2020版一轮复习英语译林全国版学案：选修8Unit2Theuniversallanguage



(一)课前自主学习

Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意
1．stubborn adj.　　　　　 固执的，顽固的
2．motherland n. 祖国
3．opportunity n. 机遇，时机
4．prejudice n. 偏见，成见
vt. 使怀有(或形成)偏见
5．discrimination n. 歧视，区别对待；辨别力，鉴赏力
6．liberty n. 自由
7．awesome adj. 极好的；令人惊叹的，令人敬畏的
8．personnel n. 人事部门；职员，全体人员
9．department n. 部，司，局，处，系
10．composer n．[纵联1] 作曲者，作曲家
11．folk adj. 民间的，民俗的
n. 人们；亲属(尤指父母)
12．kindergarten n. 幼儿园
13．sore adj. 疼痛的，酸痛的
Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形
1．cast vt.& vi. 选派角色；投射(光、影)；
向……投以(视线、笑容)
2．condemn vt. 判刑，宣判；指责，谴责
3．dare vt.& vi.& aux. 敢于，胆敢
4．seize vt. 逮捕，捉拿；抓住，捉住；夺取，攻占
5．decline n. 衰落，衰败；减少；下降
vi.& vt. 衰落；下降；婉言谢绝
6．seek vt.& vi.[纵联2] 试图，设法；寻找，寻求
7．root n. 起源，起因；根，根茎
8．demand vt. 需要；强烈要求
n. 要求；需求
9．scold vt.[纵联3] 训斥，责骂
10．deadline n. 最后期限，截止日期
11．broken adj. 破损的，受伤的；中止了的；不连续的
12．trend n. 趋势，动向
13．scream vi.
n．[纵联4] 尖叫，高声喊；呼啸
尖叫，尖锐刺耳的声音
Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变
1．universal adj.共同的，普遍的，全体的，全世界的→universe n．宇宙
2．disturbing adj.令人不安的；引起恐慌的→disturbed adj.心理不正常的；精神失常的→disturb vt.打扰；使中断；使焦虑
3．unwilling adj.不情愿，不愿意；勉强的，无奈的→willing adj.自愿的→willingness n．乐意
4．evident adj.清楚的，显然的→evidence n．证据；证词
5．merciful adj.仁慈的，慈悲的，宽大为怀的→mercy n．宽容，仁慈，怜悯
6．unemployment n．失业→unemployed adj.失业的→employment n．雇佣，工作，职业→employ v．雇佣→employer n．雇主→employee n．雇员
7．collection n．作品集；收藏品；一批(人或物品)；取走→collect vt.收集→collector n．收集者；收藏家
8．tendency n．倾向，偏好；趋势，趋向→tend v．倾向；趋向
9．gradual adj.逐渐的，逐步的；平缓的，不陡的→gradually adv.逐渐地，逐步地


纵联1.“音乐”达人
　①perform vt. 演出；表演
②performance n. 演出；表演
③classical adj. 古典的
④compose vt.& vi. 作(曲)
⑤composer n. 作曲者
⑥conduct vt. 指挥
⑦conductor n. (乐队等的)指挥
⑧album n. 专辑
纵联2.多途径“搜寻”
①seek 寻找，探寻
②explore 探索，探究
③track 跟踪；追踪
④hunt 寻找；猎取
纵联3“指责，谴责”家族
①scold 责骂，斥责
②criticize 批评，指责
③blame 指责，责备
④accuse 谴责，指控
⑤condemn 谴责，判刑
纵联4.为何“大喊大叫”？
①scream 因恐惧、快乐等尖叫
②cry 因恐惧、痛苦等喊叫
③shout 高声喊叫
④yell 因外界刺激尖叫
⑤call 大声说话或喊叫

