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人教版 (2019)必修 第三册Unit 4 Space Exploration随堂练习题
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这是一份人教版 (2019)必修 第三册Unit 4 Space Exploration随堂练习题，共17页。
Unit 4 Space Exploration测试卷
（A卷基础卷）解析版
【新人教版】
注意事项：
1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡上。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
No human has set foot on the Moon since 1972. Now, after more than four decades of inactivity, interest in putting humans back on the Moon is finally heating up again. But who will get there first?
CHINA
On 14 December 2013, China successfully landed its Jade Rabbit rover(探测车)on the Moon. It is now working on its next exploration mission. Named Chang’e 4, the mission is scheduled to touch down in the Aitken Basin near the end of 2018. If successful, it will be the first landing on the Moon’s far side.
RUSSIA
Russia plans a manned Moon landing in 2030. It is currently working on a project whose idea is that the landers will explore the south pole of the Moon, exploring for resources such as minerals and water ice to be used to provide for a human outpost(前哨站).
INDIA
Following the success of its Chandrayaan-1 in 2008, India announced a follow-on mission. Chandrayaan-2 was meant to cooperate with Russia. But when the Russians failed to deliver the promised lander in 2013, India decided to go it alone. Chandrayaan-2 is about to be sent up in 2018.
U. S. A.
In December 2018, NASA plans to send up the Exploration Mission 1, an uncrewed test of their Orion astronaut capsule in which the craft will circle around the Moon before returning to Earth. All being well, a crewed capsule will follow in 2023. Should the mission prove a success, the astronauts will be the first humans to see the far side of the Moon with their own eyes since Apollo 17 in 1972.
1. What will China do in its next space mission?
A. Improve its Jade Rabbit rover.
B. Work with other countries.
C. Land Chang’e 4 on the Moon.
D. Explore the south pole of the Moon.
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知, 嫦娥四号将在2018年底降落在月球Aitken Basin地区。据此可知, 中国的下一步空间计划是嫦娥四号登月, 故选C项。
2. Why did India try to carry out its follow-on mission alone?
A. It couldn’t find a partner.
B. It didn’t get the lander as planned.
C. The Russians refused to work with India.
D. It planned to launch Chandrayaan-2 in advance.
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第四段第三句可知, 由于俄罗斯没能给印度提供着陆器, 因此印度决定自己实施登月计划, 故项B项。
3. Which country is interested in resources on the Moon?
A. Russia. B. China. C. India. D. U. S. A.
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知, 当前俄罗斯正启动一项工程, 其思路是登陆器将探索月球的南极, 寻找矿物质和水冰等资源以供人类前哨站使用。故选A项。
B
Since several organizations plan to put the first man on Mars by 2030, new trips to the moon will take place around 2020-2025. If you go to the moon, you need a place to stay in. What will it be like? Maybe the following article can give us some inspiration.
August 23, 2025-Today a new chapter in space travel is written. Rod Markham and his wife-to-be Susan Milliliter arrived safely at the moon to spend 5 nights as the first guests at the Starbright Hotel that was set up for this purpose two years ago.
Not only are they the first hotel guests on the moon, but they also set a new record for expensive accommodation since the price was $3.7 million per night, per person. However, the move from the earth to the hotel was included in the price.
The hotel itself will probably have a hard time just to try to gain one star in any hotel rating system, since there is no room service. The guests have to do the cleaning of the room themselves and there is no bathroom in it. However, they have more stars than they need just outside their
Rod and Susan will get married by linking their local minister in San Diego, California at 9:00 pm EST tonight, and the wedding will be broadcast live by several major TV networks in a 1-hour special report, including the preparations for the trip.
Six astronauts are along with them and during the stay theyˈll set up further accommodations for the guests who have made reservations at the Star-bright Hotel next year. The hotel has no employees, only some workers when guests stay at it.
4. What does the new chapter in space travel refer to according to Paragraph 2?
A. Human landed on Mars for the first time.
B. The first hotel on the moon was set up.
C. The first hotel guests landed on the moon.
D. The hotel on Mars welcomed its first guests.
【答案】
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第二段的第二句Rod Markham and his wife-to-be Susan Milliliter arrived safely at the moon to spend 5 nights as the first guests at the Starbright Hotel that was set up for this purpose two years ago.可知，这里的新篇章指的是月球迎来了第一批住宿的旅客，故选C项。
5. During the coupleˈs stay at the Star-bright Hotel, they ________.
A. canˈt find much help
B. will get five-star service
C. have to cook food themselves
D. can use the bathroom in their room
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，这个旅馆没有客房服务，因此夫妻俩许多事都要亲力亲为，不会得到很多帮助，故选A项。
6. What can we learn about the wedding of Rod and Susan?
A. It will last for an hour.
B. It can be watched live on the earth.
C. A minister on the moon will host it.
D. Their relatives and friends will be present.
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知，婚礼上他们会连线在圣迭戈的神父做主持，并由几家电视台进行实况转播，故选B项。
7. What will the six astronauts do during the stay of Rod and Susan?
A. Accept reservations from others.
B. Improve room service for the couple.
C. Look for several employees for the hotel.
D. Prepare accommodations for future guests.
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句 Six astronauts are along with them and during the stay theyˈll set up further accommodations for the guests who have made reservations at the Star-bright Hotel next year.可知，这六个宇航员会在那里为接下来已预订旅馆的人准备住宿，故选D项。
C
At first, the earthˈs surface layer (层) was made up of huge blocks of hard, solid rocks. Then slowly, the rocks broke up into smaller and smaller pieces. Finally stones, pebbles (卵石) and grains of sand were formed. Many sorts of plants and animals lived and died on the surface of the earth. Their remains mixed with stones and pebbles formed soil. The outmost layer of the earth is soil.
There are many ways in which large pieces of rock break into smaller ones. Wind, water, heat and cold help to break up rocks. When winds blow grains of sand against a large rock for a long time, the softer layers of the rock are slowly worn away. That leaves holes and cracks in the rock, which become bigger and finally the rock breaks up into smaller pieces.
The moving water of streams and rivers also helps to break up rocks. As the water moves along, it carries with small pieces of rock. These rub the larger ones. Thus, the larger rocks are worn down to smaller pieces.
