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所属成套资源：2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪（含答案）
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2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题十六 应用文写作
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这是一份2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题十六 应用文写作，共2页。试卷主要包含了应用文写作等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪
专题十六 应用文写作
命题规律：
1.从命题形式上看，近五年高考应用文写作均采用了文字提纲的半开放命题形式，留给考生一定的自由发挥的空间。
2.写作题材突出了多样化、实用性的特点，取材较为广泛、内容较为丰富，多为日常生活和一般交往所涉及的内容，而且力求融入中国元素，如申请做中国画展览的志愿者、告知英国朋友下次上汉语课的计划等。
3.写作体裁主要以应用文体裁中的书信类为主，其中对邀请信、告知信的考查频率较高。
命题趋势：
未来高考应用文写作仍会以半开放命题形式为主，文体仍会以常考的书信、邮件、通知等为主且题材的内容也会越来越贴近生活。
第1讲：写作基础知识
一、五大基本句型在写作中的作用
句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，但英语中最基本的句型只有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型转换而来的。五种基本句型如下：
1.主语+谓语
本结构由“主语+不及物动词”构成，不及物动词后不能有宾语，用来表示主语的动作。主语可以有定语来修饰，谓语也可以有状语来修饰。
例句：
I work in a computer firm. Every day I get up early in morning. After breakfast，I go to work by bike.
我在一家电脑公司工作。每天早上我都很早起床。早饭后，我骑自行车去上班。
练习：
（1） （一些著名的中国艺术家将会表演）on that day.
（2） （我们能出发）early so that we'll have more time to read and select books.
（3）一句多译：
这个训练营将于7月20号开营。
a. (will do)
b. (is going to do)
c. (be to do)
答案：
(1) Some famous Chinese artists will perform
(2) We can set out/set off
(3)a. This training camp will open on July 20th
b. This training camp is going to open on July 20th
c. This training camp is to open on July 20th
2.主语+谓语+宾语
本结构由“主语+及物动词+宾语”构成，谓语动词是主语发出的动作，但是意思还不完整，后面需要跟宾语。充当宾语的有：名词、代词、从句等。
例句：
I took an English exam yesterday. I had prepared it for two weeks. Before I turned in the paper, I checked it carefully.
昨天我参加了一场英语考试。我为此已经准备了两周。在上交试卷之前，我仔细地检查了一下。
练习：
（1） （你可以找到一些原创诗歌）of famous poets，such as Li Bai and Du Fu.
（2） （我们尤其欢迎那些文章）about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals.
答案：
(1) You can find some original poems
(2) We would especially welcome those articles
3.主语+谓语+双宾语
即“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”。如果把直接宾语放在间接宾语前，需要借助介词to或for。
需要借助介词to的动词有：bring, give, lend, hand, offer，pass，send，show，teach等。需要借助介词for的动词有：buy, cookget, make等。
例句：
Mr. Smith has taught us English for 3 years. Yesterday was his 50th birthday. Every one of us bought him a present and I even told him an interesting story.
史密斯先生已经教我们英语三年了。咋天是他50岁生日。我们每个人都给他买了一个礼物，我甚至给他讲了一个有趣的故事。
练习：
（1） （它向青少年提供了一个机会）to enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture.
（2）我希望这个变化不会给你造成太多的麻烦。
.
（3）那的确给了我们巨大的成就感。
答案：
(1) It offers teenagers a chance
(2)I hope the change will not cause you too much trouble.
(3) That really gave us a great sense of achievement
4.主语+系动词+表语
本结构主要用来说明主语的特征、状态、类属和身份等。
系动词可以分为以下几类
（1）表示特征和存在状态的：be，appear，feel，look，seem，smell, sound，taste等。
（2）表示状态延续的 remain，say，keep等；
（3）表示状态变化的 become，get，go，turn，grow等。
例句：
My English is much better than before. I feel very happy. I am very grateful for your help.
我的英语比以前好多了。我感到非常高兴。我非常感激你的帮助。
练习：
（1）Some compromises were unavoidable, but （这个视频后来证明很完美）.
（2）The "Foreign Cultures" section in our newspaper （非常受欢迎）among us students.
答案：
（1）the video proved perfect
（2）is very popular
5.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语
本结构中的宾语后面需要有成分对其进行补充说明，这就是宾语补足语。可以作宾补的有：形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词和过去分词。
例句：
The old man had a lovely daughter. He named her Lily. He made her very happy every day and wanted her to become an artist.
这个老人有一个可爱的女儿。他给她取名为莉莉。他每天都让她很高兴并且想让她成为一名艺术家。
练习：
（1）I （认为他的建议非常有用），although many people are against it.
（2）你的贡献（contribution）一定会使这次活动获得巨大的成功。
（3） （我写信是为了邀请你参观）the paper-cutting exhibition.
答案：
（1）consider his advice/suggestion very useful
（2）Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.
（3）I am writing to invite you to visit
二、并列句在写作中的运用
并列句是由并列连词连接分句而组成的句子，其基本结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。并列句中的分句根据逻辑关系可分为以下几种：
1. 表并列或递进：常用的连词是and和 not only…but so…（不仅……而且……）。
例句：
He is not only the first Chinese to go to space, but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.
他不仅是第一个去太空的中国人，而且是世界上最伟大的航天员之一。
练习：
（1）If you are able to come with us, please let us know （我们将会等你）at the school gate at 9：00 in the morning.
（2）I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation
（并且我想让你帮我一个忙）.
（3）剪纸是中国的传统之一，而且我确信你会喜欢它的。
。
答案：
（1）and we'll wait for you
（2）and I want you to do me a favor/help me
（3）Paper-cutting is one of Chinese traditions and I am sure you will like it.
2. 表转折：常用的连词是but和yet
例句：
Secondly, voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors, but rather on how many social-networking resources they have.
第二，这种投票并不取决于竞争者的优势，而是取决于他们掌握了多少社交网络资源。
练习：
（1）Maybe the training is a bit difficult for you,
（但是你可以迅速提高你的技能）through it.
（2）Everyone in our society should help those in need, （但是更重要的是真诚）
（3）我想去博物馆，但是我的同班同学绝大部分想去野餐。
.
答案：
（1）but you can improve your skills quickly
（2）but it is more important to be sincere
（3）I would love to go to a museum, but most of my classmates wanted to go for a
picnic.
3. 表“选择”：用并列连词or，意为：否则。
例句：
Hurry up，or you'll be late for the meeting.
快点，否则你开会会迟到的。
练习：
（1）Seize the opportunity, （否则你会后悔的）。
（2）I will respect the opinion of most students, （否则我很难和他们处好关系）.
答案：
（1）or you will regret it
（2）or it's difficult for me to get along well with them
4.表原因：常用的连词是for
例句：
He will recover soon, for he is young.
他很快就会恢复，因为他年轻。
练习：
一句多译：他阅读有困难，因为他的视力不好。
a. （for连接的并列句）
b. （The reason is that.）
c. （That's because.）
答案：
a.He has trouble reading, for his sight is poor.
b.He has trouble reading. The reason is that his sight is poor.
c.He has trouble reading. That's because his sight is poor.
5.表对比：常用的连词是 while
例句：
At school, some students are active while some are shy.
在学校，有些学生很积极，而有些学生很害羞。
练习：
（1）Good habits can contribute to high learning efficiency, （而坏习惯效果却恰恰相反）
（2）Some people are fond of enjoying movies at the cinema （而有些人更喜欢在网上看电影）.
答案：
（1） while bad ones lead to the opposite（2） while some prefer to watch movies on the Internet
三、定语从句在写作中的运用
在英语写作中使用复杂的句式是提高书面表达档次、增加语言亮点的主要途径之一，而定语从句就是复杂句式中的重要一项。因此，在写作中巧妙地运用定语从句可为我们的文章“增光添彩”。书面表达中定语从句常用的关系词如下：
1.关系代词that、which、who、whom、whose或as引导的定语从句。
例句：
This reminds me of my mother who has been doing whatever she can to let me have the best.
这使我想起了我的妈妈，她一直竭尽全力让我拥有最好的东西。
I can learn all the important things that have happened during the week.
我能够了解这周内发生的所有重要的事情。
As is known to us all, if we are in trouble, it is not our phones but our friends that can really help us out.
众所周知，当我们处于困境中时，不是我们的手机而是我们的朋友能真正帮我们摆脱困境。
练习：
将下列句子整合为含定语从句的复合句
（1）I am Li Jin. I am chairman of the Student Union in Chenguang Middle School.
.
（2）Team members are often offered opportunities to watch table tennis competitions. It will benefit them a lot.
.
（3）Material collecting took us a whole week. During it we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.
.
（4）I am grateful to Mr. White. Without his help I couldn't have made so much progress in my English study.
.
用定语从句补全或翻译下列句子
（5）Finally，we took pictures with the old craftsman and the dough figurines
（我们制作的）.
（6）This summer I intend to take up a part-time job in a foreign company,
（借助它我想开阔我的视野）and gain some working experience.
（7） （如图所示），the box-office income of Chinese films increased constantly from 2012 to 2015，but its growth slowed down in 2016.
（8）任何感兴趣的学生都欢迎参加。
.
（9）去年我参加了在北京举行的夏令营，这不仅开阔了我的视野，也提高了我的英语口语水平。
.
答案：
(1) I am Li Jin who/that is chairman of the Student Union in Chenguang Middle
School.
(2) Team members are often offered opportunities to watch table tennis competitions, which will benefit them a lot.
(3) Material collecting took us a whole week, during which we interviewed our
teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.
(4)I am grateful to Mr. White, without whose help I couldn't have made so much
progress in my English
(5) that/which we made
(6) through which I would like to broaden my horizons
(7) As is shown in the graph
(8) Any student who is interested is welcome to participate.
(9) Last year, I joined the summer camp in Beijing, which not only broadened my
horizons but also improved my oral English.
2.关系副词where, why和when引导的定语从句。
例句：
The picture shows us a touching moment when a little girl comes to greet her mom.
这张图片向我们展示了一个感人的时刻，一个小女孩过来迎接她的妈妈。
练习：
用定语从句补全或翻译下列句子
（1）I will join the Dragon Boat Training Camp （在那儿我可以参加各种活动）.
（2）学校已经创造了一种可以让我们自由发展自己的爱好的氛围。
.
答案：
(1) where I can take part in various kinds of activities
(2) The school has created an atmosphere where we can develop our own interests
freely.
四、名词性从句在写作中的应用
名词性从句包括宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。在写作中我们可以巧用名词性从句来为我们的文章“锦上添花”。
1.主语从句在写作中的应用
例句：
What I want to stress is that you should make it a rule to practice speaking Mandarin.
我想强调的是你应该养成练习说普通话的习惯。
练习：
用主语从句补全或翻译下列句子
（1） （给我印象最深的）is his famous saying，"Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration
（2）我们想做的第一件事是和老人们一起包饺子。
（3）我想推荐你旅游的地方是泰山。
答案：
（1）What impresses me most
（2）What we want to do first is to make dumplings with the elderly people
（3）What I want to recommend you to visit is Mount Tai.
2. 宾语从句在写作中的应用
例句：
I learned from your post that you want to improve your Mandarin.
我从你的邮件得知你想提高你的普通话水平。
（1）I don't even know （是否有事）to pay attention to.