单元话题——音乐
子话题1　乐理知识
①pitch音高 ②note音符
③scale音阶 ④chord和弦
⑤compose作曲
子话题2　音乐类型
①symphony交响乐 ②solo独奏
③choir合唱 ④pop music流行音乐
⑤rock music摇滚乐 ⑥classical music古曲乐
⑦folk music 民间音乐
子话题3　常见乐器
①instrument乐器 ②guitar吉他
③violin小提琴 ④accordion手风琴
⑤harp竖琴 ⑥trumpet小号

[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一)　阅读中的词汇应用
1．(2016·江苏高考阅读B)Chimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements❶ as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek❷ food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline __❸__ (share) food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
①写出加黑词在本单元的近义词：demand，意为“要求”，短语demand_to_do_sth.意为“要求做某事”。
②写出加黑词在此处的汉语意思：寻找，构成短语seek sth. for sb.，意为“为某人寻找某物”。此外，seek还可以构成短语seek after/for，意为“寻找，找到”；seek one's fortune，意为“找出路，碰运气”。
③用所给词的适当形式填空：to_share，share在此构成短语share sth. with sb.意为“与某人分享某物”。
2．(2012·北京高考阅读B)Obviously, my grade was awful❶. Heartbroken❷ but fearless, I decided to turn this around. I talked to Miss Lancelot, but she insisted: No re­dos; no new grade. I felt that the punishment was not justified, and I believed I deserved a second chance❸.
①写出加黑词在本单元的同根反义词：awesome，意为“极好的”。
②写出加黑词在此处的汉语意思：伤心的，悲伤的
③写出加黑词在本单元的同义词：opportunity，意为“机会”，构成短语take the opportunity to do sth./of doing sth.，意为“有机会做某事”。

高考采撷(二)　写作中的词汇应用
(根据汉语及提示词翻译句子)
1．(2018·浙江高考书面表达)我认为这是一次拓宽视野、提高英语口语的好机会。(opportunity)
I_think_it_is_a_good_opportunity_to_broaden_my_perspective_as_well_as_improve_my_spoken_English.
2．(2013·四川高考书面表达)我们应该一次又一次地重复老师们教给我们的东西，然后我们就能理解或记住老师要求掌握的知识。(demand)
We_should_repeat_what_the_teachers_taught_us_again_and_again,_and_then_we_can_understand_or_remember_the_knowledge_which_the_teachers_demand_to_master.



