2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题五 形容词、副词和数词

2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪

专题五 形容词、副词和数词

命题规律与趋势

命题规律

1. 2020年新高考I卷及近五年课标卷在语篇型填空中对形容词和副词的考查主要集中在：

(1) 在具体语境中，根据句法功能判定使用形容词还是副词；

(2) 根据句意或标志词确定形容词或副词的比较等级；

(3) 形容词变副词的基本规则以及常见的形容词后缀；

(4) 常用易混的形容词和副词的辨析。

2. 2020年新高考I卷及近五年课标卷在语篇型填空中没有对数词进行考查。

命题趋势

形容词和副词的基本用法、形容词和副词的比较等级、形容词变副词的基本规则以及常见后缀仍将是未来高考语篇型填空的命题重点。

考点

一、形容词和副词的基本用法
Ⅰ 形容词的基本用法

1. 前置定语

These are valuable suggestions.  这些是宝贵的建议。

2. 后置定语

①alive, alike, alone 等表语形容词作后置定语；

He is the happiest person alive. 他是世上最快乐的人。

②形容词修饰复合不定代词，作后置定语；

Do you have anything important to tell me? 你有什么重要的事情要告诉我吗？

③以－able 或－ble 结尾的形容词，可作前有形容词最高级或the only等修饰的名词的后置定语；

That is the best book available. 那是可用的书中最好的一本。

④形容词短语作后置定语；

This is a book suitable for children. 这是一本适合孩子们的图书。

3. 表语

常放于be, feel, sound, get, become, turn, prove, stay, keep, remain, fall, run 等系动词之后。

His suggestions are very valuable. 他的建议很有价值。

4. 补语

I consider his suggestion very valuable. 我认为他的建议很有价值。（形容词作宾补）

5. 状语

①He returned home, safe and sound. 他回到了家，安然无恙。（结果状语）

②He is standing there, full of fear. 他站在那里，充满了恐惧。（伴随状语）

练习：1. The baby _________ (sleep) is Mrs. Green's son.

2. The house _________ (fully) of smoke belongs to Mr. White.

3. The man _____________ (responsibility) for the trip is handsome.

4. He is the person__________ (awareness) of the danger.

5. The river is twenty metres ____________ (width).

答案：1. asleep 2. full 3.responsible 4.aware 5.wide

Ⅱ 副词的基本用法

1. 作状语

副词作状语可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句。

He works hard. 他努力工作。（hard修饰动词works）

He is very smart. 他很聪明。（very 修饰形容词smart）

He does very well in English. 他很擅长英语。（very修饰副词well）

Happily for him, his stepmother was kind to him.

使他高兴的是，他的继母对他很好。（Happily修饰整个句子）

2. 作表语

一些表示地点的副词及与介词同形的副词可跟在be动词后作表语，主要指主语的方位、方向、动作、状态等。

Is anybody in? 里边有人吗？

The meeting is over. 会议结束了。

3. 作介词宾语

有些表示地点、时间的副词可以作介词的宾语。

He lives not far from here. 他住的离这儿不远。

4. 作定语

作定语的副词主要为表示时间或地点的副词，如：here, there, in, out, up, down, below, above, upstairs, downstairs, indoors, outdoors, now, then等，这些副词作定语时应后置。

The shops around are very cheap. 附近商店的东西很便宜。

The surroundings here are very beautiful. 这里的环境非常优美。

5. 作补足语

副词作补足语主要说明主语或宾语所处的位置、状态等。一般说来，能用作表语的副词都可用作补足语。

What has left him away for so long? 什么事使他离开这么长时间？

He went to see her but found her out. 他去看她，但发现她不在家。

6. 副词及enough作状语的位置

①程度副词、频度副词常放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前；

The children were so excited they could hardly speak. 孩子们兴奋得几乎连话都说不出来了。

I have never seen him before. 我以前从未见过他。

He usually gets up very early. 他通常起得很早。

②方式副词一般放在实义动词之后；

"Shut up! " his father shouted angrily. 他爸爸愤怒地喊道：“闭嘴！”

③修饰整个句子作评论性状语的副词，往往被置于句首；

Fortunately, he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA.

幸运的是，他没被淹死，被解放军给救了。

④enough 放在所修饰的形容词或副词的后面。

He isn't old enough to join the army. 他还不够参军的年龄。

练习：1. If we leave right away, ___________ (hope), we'll arrive on time.

