；C. recognition识别；D. target目标。根据上文“feeling guilty about or disparaging (贬低) activities we enjoy can 　　9　　 the benefits they offer us while getting rid of self-imposed(自我强加的) embarrassment about our interests can be empowering and enrich our social lives”可知，对我们喜欢的活动感到内疚或贬低会减少它们给我们带来的好处，而摆脱对我们的兴趣的自我强加的尴尬可以增强和丰富我们的社交生活，因此要把“有罪的快感”从集体词汇中删除。故选A。
131．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他补充说，我们与在这类事情上有共同兴趣的人建立的联系“不可低估”。A. established建立；B. underestimated低估；C. found找到；D. strengthened加强。根据上文“One important value of a guilty pleasure is the bond it can create between people. “These shows are out there for a reason — they’re resonating(产生共鸣的),” Dr. Nabi said.”可知，我们与在这类事情上有共同兴趣的人建立的联系“不可低估”。故选B。
132．考查介词短语和副词词义辨析。句意：此外，谈论我们喜欢什么可以减轻任何剩余的内疚感，使我们更容易发现更多给我们带来快乐的东西。A. In addition此外；B. On the contrary相反；C. All in all总而言之；D. Therefore因此。上文“One important value of a guilty pleasure is the bond it can create between people.”是在讲有罪的快感给我们带来的好处，空后内容继续说明好处，二者是并列的关系。故选A。
133．考查副词词义辨析。句意：能够公开地谈论我们的所爱不仅仅是一种消磨时间的方式。A. enthusiastically热情地；B. casually随意地；C. openly公开地；D. politely有礼貌地。根据“talking about what we enjoy can ease any remaining guilt and makes it easier to discover more things that bring us pleasure.”可知，此处说明公开谈论我们的所爱带来的好处。故选C。
134．考查动词短语辨析。句意：毕竟，如果你觉得你不能诚实地说出什么电视节目让你高兴，那么你还对自己和他人隐瞒了什么呢？A. driving away赶走；B. insisting on坚持；C. pushing forward推进；D. keeping from隐瞒。根据“if you don’t feel like you can be honest about what TV pleases you”可知，如果你觉得你不能诚实地说出什么电视节目让你高兴，那么你对自己和他人就会有所隐瞒。故选D。
135．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然内疚在某些情况下可以增加快乐，但它也会促使我们沉迷于我们在其他情况下感到内疚的行为。A. theories理论；B. behaviors行为；C. problems问题；D. relationships关系。根据“Still, it’s best to follow the age-old advice our parents taught us: Everything in moderation.”可知，任何事情都要适度，因为罪恶的快感会促使我们沉迷于我们在其他情况下感到内疚的行为。故选B。

136．A 137．D 138．B 139．B 140．C 141．D 142．C 143．C 144．A 145．C 146．A 147．D 148．C 149．A 150．C

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了我们对一些伟人独一无二的科学贡献的看法往往忽视了前辈之前的经验和努力。科学创新更多的是一个试错的过程，是科学进步不断积累的结果。
136．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们对这种独一无二的科学贡献的看法往往忽视了这个人之前的经验和鲜为人知的前辈们的努力。A. overlooks忽视；B. enriches丰富；C. questions质疑；D. reflects反应。由上文“Our view of such unique contributions to science often”和下文“the person’s prior experience and the efforts of their lesser-known predecessors”可知，我们认为科学贡献只属于某个或某几个人的看法往往忽视了一个人之前的经验和鲜为人知的前辈的努力，故选A。
137．考查动词短语辨析。句意：撇开达尔文和爱因斯坦这样的伟人不谈，他们的杰出贡献受到了应有的赞扬，我们认为创新更多的是一个试错的过程，前进两步有时会后退一步，也可能会向右或向左走一步或多步。A. Aiming at旨在；B. Longing for渴望；C. Holding back阻止；D. Setting aside把……放一旁。由下文“we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error, where two steps forward may sometimes come with one step back, as well as one or more steps to the right or left.”和上文提到的人们认为科学发现是博物学家查尔斯·达尔文和理论物理学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦等智力明星的天才结晶可知，作者认同达尔文和爱因斯坦的贡献得到了应有的赞扬，但是作者还认为创新需要试错，也就是说除了达尔文和爱因斯坦的成就外，还有之前前辈的经验和努力也值得赞扬，所以此处指撇开达尔文和爱因斯坦这样的伟人不谈，故选D。
138．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种对人类创新的进化观削弱了创造性天才的观念，并承认了科学进步的累积性。A. native本地的；B. creative有创意的；C. subjective主观的；D. sensitive敏感的。由上文“This evolutionary view of human innovation”和上文提到的“the sheer genius of such intellectual stars as naturalist Charles Darwin and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein”可知，对达尔文和爱因斯坦这种天才，应该赞扬他们的贡献，但是也应该肯定前辈的经验和努力，由此可知，这种创新的进化观削弱了创造性天才的观念，故选B。
139．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：想想一位未被认可的科学家：约翰·尼科尔森，一位在1910年代工作的数学物理学家，他假设外太空中存在“原始元素”。A. stressed焦虑的；B. unrecognized未被认出的；C. celebrated著名的；D. respected受人尊敬的。由下文“scientist: John Nicholson, a mathematical physicist working in the 1910s who assumed the existence of ‘proto-elements’ in outer space.”可知，此处举例子说明前辈的那些错误也是有意义的，这些前辈往往是没有被认可的，故选B。