（2）I have been told （我们校队正在招收新队员）.
（3）一句多译：我知道我是如何取得成功的。
a. (success)
b. (succeed）
c. （successful）
d. (make it）
答案：
（1）if there is something
（2）that our school team is recruiting new members
（3）a.I know how I became a success/achieved my success
b. I know how I succeeded
c. I know how I became success
d. I know how I made it.
3. 表语从句在写作中的应用
例句：
From him，I realize the secret to success is not where you were born，but what you are doing in your life.
从他身上，我意识到成功的秘诀不在于你生于何处，而在于在生活中你在做什么。
练习：
（1）The main reason for my choice （我倾向于牺牲自己的利益）for the group's benefit.
（2）将下面的两个句子整合为含有定语从句和表语从句的复合句
Yang Liwei has made great contributions to the development of China, I want to interview him for this reason.
（3）那就是我认为长江之旅会是一个更好的选择的原因。
答案：
（1）that I tend to sacrifice my own interest
（2）The reason why I want to interview Yang Liwei is that he has made great contributions
to the development of China.
（3）That is why I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice.
4. 同位语从句在写作中的应用
例句：There is no denying the fact that the environment is getting polluted more and more seriously.
不可否认，环境污染越来越严重了。
练习：
（1）Learning that you are organizing this activity to share books worldwide，I am writing to apply for it for the simple reason .
（我喜欢阅读，并且有很多书）
（2）一句多译：多数人认为教育能改变一个人的命运。
a. (hold the belief that.）
b. (What…believe is that…）
c. (believe that)
答案：
（1）that I love reading and I own a large number of books
（2）a.Most people hold the belief that education can change one's fate.
b. What most people believe is that education can change one's fate.
c. Most people believe that education can change one's fate.
五、强调形式在写作中的运用
在英语写作中有时为了强调某一成分，突出表达效果，我们常常采用强调的形式。下面把写作中常用的强调形式做一下简要总结。
1. 用感叹句来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感。
例句：
How time flies！
时光飞逝！
练习：
（1）于敏是一个多么无私的科学家啊！
（2）当欣赏视频的时候，所有的人是多么的兴奋啊！
答案：
（1）What a selfless scientist Yu Min is!
（2）How excited all the people were when they enjoyed the video!
2. 用助动词“do/does/did+动词原形”对谓语动词进行强调。
例句：
If you need any further information，do let me know.
如果你需要任何进一步的信息，一定要让我知道。
练习：
（1）Without hesitation, I decided to follow them and （我们的确玩得很高兴）that day.
（2）我真的希望你能尽快返回天津。
答案：
（1）we did have lots of fun/we did enjoy ourselves
（2）I do hope you can return to Tianjin as soon as possible.
3. 用强调句型“it is/was+被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分”来对句子的主语、宾语和状语进行强调。
例句：
It was not until the end of the 19th century that shooting became a sport.
世纪末期射击才成为一项运动。
练习：
用强调句型改写或翻译下列句子
（1）Not the story itself but what is reflected in the story counts.
（2）重要的是那些遵守规则的人。
（3）一句多译：正是由于我对运动的极大兴趣，我才密切关注将于8月末在天津举行的第13届全国运动会。
a. (because of）
b. (because)
答案：
（1）It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts
（2） It is the people who obey the rules that matter
（3）a. It is because of my great interest in sports that I pay close attention to
the 13th National Games to be held in Tianjin at the end of August.
b. It is because I have great interest in sports that I pay close attention to the 13th
National Games to be held in Tianjin at the end of August.
4. 通过使用such…that…，so...that...等固定搭配达到强调的目的。
例句：
It was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.
这是如此美丽的一天以至于他们将永远记住它。
练习：
用倒装句改写或补全下列句子
（1）The sights along the Yangtze River are so amazing that they appeal to visitors from all over the country.
（2） （生活将会如此丰富多彩）in ten years that I will live more happily
答案：
(1) So amazing are the sights along the Yangtze River that they appeal to visitors
from all over the country.
(2) Life will be so rich and varied.
六、非谓语动词在写作中的运用
非谓语动词是高中的重要语法，运用它可以简化句子结构，使语言表达更加简洁和生动。
1. 主语或宾语：动名词和不定式在句中可作主语或宾语
例句：
I had trouble solving the problem，but I kept trying by using various ways.
解决这个问题对我来说有困难，但我使用不同的方法不断尝试。
练习：
（1）Besides, we'll spend some fun time together （表演节目）such as （唱歌和跳舞）in order to make them happy.
（2）What's worse，some drivers do not think it vital （遵守交通规则）.
（3）有时候，放弃一点可能意味着获得更多。
（4）购买或下载一些听力材料将是一个好主意。
（5）在热烈讨论后，我们同意制作视频记录我们在学校的经历。
答案：
(1) putting on performances; singing and dancing
(2) to obey the traffic rules
(3) Sometimes giving up a little can mean getting me.
(4) It will be a good idea to buy or download listening materials.
(5) After a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record our experience
at school.
2. 表语：过去分词、动词的-ing形式和不定式在句中可作表语
例句：
So exciting was the news that we couldn't help jumping up.
这个消息如此激动人心，以至于我们都禁不住跳了起来。
练习：
（1）Many questions have to be settled and much remains （被做）in our educational work.
（2）My dream is （成为一名设计师）in 10 years.
（3）The news was （如此鼓舞人心）that we all felt very excited after hearing it.
（4）另外，沿河的风景令人惊叹。
答案：
(1) to be done
(2) to become a designer
(3) so inspiring
(4) Moreover, the scenery along the river is amazing.
3. 定语：过去分词、现在分词、动名词和不定式在句中可作定语
例句：
I think the boy sitting at the table is very hard-working.
我认为坐在桌子旁的那个男孩很勤奋。
练习：用非谓语动词补全下列句子
（1）It carries articles which were written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.
→ It carries articles about the cultures of their home countries.
（2）To be honest，I don't know the boy who is giving the speech.
→ To be honest I don't know the boy .
（3）The meeting which will be held next week is of great importance.
→ The meeting next week is of great importance.
答案：
(1) written by foreign friends
(2) giving the speech
(3) to be held
4. 宾语补足语：过去分词、现在分词和不定式（有时省略to）在句中可作宾语补足语
例：
My father encourages me to major in English in college.
我爸爸鼓励我在大学主修英语。
练习：
用非谓语动词补全或翻译下列句子
（1）Just then, the teacher found that the boy was cheating in the exam.
Just then, the teacher found that the boy in the exam.
（2）It's said that an interesting film will be put on in the lecture hall.
An interesting film is said in the lecture hall.
（3）It's reported that a hurricane has hit that village.
A hurricane is reported that village.
（4）这次参观能帮助我们提高关爱老人的意识。
.
答案：
(1) cheating
(2) to be put
(3) to have hit
(4) This visit can help us raise the awareness of caring about the elderly.
5.状语：过去分词、现在分词和不定式在句中可作状语
例句：
Entering the classroom, Ms. Li was surprised to find we were standing in a line, clapping our hands and saying, "Happy Teachers' Day!
进入教室后，李老师惊讶地发现我们正站成一排，拍着手说：“教师节快乐！”
练习：
用非谓语动词改写下列句子
（1）I'm writing you the letter and hope you can give me some help.
I'm writing you the letter, .
（2）I feel proud when I know your interest in Chinese history.
, I feel proud.
（3）I am an outgoing girl，and I get along well with classmates.
, I get along well with my classmates
（4）I was encouraged by what he had said and was determined to study harder than before.
, I was determined to study harder than before.
（5）My English teacher entered the office and he was followed by two students.
My English teacher entered the office, .
（6）We got up early so that we could catch the first bus.
, we got up early.
（7）I hurried to the airport but found the plane had taken off.
I hurried to the airport the plane had taken off.
（8）The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
The boy is too young .
用非谓语动词翻译句子
（9）因为知道你渴望打乒乓球，所以我想知道你是否想加入。
答案：
(1) hoping you can give me some help
(2) Knowing your interest in Chinese history
(3) Being an outgoing girl
(4) Encouraged by what he had said
(5) followed by two students
(6) To catch the first bus
(7) only to find
(8) to go to school
(9) Knowing you are keen on playing table tennis, I wonder if you'd like to join.
6.“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构在写作中的应用
例句：
With the final exam approaching，we are all busy going over the lesson.
随着期末考试的临近，我们都在忙着复习功课
练习：
用with的复合结构改写下列句子
（1）Our school is surrounded by trees and it is very beautiful.
, it is very beautiful.
（2）The dough figurine was finished and I was extremely excited.
, I was extremely excited.
（3）Because there was nothing to do, we set out to play computer games.
we set out to play computer games.
（4）Because everything is considered, our new plan is more practical.
, our new plan is more practical.
用with的复合结构翻译句子
（5）随着大学入学考试的临近，我忙着为它做准备。
.
答案：
(1) With trees surrounding our school
(2) With the dough figurine finished
(3) With nothing to do
(4) With everything considered
(5) With the college entrance examination approaching/ drawing I am busy preparing for it.
七、倒装和省略在写作中的应用
倒装和省略是丰富句式、增加语言表现形式的重要手段，在写作中常用的倒装和省略形式主要有以下几种：
1. 具有否定意义的词、介词短语或含有否定词的连词置于句首时，句子要采用部分倒装。
例句：
Not only can traveling relax us，but also it can broaden our horizons.
旅游不仅能使我们得到放松，而且可以开阔我们的视野。
Hardly had he finished his talk when he was surrounded by the excited fans.
他刚一结束讲话就被兴奋的粉丝们围了起来。
练习：
用倒装结构改写或翻译下列句子
（1）The two-week communication has helped the Chinese students have a better understanding of English culture and made us become good friends.（not only...but also…倒装结构）
.
（2）I didn't realise the importance of studying hard until I failed in the exam.
.
（not until位于句首的倒装结构）
（3）你不仅可以欣赏剪纸的美，而且可以更多地了解中国。
.
答案：
(1) Not only has the two-week communication helped the Chinese students have a better understanding of English culture, but also it has made us become good friends.
(2) Not until I failed in the exam did I realise the importance of studying hard.
(3) Not only can you enjoy the beauty of paper-cutting but also you can learn more about China.
2. only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句置于句首时，句子或主句要用部分倒装。
例句：
Only after all the fish died could the villagers realise the importance of protecting the environment.
只有所有的鱼都死光后，村民们才能意识到保护环境的重要性。
练习：
用含only的倒装结构补全或翻译下列句子
（1） （只有当你意识到英语的重要性时）can you put your heart into it
（2）只有努力学习，我们才能不断取得进步。
.
答案：
(1) Only when you realise the importance of English
(2) Only if we study hard can we make continuous progress.
3.在 so...that和such…that句型中，so或such置于句首时，主句使用部分倒装。
例句：
So charming is my hometown that it attracts visitors from all over the country every year.
我的家乡如此迷人，每年都吸引着全国各地的游客。
练习：
用倒装结构改写下列句子
（1）I have such a good command of English that I am elected as my English teacher's assistant.
.
（2）The Internet plays so important a role that a large number of people choose to watch movies by using it.
.
（3）一句多译：
这个栏目（column）非常受欢迎，我们在空闲的时候都喜欢阅读它。
a. .
（so…that的正常语序）
b. .