(二)课堂重点释疑
1．cast (cast, cast) vt.&vi.选派角色；投射(光、影)；向……投以(视线、笑容) n．全体演员
[记牢]
be cast down (by sth.)　　　　 (因某事)沮丧/失望
cast light on/upon 弄清楚，使人明白
cast a glance/look at/toward ... 朝……瞧了瞧
cast sb. as ... 选派某人演……角色
[练通]
单句语法填空
①The circumstances were all against Joe, but he was not cast down.
②He has cast her as an ambitious lawyer in his latest movie.
完成句子
③Here are the research findings that cast_new_light_on the origin of our universe.
这就是对宇宙起源有新认识的研究发现。
④She cast_a_quick_glance_at the notepad to see if there were any messages for her.
她很快地瞄了一眼记事簿，看是否有留给她的口信。
[写美]
⑤(2012·湖北高考书面表达)虽然破旧的(shabby)校园和设施简陋的教室让我感到失望，但是我发现老师们耐心又体贴。
Cast_down_as_I_felt_at_the_shabby_campus_and_the_poorly­equipped_classroom,_I_found_the_teachers_patient_and_considerate.
2．condemn vt.判刑，宣判；指责，谴责
[记牢]
be condemned to sth.　　　　　 被处以某种刑罚；使某人被迫接受困境
condemn sb. to death 判处某人死刑
condemn sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而谴责某人
condemn ... as ... 指责……为……
be condemned to do sth. 注定做某事
[练通]
单句语法填空
①He was widely condemned for his cruel action towards his elderly parents.
②Their lack of qualifications condemned them to a lifetime of boring, usually poorly­paid work.
完成句子
③Do you condemn_yourself_for things which you did or failed to do in the past?
你是否为你曾经做过的或没有做到的事而对自己耿耿于怀？
④The judge condemned_the_drunk_driver_to_stay in prison for six months.
法官判这个酒驾司机六个月拘役。
[写美]
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)既然你擅长乒乓球，你注定会是最合适的人选。
Since_you_are_good_at_table_tennis,_you_are_condemned_to_be_the_most_suitable_person.
3．dare vt.& vi.& aux.敢于，胆敢
[记牢]
dare to do sth.　　　 敢于做某事
dare sb. to do sth. 激某人做某事，谅某人无胆量做某事
I dare say 我想；很可能；大概
[练通]
单句语法填空
①They dare not play (play) a joke on him in case he becomes angry.
②We know that he won't dare to_break (break) his promise.
完成句子
③He dared_me_to_jump from the bridge into the river.
他激我，说我不敢从桥上跳到河里去。
④I_dare_say you're feeling tired after your journey.
我相信你旅行后一定感到累了。
⑤—Dare he ask his boss for promotion?
—Yes, he_dare./No, he_daren't.
——他敢向他的老板请求升职吗？
——是的，他敢。/不，他不敢。
[用准]　(1)dare用作实义动词时，有人称、数和时态的变化。常见搭配：dare to do sth.“敢于做某事”。 在否定句和疑问句中to可以省略。
(2)dare用作情态动词时，通常用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中，没有人称和数的变化，后面跟动词原形，其否定式为dare not。
[写美]
⑥(2010·北京高考书面表达)面对困境，他们从不放弃，敢于尽自己最大的努力找到出路。
Faced_with_difficulties,_they_never_give_up_but_dare_to_try_their_best_to_find_a_way_out.
4．seize vt.逮捕，捉拿；抓住，捉住；夺取，攻占
[记牢]
seize sth. from ...　　　　　　 从……抓取/夺取某物
seize a chance/an opportunity 抓住机会/机遇
seize sb. by the＋ 部位 抓住某人……
[练通]　完成句子
①I think that there is no reason why we should not seize_this_opportunity and this moment.
我认为没有任何理由让我们不去抓住这次机会和这一时刻。
②Before the thief could run away, the brave girl seized_him_by_the_collar.
在小偷逃跑之前，这个勇敢的女孩抓住了他的衣领。
③He seized_the_letter_from my hand and began to read out loud.
他从我手里夺过信开始大声读起来。
[用准]　seize指突然一把“抓住”某人或某物时，可直接用被抓的部位作宾语，也可用“seize sb. by the＋部位”结构，但表示部位的名词前不可用物主代词。
[写美]
④(2015·湖南高考书面表达)老人获救了，我们很高兴。并且，我记得车牌号，之后交警抓住了司机。
The_old_man_was_saved_and_we_felt_very_pleased._What's_more,_I_remembered_the_number_of_the_car,_and_the_traffic_police_seized_the_driver_later.
5．demand vt.强烈要求；需要n.要求；需求
[记牢]
(1)demand to do sth.　　　 要求做某事
(sb.) demand that sb. (should) do sth.
(某人)要求某人做某事(that从句使用虚拟语气)
(2)in demand 需求大；受欢迎的
on demand 一经要求
satisfy/meet the/one's demands　 满足(某人的)要求
[练通]
单句改错
①He has promised to repay the loan at any time in demand. in→on
②The hijackers are demanding to speaking to representatives of both governments.
speaking→speak
③The manager demanded that the workers worked extra hours to complete the task ahead of time. worked→work
完成句子
④We have good firms whose products are in_demand around the world.
我们有优秀的公司，生产全世界都受欢迎的产品。
⑤It's impossible to meet/satisfy_all_your_demands.
满足你所有的要求是不可能的。
[用准]　demand不能用于demand sb. to do sth.结构；“向某人要某物”不能用demand sb. sth.，要用demand sth. of/from sb.。
[写美]
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)摄影俱乐部要求照片要与环境保护有关。
The_photography_club_demands_that_the_photos_be_related_to_environmental_protection.
6．decline n．衰落，衰败；减少；下降vi.& vt.衰落；下降；婉言谢绝
[辨清]　写出下列句中decline的词性和含义
①We asked her to come to our party, but she declined. vt.谢绝
②There has been a sharp decline in profits this year.n.下降
③His health has begun to decline because he is old.vi.衰退