The heat of the sun is also helpful to breaking up rocks. When the sun shines, the rocks become very hot. If these rocks are suddenly cooled, they may crack. Ice also plays a part in making soil. Water in the cracks can turn into ice in cold weather. As this happens, the cracks become bigger and wider, and finally break into smaller pieces.
8. According to the passage, soil ________.
A. forms very slowly
B. is a mixture of stones, pebbles and sand
C. makes up the layers of the earth
D. is becoming smaller and smaller
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查推理判断题。第一段中提到岩石慢慢地破裂，成为小的石头，其后动植物遗体跟石头、卵石混合在一起，形成了土壤，可推知土壤的形成非常慢。故选A项。
9. How many factors are mentioned in helping break up rocks?
A. Three. B. Four.
C. Five. D. More than five.
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Wind, water, heat and cold”以及文章内容可知，促进岩石破裂主要有四种方法，故选B项。
10. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. The remains of many plants and animals formed soil.
B. If a large rock never moves, it will never break up.
C. The changes in temperature will help to break up rocks.
D. Ice in the cracks helps to break up rocks.
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据文中的四种岩石破裂的方法可知，即使岩石不动，它也会碎，故选B项。
11. The best title for this passage should be ________.
A. Soil from Rocks
B. Ways to Break up Rocks
C. Soil on the Earth
D. Soil, Outmost Layer of the Earth
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了岩石破裂的方法，因此标题与岩石碎裂有关，因此最好的题目为B.Ways to Break up Rocks，故选B项。
D
I have recently moved to Hamburg in Germany and have always heard that Germans just wear jeans or some strange clothes. Since I moved here, I have found this actually is completely false and I think I would prefer it if they did just wear jeans, so I could do the same!
Hamburg is a very big shopping city. Apart from H&M, New Yorker and Mango, I have found a New Look and a new Topshop have recently just opened. These shops are quite popular in the UK and sell clothes which are always considered as very "fashionable".
Another thing I am really struggling with is that I am trying to find the right clothes for the weather. I have found in Hamburg one minute it is nice and sunny, but the next minute it is throwing it down with rain! One day it might start off really rainy and cold, but by lunch time it is sunny and really hot, so wearing a coat is not practical.
In general, however, I think it has also got cold here very quickly and it already feels like the winter that I am used to. I frequently go out in my winter coat, hat, gloves and scarf while many other people are still only wearing jeans or leather jackets. I don't understand how they do it as I am always freezing. Is it better to blend in with (与……协调) fashion or be warm? I think I would rather be warm and maybe look like a bit of a banana in a huge coat rather than be shivering all day.
What do you think? Clearly I am missing something here as I seem to be the only one to struggle with these fashion decisions.
12. When the writer is in Hamburg, she finds Germans ________.
A. care more about what to wear
B. don't always wear jeans
C. like wearing fashionable clothes
D. like wearing jeans
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。从第一段的...have always heard that Germans just wear jeans or some strange clothes. Since I moved here, I have found this actually is completely false可知，德国人只穿牛仔裤的说法是错误的，他们并不总是穿牛仔裤，故选B项。
13. Shopping in Hamburg is very ________.
A. difficult B. funny C. exciting D. convenient
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。从第二段的Hamburg is a very big shopping city. Apart from H&M, New Yorker and Mango, I have found a New Look and a new Topshop have recently just opened可知，汉堡有很多大型服装品牌，购物是很方便的，故选D项。
14. We know the weather in Hamburg is ________.
A. changeable B. comfortable C. rainy D. lovely
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。从第三段的I have found in Hamburg one minute it is nice and sunny, but the next minute it is throwing it down with rain可知，汉堡的天气是易变的，故选A项。
15. What does the underlined word "shivering" probably mean?
A. Wandering. B. Searching. C. Shaking. D. Watching.
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查词句猜测题。从前面的I don't understand how they do it as I am always freezing及I think I would rather be warm可以判断出，画线词的词义应该是因寒冷而发抖，故选C项。
第二节 （共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Life on Mars: Is it really possible?
Now that Curiosity is beaming back Earth-like pictures of Martian landscape, the old question raises its head: Could man and woman ever go there? The answer is very definitely yes. There are a number of practical challenges to overcome first, however. There are differences between Earth and Mars, but also a number of similarities. (16)
Phobos and Deimos
Unlike Earth, Mars does not have a polar magnetic field. Scientists believe that the two Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, are little planets. (17)
(18)
For the annual IGEM or International Genetically Engineered Machines competition, students around the world attempt to make living cells perform new tasks. In preparation for the human colonization of Mars, seeds and organic matter would have to be transported from Earth to begin growing plants and establishing a food supply.
Super-sized Bees
Plants need pollinators as well as water, and the best pollinator on Earth is the humble bee-and entire hives would be transported to Mars. (19) However, without natural predators, they could grow very large, indeed.
Overcoming Challenges-Opening Possibilities
There will be other challenges to overcome, for example, the effect on the human body of living in a field with low gravity. (20) Right now, we ought to welcome the challenges. The more challenges we overcome now, the more prepared we will be for moving out of our solar system and into the grand, universal adventure that is ahead of us.
A．IGEM
B．The next question is: Could man colonize Mars?
C．Once there, the insects would be let loose among the plants.
D．However, all kinds of other interesting things will be happening.
E．But these are already issues for astronauts living on the International Space Station.
F．They do not have the stabilizing effect on the spin of the planet like the moon has upon Earth.
G．Mars has Earth-like seasons and the planet surface is abundant in minerals essential for plant growth.