（so…that的倒装语序）
答案：
(1) Such a good command of English do I have that I am elected as my English teacher's assistant.
(2) So important a role does the Internet play that a large number of people choose to watch movies by using it.
(3)
a. The column is so popular that all of us like reading it in the free time.
b. So popular is the column that all of us like reading it in the free time.
4. as作“尽管，虽然”讲，引导让步状语从句时，从句常用倒装语序。
例句：
Tired as we were, we continued working.
尽管我们很累，但我们继续工作。
练习：
用含as的倒装结构改写、补全或翻译下列句子。
（1）Although the child was poor, he tried to find ways to study better.
.
（2） （尽管我感到失望）at the shabby campus and the poorly-equipped classroom, I found the teachers patient and considerate.
（3）尽管编辑部分很难，但我们做得很成功。
.
答案：
（1）Poor as the child was, he tried to find ways to study.
（2）Disappointed as I felt
（3）Difficult as the editing part was, we did it successfully.
5.当表示方向、地点和时间的词（here，now，off，up，n，out，down，away，there，then等）或介词短语置于句首且主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。
例句：
On the left side of the road stands our library, where there are various kinds of books.
我们的图书馆在路的左侧，里面有各种各样的书籍。
Out rushed the boy before I could say a word.
我还没来得及说话，那个男孩就冲了出去。
练习：
用倒装结构翻译句子。
这是给你的两条建议。
.
答案：
Here are two suggestions for you.
6.当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句谓语中含有be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。
例句：
When walking in the street，I met my good friend.
在街上散步的时候，我遇到了我的好朋友。
练习：
（1）When you are traveling there, you can admire fantastic sights and experience its rich culture.
, you can admire fantastic sights and experience its rich culture.
（2）Firstly, people may feel forced when they are asked to do things that they don't want to
Firstly, people may feel forced that they don't want to.
（3）When the child was faced with the difficulty, he didn't give up but managed to overcome it.
the child didn't give up but managed to overcome it.
答案：
（1）When traveling there
（2）when asked to do things
（3）When faced with the difficult
7. 当状语从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有be动词时，可以把和be动词同时省略。常用的连词有if, unless, when(ever), wherever等。
例句：
I want to smile whenever and wherever (it is) possible.
我想随时随地地笑。
练习：
用省略结构翻译句子。
如果可能的话，你应该练习说普通话。
答案：
If possible, you should practice speaking Mandarin.
八、虚拟语气在写作中的运用
虚拟语气是写作的“独门暗器”，能为写作增添一道亮丽的风景线。下面把在写作中容易把握的几种虚拟语气的形式做一下简要总结以帮助同学们在以后的作文中灵活、熟练地运用这一高级形式。
（1）虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用
例句：
If I had taken his advice, I wouldn't have missed such a good opportunity.
如果我听了他的建议，我就不会错过这么好的一个机会了。
I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice how to understand them better.如果你能给我提供一些如何更好地理解它们的建议，我将非常感激。
练习：
用虚拟语气改写或补全下面的句子
（1）I am not in Beijing now, or I will accompany you to the bookstore.
.
（2）If I had formed a good habit of reciting something, （我就能够在英语方面取得更大的进步了）
一句多译
（3）如果你能帮助我的话，我将非常感激。
a. (appreciate it)
b. (be grateful)
答案：
（1）If I were in Beijing now, I would accompany you to the bookstore.
（2）I could have made greater progress in English.
（3）a. I would appreciate it if you could help me.
b. I would be very grateful if you could help me.
（二）虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的运用
例句：
But for their help, I couldn't have got in touch with Professor Smith last week.
要不是他们的帮助，上周我就不能和史密斯教授取得联系了。
练习：
（1）Without them, people （就不能享受和谐）or the country would be in chaos.
（2）They helped me yesterday. Otherwise （我就不能按时完成任务）.
答案：
（1）could not enjoy harmony
（2）I could not have finished the task on time
（三）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用
1.用于wish或 would rather后的宾语从句
例句：
Actually, how I wish I could raise questions in class!
事实上，我多么希望自己在课上能提出问题呀！
I would rather you had come here to spend the holiday with me last month.
我宁愿上个月你来这儿和我共度假期了
练习：
I wish（1） （我没有错过出国学习的机会）last year;
I wish（2） （我在美国学习）now;
I wish（3） （我能够在美国找一份好工作）after graduation next year.
（4）我宁愿明天去北京。
答案：
（1）I hadn't missed the chance to study abroad
（2）I were studying in America
（3）I could find a good job in America
（4）I would rather I went to Beijing tomorrow.
2. 使用“should+动词原形”结构的虚拟语气
例句：
My teacher suggests that we (should) learn to handle conflicts calmly and wisely.
老师建议我们（应该）学会冷静、明智地处理冲突。
练习：
（I）In order to settle the tough problem, I recommend that those caught doing such things （应该阅读一本鼓舞人心的书）every month and share it with all the other students.
（2）一句多译：我建议你和一些中国学生交朋友.
a. （advise）
b. （advice）
答案：
(1) (should) read an inspiring book
(2) a. I advise that you (should) make friends with some Chinese students.
b. My advice is that you (should) make friends with some Chinese students.
（四）虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用
例句：
It's high time that we made the public realise the importance of saving energy.
到了我们让公众意识到节能的重要性的时候了。
练习：
一句多译：到了我们采取有效措施控制污染的时候了
a. (it's time for sb.to do…）
b. （It's time that…）
答案：
a. It's time for us to take effective measures to control pollution.
b. It's time that we took/ should take effective measures to control pollution.
九、标点符号在写作中的应用
英语标点符号（Punctuation）同汉语标点符号有所不同只有正确地使用标点符号来写作，才能使你的英语作文锦上添花。标点符号乱用，不仅使你的作文大打折扣，而且会严重影响作文得分。英语书面表达中常用的标点符号有：句号、逗号、分号、引号、冒号、问号和感叹号。注意：英语中没有书名号“《》”，英语中的书名、报刊名、杂志名及其他出版物名称在印刷中一般用斜体表示，在书写时可用引号。
1.句号（Full stop/Period）
句号表示说完一句话后的停顿，用在句子末尾。英语句号的写法是一个实心点，有别于汉语的空心圆。所以英语作文不能随便点点，以免造成误解。除一句话结束时用句点以外，在缩略词后面也用句点。和汉语不同，英语中的句点表示一个基本句型已经结束，而汉语中的句号表示一个意思已经完整。
例：
我是老师而他是学生。（I am a teacher. He is a student.或I am a teacher, while he is a student）
2.逗号（Comma）
逗号表示一句话没有说完而暂时停顿，用在句子中间。逗号的主要作用有：
（1）当两个成分或句子并列时，需用并列连词；当三个或三个以上的成分或句子并列时，最后两个句子或成分需用并列连词，前面的句子或成分可用逗号隔开。如：
Mary got up early and went to school.
玛丽早早起床去上学。
Mary got up early, dressed herself quickly and went to school.
玛丽早早起床，迅速穿好衣服去上学。
（2）表示独立成分。如:
The teacher, to tell you the truth, is his father.
实话告诉你，那位老师是他父亲。
（3）表示同位语。如
Kofi Annan, the former Secretary General of the UN, has made great contributions to the development of the world.
国前任秘书长科菲·安南为世界发展做出了巨大贡献。
（4）表示句首的状语（非谓语动词作状语）。如：
Hearing the good news, the little boy jumped with joy.
听到这则好消息，那个小男孩高兴地跳了起来。
（5）表示句首或句尾的非限制性定语从句。如：
As everyone knows, he is the winner of the English contest.
众所周知，他是英语竞赛的冠军。
（6）表示称呼语。如：
Mary, please close the door.
玛丽，请关一下门。
（7）表示演说、书信或口头通知等的称呼语。如：
Ladies and gentlemen…
女士们，先生们：……
（8）表示引出直接引语。如：
The boy shouted，"Be careful!"
那个男孩喊道："小心!"
3.分号（Semicolon）
分号表示比逗号长的停顿。分号主要是用在没有连词的情况下把句子分开。另外，在 however，there for，nevertheless等副词前也常用分号。如：
They often play basketball; they are getting more and more healthy.
他们经常打篮球；他们变得越来越健康了。
4.引号（Quotation marks）
引号主要表示直接引语。引号分两种：双引号和单引号，在引号之内再用引号只能用单引号。如：
The old man continued, "I was about to go into the lift when I heard a young man shout 'Hands up!' "老人继续说道：“我正要进电梯，这时听到一个年轻人喊道‘举起手来！’ ”
5.冒号（Colon）
冒号主要用来引出下文，表示举例、摘录、解释、引语、对照等。如：
The whole plan is as follows:…
整个计划如下……
What he told me is this:…
他告诉我的是……
6.问号（Question mark）
问号表示疑问，用于各种疑问句末尾。如：
What are you going to do this weekend?
这周末你要做什么？
7.感叹号（Exclamation mark）感叹号主要用在感叹句、感叹词和表示强烈感情的祈使句后面。如：
What a fine day it is today!
今天天气多好啊！
My God!
我的天啊！
Be quick, please!
请快点！
8.省略号（Ellipsis mark）
省略号表示言犹未尽的省略或相同内容的省略。英语省略号是三个点，居下。如：
"Help! Help! ..." Everyone heard the voice from the river over there just now.
“救命！救命！……”刚才每个人都听到了从那边河里传来的声音。
9.破折号（Dash）
破折号表示后面内容是对前面内容的解释，也表示意义的递进。如：
The whole country welcomes your visit — your visit to our country.
举国欢迎您来我国访问。
10.连字符（Hyphen）
连字符表示复合词的连接或移行，连字符比破折号短。如：
a five-year plan一个五年计划
第2讲 写作基本原则
一、长短句原则
一个短小精悍的句子，通常可以起到画龙点睛的作用。尤其是当我们把短句放在段首时，它不仅可以承上启下，还可以揭示主题，如：As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind，they are in a way quite similar.由此可见，长短句结合，可以给人抑扬顿挫之感。因此，许多专家建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，这样主体部分定会让人赏心悦目，文章结尾只需用一长一短。
二、主题句原则
一篇文章的开头（有时也可在结尾）有一个主题句，也就有了中心，然后围绕主题展开相关内容，这样的文章思路清晰，让人一目了然。否则，若把主题隐藏在文章的中间，很可能使读者感到云里雾里，不知所云。如：
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam.（主题句）Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.开头一句赫然醒目，直接点题。
三、条理性原则
一般来说，如果一篇文章以第一第二、第三或首先、其次、再次等罗列要点会让人感觉层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑性强。强烈推荐下列关联词和短语：
1.to begin with，then，furthermore，finally
2.to start with，next，in addition，finally
3.first，besides，last but not least
4.most important of all，moreover，finally
5.for one thing，for another
6 on the one hand，on the other hand（用来说明不同的理由或原因）
四、短语优先原则
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果正确使用短语，有两个好处：一是用短语会给文章增光添彩，自然会增加得分点；二是学生在考场上有时因为过于紧张而造成思维短路，但还得凑够词数，那么用短语替代单词不失为一种好办法。比如：I cannot bear it.可以表达为：I cannot put up with it.这样词数明显增加，表达也非常准确。
五、多实少虚原则
写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不能空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们想表达人或事物很好的时候，不应该总用nice这样空洞的词，而是要使用一些诸如generous，humorous，interesting，smart，gentle，warm-hearted，hospitable之类的形容词。这些生动形象的词语一定会让你的文章大放异彩，令人耳目一新。
六、多变句式原则
1.并列（串联）
我们有时希望自己能写出结构复杂的长句，但又怕写错。要解决这一问题，最保险的写长句的方法是在句子之间加and，但它们之间最好是先后关系或者并列关系。如：
I enjoy music and he is fond of playing the guitar
如果二者是并列的，我们还可以用 not only…but also…
表示并列关系的词还有：besides，furthermore，likewise，moreover等。
2.转折
用了表示转折的词，可以使文章要点明确，重点突出。如：
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.