④The number of staff has declined from 217,000 to 114,000.vi.下降
[记牢]
(1)fall/go into (a) decline　　　　　 陷入衰退
in decline/on the decline 在衰退中，走下坡路
(2)decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事
[练通]　完成句子
⑤I didn't know why the boy declined_to_answer a question.
我不知道那个男孩为什么拒绝回答问题。
⑥He is still one of the world's most popular golfers, but his skill is in_decline/on_
the_decline.
他仍是世界上最受欢迎的高尔夫球选手之一，但他的球技大不如前。
⑦And other researchers have argued there are decades to go before oil production goes/falls
into_decline.
还有人认为，石油产量在走向衰退之前，还有几十年的上升空间。
[写美]
⑧(2014·四川高考书面表达)在过去的十个月里，我们一直忙于准备这次考试，没有去参加任何聚会。
Over_the_past_ten_months,_we_have_been_busy_in_preparing_for_this_examination_and_declined_to_attend_any_party.
7．seek (sought, sought) vt.& vi.试图，设法；寻找，寻求
[记牢]
seek (for) sth./sb. from ...　　 从……寻找某物/某人
seek after 追求；追寻
seek to do sth. 试图做某事
seek one's fortune 找出路；碰运气
seek out 搜寻出；找出
[练通]
单句语法填空
①If you have any questions, you can seek help from your teammates.
②Fortunately, the tourists sought out a shelter to escape from the unexpected shower.
完成句子
③Different men seek_after_happiness in different ways and by different methods.
不同的人以不同的方式和手段寻求幸福。
④Many people in their lifetime avoid or do not even seek_to_find_the_answer_to that question.
许多人在他们的一生中都在逃避或根本没有去寻找过那个问题的答案。
[写美]
⑤(2015·湖北高考书面表达)通过这次经历，我认识到质疑是帮助我们寻求真理的桥梁。
From_this_experience_I_have_learnt_that_questioning_can_serve_as_a_bridge_that_helps_us_to_seek_the_truth.
[联想]　表示“寻找”的短语还有look for, search for, hunt for等。
[词汇过关综合训练]　
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The play is being cast (选派角色) in both China and Britain.
2．UN officials say two military observers were seized (逮捕) by the Khmer Rouge yesterday.
3．He was unwilling (不愿意) to make a prediction about which books would sell best in the coming year.
4．The couple have sought (寻找) help from marriage guidance counsellors.
5．Most plants will root (生根) in about six to eight weeks.
6．Don't scold (责骂) her; she's nothing but a child.
7．We were not able to meet the deadline (最后期限) because of manufacturing delays.
8．Sue screamed (尖叫), not loudly, more in surprise than terror.
9．Patients took more than two hours to be processed through the department (科).
10．The children learn singing, dancing, drawing, and the like in the kindergarten (幼儿园)．
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．We seek to_help (help) every student discover the joy and fulfillment in the obtainment of knowledge.
2．Thanks to the good care of the nurses, the boy is gradually(gradual) recovering from his lung operation.
3．Though he failed the exam, he was unwilling (willing) to learn from others.
4．There is a growing tendency (tend) for people to return to the hometown to start their business.
5．They were condemned to a life of hardship because of laziness or disinterest in work and savings.
6．Chris likes music and has a large collection (collect) of albums and cassettes.
7．There is a sharp decline in interest in sports in our town.
8．My teacher is very strict, and no one dares to_step (step) into his office without permission.
9．High unemployment (employ) has prompted many people to leave the islands.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．The company refused the workers' demand that their wages are raised. are→be
2．She was condemning by the whole society because she left her two children at home by themselves for two months and they starved to death. condemning→condemned
3．This information cast light into the problem we had been discussing for one week.into→on
4．She declined to having lunch with her friend, saying that she wasn't feeling well. having→have
5．Half an hour later, he sought after his friend in the crowd. after→out
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．Now he is crazy about pop music, so his interest in computer games is on_the_decline/in_decline.
他现在痴迷于流行音乐，因此对电脑游戏的兴趣减弱了。
2．In the early 1920s, thousands of people went to Australia to seek_their_fortune.
在二十世纪二十年代早期，成千上万的人前往澳大利亚寻求财富。
3．Our head teacher demanded that we_(should)_go_to_school_on_time.
我们班主任老师要求我们准时到校。
4．We should seize_the_opportunity_to_work_hard to achieve our goal.
我们应抓住机会努力实现我们的目标。
5．They were_condemned_to a life of hardship because of failure in business.
因为生意失败他们不得不过着艰难的生活。