140．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：考虑到尼科尔森对原始元素存在的看法是错误的：它们实际上并不存在，这些成功更值得注意。A. suspicious怀疑的；B. concerned关心的；C. wrong错误的；D. guilty内疚的。由下文“they do not actually exist.”可知，尼科尔森对原始元素存在的看法是错误的，因为实际上它们并不存在，故选C。
141．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在他经常异想天开的理论和疯狂的猜测中，尼科尔森还提出了一个关于原子结构的新理论。A. tested测试；B. rejected拒绝；C. accepted接受；D. proposed建议。由下文“a new theory about the structure of atoms”可知，尼科尔森提出一个关于原子结构的新理论，故选D。
142．考查动词短语辨析。句意：诺贝尔奖得主、现代原子理论之父尼尔斯·玻尔从这个有趣的想法中跳出来，提出了他现在著名的原子模型。A. got rid of摆脱；B. made room for腾出空间；C. jumped off from从……跳出来；D. put up with忍受。由下文“this interesting idea to come up with his now-famous model of the atom.”可知，尼尔斯·玻尔从这个有趣的想法中跳出来，提出了他现在著名的原子模型，故选C。
143．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们认为科学在不断发展，就像动物物种进化一样。A. struggling挣扎；B. reversing修正；C. evolving进化；发展；D. shrinking缩水。由下文“much as species of animals do”和“In biological systems, organisms may display new characteristics”可知，此处指就像动物物种进化一样，科学在不断发展，故选C。
144．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在生物系统中，生物体可能会因随机基因突变而表现出新的特征。A. result from起因于；B. contribute to有助于；C. depart from离开；D. relate to与……有关。由上文“organisms may display new characteristics that”和下文“random genetic mutations (变异)”可知，生物体新的特征是由于随机基因突变造成的，故选A。
145．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同样，思想的随机或偶然突变可能有助于为科学进步铺平道路。A. priorities优先权；B. trials实验；C. advances进步；D. obstacles障碍。由上文“In the same way, random or accidental mutations of ideas may help pave the way for”可知，思想的随机或偶然突变可能有助于为科学进步铺平道路，故选C。
146．考查连接词词义辨析。句意：如果突变被证明是有益的，动物或科学理论将继续茁壮成长，也许还会繁殖。A. If如果；B. Until直到；C. While当……时候；D. Unless除非。由下文“mutations prove beneficial, the animal or the scientific theory will continue to thrive and perhaps reproduce.”可知，此处表示一种假设，应用if引导的条件状语从句，故选A。
147．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对这种行为创新的进化观点的支持来自许多领域。A. Responsibility责任；B. Prejudice偏见；C. Dislike不喜欢；D. Support支持。由下文“Consider one example of an influential innovation in US horseracing.”可知，作者举了一个美国赛马界有影响力的创新例子，来证明对这种行为创新的进化观点的支持来自许多领域，故选D。
148．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他是否已经预见了骑“acey-deucy”马镫位置能有速度优势？A. doubted怀疑；B. neglected忽视；C. foreseen预见；D. exceeded超过。由上文“The so-called ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup (马镫) placement, in which the rider’s foot in his left stirrup is placed as much as 25 centimeters lower than the right, is believed to give important speed advantages when turning on egg-shaped tracks. It was developed by a relatively unknown jockey named Jackie Westrope(所谓的“acey-deucy”马镫位置，即骑手的脚放在左马镫中，比右马镫低25厘米，被认为在蛋形赛道上转弯时具有重要的速度优势。它是由一位相对不知名的骑师Jackie Westrope发明的)”和下文“No. He suffered a leg injury, which left him unable to fully bend his left knee.”可知，骑师Jackie Westrope发现了这种“acey-deucy”马镫位置，但这是偶然发现的，并不是他提前能预测到的，此处提出问题：他是否已经预见了骑“acey-deucy”马镫位置有速度优势？下文对此做出否定回答，即证明了他没有预测到“acey-deucy”马镫位置有速度优势，故选C。
149．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的动机恰好与左手转弯表现的增强相吻合。A. motivation动机；B. modification修正；C. dedication奉献；D. publication出版。由下文“just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance.”和上文提到他因为腿部受伤，导致左膝无法完全弯曲。这使他碰巧发现了有速度优势的“acey-deucy”马镫位置，由此可知，他发明“acey-deucy”马镫位置的动机和左手转弯表现的增强相吻合，故选A。
150．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多其他故事表明，新的进步可能来自错误、不幸，也可能来自纯粹的偶然发现——一场幸福的意外。A. occasion场合；B. life生活；C. accident意外；D. ending结尾。由上文“Plenty of other stories show that fresh advances can arise from error, misadventure, and also pure serendipity—a happy”和上文举的Jackie Westrope在受伤后碰巧发现了会有速度优势的“acey-deucy”马镫位置，这完全是一场意外，由此可知，新的进步可能来自错误、不幸，也可能来自纯粹的偶然发现——一场幸福的意外。故选C。