The coat was thin, but it was warm.
表转折的词或短语还有：still，however，nevertheless，in spite of，despite等
3.因果
文章中使用了表示因果关系的词后，可以让你的句式变得丰富多彩，语言富于变化，更具说服力。如：
The snow began to fall, so we went home.
表示因果关系的关联词或短语还有：then，therefore，consequently，as a result，for this reason，so that 等。
4.失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）
有时突然出现一个不合乎常理的句子，必然会吸引别人的注意力，显得与众不同。其实就是使用了主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句。如：
This is what I can do.
Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.
5.附加
定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语的恰当运用，也会让人感觉你既有深厚的语法功底，又具有极强的语言表达能力。如：
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
I don't enjoy the book you are reading.
Mr. Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.
6.排比
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果要让你的文章更加精彩的话，可以使用多个对偶、多个不定式、多个动词、多个短语等，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势。如：
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional，complex or simple，there is plenty in London for you.
Nowadays，energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil，coal，natural gas，solar heat，wind and ocean tides.
We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.
七、挑战极限原则
挑战极限听似很难，但并非高不可攀。在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格之类的句子，因为学生要么想不到，要么怕写错。其实这一语法项目并不难，它只是分词的一种特殊形式分词要求前后主语一致，而独立主格则有自己的逻辑主语。
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
这种句子出现在文章中一定会令人刮目相看，很自然地成了一个得分点。
第3讲 应用文写作参考模板
一、邀请信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.阐述事情
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, a member of the students' union. There is going to be an English speaking contest in our school on Sunday. Now, I am writing to invite you to take part in the contest as our guest.
中间段：
5.介绍细节
6.主题和意义
7.地点和时间
8.人员
9.联系方式
Here are some details for the activity. To begin with, the theme of the contest is "Human and Nature", which is not only meaningful but also interesting. In addition, it will be held in Room 501 from 2: 00 to 5: 00 on the afternoon of June 15th. What's more, ten outstanding students will take part in the contest. Last but not least, if you need any further information, please call me at 12345.
结尾段
10.盼望到来
11如果到来感到荣幸
12.告知我你的决定
We are sincerely looking forward to your coming. My schoolmates and I will feel much honored if you can make it. Please send an email to me or give me a call to let me know your decision soon. Thank you.
二、建议信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.了解到的事情
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, chairman of the English club. In your letter I know that you have difficulty in preparing for the English speaking contest, which is going to take place on Sunday. Now, I am writing to give you a hand.
中间段：
5.我的建议可能带来好结果
6.我建议……
7.你最好……
8为什么不……
9如果我是你会……
The following suggestions carried out, things will probably become much better. To begin with, I would like to suggest that you should practise it before a mirror to find and correct some problems. In addition, you may as well use short, clear and powerful words so that you can leave a deep impression on the judges. What's more, why not ask your teacher for some guidance. Last but not least, if I were you, I would keep smiling and even if I forget my words.
结尾段
10.希望建议有帮助
1l.询问是否还需帮助
12相信你能做好
Hopefully these suggestions will be of great help to you. If there is anything else I can do for you, please let me know as soon as possible. I'm sure you can solve your problem before long.
三、求助信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.有件事很棘手
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, an English learner from a high school. I am preparing for an English speaking contest, but I meet with some trouble, which I can't deal with on my own. Now, I am writing to ask you to give me a hand.
中间段：
5.请您费心帮个忙
6.困难一
7.困难二
8.困难三
Hopefully you would be so kind as to give me some help on the following problems. To begin with, I have difficulty in pronouncing correctly, which has annoyed me for quite a long time. In addition, I find it extremely hard for me to use proper tone of voice. Last but not least, being nervous is another terrible headache for me because I lack the experience on this matter.
结尾段：
9.希望您提供帮助
10感激不尽
11.盼望回复
Hopefully your kind and timely help would be offered to me. I would appreciate it if you could do me a favor. Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
四、道歉信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.对某事感到抱歉
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, your best friend from No.2 high school. The other day, we made an appointment to go on a trip to Beijing on Sunday but I can't make it. Now, I am writing to give you my heartfelt apology for it.
中间段：
5.解释原因
6.另一件事的意义
7.希望对方能站在我的立场并给予理解
8.想法弥补
The reason why I will be unable to go with you is that the CCTV English speaking contest is going to take place that day. As you know, I've been waiting for the chance for months. Therefore by no means can I miss it. On the one hand, I'm sure you will be able to think in my position and if you were me, you would make the same choice. On the other hand, I would appreciate it if you could allow me to make another date to achieve our wishes.
结尾段：
9.还望接受道歉并理解
10.告诉我你的决定
11.再次表示歉意
Hopeful you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. Please send an email to me or give me a call to let me know your decision soon. Once again, I' m sorry for any inconvenience caused.
五、申请（自荐）信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.读到一个招聘广告
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, a 17-year-old boy currently studying in Hongxing middle school. I read the advertisement that you have posted on the Internet, employing Chinese students as part-time tutors of the Chinese language. Now, I am writing to apply for the job.
中间段：
5.引出申请原因
6.优势一
7.优势二
8.优势三
9.说明计划
10.计划一
11.计划二
There are three main reasons why I am fit for the job. To begin with, Chinese is my mother tongue and I am excellent at it. In addition. I have been learning English for 9 years with a good command of oral and written English. What's more, I am willing to help foreigners learn Chinese well and introduce Chinese culture to the world as well. Besides the advantages above, I also make a few plans for it. I am going to communicate with the students first to know what they want to learn. And then I will make every effort to get them interested in Chinese and Chinese culture by telling stories, singing songs playing games and so on.
结尾段：
12.希望得到机会
13.如果选中我会如何做
14.盼望回复
Hopefully the chance would be offered to me. If chosen. I would dedicate all my energy and wisdom to the job. Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
六、感谢信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.说明个人所得
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, a 17-year-old boy currently studying in Hongxing middle school. I won first prize in the CCTV Cup National English Speaking Contest. Now, I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude to you.
中间段：
5.引出对方所为
6.对方做的第一件事
7对方做的第二件事
8.对方做的第三件事
9.总结说明这些事令人难忘
Every time I catch sight of our photos taken with you, I just can't help thinking of what you have done for me. To begin with, it was so kind of you to help me practice my oral English patiently. In addition, you taught me a lot of advanced grammar, which really benefited me a lot. What's more, I shall always remember you shared with me many outstanding English novels. Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories, and I will cherish them forever.
结尾段：
10.代表……表示感谢
11.祝你万事如意
12.盼望回复
I, on behalf of my whole family, would like t to thank you again for what you have done for me. May you be blessed in everything you do. Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
七、投诉信
开头段：
1.自我介绍
2.委婉但义正言辞地投诉
My name is Li Hua, a loyal customer of your company. I feel bad to trouble you but I have to make a complaint about the unpleasant online shopping experience on the lovereading. com, which used to be my most reliable e-bookstore.
中间段：
3.简述何时何地买的产品或受到的服务
4.问题一
5.问题二
6.对我的影响
On 7th April, 2017, I bought the novel THE CALL OF THE WILD on the website. Unexpectedly, it was one week later when the book was delivered. What's more, when I opened the parcel, I found several pages of the book missing. You can probably imagine how disappointed I was at that moment.
结尾段：
7.提出解决办法
8.这样做也有利于对方
9.相信你会认真对待并盼望回复
I do hope that there will be a replacement as soon as possible and I can receive it on time. Above all, good service leads to booming business. I believe you will take my case seriously and I am looking forward to your reply.
八、书面通知
开头段：
1.疑问句吸引读者
2.机会来了：何时何地有何事
Notice
Boys and girls,
Do you want to have a better knowledge of English? Here comes your opportunity: we will have a lecture on how to communicate with others in English in the school lecture hall, from 3: 00 to5: 00 on Saturday afternoon.
中间段：
3.介绍活动主要人员
4.活动参与者
5.活动要求一
6.活动要求二
The lecture will be given by Professor Li, who is a famous English expert from Oxford University. It's very useful for your English learning, and all the students are welcomed to attend the lecture on time, especially those who are members of the English club. You're required to bring notebooks and pens with you so that you can set down some important tips in time. If you have any questions or topics you are very interested in you can have them prepared and put them forward at the lecture.
结尾段：
7.重申希望大家按时参加
8.相信你会不虚此行
Everybody is welcome to attend it. Make sure you'll come on time and don't be late. I'm sure you will benefit a lot and your English will gain much progress.
Students' Union
第4讲 技巧与策略
1.明确应用文体裁，有的放矢
应用文是为特定目的服务的，写作动因与目的非常明确，写作格式和体例也趋于稳定。语言要突出规范性、严肃性，切忌过分繁琐、铺垫太多，文字既要简洁明了又要把要点概括齐全，针对体裁定位要选用适当的语气和语言。
2.合理谋篇布局，有效使用语句间的连接成分、较为复杂的句式结构以及高级表达方式
在写作之前，根据逻辑关系对材料的要点进行组合、调整，充分展现考生不拘泥于材料的灵活思维。高考鼓励考生尽量使用较复杂的语言结构。较复杂的语言结构通常指以下几种情况：
（1）尽量使用复合句，如在一句中加入定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、主语从句或表语从句。
（2）使用变化多样的句式，如疑问句祈使句、倒装句、省略句。
（3）使用非谓语动词、强调句型和其他固定句型。
另外，文章中词汇的运用，能够充分体现考生的词汇量和整体英语水平。
3.平时注重系统、高效的训练，书写训练不容忽视
写作训练要循序渐进，不可能一蹴而就。可以分为词、句、文的训练周期，也可以按照体裁、题材等进行系统训练。另外，应注重选材质量，尽量选择学生熟悉、贴近生活实际且易于学生对写作信息进行输出的材料。选材时注意内容的简洁性、时态的清晰性、词汇使用的普及性和规范性，选材要有利于培养学生的创新精神。书写训练也是很重要的一个环节，字体优美、卷面整洁，可为习作增光添彩，给阅卷老师留下美好的第一印象。学生应该在老师的修正下，对作品精雕细刻，多出“精品”，乃至“极品”。
4.确保写作时间
确保写作时间包含两个方面：①平时训练不应拖拖拉拉，应限时完成，完成时间通常在20-25分钟；②考试时要提高阅读速度，以确保书面表达有足够的时间高质量地完成。有的老师要求学生在做完完形填空后就做第二卷，最后做阅读，以确保书面表达的时间，这也不失为应试的一种小技巧。
5.高考评分标准
①评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
②词数少于80和多于120的，从总分中减去2分。
③评分时应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇、语法结构的数量和准确性及上下文的连贯性。
④拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
⑤如书写较差以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。
2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪
专题十六 应用文写作
命题规律：
1.从命题形式上看，近五年高考应用文写作均采用了文字提纲的半开放命题形式，留给考生一定的自由发挥的空间。
2.写作题材突出了多样化、实用性的特点，取材较为广泛、内容较为丰富，多为日常生活和一般交往所涉及的内容，而且力求融入中国元素，如申请做中国画展览的志愿者、告知英国朋友下次上汉语课的计划等。
3.写作体裁主要以应用文体裁中的书信类为主，其中对邀请信、告知信的考查频率较高。
命题趋势：
未来高考应用文写作仍会以半开放命题形式为主，文体仍会以常考的书信、邮件、通知等为主且题材的内容也会越来越贴近生活。
第1讲：写作基础知识
一、五大基本句型在写作中的作用
句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，但英语中最基本的句型只有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型转换而来的。五种基本句型如下：
1.主语+谓语
本结构由“主语+不及物动词”构成，不及物动词后不能有宾语，用来表示主语的动作。主语可以有定语来修饰，谓语也可以有状语来修饰。
例句：
I work in a computer firm. Every day I get up early in morning. After breakfast，I go to work by bike.