16.【答案】 G
【解析】根据上句There are differences between Earth and Mars, but also a number of similarities.介绍地球与火星有不同但也有相似之处，下面应具体举例。G项指出火星拥有与地球相似的季节和植物生长所必需的矿物质，符合语境，故选G项。
17.【答案】 F
【解析】根据上文 Unlike Earth, Mars does not have a polar magnetic field. Scientists believe that the two Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, are little planets.提到科学家认为Phobos和Deimos是火星的月亮，但其实是两颗小行星，因此它们对火星的旋转没有月亮对地球一样的稳定作用，故选F项。
18.【答案】 A
【解析】根据下文 For the annual IGEM or International Genetically Engineered Machines competition, students around the world attempt to make living cells perform new tasks. 出现IGEM关键词，由此可知A项符合本段的小标题，故选A项。
19.【答案】 C
【解析】根据上文 Plants need pollinators as well as water, and the best pollinator on Earth is the humble bee-and entire hives would be transported to Mars. 提到为了把传粉者蜜蜂运到火星上，要把完整的蜂巢运过去，下面应介绍到达火星以后怎么做，故选C项。
20.【答案】 E
【解析】根据上一句 There will be other challenges to overcome, for example, the effect on the human body of living in a field with low gravity. 提到到火星以后将面对重力较小的问题，这正好是国际空间站的宇航员们遇到过的问题，E项符合语境。故选E项。
第二部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
All passengers boarded (登机), and the flight would be on time. However, I noticed an adult passenger sitting at the gate (登机口) crying. I asked the gate staff what was up and they told me the passenger was not (21) to board due to a problem of his ticket. His last name in the ticket was (22) wrongly by a letter but he had (23) it before.
The man told me that his father was just in the (24) and he needed to take this flight to hopefully see him before he (25) . Unfortunately, there was nothing the gate staff could do about it. They toht him to buy a new ticket. (26) , the flight was to leave ten minutes later and it was impossible for him to do so. He told me he wou|d be really (27) if he wouldnˈt be able to say his final goodbye to his dad. Seeing a grown man crying sadly, I was sure that he was telling the (28) .
I considered for a while and then thought of (29) I could do to help him. As a member of the staff, I have a (30) -I can issue (发) tickets through an online system to my family or (31) . Then, I provided a staff ticket for this passenger. I passed the ticket to him (32) his knowing what Iˈd done. I just hoped that he wouldnˈt (33) any of his fatherˈs last words. Later, the gate staff told me they would help me keep the (34) as we can only use the staff tickets for people we know.
I was so proud that day (35) I did something meaningful for a person in need.
21. A. forced B. allowed C. advised D. persuaded
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意：我问登机口工作人员怎么了，他们告诉我，这位乘客因为机票问题不能登机。A.强迫；B.允许；C.建议；D.说服。根据后文的“due to a problem of his ticket”可知，那位乘客因为他的机票有问题而不被允许(allowed)登机，故选B项。
22. A. read B. spelled C. understood D. remembered
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意：他票上的的姓氏被拼错了一个字母，但他之前忽略了。A.读；B.拼写；C.理解，明白；D.记得。根据“His last name in the ticket was ____22____ wrongly by a letter”可知，那位乘客机票上的姓氏应该是被拼写(spelled)错了一个字母，故选B。
23. A. found B. recorded C. imagined D. ignored
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意同上。A.发现，找到；B.记录；C.想像，设想；D.忽略。根据语境可知，那位乘客票面上的姓氏有误，但他之前忽略了(ignored)，故选D项。
24. A. airport B. office C. school D. hospital
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意：那个人告诉我他父亲刚刚住院了，在他去世之前，他需要乘坐这趟飞机去见他。A.机场；B.办公室；C.学校；D.医院。根据后文的“if he wouldnˈt be able to say his final goodbye to his dad”可知，那位乘客的父亲快要去世了，所以应该是在医院(hospital)里，故选D项。
25. A. gave up B. came back C. passed away D. settled down
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意同上。A.放弃；B.回来，恢复(知觉、记忆等)；C.消失，去世；D.定居，平静下来。根据前文“and he needed to take this flight to hopefully see him”可知，那位乘客希望乘这班飞机赶到医院，在他父亲临终(passed away)前见一面，故选C项。
26. A. Instead B. However C. Otherwise D. Therefore
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查副词辨析。句意：然而，飞机十分钟后起飞，这对他来说是不可能的。A.代替；B.然而；C.否则；D.因此。根据语境可知，工作人员告诉该乘客重新买一张票，但是(However)飞机马上就要起飞，时间来不及了。前后是转折关系，故选B项。
27. A. regretful B. confused C. anxious D. hopeless
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。句意：他告诉如果他不能跟父亲临终道别，我他会非常遗憾。A.遗憾的；B.困惑的；C.焦急的；D.绝望的。根据后文“if he wouldnˈt be able to say his final goodbye to his dad”可知，如果不能跟父亲临终道别，那位乘客应该会非常遗憾(regretful)，故选A项。
28. A. lie B. truth C. joke D. story
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意：看到一个成年人伤心地哭泣，我确信他说的是实话。A.谎话；B.事实；C.笑话；D.故事。根据上文的“Seeing a grown man crying sadly”可知，看到一个成年男人哭得那么伤心，作者确信他说的是事实(truth)，故选B项。
29. A. nothing B. anything C. something D. everything
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查不定代词辨析。句意：我考虑了一会儿，然后我想到了我能帮他的忙。A.无事；B.任何事物；C.某事；D.一切。根据语境可知，作者考虑了一会儿，想到了为帮助那位乘客他可以做的事情(something)，故选C项。
30. A. goal B. duty C. task D. right
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意：作为员工，我有权利——我可以通过在线系统给我的家人或朋友买票。A.目标；B.职责；C.任务；D.权利。根据后文“I can issue tickets through an online system to my family”可知，作为工作人员，作者有权(right)通过在线系统为一些人签发机票，故选D项。
31. A. pets B. friends C. customers D. passengers
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意同上。A.宠物；B.朋友；C.顾客；D.乘客。根据后文“we can only use the staff tickets for people we know”可知，工作人员只能为自己的家人和认识的朋友(friends)买票，故选B项。
32. A. for B. after C. since D. without
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查介词辨析。句意：我把票递给了他，并没有让他知道我做了什么。A.为了；B.在……以后；C.自从；D.没有。根据语境可知，作者并不期望回报，所以他只是将票递给那位乘客，没(without)让他知道作者为他所做的事，故选D项。
33. A. miss B. repeat C. forget D. mind
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意：我只是希望他不会错过他父亲的任何临终遗言。A.错过；B.重复；C.忘记；D.介意。根据语境可知，作者希望那位乘客不会错过(miss)他父亲的任何临终遗言，故选A项。
34. A. secret B. rule C. promise D. appointment
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意：后来，登机口工作人员告诉我他们会帮我保守秘密，因为只有我们认识的人才能用员工票。A.秘密；B.规则；C.承诺；D.约定。根据后文“as we can only use the staff tickets for people we know”可知，工作人员只能为认识的人买票，所以严格来说作者的做法是违规的，但登机口工作人员表示会帮作者保守这个秘密(secret)，故选A项。
35. A. because B. before C. until D. unless
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查连词辨析。句意：我那天感到非常自豪，因为我为一个需要帮助的人做了一件有意义的事。A.因为；B.在……以前；C.直到；D.除非。根据语境可知，作者那天感到非常自豪，因为(because)他为需要帮助的人做了件有意义的事情，故选A项。
第二节 （共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Life on Mars
Some people believe humans could live on the planet Mars by the year 2100. Our own planet, the Earth, is becoming more and more crowded and polluted because of the rapid increase in population. (36) (hopeful), people could start all over again and build (37) better world on Mars. Here is what life there could be like. At present, our spacecraft are very slow -- it would take (38) (month). With the development of technology, the journey might only take about 20 minutes by 2100 in spacecraft (39) travel at the speed of light! (40) , the spacecraft would travel so fast that the journey might be quite (41) (comfort). Many people would feel ill. Humans cannot survive (42) water, oxygen or food. Nobody knows (43) there would be enough water or oxygen on Mars for people there. Gravity could be another problem. The gravity on Mars (44) (be) only about three-eighths of that on the Earth. People would have to wear boots that are specially designed to prevent (45) from floating off into space. Life on Mars would be interesting as well as challenging.