2. Chaplin ___________ (strength) disliked the movie, but one review described him as "a comedian of the first water".

3. ___________ (sad), people can no longer visit the cave.

4. _____________ (tradition), food eaten on this day was renamed after parts of the dragon.

5. _____________ (actual), the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is now ready for the access of the Internet of Things.

6. I don't like that new dictionary. __________, it's too expensive.

答案：1. hopefully 2.strongly 3. Sadly 4. Traditionally 5. Actually 6. Besides/Moreover

二、形容词、副词比较等级

1. 形容词、副词比较级和最高级构成规则

（1）一般单音节词和少数以-er, -ow 结尾的双音节词，比较级在后面加－er, 最高级在后面加－est;

①单音节词

如：small——smaller——smallest

short——shorter——shortest

②双音节词

如：clever——cleverer——cleverest

narrow——narrower——narrowest

（2） 以不发音e结尾的单音节词，比较在原级后加－r, 最高级在原级后加－st;

如：large——larger——largest  nice——nicer——nicest

able——abler——ablest

（3） 重读闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est;

如：big—— bigger——biggest

 fat—— fatter——fattest

（4）辅音字母＋"y"结尾的双音节词，把y改为i比较级加－er, 最高级加－est;

如：easy——easier——easiest

heavy——heavier——heaviest

busy——busier——busiest

happy——happier——happiest

（5）其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加 most;

如：beautiful——more beautiful——most beautiful

different——more different—— most different

popular——more popular——most popular

注意：① 词尾为“元音字母＋-y”时，-y不变，直接加-er或-est.

②有少数几个双音节词以及以-er及-le结尾的词，可以有两种比较级和最高级形式。

common­——commoner/more common——commonest/most common

clever——cleverer/more clever——cleverest/most clever

simple——simpler/more simple——simplest/most simple

③在形容词原级之前加 less, least 而构成的比较级与最高级称为“较低级”与“最低级”形式。

kind——less kind——least kind

useful——less useful——least useful

④一些复合形容词的比较等级

well-known——better-known——best-known

⑤有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，故没有比较级和最高级。如：right 正确的，wrong 错误的，excellent 最好的，final 最后的，last 最后的，possible 可能的，first 第一的，east 东方的，empty空的，wooden 木制的，impossible 不可能的。

（6）不规则形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

good/well——better——best

badly/bad/ill——worse——worst

many/much——more——most

little——less——least

far——farther/further（farther (指距离：更远的／地) further (指距离：更远的／地，等同于farther; 指程度：更深入的／地））——farthest /furthest（farthest (指距离：最远的／地）；furthest (指距离：最远的／地，等同于farthest; 指程度：最深入的／地））

old——older/elder（older (指年龄、新旧：较老的、较旧的；指血缘：年纪较长的，此时等同于elder) ;elder (指血缘：年纪较长的））——oldest/eldest （oldest (指年龄、新旧：最老的、最旧的；指血缘：最年长的，此时等同于 eldest) ;eldest (指血缘：最年长的））

练习：1. Dr. Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick. However the ___________ (close) supply was over 1, 000 miles away, in Anchorage.

2. Andy is content with the toy. It is the _________ (good) he has ever got.

3. －Are you feeling any___________ (well) now?

－No, I'm feeling even________ (bad) .

4. Of all my __________ (old) relatives, my father-in-law is the ________ (little) talkative.

5. Mike is lazy. He is the ____________ (little) active in doing sports of the three boys.

答案：1.closest 2.best 3.better;worse 4.eldest;least 5.least

2. 形容词、副词原级基本用法

（1）肯定句中“as+形容词／副词原级＋as. . . ”结构

My handwriting is as beautiful as yours. 我的书法和你的一样好。

John works as hard as his brother. 约翰和他哥哥一样努力工作。

（2）否定句中用“not as/so+形容词／副词原级＋as. . . ”结构

It does not rain as/so much here as it does in my hometown. 这儿下雨不如我的家乡下雨多。

I am not as/so busy as I used to be. 我没有过去那么忙了。

（3）as+形容词原级+as+数量词＝数量词+形容词

The building is as tall as 100 meters. =The building is 100 meters tall.