我在一家电脑公司工作。每天早上我都很早起床。早饭后，我骑自行车去上班。
练习：
（1） （一些著名的中国艺术家将会表演）on that day.
（2） （我们能出发）early so that we'll have more time to read and select books.
（3）一句多译：
这个训练营将于7月20号开营。
a. (will do)
b. (is going to do)
c. (be to do)
答案：
(1) Some famous Chinese artists will perform
(2) We can set out/set off
(3)a. This training camp will open on July 20th
b. This training camp is going to open on July 20th
c. This training camp is to open on July 20th
2.主语+谓语+宾语
本结构由“主语+及物动词+宾语”构成，谓语动词是主语发出的动作，但是意思还不完整，后面需要跟宾语。充当宾语的有：名词、代词、从句等。
例句：
I took an English exam yesterday. I had prepared it for two weeks. Before I turned in the paper, I checked it carefully.
昨天我参加了一场英语考试。我为此已经准备了两周。在上交试卷之前，我仔细地检查了一下。
练习：
（1） （你可以找到一些原创诗歌）of famous poets，such as Li Bai and Du Fu.
（2） （我们尤其欢迎那些文章）about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals.
答案：
(1) You can find some original poems
(2) We would especially welcome those articles
3.主语+谓语+双宾语
即“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”。如果把直接宾语放在间接宾语前，需要借助介词to或for。
需要借助介词to的动词有：bring, give, lend, hand, offer，pass，send，show，teach等。需要借助介词for的动词有：buy, cookget, make等。
例句：
Mr. Smith has taught us English for 3 years. Yesterday was his 50th birthday. Every one of us bought him a present and I even told him an interesting story.
史密斯先生已经教我们英语三年了。咋天是他50岁生日。我们每个人都给他买了一个礼物，我甚至给他讲了一个有趣的故事。
练习：
（1） （它向青少年提供了一个机会）to enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture.
（2）我希望这个变化不会给你造成太多的麻烦。
.
（3）那的确给了我们巨大的成就感。
答案：
(1) It offers teenagers a chance
(2)I hope the change will not cause you too much trouble.
(3) That really gave us a great sense of achievement
4.主语+系动词+表语
本结构主要用来说明主语的特征、状态、类属和身份等。
系动词可以分为以下几类
（1）表示特征和存在状态的：be，appear，feel，look，seem，smell, sound，taste等。
（2）表示状态延续的 remain，say，keep等；
（3）表示状态变化的 become，get，go，turn，grow等。
例句：
My English is much better than before. I feel very happy. I am very grateful for your help.
我的英语比以前好多了。我感到非常高兴。我非常感激你的帮助。
练习：
（1）Some compromises were unavoidable, but （这个视频后来证明很完美）.
（2）The "Foreign Cultures" section in our newspaper （非常受欢迎）among us students.
答案：
（1）the video proved perfect
（2）is very popular
5.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语
本结构中的宾语后面需要有成分对其进行补充说明，这就是宾语补足语。可以作宾补的有：形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词和过去分词。
例句：
The old man had a lovely daughter. He named her Lily. He made her very happy every day and wanted her to become an artist.
这个老人有一个可爱的女儿。他给她取名为莉莉。他每天都让她很高兴并且想让她成为一名艺术家。
练习：
（1）I （认为他的建议非常有用），although many people are against it.
（2）你的贡献（contribution）一定会使这次活动获得巨大的成功。
（3） （我写信是为了邀请你参观）the paper-cutting exhibition.
答案：
（1）consider his advice/suggestion very useful
（2）Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.
（3）I am writing to invite you to visit
二、并列句在写作中的运用
并列句是由并列连词连接分句而组成的句子，其基本结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。并列句中的分句根据逻辑关系可分为以下几种：
1. 表并列或递进：常用的连词是and和 not only…but so…（不仅……而且……）。
例句：
He is not only the first Chinese to go to space, but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.
他不仅是第一个去太空的中国人，而且是世界上最伟大的航天员之一。
练习：
（1）If you are able to come with us, please let us know （我们将会等你）at the school gate at 9：00 in the morning.
（2）I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation
（并且我想让你帮我一个忙）.
（3）剪纸是中国的传统之一，而且我确信你会喜欢它的。
。
答案：
（1）and we'll wait for you
（2）and I want you to do me a favor/help me
（3）Paper-cutting is one of Chinese traditions and I am sure you will like it.
2. 表转折：常用的连词是but和yet
例句：
Secondly, voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors, but rather on how many social-networking resources they have.
第二，这种投票并不取决于竞争者的优势，而是取决于他们掌握了多少社交网络资源。
练习：
（1）Maybe the training is a bit difficult for you,
（但是你可以迅速提高你的技能）through it.
（2）Everyone in our society should help those in need, （但是更重要的是真诚）
（3）我想去博物馆，但是我的同班同学绝大部分想去野餐。
.
答案：
（1）but you can improve your skills quickly
（2）but it is more important to be sincere
（3）I would love to go to a museum, but most of my classmates wanted to go for a
picnic.
3. 表“选择”：用并列连词or，意为：否则。
例句：
Hurry up，or you'll be late for the meeting.
快点，否则你开会会迟到的。
练习：
（1）Seize the opportunity, （否则你会后悔的）。
（2）I will respect the opinion of most students, （否则我很难和他们处好关系）.
答案：
（1）or you will regret it
（2）or it's difficult for me to get along well with them
4.表原因：常用的连词是for
例句：
He will recover soon, for he is young.
他很快就会恢复，因为他年轻。
练习：
一句多译：他阅读有困难，因为他的视力不好。
a. （for连接的并列句）
b. （The reason is that.）
c. （That's because.）
答案：
a.He has trouble reading, for his sight is poor.
b.He has trouble reading. The reason is that his sight is poor.
c.He has trouble reading. That's because his sight is poor.
5.表对比：常用的连词是 while
例句：
At school, some students are active while some are shy.
在学校，有些学生很积极，而有些学生很害羞。
练习：
（1）Good habits can contribute to high learning efficiency, （而坏习惯效果却恰恰相反）
（2）Some people are fond of enjoying movies at the cinema （而有些人更喜欢在网上看电影）.
答案：
（1） while bad ones lead to the opposite（2） while some prefer to watch movies on the Internet
三、定语从句在写作中的运用
在英语写作中使用复杂的句式是提高书面表达档次、增加语言亮点的主要途径之一，而定语从句就是复杂句式中的重要一项。因此，在写作中巧妙地运用定语从句可为我们的文章“增光添彩”。书面表达中定语从句常用的关系词如下：
1.关系代词that、which、who、whom、whose或as引导的定语从句。
例句：
This reminds me of my mother who has been doing whatever she can to let me have the best.
这使我想起了我的妈妈，她一直竭尽全力让我拥有最好的东西。
I can learn all the important things that have happened during the week.
我能够了解这周内发生的所有重要的事情。
As is known to us all, if we are in trouble, it is not our phones but our friends that can really help us out.
众所周知，当我们处于困境中时，不是我们的手机而是我们的朋友能真正帮我们摆脱困境。
练习：
将下列句子整合为含定语从句的复合句
（1）I am Li Jin. I am chairman of the Student Union in Chenguang Middle School.
.
（2）Team members are often offered opportunities to watch table tennis competitions. It will benefit them a lot.
.
（3）Material collecting took us a whole week. During it we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.
.
（4）I am grateful to Mr. White. Without his help I couldn't have made so much progress in my English study.
.
用定语从句补全或翻译下列句子
（5）Finally，we took pictures with the old craftsman and the dough figurines
（我们制作的）.
（6）This summer I intend to take up a part-time job in a foreign company,
（借助它我想开阔我的视野）and gain some working experience.
（7） （如图所示），the box-office income of Chinese films increased constantly from 2012 to 2015，but its growth slowed down in 2016.
（8）任何感兴趣的学生都欢迎参加。
.
（9）去年我参加了在北京举行的夏令营，这不仅开阔了我的视野，也提高了我的英语口语水平。
.
答案：
(1) I am Li Jin who/that is chairman of the Student Union in Chenguang Middle
School.
(2) Team members are often offered opportunities to watch table tennis competitions, which will benefit them a lot.
(3) Material collecting took us a whole week, during which we interviewed our
teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.
(4)I am grateful to Mr. White, without whose help I couldn't have made so much
progress in my English
(5) that/which we made
(6) through which I would like to broaden my horizons
(7) As is shown in the graph
(8) Any student who is interested is welcome to participate.
(9) Last year, I joined the summer camp in Beijing, which not only broadened my
horizons but also improved my oral English.
2.关系副词where, why和when引导的定语从句。
例句：
The picture shows us a touching moment when a little girl comes to greet her mom.
这张图片向我们展示了一个感人的时刻，一个小女孩过来迎接她的妈妈。
练习：
用定语从句补全或翻译下列句子
（1）I will join the Dragon Boat Training Camp （在那儿我可以参加各种活动）.
（2）学校已经创造了一种可以让我们自由发展自己的爱好的氛围。
.
答案：
(1) where I can take part in various kinds of activities
(2) The school has created an atmosphere where we can develop our own interests
freely.
四、名词性从句在写作中的应用
名词性从句包括宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。在写作中我们可以巧用名词性从句来为我们的文章“锦上添花”。
1.主语从句在写作中的应用
例句：
What I want to stress is that you should make it a rule to practice speaking Mandarin.
我想强调的是你应该养成练习说普通话的习惯。
练习：
用主语从句补全或翻译下列句子
（1） （给我印象最深的）is his famous saying，"Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration
（2）我们想做的第一件事是和老人们一起包饺子。
（3）我想推荐你旅游的地方是泰山。
答案：
（1）What impresses me most
（2）What we want to do first is to make dumplings with the elderly people
（3）What I want to recommend you to visit is Mount Tai.
2. 宾语从句在写作中的应用
例句：
I learned from your post that you want to improve your Mandarin.
我从你的邮件得知你想提高你的普通话水平。
（1）I don't even know （是否有事）to pay attention to.
（2）I have been told （我们校队正在招收新队员）.