36.【答案】Hopefully
【解析】1.本题考查查副词。根据句意可知此处用hopeful的副词形式hopefully做状语。故填Hopefully.
37.【答案】a
【解析】本题考查冠词。句意：人们可以重新开始，在火星上建立一个更美好的世界。根据前句start all over again可以推断出空处填冠词a表示泛指概念修饰better world。故填a.
38.【答案】months
【解析】本题考查名词复数。句意：得花上几个月的时间。month是可数名词，根据上文our spacecraft are very slow我们的飞船很慢，可以推断出空处用month的复数形式months。故填months.
39.【答案】that\which
【解析】本题考查定语从句。spacecraft为先行词，指物做travel at the speed of light的主语，引导定语从句用that\which。故填that\which.
40.【答案】However
【解析】本题考查连词。联系上下文可知，此处表示转折关系表示语意转折。故填However.
41.【答案】uncomfortable
【解析】本题考查形容词。根据上句the spacecraft would travel so fast可以推断出旅行可能十分不舒服。故填uncomfortable.
42.【答案】without
【解析】本题考查介词。句意：人类没有水、氧气和食物就无法生存。根据上句Humans cannot survive可以推断出空处填介词without。故填without.
43.【答案】whether\if
【解析】本题考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：没有人知道火星上是否有足够的水或氧气供火星上的人们使用。根据上句Nobody knows 可以推断出空处填whether\if表猜测。故填whether\if.
44.【答案】is
【解析】本题考查动词时态。句意：火星只有地球上火星的八分之三。根据句意可以推断火星只有地球上火星的八分之三是客观事实，所以用一般现在时，又因为主语是Mars故谓语用单数is形式。故填is.
45.【答案】themselves
【解析】本题考查反身代词。句意：人们将不得不穿上专门设计的靴子，以防止自己漂浮到太空中。句子的主语是People，人们穿靴子的目的是阻止他们自己漂浮到太空中。故填themselves.
第三部分 写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节 （满分15分）
请根据下列内容，用英文介绍霍金(Stephen Hawking)。
(1)世界最著名的物理学家和宇宙学家之一；
(2)21岁患一种奇怪的病，但他没有失去信心，坚强地活了下来；
(3)他提出了黑洞和灰洞理论，并写了《时间简史》一书，此书被翻译成40种文字；
(4)2018年3月，霍金去世，享年76岁，世人因他在科学方面的成就而尊敬和纪念他。
注意：(1)词数：80左右；
(2)参考词汇：cosmologist宇宙学家；A Brief History of Time《时间简史》
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Stephen Hawking is one of the most famous physicists and cosmologists. ①At the age of 21, Hawking suffered from a strange disease, but he never lost confidence and survived strongly. He was optimistic about life.
Hawking came up with the theories of black holes and grey holes. ②He wrote a book named A Brief History of Time, which has been translated into 40 languages.
In March, 2018, Hawking passed away. He will be respected and remembered by the people in the world for his great achievements in science.
【解析】
【思路点拨】
这是一篇提纲作文，属于人物介绍。本文主要用一般现在时，一般过去时和第三人称来写作。注意把提示要点准确的表达出来，并适当发挥，使文章更充实。尽量多使用较高级的词汇和短语以及固定句式，注意英语的习惯表达，句子之间的连贯性，增强写作的规范性。
【亮点词汇】
①suffer from遭受；
②be optimistic about对……持乐观态度；
③come up with提出；
④pass away过世。
【高分句型】
①At the age of 21, Hawking suffered from a strange disease, but he never lost confidence and survived strongly.
句意：在21岁的时候，霍金患有一种奇怪的疾病，但他从未失去信心，并坚强地活了下来。语法点：由but连接的并列句，表示转折。
②He wrote a book named A Brief History of Time, which has been translated into 40 languages.
句意：他写了一本书，名为《时间简史》，已翻译成40种语言。
语法点：named过去分词做置定语；which引导的非限定性定语从句。
【结构布局】
①引言：首先介绍人物基本情况
②中心：介绍人物成就
③结尾：表明人们对他的怀念
第二节 （满分25分）
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weˈve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyˈre building their childrenˈs confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thatˈs insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parentsˈ praise has put them. Still, donˈt go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging gas giving too much. Kids will feel like theyˈre not good enough or that you donˈt care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments. So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our childrenˈs efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that itˈs the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if heˈs out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Parents tend to go to extremes when it comes to praising their kids. (要点1) Yet, both too much and too little praise can be equally damaging. (要点2) When giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the process instead of the result. (要点3) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work theyˈve involved in. (要点4)
【解析】略
Unit 4 Space Exploration测试卷
（A卷基础卷）解析版
【新人教版】
注意事项：
1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡上。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
No human has set foot on the Moon since 1972. Now, after more than four decades of inactivity, interest in putting humans back on the Moon is finally heating up again. But who will get there first?