(一)课前自主学习

1．be_condemned_to_sth.　　　　 被处以某种刑罚
2．ask_for_sb.'s_hand_in_marriage (向女方)求婚
3．fall_in_love 相爱，坠入爱河
4．at_first_sight[串记1] 初次见面；乍一看
5．spring_up 突然兴起，迅速出现
6．break_up 破裂，解散；破碎
7．depend_on 依赖，依靠
8．put_up 举起，张贴，提供食宿
9．apply_for 申请
10．split_up 分裂，分解
11．participate_in[串记2] 参加；参与
12．have_a_tendency_for_... 有一种……倾向
13．take_on 呈现；雇用；承担
14．break_one's_promise 违背诺言
15．serve_as 起……作用；用作……
16．try_out 实验；试用
17．go_crazy[串记3] 变得疯狂，发疯
18．find_out 发现，查明，弄清
19．come_close_to 接近，靠近
20．get_together 相聚，在一起
[同根短语串记]
串记1.“sight”短语集锦
①at first sight 初次见面；乍一看
②at the sight of 看到
③out of sight 看不到
④in/within sight 在视野内
⑤come into sight 出现
⑥on sight 一看到，一看见
串记2.“参加，参与”短语大团圆
①get involved with ②take part in
③participate in ④join in
⑤have a hand in ⑥go in for
串记3.“go＋adj.”短语小结
①go mad 发疯
②go hungry 挨饿
③go bad 变质
④go wrong (机器等)发生故障
⑤go crazy 变得疯狂，发疯
⑥go deaf 变聋

1．the_key components 重要组成部分
2．a number one hit on the pop charts 在流行榜单上排名第一的金曲
3．in_less than seven weeks 不到七周
4．take a brief look_at 简要地回顾
5．have_a tendency to do sth. 有做某事的趋势
6．the ability to do sth. 做某事的能力
7．go_into a gradual decline 渐渐走向没落

1．Just imagine performing such an opera in the Forbidden City — there could_not_be_a_more_awesome setting!
想象一下在紫禁城上演这出歌剧吧——不可能有比这更棒的场景了！
2．Unfortunately, Puccini died of a heart attack before_he_completed_this_final_scene,_and it had to be completed by one of his former students, Franco Alfano.
不幸的是，普契尼还没写完最后一幕就因心脏病去世了，这一幕不得不由他以前的一名学生法兰高·阿法奴完成。
3．Wherever_the_Beatles_went,_there was a phenomenon called ‘Beatlemania’ — thousands of fans would surround them, screaming and going crazy trying to see them.
无论甲壳虫乐队到哪儿，总有一种被称为“披头士狂热”的现象——成千上万的粉丝聚集在他们周围，尖叫着，疯狂地试图见他们一面。