（3）一句多译：我知道我是如何取得成功的。
a. (success)
b. (succeed）
c. （successful）
d. (make it）
答案：
（1）if there is something
（2）that our school team is recruiting new members
（3）a.I know how I became a success/achieved my success
b. I know how I succeeded
c. I know how I became success
d. I know how I made it.
3. 表语从句在写作中的应用
例句：
From him，I realize the secret to success is not where you were born，but what you are doing in your life.
从他身上，我意识到成功的秘诀不在于你生于何处，而在于在生活中你在做什么。
练习：
（1）The main reason for my choice （我倾向于牺牲自己的利益）for the group's benefit.
（2）将下面的两个句子整合为含有定语从句和表语从句的复合句
Yang Liwei has made great contributions to the development of China, I want to interview him for this reason.
（3）那就是我认为长江之旅会是一个更好的选择的原因。
答案：
（1）that I tend to sacrifice my own interest
（2）The reason why I want to interview Yang Liwei is that he has made great contributions
to the development of China.
（3）That is why I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice.
4. 同位语从句在写作中的应用
例句：There is no denying the fact that the environment is getting polluted more and more seriously.
不可否认，环境污染越来越严重了。
练习：
（1）Learning that you are organizing this activity to share books worldwide，I am writing to apply for it for the simple reason .
（我喜欢阅读，并且有很多书）
（2）一句多译：多数人认为教育能改变一个人的命运。
a. (hold the belief that.）
b. (What…believe is that…）
c. (believe that)
答案：
（1）that I love reading and I own a large number of books
（2）a.Most people hold the belief that education can change one's fate.
b. What most people believe is that education can change one's fate.
c. Most people believe that education can change one's fate.
五、强调形式在写作中的运用
在英语写作中有时为了强调某一成分，突出表达效果，我们常常采用强调的形式。下面把写作中常用的强调形式做一下简要总结。
1. 用感叹句来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感。
例句：
How time flies！
时光飞逝！
练习：
（1）于敏是一个多么无私的科学家啊！
（2）当欣赏视频的时候，所有的人是多么的兴奋啊！
答案：
（1）What a selfless scientist Yu Min is!
（2）How excited all the people were when they enjoyed the video!
2. 用助动词“do/does/did+动词原形”对谓语动词进行强调。
例句：
If you need any further information，do let me know.
如果你需要任何进一步的信息，一定要让我知道。
练习：
（1）Without hesitation, I decided to follow them and （我们的确玩得很高兴）that day.
（2）我真的希望你能尽快返回天津。
答案：
（1）we did have lots of fun/we did enjoy ourselves
（2）I do hope you can return to Tianjin as soon as possible.
3. 用强调句型“it is/was+被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分”来对句子的主语、宾语和状语进行强调。
例句：
It was not until the end of the 19th century that shooting became a sport.
世纪末期射击才成为一项运动。
练习：
用强调句型改写或翻译下列句子
（1）Not the story itself but what is reflected in the story counts.
（2）重要的是那些遵守规则的人。
（3）一句多译：正是由于我对运动的极大兴趣，我才密切关注将于8月末在天津举行的第13届全国运动会。
a. (because of）
b. (because)
答案：
（1）It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts
（2） It is the people who obey the rules that matter
（3）a. It is because of my great interest in sports that I pay close attention to
the 13th National Games to be held in Tianjin at the end of August.
b. It is because I have great interest in sports that I pay close attention to the 13th
National Games to be held in Tianjin at the end of August.
4. 通过使用such…that…，so...that...等固定搭配达到强调的目的。
例句：
It was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.
这是如此美丽的一天以至于他们将永远记住它。
练习：
用倒装句改写或补全下列句子
（1）The sights along the Yangtze River are so amazing that they appeal to visitors from all over the country.
（2） （生活将会如此丰富多彩）in ten years that I will live more happily
答案：
(1) So amazing are the sights along the Yangtze River that they appeal to visitors
from all over the country.
(2) Life will be so rich and varied.
六、非谓语动词在写作中的运用
非谓语动词是高中的重要语法，运用它可以简化句子结构，使语言表达更加简洁和生动。
1. 主语或宾语：动名词和不定式在句中可作主语或宾语
例句：
I had trouble solving the problem，but I kept trying by using various ways.
解决这个问题对我来说有困难，但我使用不同的方法不断尝试。
练习：
（1）Besides, we'll spend some fun time together （表演节目）such as （唱歌和跳舞）in order to make them happy.
（2）What's worse，some drivers do not think it vital （遵守交通规则）.
（3）有时候，放弃一点可能意味着获得更多。
（4）购买或下载一些听力材料将是一个好主意。
（5）在热烈讨论后，我们同意制作视频记录我们在学校的经历。
答案：
(1) putting on performances; singing and dancing
(2) to obey the traffic rules
(3) Sometimes giving up a little can mean getting me.
(4) It will be a good idea to buy or download listening materials.
(5) After a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record our experience
at school.
2. 表语：过去分词、动词的-ing形式和不定式在句中可作表语
例句：
So exciting was the news that we couldn't help jumping up.
这个消息如此激动人心，以至于我们都禁不住跳了起来。
练习：
（1）Many questions have to be settled and much remains （被做）in our educational work.
（2）My dream is （成为一名设计师）in 10 years.
（3）The news was （如此鼓舞人心）that we all felt very excited after hearing it.
（4）另外，沿河的风景令人惊叹。
答案：
(1) to be done
(2) to become a designer
(3) so inspiring
(4) Moreover, the scenery along the river is amazing.
3. 定语：过去分词、现在分词、动名词和不定式在句中可作定语
例句：
I think the boy sitting at the table is very hard-working.
我认为坐在桌子旁的那个男孩很勤奋。
练习：用非谓语动词补全下列句子
（1）It carries articles which were written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.
→ It carries articles about the cultures of their home countries.
（2）To be honest，I don't know the boy who is giving the speech.
→ To be honest I don't know the boy .
（3）The meeting which will be held next week is of great importance.
→ The meeting next week is of great importance.
答案：
(1) written by foreign friends
(2) giving the speech
(3) to be held
4. 宾语补足语：过去分词、现在分词和不定式（有时省略to）在句中可作宾语补足语
例：
My father encourages me to major in English in college.
我爸爸鼓励我在大学主修英语。
练习：
用非谓语动词补全或翻译下列句子
（1）Just then, the teacher found that the boy was cheating in the exam.
Just then, the teacher found that the boy in the exam.
（2）It's said that an interesting film will be put on in the lecture hall.
An interesting film is said in the lecture hall.
（3）It's reported that a hurricane has hit that village.
A hurricane is reported that village.
（4）这次参观能帮助我们提高关爱老人的意识。
.
答案：
(1) cheating
(2) to be put
(3) to have hit
(4) This visit can help us raise the awareness of caring about the elderly.
5.状语：过去分词、现在分词和不定式在句中可作状语
例句：
Entering the classroom, Ms. Li was surprised to find we were standing in a line, clapping our hands and saying, "Happy Teachers' Day!
进入教室后，李老师惊讶地发现我们正站成一排，拍着手说：“教师节快乐！”
练习：
用非谓语动词改写下列句子
（1）I'm writing you the letter and hope you can give me some help.
I'm writing you the letter, .
（2）I feel proud when I know your interest in Chinese history.
, I feel proud.
（3）I am an outgoing girl，and I get along well with classmates.
, I get along well with my classmates
（4）I was encouraged by what he had said and was determined to study harder than before.
, I was determined to study harder than before.
（5）My English teacher entered the office and he was followed by two students.
My English teacher entered the office, .
（6）We got up early so that we could catch the first bus.
, we got up early.
（7）I hurried to the airport but found the plane had taken off.
I hurried to the airport the plane had taken off.
（8）The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
The boy is too young .
用非谓语动词翻译句子
（9）因为知道你渴望打乒乓球，所以我想知道你是否想加入。
答案：
(1) hoping you can give me some help
(2) Knowing your interest in Chinese history
(3) Being an outgoing girl
(4) Encouraged by what he had said
(5) followed by two students
(6) To catch the first bus
(7) only to find
(8) to go to school
(9) Knowing you are keen on playing table tennis, I wonder if you'd like to join.
6.“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构在写作中的应用
例句：
With the final exam approaching，we are all busy going over the lesson.
随着期末考试的临近，我们都在忙着复习功课
练习：
用with的复合结构改写下列句子
（1）Our school is surrounded by trees and it is very beautiful.
, it is very beautiful.
（2）The dough figurine was finished and I was extremely excited.
, I was extremely excited.
（3）Because there was nothing to do, we set out to play computer games.
we set out to play computer games.
（4）Because everything is considered, our new plan is more practical.
, our new plan is more practical.
用with的复合结构翻译句子
（5）随着大学入学考试的临近，我忙着为它做准备。
.
答案：
(1) With trees surrounding our school
(2) With the dough figurine finished
(3) With nothing to do
(4) With everything considered
(5) With the college entrance examination approaching/ drawing I am busy preparing for it.
七、倒装和省略在写作中的应用
倒装和省略是丰富句式、增加语言表现形式的重要手段，在写作中常用的倒装和省略形式主要有以下几种：
1. 具有否定意义的词、介词短语或含有否定词的连词置于句首时，句子要采用部分倒装。
例句：
Not only can traveling relax us，but also it can broaden our horizons.
旅游不仅能使我们得到放松，而且可以开阔我们的视野。
Hardly had he finished his talk when he was surrounded by the excited fans.
他刚一结束讲话就被兴奋的粉丝们围了起来。
练习：
用倒装结构改写或翻译下列句子
（1）The two-week communication has helped the Chinese students have a better understanding of English culture and made us become good friends.（not only...but also…倒装结构）
.
（2）I didn't realise the importance of studying hard until I failed in the exam.
.
（not until位于句首的倒装结构）
（3）你不仅可以欣赏剪纸的美，而且可以更多地了解中国。
.
答案：
(1) Not only has the two-week communication helped the Chinese students have a better understanding of English culture, but also it has made us become good friends.
(2) Not until I failed in the exam did I realise the importance of studying hard.
(3) Not only can you enjoy the beauty of paper-cutting but also you can learn more about China.
2. only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句置于句首时，句子或主句要用部分倒装。
例句：
Only after all the fish died could the villagers realise the importance of protecting the environment.
只有所有的鱼都死光后，村民们才能意识到保护环境的重要性。
练习：
用含only的倒装结构补全或翻译下列句子
（1） （只有当你意识到英语的重要性时）can you put your heart into it
（2）只有努力学习，我们才能不断取得进步。
.
答案：
(1) Only when you realise the importance of English
(2) Only if we study hard can we make continuous progress.
3.在 so...that和such…that句型中，so或such置于句首时，主句使用部分倒装。
例句：
So charming is my hometown that it attracts visitors from all over the country every year.
我的家乡如此迷人，每年都吸引着全国各地的游客。
练习：
用倒装结构改写下列句子
（1）I have such a good command of English that I am elected as my English teacher's assistant.
.
（2）The Internet plays so important a role that a large number of people choose to watch movies by using it.
.
（3）一句多译：
这个栏目（column）非常受欢迎，我们在空闲的时候都喜欢阅读它。
a. .
（so…that的正常语序）
b. .
（so…that的倒装语序）
答案：
(1) Such a good command of English do I have that I am elected as my English teacher's assistant.
(2) So important a role does the Internet play that a large number of people choose to watch movies by using it.