CHINA
On 14 December 2013, China successfully landed its Jade Rabbit rover(探测车)on the Moon. It is now working on its next exploration mission. Named Chang’e 4, the mission is scheduled to touch down in the Aitken Basin near the end of 2018. If successful, it will be the first landing on the Moon’s far side.
RUSSIA
Russia plans a manned Moon landing in 2030. It is currently working on a project whose idea is that the landers will explore the south pole of the Moon, exploring for resources such as minerals and water ice to be used to provide for a human outpost(前哨站).
INDIA
Following the success of its Chandrayaan-1 in 2008, India announced a follow-on mission. Chandrayaan-2 was meant to cooperate with Russia. But when the Russians failed to deliver the promised lander in 2013, India decided to go it alone. Chandrayaan-2 is about to be sent up in 2018.
U. S. A.
In December 2018, NASA plans to send up the Exploration Mission 1, an uncrewed test of their Orion astronaut capsule in which the craft will circle around the Moon before returning to Earth. All being well, a crewed capsule will follow in 2023. Should the mission prove a success, the astronauts will be the first humans to see the far side of the Moon with their own eyes since Apollo 17 in 1972.
1. What will China do in its next space mission?
A. Improve its Jade Rabbit rover.
B. Work with other countries.
C. Land Chang’e 4 on the Moon.
D. Explore the south pole of the Moon.
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知, 嫦娥四号将在2018年底降落在月球Aitken Basin地区。据此可知, 中国的下一步空间计划是嫦娥四号登月, 故选C项。
2. Why did India try to carry out its follow-on mission alone?
A. It couldn’t find a partner.
B. It didn’t get the lander as planned.
C. The Russians refused to work with India.
D. It planned to launch Chandrayaan-2 in advance.
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第四段第三句可知, 由于俄罗斯没能给印度提供着陆器, 因此印度决定自己实施登月计划, 故项B项。
3. Which country is interested in resources on the Moon?
A. Russia. B. China. C. India. D. U. S. A.
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知, 当前俄罗斯正启动一项工程, 其思路是登陆器将探索月球的南极, 寻找矿物质和水冰等资源以供人类前哨站使用。故选A项。
B
Since several organizations plan to put the first man on Mars by 2030, new trips to the moon will take place around 2020-2025. If you go to the moon, you need a place to stay in. What will it be like? Maybe the following article can give us some inspiration.
August 23, 2025-Today a new chapter in space travel is written. Rod Markham and his wife-to-be Susan Milliliter arrived safely at the moon to spend 5 nights as the first guests at the Starbright Hotel that was set up for this purpose two years ago.
Not only are they the first hotel guests on the moon, but they also set a new record for expensive accommodation since the price was $3.7 million per night, per person. However, the move from the earth to the hotel was included in the price.
The hotel itself will probably have a hard time just to try to gain one star in any hotel rating system, since there is no room service. The guests have to do the cleaning of the room themselves and there is no bathroom in it. However, they have more stars than they need just outside their
Rod and Susan will get married by linking their local minister in San Diego, California at 9:00 pm EST tonight, and the wedding will be broadcast live by several major TV networks in a 1-hour special report, including the preparations for the trip.
Six astronauts are along with them and during the stay theyˈll set up further accommodations for the guests who have made reservations at the Star-bright Hotel next year. The hotel has no employees, only some workers when guests stay at it.
4. What does the new chapter in space travel refer to according to Paragraph 2?
A. Human landed on Mars for the first time.
B. The first hotel on the moon was set up.
C. The first hotel guests landed on the moon.
D. The hotel on Mars welcomed its first guests.
【答案】
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第二段的第二句Rod Markham and his wife-to-be Susan Milliliter arrived safely at the moon to spend 5 nights as the first guests at the Starbright Hotel that was set up for this purpose two years ago.可知，这里的新篇章指的是月球迎来了第一批住宿的旅客，故选C项。
5. During the coupleˈs stay at the Star-bright Hotel, they ________.
A. canˈt find much help
B. will get five-star service
C. have to cook food themselves
D. can use the bathroom in their room
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，这个旅馆没有客房服务，因此夫妻俩许多事都要亲力亲为，不会得到很多帮助，故选A项。
6. What can we learn about the wedding of Rod and Susan?
A. It will last for an hour.
B. It can be watched live on the earth.
C. A minister on the moon will host it.
D. Their relatives and friends will be present.
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知，婚礼上他们会连线在圣迭戈的神父做主持，并由几家电视台进行实况转播，故选B项。
7. What will the six astronauts do during the stay of Rod and Susan?
A. Accept reservations from others.
B. Improve room service for the couple.
C. Look for several employees for the hotel.
D. Prepare accommodations for future guests.
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句 Six astronauts are along with them and during the stay theyˈll set up further accommodations for the guests who have made reservations at the Star-bright Hotel next year.可知，这六个宇航员会在那里为接下来已预订旅馆的人准备住宿，故选D项。
C
At first, the earthˈs surface layer (层) was made up of huge blocks of hard, solid rocks. Then slowly, the rocks broke up into smaller and smaller pieces. Finally stones, pebbles (卵石) and grains of sand were formed. Many sorts of plants and animals lived and died on the surface of the earth. Their remains mixed with stones and pebbles formed soil. The outmost layer of the earth is soil.
There are many ways in which large pieces of rock break into smaller ones. Wind, water, heat and cold help to break up rocks. When winds blow grains of sand against a large rock for a long time, the softer layers of the rock are slowly worn away. That leaves holes and cracks in the rock, which become bigger and finally the rock breaks up into smaller pieces.
The moving water of streams and rivers also helps to break up rocks. As the water moves along, it carries with small pieces of rock. These rub the larger ones. Thus, the larger rocks are worn down to smaller pieces.