这个建筑有100米高。

（4）as+形容词原级＋a/an＋单数名词＋as

as+ many+复数名词＋as

as+ much+不可数名词＋as

John doesn't have as much money as Helen. 约翰没有海伦有钱。

（5）貌似原级比较结构的短语

as long as 只要，有……之久

as far as 远及……，就……而言

as soon as一……就

as well as 也

as good as (=very nearly) 与……几乎一样；简直是

3. 形容词、副词比较级基本用法

（1）“比较级＋than”表示两者差级比较

The new computer runs much faster than that old one. 这台新电脑运行得比那台旧电脑快得多。

He made fewer mistakes than you. 他出的错比你少。

（2）less+ 多音节形容词、副词原级+than（不如）

This book is less interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。

（3）the + 比较级+ of… 表示两者中更……的

He is the taller of the 2 boys. 他是那两个男孩中较高的。

（4）比较级+and+比较级

这种句式用来表示自身情况的逐渐增长，意为“越来越……”

The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 电脑越来越便宜了。

He ran faster and faster on the last lap. 他在最后一圈时跑得越来越快。

（5）the+比较级……, the+比较级……

这种句式用于表示一方的程度随着另一方的程度平行增长，意为“越……（就）越……”。

The shorter your article is, the better it is. 你的文章越短越好。

The more I thought, the more puzzled I felt. 我越想越不明白。

（6）“no+比较级＋than. . . ”与“not+比较级＋than. . . ”

“no+比较级+than. . . ”意为“两者都不”， 是对相比较的两者的共同否定；而“not+比较级＋than. . . "意为“……不比……更……”， 表示相比较的两者情况相当。

 I speak French no better than him. 我和他的法语说得都不好。

 I run not faster than you. 我不比你跑得快。

注意：

（1）比较级修饰语常见的有：rather, much, still, even, far, any, a lot, a little, a great deal, by far, a bit, three times等。

The students study even harder than before. 学生们学习比以前更努力了。

（2）比较的对象不能相互包容，常见的句型是：

比较级＋than+ any other+单数名词

比较级＋than+ all the other+复数名词

比较级＋than+ anyone else

比较级＋than+ any of the other+复数名词

比较级＋than+ the rest of+复数名词或不可数名词

The Mississippi River is longer than any other river in the United States. 密西西比河比美国任何其他一条河都长。

China is larger than any other country in Asia.

中国比亚洲任何别的国家都大。

China is larger than any country in Africa.

中国比非洲任何国家都大。

4. 形容词、副词最高级基本用法

（1）（the+）最高级+（among）/of all +（同类）

（the+）最高级+in+范围等（不同类）

Li Ming is the most hard-working student in his class. 李明是他班里最努力的学生。

Of all the subjects, I like art best. 在所有的课程中，我最喜欢美术。

（2）否定词＋比较级＝最高级

He has never spent a more worrying day. 他过了最令人担心的一天。

（3）修饰最高级的有：序数词，by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not really, not quite, nothing like等

The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River.

目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河最长的。

练习：1. The more he talked, the _________ (angry) he became.

2. He was advised to smoke fewer cigarettes and drink ___________ (little) beer.

3. This film is ___________ (interest) than any other one that I have ever seen.

4. 只要你努力学习，你的英语将变得和我的一样好。

_______________________________________________________________________

5. 在所有的准备工作中，我认为训练最重要。

_______________________________________________________________________

答案：1. angrier 2. less 3. more interesting 4. As long as you study hard, your English will become as good as mine. 5. Of all the preparations, I think training is the most important.

5. 表示倍数的句型

（1）A is+倍数+比较级+than+ B

（2）A is+倍数＋as+原级＋as+ B

（3）A is+倍数＋the+名词（size, length, height 等）＋of+ B

（4）A is+倍数＋that+ of+ B

（5）A is+倍数＋what 引导的名词性从句

He earns twice more than her.

他的收入是她的三倍。

He earns three times as much as her.

He earns three times the money that she does.

The money he earns is three times that of hers.

He earns three times what she does.

三、形容词、副词构词法

练习：1. Are you sure you locked the gate? You could _________ (easy) have forgotten.

2. She found it difficult to get on with her, __________ (possible) because of the difference in their ages.

3. We are all __________ (entire) responsible for our actions and for our reactions.

4. For years the speed of supercomputers has ________ (steady) increased although since 2012 this increase has slowed down.