(3)
a. The column is so popular that all of us like reading it in the free time.
b. So popular is the column that all of us like reading it in the free time.
4. as作“尽管，虽然”讲，引导让步状语从句时，从句常用倒装语序。
例句：
Tired as we were, we continued working.
尽管我们很累，但我们继续工作。
练习：
用含as的倒装结构改写、补全或翻译下列句子。
（1）Although the child was poor, he tried to find ways to study better.
.
（2） （尽管我感到失望）at the shabby campus and the poorly-equipped classroom, I found the teachers patient and considerate.
（3）尽管编辑部分很难，但我们做得很成功。
.
答案：
（1）Poor as the child was, he tried to find ways to study.
（2）Disappointed as I felt
（3）Difficult as the editing part was, we did it successfully.
5.当表示方向、地点和时间的词（here，now，off，up，n，out，down，away，there，then等）或介词短语置于句首且主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。
例句：
On the left side of the road stands our library, where there are various kinds of books.
我们的图书馆在路的左侧，里面有各种各样的书籍。
Out rushed the boy before I could say a word.
我还没来得及说话，那个男孩就冲了出去。
练习：
用倒装结构翻译句子。
这是给你的两条建议。
.
答案：
Here are two suggestions for you.
6.当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句谓语中含有be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。
例句：
When walking in the street，I met my good friend.
在街上散步的时候，我遇到了我的好朋友。
练习：
（1）When you are traveling there, you can admire fantastic sights and experience its rich culture.
, you can admire fantastic sights and experience its rich culture.
（2）Firstly, people may feel forced when they are asked to do things that they don't want to
Firstly, people may feel forced that they don't want to.
（3）When the child was faced with the difficulty, he didn't give up but managed to overcome it.
the child didn't give up but managed to overcome it.
答案：
（1）When traveling there
（2）when asked to do things
（3）When faced with the difficult
7. 当状语从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有be动词时，可以把和be动词同时省略。常用的连词有if, unless, when(ever), wherever等。
例句：
I want to smile whenever and wherever (it is) possible.
我想随时随地地笑。
练习：
用省略结构翻译句子。
如果可能的话，你应该练习说普通话。
答案：
If possible, you should practice speaking Mandarin.
八、虚拟语气在写作中的运用
虚拟语气是写作的“独门暗器”，能为写作增添一道亮丽的风景线。下面把在写作中容易把握的几种虚拟语气的形式做一下简要总结以帮助同学们在以后的作文中灵活、熟练地运用这一高级形式。
（1）虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用
例句：
If I had taken his advice, I wouldn't have missed such a good opportunity.
如果我听了他的建议，我就不会错过这么好的一个机会了。
I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice how to understand them better.如果你能给我提供一些如何更好地理解它们的建议，我将非常感激。
练习：
用虚拟语气改写或补全下面的句子
（1）I am not in Beijing now, or I will accompany you to the bookstore.
.
（2）If I had formed a good habit of reciting something, （我就能够在英语方面取得更大的进步了）
一句多译
（3）如果你能帮助我的话，我将非常感激。
a. (appreciate it)
b. (be grateful)
答案：
（1）If I were in Beijing now, I would accompany you to the bookstore.
（2）I could have made greater progress in English.
（3）a. I would appreciate it if you could help me.
b. I would be very grateful if you could help me.
（二）虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的运用
例句：
But for their help, I couldn't have got in touch with Professor Smith last week.
要不是他们的帮助，上周我就不能和史密斯教授取得联系了。
练习：
（1）Without them, people （就不能享受和谐）or the country would be in chaos.
（2）They helped me yesterday. Otherwise （我就不能按时完成任务）.
答案：
（1）could not enjoy harmony
（2）I could not have finished the task on time
（三）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用
1.用于wish或 would rather后的宾语从句
例句：
Actually, how I wish I could raise questions in class!
事实上，我多么希望自己在课上能提出问题呀！
I would rather you had come here to spend the holiday with me last month.
我宁愿上个月你来这儿和我共度假期了
练习：
I wish（1） （我没有错过出国学习的机会）last year;
I wish（2） （我在美国学习）now;
I wish（3） （我能够在美国找一份好工作）after graduation next year.
（4）我宁愿明天去北京。
答案：
（1）I hadn't missed the chance to study abroad
（2）I were studying in America
（3）I could find a good job in America
（4）I would rather I went to Beijing tomorrow.
2. 使用“should+动词原形”结构的虚拟语气
例句：
My teacher suggests that we (should) learn to handle conflicts calmly and wisely.
老师建议我们（应该）学会冷静、明智地处理冲突。
练习：
（I）In order to settle the tough problem, I recommend that those caught doing such things （应该阅读一本鼓舞人心的书）every month and share it with all the other students.
（2）一句多译：我建议你和一些中国学生交朋友.
a. （advise）
b. （advice）
答案：
(1) (should) read an inspiring book
(2) a. I advise that you (should) make friends with some Chinese students.
b. My advice is that you (should) make friends with some Chinese students.
（四）虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用
例句：
It's high time that we made the public realise the importance of saving energy.
到了我们让公众意识到节能的重要性的时候了。
练习：
一句多译：到了我们采取有效措施控制污染的时候了
a. (it's time for sb.to do…）
b. （It's time that…）
答案：
a. It's time for us to take effective measures to control pollution.
b. It's time that we took/ should take effective measures to control pollution.
九、标点符号在写作中的应用
英语标点符号（Punctuation）同汉语标点符号有所不同只有正确地使用标点符号来写作，才能使你的英语作文锦上添花。标点符号乱用，不仅使你的作文大打折扣，而且会严重影响作文得分。英语书面表达中常用的标点符号有：句号、逗号、分号、引号、冒号、问号和感叹号。注意：英语中没有书名号“《》”，英语中的书名、报刊名、杂志名及其他出版物名称在印刷中一般用斜体表示，在书写时可用引号。
1.句号（Full stop/Period）
句号表示说完一句话后的停顿，用在句子末尾。英语句号的写法是一个实心点，有别于汉语的空心圆。所以英语作文不能随便点点，以免造成误解。除一句话结束时用句点以外，在缩略词后面也用句点。和汉语不同，英语中的句点表示一个基本句型已经结束，而汉语中的句号表示一个意思已经完整。
例：
我是老师而他是学生。（I am a teacher. He is a student.或I am a teacher, while he is a student）
2.逗号（Comma）
逗号表示一句话没有说完而暂时停顿，用在句子中间。逗号的主要作用有：
（1）当两个成分或句子并列时，需用并列连词；当三个或三个以上的成分或句子并列时，最后两个句子或成分需用并列连词，前面的句子或成分可用逗号隔开。如：
Mary got up early and went to school.
玛丽早早起床去上学。
Mary got up early, dressed herself quickly and went to school.
玛丽早早起床，迅速穿好衣服去上学。
（2）表示独立成分。如:
The teacher, to tell you the truth, is his father.
实话告诉你，那位老师是他父亲。
（3）表示同位语。如
Kofi Annan, the former Secretary General of the UN, has made great contributions to the development of the world.
国前任秘书长科菲·安南为世界发展做出了巨大贡献。
（4）表示句首的状语（非谓语动词作状语）。如：
Hearing the good news, the little boy jumped with joy.
听到这则好消息，那个小男孩高兴地跳了起来。
（5）表示句首或句尾的非限制性定语从句。如：
As everyone knows, he is the winner of the English contest.
众所周知，他是英语竞赛的冠军。
（6）表示称呼语。如：
Mary, please close the door.
玛丽，请关一下门。
（7）表示演说、书信或口头通知等的称呼语。如：
Ladies and gentlemen…
女士们，先生们：……
（8）表示引出直接引语。如：
The boy shouted，"Be careful!"
那个男孩喊道："小心!"
3.分号（Semicolon）
分号表示比逗号长的停顿。分号主要是用在没有连词的情况下把句子分开。另外，在 however，there for，nevertheless等副词前也常用分号。如：
They often play basketball; they are getting more and more healthy.
他们经常打篮球；他们变得越来越健康了。
4.引号（Quotation marks）
引号主要表示直接引语。引号分两种：双引号和单引号，在引号之内再用引号只能用单引号。如：
The old man continued, "I was about to go into the lift when I heard a young man shout 'Hands up!' "老人继续说道：“我正要进电梯，这时听到一个年轻人喊道‘举起手来！’ ”
5.冒号（Colon）
冒号主要用来引出下文，表示举例、摘录、解释、引语、对照等。如：
The whole plan is as follows:…
整个计划如下……
What he told me is this:…
他告诉我的是……
6.问号（Question mark）
问号表示疑问，用于各种疑问句末尾。如：
What are you going to do this weekend?
这周末你要做什么？
7.感叹号（Exclamation mark）感叹号主要用在感叹句、感叹词和表示强烈感情的祈使句后面。如：
What a fine day it is today!
今天天气多好啊！
My God!
我的天啊！
Be quick, please!
请快点！
8.省略号（Ellipsis mark）
省略号表示言犹未尽的省略或相同内容的省略。英语省略号是三个点，居下。如：
"Help! Help! ..." Everyone heard the voice from the river over there just now.
“救命！救命！……”刚才每个人都听到了从那边河里传来的声音。
9.破折号（Dash）
破折号表示后面内容是对前面内容的解释，也表示意义的递进。如：
The whole country welcomes your visit — your visit to our country.
举国欢迎您来我国访问。
10.连字符（Hyphen）
连字符表示复合词的连接或移行，连字符比破折号短。如：
a five-year plan一个五年计划
第2讲 写作基本原则
一、长短句原则
一个短小精悍的句子，通常可以起到画龙点睛的作用。尤其是当我们把短句放在段首时，它不仅可以承上启下，还可以揭示主题，如：As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind，they are in a way quite similar.由此可见，长短句结合，可以给人抑扬顿挫之感。因此，许多专家建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，这样主体部分定会让人赏心悦目，文章结尾只需用一长一短。
二、主题句原则
一篇文章的开头（有时也可在结尾）有一个主题句，也就有了中心，然后围绕主题展开相关内容，这样的文章思路清晰，让人一目了然。否则，若把主题隐藏在文章的中间，很可能使读者感到云里雾里，不知所云。如：
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam.（主题句）Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.开头一句赫然醒目，直接点题。
三、条理性原则
一般来说，如果一篇文章以第一第二、第三或首先、其次、再次等罗列要点会让人感觉层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑性强。强烈推荐下列关联词和短语：
1.to begin with，then，furthermore，finally
2.to start with，next，in addition，finally
3.first，besides，last but not least
4.most important of all，moreover，finally
5.for one thing，for another
6 on the one hand，on the other hand（用来说明不同的理由或原因）
四、短语优先原则
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果正确使用短语，有两个好处：一是用短语会给文章增光添彩，自然会增加得分点；二是学生在考场上有时因为过于紧张而造成思维短路，但还得凑够词数，那么用短语替代单词不失为一种好办法。比如：I cannot bear it.可以表达为：I cannot put up with it.这样词数明显增加，表达也非常准确。
五、多实少虚原则
写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不能空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们想表达人或事物很好的时候，不应该总用nice这样空洞的词，而是要使用一些诸如generous，humorous，interesting，smart，gentle，warm-hearted，hospitable之类的形容词。这些生动形象的词语一定会让你的文章大放异彩，令人耳目一新。
六、多变句式原则
1.并列（串联）
我们有时希望自己能写出结构复杂的长句，但又怕写错。要解决这一问题，最保险的写长句的方法是在句子之间加and，但它们之间最好是先后关系或者并列关系。如：
I enjoy music and he is fond of playing the guitar
如果二者是并列的，我们还可以用 not only…but also…
表示并列关系的词还有：besides，furthermore，likewise，moreover等。
2.转折
用了表示转折的词，可以使文章要点明确，重点突出。如：
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.