The heat of the sun is also helpful to breaking up rocks. When the sun shines, the rocks become very hot. If these rocks are suddenly cooled, they may crack. Ice also plays a part in making soil. Water in the cracks can turn into ice in cold weather. As this happens, the cracks become bigger and wider, and finally break into smaller pieces.
8. According to the passage, soil ________.
A. forms very slowly
B. is a mixture of stones, pebbles and sand
C. makes up the layers of the earth
D. is becoming smaller and smaller
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查推理判断题。第一段中提到岩石慢慢地破裂，成为小的石头，其后动植物遗体跟石头、卵石混合在一起，形成了土壤，可推知土壤的形成非常慢。故选A项。
9. How many factors are mentioned in helping break up rocks?
A. Three. B. Four.
C. Five. D. More than five.
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Wind, water, heat and cold”以及文章内容可知，促进岩石破裂主要有四种方法，故选B项。
10. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. The remains of many plants and animals formed soil.
B. If a large rock never moves, it will never break up.
C. The changes in temperature will help to break up rocks.
D. Ice in the cracks helps to break up rocks.
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。根据文中的四种岩石破裂的方法可知，即使岩石不动，它也会碎，故选B项。
11. The best title for this passage should be ________.
A. Soil from Rocks
B. Ways to Break up Rocks
C. Soil on the Earth
D. Soil, Outmost Layer of the Earth
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了岩石破裂的方法，因此标题与岩石碎裂有关，因此最好的题目为B.Ways to Break up Rocks，故选B项。
D
I have recently moved to Hamburg in Germany and have always heard that Germans just wear jeans or some strange clothes. Since I moved here, I have found this actually is completely false and I think I would prefer it if they did just wear jeans, so I could do the same!
Hamburg is a very big shopping city. Apart from H&M, New Yorker and Mango, I have found a New Look and a new Topshop have recently just opened. These shops are quite popular in the UK and sell clothes which are always considered as very "fashionable".
Another thing I am really struggling with is that I am trying to find the right clothes for the weather. I have found in Hamburg one minute it is nice and sunny, but the next minute it is throwing it down with rain! One day it might start off really rainy and cold, but by lunch time it is sunny and really hot, so wearing a coat is not practical.
In general, however, I think it has also got cold here very quickly and it already feels like the winter that I am used to. I frequently go out in my winter coat, hat, gloves and scarf while many other people are still only wearing jeans or leather jackets. I don't understand how they do it as I am always freezing. Is it better to blend in with (与……协调) fashion or be warm? I think I would rather be warm and maybe look like a bit of a banana in a huge coat rather than be shivering all day.
What do you think? Clearly I am missing something here as I seem to be the only one to struggle with these fashion decisions.
12. When the writer is in Hamburg, she finds Germans ________.
A. care more about what to wear
B. don't always wear jeans
C. like wearing fashionable clothes
D. like wearing jeans
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。从第一段的...have always heard that Germans just wear jeans or some strange clothes. Since I moved here, I have found this actually is completely false可知，德国人只穿牛仔裤的说法是错误的，他们并不总是穿牛仔裤，故选B项。
13. Shopping in Hamburg is very ________.
A. difficult B. funny C. exciting D. convenient
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。从第二段的Hamburg is a very big shopping city. Apart from H&M, New Yorker and Mango, I have found a New Look and a new Topshop have recently just opened可知，汉堡有很多大型服装品牌，购物是很方便的，故选D项。
14. We know the weather in Hamburg is ________.
A. changeable B. comfortable C. rainy D. lovely
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查细节理解题。从第三段的I have found in Hamburg one minute it is nice and sunny, but the next minute it is throwing it down with rain可知，汉堡的天气是易变的，故选A项。
15. What does the underlined word "shivering" probably mean?
A. Wandering. B. Searching. C. Shaking. D. Watching.
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查词句猜测题。从前面的I don't understand how they do it as I am always freezing及I think I would rather be warm可以判断出，画线词的词义应该是因寒冷而发抖，故选C项。
第二节 （共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Life on Mars: Is it really possible?
Now that Curiosity is beaming back Earth-like pictures of Martian landscape, the old question raises its head: Could man and woman ever go there? The answer is very definitely yes. There are a number of practical challenges to overcome first, however. There are differences between Earth and Mars, but also a number of similarities. (16)
Phobos and Deimos
Unlike Earth, Mars does not have a polar magnetic field. Scientists believe that the two Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, are little planets. (17)
(18)
For the annual IGEM or International Genetically Engineered Machines competition, students around the world attempt to make living cells perform new tasks. In preparation for the human colonization of Mars, seeds and organic matter would have to be transported from Earth to begin growing plants and establishing a food supply.
Super-sized Bees
Plants need pollinators as well as water, and the best pollinator on Earth is the humble bee-and entire hives would be transported to Mars. (19) However, without natural predators, they could grow very large, indeed.
Overcoming Challenges-Opening Possibilities
There will be other challenges to overcome, for example, the effect on the human body of living in a field with low gravity. (20) Right now, we ought to welcome the challenges. The more challenges we overcome now, the more prepared we will be for moving out of our solar system and into the grand, universal adventure that is ahead of us.
A．IGEM
B．The next question is: Could man colonize Mars?
C．Once there, the insects would be let loose among the plants.
D．However, all kinds of other interesting things will be happening.
E．But these are already issues for astronauts living on the International Space Station.
F．They do not have the stabilizing effect on the spin of the planet like the moon has upon Earth.
G．Mars has Earth-like seasons and the planet surface is abundant in minerals essential for plant growth.