5. The girl used to be shy, but she is _________ (gradual) getting active in group work and more willing to express herself.

6. Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said ________ (sharp), "Don't be so mean!", pointing a finger of warning at her.

答案：1. easily 2. possibly 3. truly 4. steadily 5. gradually 6. sharply

四、数词

1. 基数词：

（1）构成：

①1-12单独记。one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve

②13-19词尾加teen，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen

③20-90整十的词词尾为ty，thirty，forty，fifty，sixty，seventy，eighty，ninety

④21-99在书写时，个位与十位之间加连字符：73 seventy-three 67 sixty-seven

⑤101-999之间，朗读时，先读百，再加and，后读几十几。

⑥1000以上的数词，每三位用逗号计数：267,（billion）35,（million）740,（thousand）229

（2） 用法

①做主语：Two of them are students.

②做表语：Two and two is four.

③做定语：They bought two books.

④做同位语：We two received the invitation.

⑤做介词宾语：The number of the students here is beyond 400.

（3）基数词特殊用法：

①使用中关注dozen，score，fortnight，hundred，thousand，million 和billion

②当dozen，score，hundred，thousand，million和billion修饰一个确切数量的名词时，这些词一不加s，二后面不跟介词of，但是当这些词修饰一个不确切数量的名词时，这些词后面既要加s，后面又要跟介词of。例如：

five hundred people（five表示精确数量）

hundreds of people（hundreds of “成百上千”是不确切数量，hundred要加s 后面要跟of）

③当dozen，score，hundred，thousand，million和billion修饰一个确切数量的名词，名词前

面有指示代词this，that，these，those等时，这些词后面要跟介词of，这些词不加s。例如：I have got 200 hundred of this kind of books.

He bought 50 of those apples.

④基数词可以用下列这两种形式表示在某人几十岁和在世纪年代

in his thirties（把整十的数词变成复数形势表示“在某人几十岁”）在他三十多岁的时候

in the 1980's/in the 1980s（在整十的年代数词后面加s或加s.前面加定冠词the表示在……世纪……年代"）在二十世纪八十年代

2. 序数词

（1）构成

① 1，2，3要单独记first，second，third

② 四以后在基数词尾加-th，特别要注意加-th时，有些基数词的词形需要改变，例如：five-fifth，nine-ninth，twelve-twelfth，thirty-thirtieth

（2）用法

① 序数词在句子中一般作定语，并且在序数词前面要加定冠词the。例如：He is always the first student to come to school.

② 序数词前面加不定冠词a/an，表示“又一，再一”的意思。

Would you like second cup of tea？

3. 百分数、分数、小数：

（1）分数：

①分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子大于1时，分母用复数形式；分母若是2和4, 则分别用 half 和 quarter;

: one half, a half : one third, a third ：two thirds, two-thirds

②基数词与序数词之间可加“-”， 也可不加分子与分母之间加in, 分子在前，分母在后，分子和分母都用基数词;

one in ten 十分之一，five in eight 八分之五

③分子与分母之间加out of, 分子在前，分母在后，分子和分母都用基数词;

one out of ten 十分之一，five out of eight八分之五

④“分数+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数与 of 后名词的数保持一致;

About one third of the books are worth reading.

大约三分之一的书值得一读。

（2）小数

表示法：小数点读point; 零读作 zero或o; 小数点前的数字按基数词读，小数点后的数字按单个数字依次读出。

9. 65读为nine point six five  53. 16读为fifty-three point one six

（3）百分数

①表示百分数时，直接将基数词放在单词 percent 前面；

twenty percent 百分之二十，fifty-two percent 百分之五十二

②百分数与分数一样，后面不能直接接名词或代词作主语，而用以下形式：百分数+of+限定词＋名词/代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致。

Two thirds of the money was spent on food.

三分之二的钱被用来买食物。

练习：1. In the summer holiday following my __________ (eighteen) birthday, I took driving lessons.

2. Tens of ___________ (thousand) of cows, __________ (hundred) of thousands of pigs, and __________ (million) of chickens were dead.

3. Then, when I was in the ________ (five) grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher so much.

4. Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six _______ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.

5. About one third of the population in Beijing and Shanghai _________ (be) netizens, but in poorer areas, only three or four percent __________ (be) online.
答案：1. eighteenth 2.thousands hundreds millions 3.fifth 4.are 5.are; are