[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一)　阅读中的词块和句式(完成句子)
1．(2013·浙江高考阅读A)First he opened a shop and then he put_up_a_sign (张贴了一个招牌) outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door.
2．(2009·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)Having children increases housework even further.With more than three children, for example, wives took_on_more_of_the_extra_work (承担更多额外的工作)，clocking about 28 hours a week compared with husbands' 10 hours.
高考采撷(二)　写作中的短语和句式
(根据提示翻译句子)
1．(2015·陕西高考书面表达)我是李华，一名来自三年级二班的学生。我写信申请学生志愿者的职位。(apply for)
I'm_Li_Hua,_a_student_from_Class_2,_Grade_3.I'm_writing_to_apply_for_the_position_as_a_student_volunteer.
2．(2012·广东高考书面表达)在您来教我们之前，我的数学一直很差，从来没有想过我会对它感兴趣。(before引导时间状语从句)
Before_you_came_to_teach_us,_I_had_been_terribly_poor_at_math,_and_had_never_thought_that_I_would_be_interested_in_it.

(二)课堂重点释疑
[短语集释]

1．fall in love (with sb.)爱上(某人)，相爱，坠入爱河
[记牢]
fall apart　　　　　　 破碎，破裂；崩溃
fall behind 落后
fall over 被……绊倒；从……上跌落
fall for 上……的当，受……的骗
[练通]
单句语法填空
①I'm trying to be more centred, and not fall apart when I go through difficult things.
②I fell behind in my studies because I went through about four years of being addicted to online games.
③If you tell him that it'll make him a lot of money, he's bound to fall for the idea.
完成句子
④An unexpected discovery makes me deeply fall_in_love_with this place.
一次意外的发现，让我深深地爱上了这个地方。
⑤I was unlucky to slip on a banana skin and fall_over.
我真倒霉，踩在香蕉皮上滑倒了。
[用准]　fall in love with“突然爱上”，表示动作，是短暂性动词短语，不与表示一段时间的状语连用；be in love with“爱/喜欢”，表示状态，是延续性动词短语，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
⑥Annie was so attractive that Jimmy fell_in_love_with her the first time he saw her. Now they have_been_in_love_with each other for three years.
安妮如此迷人以至于吉米第一次见她就爱上了她。现在他们已经相爱三年了。
[写美]
⑦(2011·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)我是你们报纸的忠实读者。我主要是因为以下两个原因喜欢上了它。
I'm_a_regular_reader_of_your_newspaper._I_fall_in_love_with_it_mainly_for_the_following_two_reasons.
2．break up破裂；破碎，打碎；解散，驱散；拆开，分开；分手；结束；放假
[辨清]　写出下列句中break up的含义
①The meeting didn't break up until deep at night.结束
②Did you know that Kate broke up with her boyfriend？分手
③The police came running and broke up the crowd.驱散
④When does the school break up for the summer holidays？放假
⑤When does the ice break up on the river？破裂
⑥They broke up the big company into several smaller ones.
拆开，分开
[写美]
⑦(2013·山东高考书面表达)学校快要放暑假了，我写信告诉你我的假期计划。
I_am_writing_to_tell_you_my_holiday_plans_for_the_school_is_going_to_break_up_for_summer_holiday.
[句式集释]
1．“否定词＋比较级”结构，表示最高级意义
[教材原句]　Just imagine performing such an opera in the Forbidden City — there could_not_be_a_more_awesome setting!
[悟拓展例句]
(1)我玩得再开心不过了——这是完美的一天。
I_couldn't_have_enjoyed_myself_more — it was a perfect day.
这本书对我影响最大。
(2)The book has a greater effect on me than any_other_book.
(3)The book has a greater effect on me than all_the_other_books.
(4)The book has a greater effect on me than any_of_the_other_books.
(5)The book has a greater effect on me than the_rest_of_books.
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
(1)“否定词＋比较级”结构表示最高级意义，通常译为“没有比……更……的，没有像……一样……的”。常用的否定词有no, not, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等。
(2)表示最高级意义的常用比较级结构还有：
比较级＋than＋