16.【答案】 G
【解析】根据上句There are differences between Earth and Mars, but also a number of similarities.介绍地球与火星有不同但也有相似之处，下面应具体举例。G项指出火星拥有与地球相似的季节和植物生长所必需的矿物质，符合语境，故选G项。
17.【答案】 F
【解析】根据上文 Unlike Earth, Mars does not have a polar magnetic field. Scientists believe that the two Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, are little planets.提到科学家认为Phobos和Deimos是火星的月亮，但其实是两颗小行星，因此它们对火星的旋转没有月亮对地球一样的稳定作用，故选F项。
18.【答案】 A
【解析】根据下文 For the annual IGEM or International Genetically Engineered Machines competition, students around the world attempt to make living cells perform new tasks. 出现IGEM关键词，由此可知A项符合本段的小标题，故选A项。
19.【答案】 C
【解析】根据上文 Plants need pollinators as well as water, and the best pollinator on Earth is the humble bee-and entire hives would be transported to Mars. 提到为了把传粉者蜜蜂运到火星上，要把完整的蜂巢运过去，下面应介绍到达火星以后怎么做，故选C项。
20.【答案】 E
【解析】根据上一句 There will be other challenges to overcome, for example, the effect on the human body of living in a field with low gravity. 提到到火星以后将面对重力较小的问题，这正好是国际空间站的宇航员们遇到过的问题，E项符合语境。故选E项。
第二部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
All passengers boarded (登机), and the flight would be on time. However, I noticed an adult passenger sitting at the gate (登机口) crying. I asked the gate staff what was up and they told me the passenger was not (21) to board due to a problem of his ticket. His last name in the ticket was (22) wrongly by a letter but he had (23) it before.
The man told me that his father was just in the (24) and he needed to take this flight to hopefully see him before he (25) . Unfortunately, there was nothing the gate staff could do about it. They toht him to buy a new ticket. (26) , the flight was to leave ten minutes later and it was impossible for him to do so. He told me he wou|d be really (27) if he wouldnˈt be able to say his final goodbye to his dad. Seeing a grown man crying sadly, I was sure that he was telling the (28) .
I considered for a while and then thought of (29) I could do to help him. As a member of the staff, I have a (30) -I can issue (发) tickets through an online system to my family or (31) . Then, I provided a staff ticket for this passenger. I passed the ticket to him (32) his knowing what Iˈd done. I just hoped that he wouldnˈt (33) any of his fatherˈs last words. Later, the gate staff told me they would help me keep the (34) as we can only use the staff tickets for people we know.
I was so proud that day (35) I did something meaningful for a person in need.
21. A. forced B. allowed C. advised D. persuaded
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意：我问登机口工作人员怎么了，他们告诉我，这位乘客因为机票问题不能登机。A.强迫；B.允许；C.建议；D.说服。根据后文的“due to a problem of his ticket”可知，那位乘客因为他的机票有问题而不被允许(allowed)登机，故选B项。
22. A. read B. spelled C. understood D. remembered
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意：他票上的的姓氏被拼错了一个字母，但他之前忽略了。A.读；B.拼写；C.理解，明白；D.记得。根据“His last name in the ticket was ____22____ wrongly by a letter”可知，那位乘客机票上的姓氏应该是被拼写(spelled)错了一个字母，故选B。
23. A. found B. recorded C. imagined D. ignored
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意同上。A.发现，找到；B.记录；C.想像，设想；D.忽略。根据语境可知，那位乘客票面上的姓氏有误，但他之前忽略了(ignored)，故选D项。
24. A. airport B. office C. school D. hospital
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意：那个人告诉我他父亲刚刚住院了，在他去世之前，他需要乘坐这趟飞机去见他。A.机场；B.办公室；C.学校；D.医院。根据后文的“if he wouldnˈt be able to say his final goodbye to his dad”可知，那位乘客的父亲快要去世了，所以应该是在医院(hospital)里，故选D项。
25. A. gave up B. came back C. passed away D. settled down
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意同上。A.放弃；B.回来，恢复(知觉、记忆等)；C.消失，去世；D.定居，平静下来。根据前文“and he needed to take this flight to hopefully see him”可知，那位乘客希望乘这班飞机赶到医院，在他父亲临终(passed away)前见一面，故选C项。
26. A. Instead B. However C. Otherwise D. Therefore
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查副词辨析。句意：然而，飞机十分钟后起飞，这对他来说是不可能的。A.代替；B.然而；C.否则；D.因此。根据语境可知，工作人员告诉该乘客重新买一张票，但是(However)飞机马上就要起飞，时间来不及了。前后是转折关系，故选B项。
27. A. regretful B. confused C. anxious D. hopeless
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。句意：他告诉如果他不能跟父亲临终道别，我他会非常遗憾。A.遗憾的；B.困惑的；C.焦急的；D.绝望的。根据后文“if he wouldnˈt be able to say his final goodbye to his dad”可知，如果不能跟父亲临终道别，那位乘客应该会非常遗憾(regretful)，故选A项。
28. A. lie B. truth C. joke D. story
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意：看到一个成年人伤心地哭泣，我确信他说的是实话。A.谎话；B.事实；C.笑话；D.故事。根据上文的“Seeing a grown man crying sadly”可知，看到一个成年男人哭得那么伤心，作者确信他说的是事实(truth)，故选B项。
29. A. nothing B. anything C. something D. everything
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查不定代词辨析。句意：我考虑了一会儿，然后我想到了我能帮他的忙。A.无事；B.任何事物；C.某事；D.一切。根据语境可知，作者考虑了一会儿，想到了为帮助那位乘客他可以做的事情(something)，故选C项。
30. A. goal B. duty C. task D. right
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意：作为员工，我有权利——我可以通过在线系统给我的家人或朋友买票。A.目标；B.职责；C.任务；D.权利。根据后文“I can issue tickets through an online system to my family”可知，作为工作人员，作者有权(right)通过在线系统为一些人签发机票，故选D项。
31. A. pets B. friends C. customers D. passengers
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意同上。A.宠物；B.朋友；C.顾客；D.乘客。根据后文“we can only use the staff tickets for people we know”可知，工作人员只能为自己的家人和认识的朋友(friends)买票，故选B项。
32. A. for B. after C. since D. without
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查介词辨析。句意：我把票递给了他，并没有让他知道我做了什么。A.为了；B.在……以后；C.自从；D.没有。根据语境可知，作者并不期望回报，所以他只是将票递给那位乘客，没(without)让他知道作者为他所做的事，故选D项。
33. A. miss B. repeat C. forget D. mind
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查动词辨析。句意：我只是希望他不会错过他父亲的任何临终遗言。A.错过；B.重复；C.忘记；D.介意。根据语境可知，作者希望那位乘客不会错过(miss)他父亲的任何临终遗言，故选A项。
34. A. secret B. rule C. promise D. appointment
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查名词辨析。句意：后来，登机口工作人员告诉我他们会帮我保守秘密，因为只有我们认识的人才能用员工票。A.秘密；B.规则；C.承诺；D.约定。根据后文“as we can only use the staff tickets for people we know”可知，工作人员只能为认识的人买票，所以严格来说作者的做法是违规的，但登机口工作人员表示会帮作者保守这个秘密(secret)，故选A项。
35. A. because B. before C. until D. unless
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查连词辨析。句意：我那天感到非常自豪，因为我为一个需要帮助的人做了一件有意义的事。A.因为；B.在……以前；C.直到；D.除非。根据语境可知，作者那天感到非常自豪，因为(because)他为需要帮助的人做了件有意义的事情，故选A项。
第二节 （共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Life on Mars
Some people believe humans could live on the planet Mars by the year 2100. Our own planet, the Earth, is becoming more and more crowded and polluted because of the rapid increase in population. (36) (hopeful), people could start all over again and build (37) better world on Mars. Here is what life there could be like. At present, our spacecraft are very slow -- it would take (38) (month). With the development of technology, the journey might only take about 20 minutes by 2100 in spacecraft (39) travel at the speed of light! (40) , the spacecraft would travel so fast that the journey might be quite (41) (comfort). Many people would feel ill. Humans cannot survive (42) water, oxygen or food. Nobody knows (43) there would be enough water or oxygen on Mars for people there. Gravity could be another problem. The gravity on Mars (44) (be) only about three-eighths of that on the Earth. People would have to wear boots that are specially designed to prevent (45) from floating off into space. Life on Mars would be interesting as well as challenging.