The coat was thin, but it was warm.
表转折的词或短语还有：still，however，nevertheless，in spite of，despite等
3.因果
文章中使用了表示因果关系的词后，可以让你的句式变得丰富多彩，语言富于变化，更具说服力。如：
The snow began to fall, so we went home.
表示因果关系的关联词或短语还有：then，therefore，consequently，as a result，for this reason，so that 等。
4.失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）
有时突然出现一个不合乎常理的句子，必然会吸引别人的注意力，显得与众不同。其实就是使用了主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句。如：
This is what I can do.
Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.
5.附加
定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语的恰当运用，也会让人感觉你既有深厚的语法功底，又具有极强的语言表达能力。如：
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
I don't enjoy the book you are reading.
Mr. Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.
6.排比
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果要让你的文章更加精彩的话，可以使用多个对偶、多个不定式、多个动词、多个短语等，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势。如：
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional，complex or simple，there is plenty in London for you.
Nowadays，energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil，coal，natural gas，solar heat，wind and ocean tides.
We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.
七、挑战极限原则
挑战极限听似很难，但并非高不可攀。在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格之类的句子，因为学生要么想不到，要么怕写错。其实这一语法项目并不难，它只是分词的一种特殊形式分词要求前后主语一致，而独立主格则有自己的逻辑主语。
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
这种句子出现在文章中一定会令人刮目相看，很自然地成了一个得分点。
第3讲 应用文写作参考模板
一、邀请信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.阐述事情
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, a member of the students' union. There is going to be an English speaking contest in our school on Sunday. Now, I am writing to invite you to take part in the contest as our guest.
中间段：
5.介绍细节
6.主题和意义
7.地点和时间
8.人员
9.联系方式
Here are some details for the activity. To begin with, the theme of the contest is "Human and Nature", which is not only meaningful but also interesting. In addition, it will be held in Room 501 from 2: 00 to 5: 00 on the afternoon of June 15th. What's more, ten outstanding students will take part in the contest. Last but not least, if you need any further information, please call me at 12345.
结尾段
10.盼望到来
11如果到来感到荣幸
12.告知我你的决定
We are sincerely looking forward to your coming. My schoolmates and I will feel much honored if you can make it. Please send an email to me or give me a call to let me know your decision soon. Thank you.
二、建议信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.了解到的事情
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, chairman of the English club. In your letter I know that you have difficulty in preparing for the English speaking contest, which is going to take place on Sunday. Now, I am writing to give you a hand.
中间段：
5.我的建议可能带来好结果
6.我建议……
7.你最好……
8为什么不……
9如果我是你会……
The following suggestions carried out, things will probably become much better. To begin with, I would like to suggest that you should practise it before a mirror to find and correct some problems. In addition, you may as well use short, clear and powerful words so that you can leave a deep impression on the judges. What's more, why not ask your teacher for some guidance. Last but not least, if I were you, I would keep smiling and even if I forget my words.
结尾段
10.希望建议有帮助
1l.询问是否还需帮助
12相信你能做好
Hopefully these suggestions will be of great help to you. If there is anything else I can do for you, please let me know as soon as possible. I'm sure you can solve your problem before long.
三、求助信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.有件事很棘手
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, an English learner from a high school. I am preparing for an English speaking contest, but I meet with some trouble, which I can't deal with on my own. Now, I am writing to ask you to give me a hand.
中间段：
5.请您费心帮个忙
6.困难一
7.困难二
8.困难三
Hopefully you would be so kind as to give me some help on the following problems. To begin with, I have difficulty in pronouncing correctly, which has annoyed me for quite a long time. In addition, I find it extremely hard for me to use proper tone of voice. Last but not least, being nervous is another terrible headache for me because I lack the experience on this matter.
结尾段：
9.希望您提供帮助
10感激不尽
11.盼望回复
Hopefully your kind and timely help would be offered to me. I would appreciate it if you could do me a favor. Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
四、道歉信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.对某事感到抱歉
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, your best friend from No.2 high school. The other day, we made an appointment to go on a trip to Beijing on Sunday but I can't make it. Now, I am writing to give you my heartfelt apology for it.
中间段：
5.解释原因
6.另一件事的意义
7.希望对方能站在我的立场并给予理解
8.想法弥补
The reason why I will be unable to go with you is that the CCTV English speaking contest is going to take place that day. As you know, I've been waiting for the chance for months. Therefore by no means can I miss it. On the one hand, I'm sure you will be able to think in my position and if you were me, you would make the same choice. On the other hand, I would appreciate it if you could allow me to make another date to achieve our wishes.
结尾段：
9.还望接受道歉并理解
10.告诉我你的决定
11.再次表示歉意
Hopeful you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. Please send an email to me or give me a call to let me know your decision soon. Once again, I' m sorry for any inconvenience caused.
五、申请（自荐）信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.读到一个招聘广告
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, a 17-year-old boy currently studying in Hongxing middle school. I read the advertisement that you have posted on the Internet, employing Chinese students as part-time tutors of the Chinese language. Now, I am writing to apply for the job.
中间段：
5.引出申请原因
6.优势一
7.优势二
8.优势三
9.说明计划
10.计划一
11.计划二
There are three main reasons why I am fit for the job. To begin with, Chinese is my mother tongue and I am excellent at it. In addition. I have been learning English for 9 years with a good command of oral and written English. What's more, I am willing to help foreigners learn Chinese well and introduce Chinese culture to the world as well. Besides the advantages above, I also make a few plans for it. I am going to communicate with the students first to know what they want to learn. And then I will make every effort to get them interested in Chinese and Chinese culture by telling stories, singing songs playing games and so on.
结尾段：
12.希望得到机会
13.如果选中我会如何做
14.盼望回复
Hopefully the chance would be offered to me. If chosen. I would dedicate all my energy and wisdom to the job. Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
六、感谢信
开头段：
1.问候
2.自我介绍
3.说明个人所得
4.写信目的
How is everything going these days? I am Li Hua, a 17-year-old boy currently studying in Hongxing middle school. I won first prize in the CCTV Cup National English Speaking Contest. Now, I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude to you.
中间段：
5.引出对方所为
6.对方做的第一件事
7对方做的第二件事
8.对方做的第三件事
9.总结说明这些事令人难忘
Every time I catch sight of our photos taken with you, I just can't help thinking of what you have done for me. To begin with, it was so kind of you to help me practice my oral English patiently. In addition, you taught me a lot of advanced grammar, which really benefited me a lot. What's more, I shall always remember you shared with me many outstanding English novels. Nothing will be able to erase our wonderful memories, and I will cherish them forever.
结尾段：
10.代表……表示感谢
11.祝你万事如意
12.盼望回复
I, on behalf of my whole family, would like t to thank you again for what you have done for me. May you be blessed in everything you do. Looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
七、投诉信
开头段：
1.自我介绍
2.委婉但义正言辞地投诉
My name is Li Hua, a loyal customer of your company. I feel bad to trouble you but I have to make a complaint about the unpleasant online shopping experience on the lovereading. com, which used to be my most reliable e-bookstore.
中间段：
3.简述何时何地买的产品或受到的服务
4.问题一
5.问题二
6.对我的影响
On 7th April, 2017, I bought the novel THE CALL OF THE WILD on the website. Unexpectedly, it was one week later when the book was delivered. What's more, when I opened the parcel, I found several pages of the book missing. You can probably imagine how disappointed I was at that moment.
结尾段：
7.提出解决办法
8.这样做也有利于对方
9.相信你会认真对待并盼望回复
I do hope that there will be a replacement as soon as possible and I can receive it on time. Above all, good service leads to booming business. I believe you will take my case seriously and I am looking forward to your reply.
八、书面通知
开头段：
1.疑问句吸引读者
2.机会来了：何时何地有何事
Notice
Boys and girls,
Do you want to have a better knowledge of English? Here comes your opportunity: we will have a lecture on how to communicate with others in English in the school lecture hall, from 3: 00 to5: 00 on Saturday afternoon.
中间段：
3.介绍活动主要人员
4.活动参与者
5.活动要求一
6.活动要求二
The lecture will be given by Professor Li, who is a famous English expert from Oxford University. It's very useful for your English learning, and all the students are welcomed to attend the lecture on time, especially those who are members of the English club. You're required to bring notebooks and pens with you so that you can set down some important tips in time. If you have any questions or topics you are very interested in you can have them prepared and put them forward at the lecture.
结尾段：
7.重申希望大家按时参加
8.相信你会不虚此行
Everybody is welcome to attend it. Make sure you'll come on time and don't be late. I'm sure you will benefit a lot and your English will gain much progress.
Students' Union
第4讲 技巧与策略
1.明确应用文体裁，有的放矢
应用文是为特定目的服务的，写作动因与目的非常明确，写作格式和体例也趋于稳定。语言要突出规范性、严肃性，切忌过分繁琐、铺垫太多，文字既要简洁明了又要把要点概括齐全，针对体裁定位要选用适当的语气和语言。
2.合理谋篇布局，有效使用语句间的连接成分、较为复杂的句式结构以及高级表达方式
在写作之前，根据逻辑关系对材料的要点进行组合、调整，充分展现考生不拘泥于材料的灵活思维。高考鼓励考生尽量使用较复杂的语言结构。较复杂的语言结构通常指以下几种情况：
（1）尽量使用复合句，如在一句中加入定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、主语从句或表语从句。
（2）使用变化多样的句式，如疑问句祈使句、倒装句、省略句。
（3）使用非谓语动词、强调句型和其他固定句型。
另外，文章中词汇的运用，能够充分体现考生的词汇量和整体英语水平。
3.平时注重系统、高效的训练，书写训练不容忽视
写作训练要循序渐进，不可能一蹴而就。可以分为词、句、文的训练周期，也可以按照体裁、题材等进行系统训练。另外，应注重选材质量，尽量选择学生熟悉、贴近生活实际且易于学生对写作信息进行输出的材料。选材时注意内容的简洁性、时态的清晰性、词汇使用的普及性和规范性，选材要有利于培养学生的创新精神。书写训练也是很重要的一个环节，字体优美、卷面整洁，可为习作增光添彩，给阅卷老师留下美好的第一印象。学生应该在老师的修正下，对作品精雕细刻，多出“精品”，乃至“极品”。
4.确保写作时间
确保写作时间包含两个方面：①平时训练不应拖拖拉拉，应限时完成，完成时间通常在20-25分钟；②考试时要提高阅读速度，以确保书面表达有足够的时间高质量地完成。有的老师要求学生在做完完形填空后就做第二卷，最后做阅读，以确保书面表达的时间，这也不失为应试的一种小技巧。
5.高考评分标准
①评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
②词数少于80和多于120的，从总分中减去2分。
③评分时应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇、语法结构的数量和准确性及上下文的连贯性。
④拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
⑤如书写较差以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。
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