36.【答案】Hopefully
【解析】1.本题考查查副词。根据句意可知此处用hopeful的副词形式hopefully做状语。故填Hopefully.
37.【答案】a
【解析】本题考查冠词。句意：人们可以重新开始，在火星上建立一个更美好的世界。根据前句start all over again可以推断出空处填冠词a表示泛指概念修饰better world。故填a.
38.【答案】months
【解析】本题考查名词复数。句意：得花上几个月的时间。month是可数名词，根据上文our spacecraft are very slow我们的飞船很慢，可以推断出空处用month的复数形式months。故填months.
39.【答案】that\which
【解析】本题考查定语从句。spacecraft为先行词，指物做travel at the speed of light的主语，引导定语从句用that\which。故填that\which.
40.【答案】However
【解析】本题考查连词。联系上下文可知，此处表示转折关系表示语意转折。故填However.
41.【答案】uncomfortable
【解析】本题考查形容词。根据上句the spacecraft would travel so fast可以推断出旅行可能十分不舒服。故填uncomfortable.
42.【答案】without
【解析】本题考查介词。句意：人类没有水、氧气和食物就无法生存。根据上句Humans cannot survive可以推断出空处填介词without。故填without.
43.【答案】whether\if
【解析】本题考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：没有人知道火星上是否有足够的水或氧气供火星上的人们使用。根据上句Nobody knows 可以推断出空处填whether\if表猜测。故填whether\if.
44.【答案】is
【解析】本题考查动词时态。句意：火星只有地球上火星的八分之三。根据句意可以推断火星只有地球上火星的八分之三是客观事实，所以用一般现在时，又因为主语是Mars故谓语用单数is形式。故填is.
45.【答案】themselves
【解析】本题考查反身代词。句意：人们将不得不穿上专门设计的靴子，以防止自己漂浮到太空中。句子的主语是People，人们穿靴子的目的是阻止他们自己漂浮到太空中。故填themselves.
第三部分 写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节 （满分15分）
请根据下列内容，用英文介绍霍金(Stephen Hawking)。
(1)世界最著名的物理学家和宇宙学家之一；
(2)21岁患一种奇怪的病，但他没有失去信心，坚强地活了下来；
(3)他提出了黑洞和灰洞理论，并写了《时间简史》一书，此书被翻译成40种文字；
(4)2018年3月，霍金去世，享年76岁，世人因他在科学方面的成就而尊敬和纪念他。
注意：(1)词数：80左右；
(2)参考词汇：cosmologist宇宙学家；A Brief History of Time《时间简史》
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Stephen Hawking is one of the most famous physicists and cosmologists. ①At the age of 21, Hawking suffered from a strange disease, but he never lost confidence and survived strongly. He was optimistic about life.
Hawking came up with the theories of black holes and grey holes. ②He wrote a book named A Brief History of Time, which has been translated into 40 languages.
In March, 2018, Hawking passed away. He will be respected and remembered by the people in the world for his great achievements in science.
【解析】
【思路点拨】
这是一篇提纲作文，属于人物介绍。本文主要用一般现在时，一般过去时和第三人称来写作。注意把提示要点准确的表达出来，并适当发挥，使文章更充实。尽量多使用较高级的词汇和短语以及固定句式，注意英语的习惯表达，句子之间的连贯性，增强写作的规范性。
【亮点词汇】
①suffer from遭受；
②be optimistic about对……持乐观态度；
③come up with提出；
④pass away过世。
【高分句型】
①At the age of 21, Hawking suffered from a strange disease, but he never lost confidence and survived strongly.
句意：在21岁的时候，霍金患有一种奇怪的疾病，但他从未失去信心，并坚强地活了下来。语法点：由but连接的并列句，表示转折。
②He wrote a book named A Brief History of Time, which has been translated into 40 languages.
句意：他写了一本书，名为《时间简史》，已翻译成40种语言。
语法点：named过去分词做置定语；which引导的非限定性定语从句。
【结构布局】
①引言：首先介绍人物基本情况
②中心：介绍人物成就
③结尾：表明人们对他的怀念
第二节 （满分25分）
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weˈve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyˈre building their childrenˈs confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thatˈs insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parentsˈ praise has put them. Still, donˈt go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging gas giving too much. Kids will feel like theyˈre not good enough or that you donˈt care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments. So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our childrenˈs efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that itˈs the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if heˈs out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Parents tend to go to extremes when it comes to praising their kids. (要点1) Yet, both too much and too little praise can be equally damaging. (要点2) When giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the process instead of the result. (要点3) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work theyˈve involved in. (要点4)
【解析】略
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