[背写作佳句]
(1)(2015·全国卷Ⅱ写作佳句)When it was time for the volunteers to leave, the elderly people thanked them for their kindness. They said they couldn't have enjoyed themselves more.(要点句)
(2)Such a positive attitude towards life can be more helpful in lifting your spirits than any of the other ways.(要点句)
2．before引导时间状语从句
[教材原句]　Unfortunately, Puccini died of a heart attack before_he_completed_
this_final_scene,_and it had to be completed by one of his former students, Franco Alfano.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)—Why didn't you tell him the news?
—He rushed out of the room before_I_could_say_a_word.
——你为什么不把消息告诉他？
——我还没来得及说一句话他就冲出了房间。
(2)I must write it down before_I_forget_it.
趁着我还没忘，我得把它记下来。
(3)I'm sorry you've been waiting so long, but it'll_still_be_some_time_before Brian gets back.
对不起，让你等了这么长时间，但是，布莱恩还要过一段时间才能回来。
(4)It_was_three_days_before he made the decision to accept our suggestion.
三天后他才作出决定接受我们的提议。
[析用法规则]
用法归纳
before引导时间状语从句，意为“还没来得及……就……；趁……；之后才……”等。before引导时间状语从句时的含义不同：
(1)一般情况下before表示“在……之前”，但在翻译时，可灵活掌握，可译为“还未……就……”“不到……就……”“……才……”“趁……”等
(2)It will be ＋一段时间＋before ...“多久之后才……”
(3)It was＋一段时间＋before ...“过了多久才……”

[背写作佳句]
(1)(2018·北京高考写作佳句)To be frank, studying for a degree in a different culture is never easy. You'd better learn some basic Chinese before you come.(要点句)
(2)(2017·浙江高考写作佳句)It will be an hour or so before we get to the top of the mountain.(要点句)
[词块、句式过关综合训练]　
Ⅰ.选词填空
break up, at first sight, participate in, depend on, fall in love, spring up, take on, break one's promise, serve as, apply for
1．The first and foremost thing is to let people love the city at_first_sight,_attracting them by its unique image.
2．My husband tells me now that it was the letter I wrote to him 10 years ago that made him fall_in_love with me.
3．The opportunities available will depend_on your previous work experience and qualification.
4．If you object to seeing such images, you should not participate_in this experiment.
5．Remember I would be disappointed greatly if you broke_your_promise.
6．If you want to apply_for a job at the office where I work, I'll put in a good word for you.
7．If the clouds break_up,_we can go for a hike.
8．He volunteered to serve_as the manager of our department store.
9．If the project is a success, similar constructions may spring_up elsewhere in the country.
10．In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in my lovely hometown, making it take_on a new look.
Ⅱ.翻译句子
1．无论走到哪里他都能适应新环境。(wherever引导让步状语从句)
Wherever_he_goes,_he_can_adapt_himself_to_new_circumstances.
2．中国的人口比世界上任何国家的人口都多。(比较级＋than＋any other＋n.)
The_population_of_China_is_larger_than_that_of_any_other_country_in_the_world.
3．我需要很长时间才能读完这本小说。(before引导时间状语从句)
It_will_be_a_long_time_before_I_could_finish_reading_the_novel.
4．他是一个可以信赖的朋友，他从不食言。(break one's promise)
He_is_a_friend_that_you_can_trust._He_has_never_broken_his_promise.
5．如果国家分裂就会爆发内战。(break up)
Civil_war_could_come_if_the_country_breaks_up.
Ⅲ.分步写作
假定你是李华，你的美国朋友 Paul 告诉你他对中国文化很感兴趣，希望了解中国古典音乐。请你给他回复一封邮件，内容包括：
1．简单介绍中国古典音乐；
2．你会送他一张二胡音乐的CD。
注意：1.词数 100 左右；
2．可适当增加细节，使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Paul,
How is everything going？　



Yours,
Li Hua
第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点
本文写作可从以下三方面着手：一是简单介绍中国古典音乐；二是介绍中国古典音乐的特点；三是表示要送对方一张二胡音乐的CD并希望他会喜欢。根据写作需要，时态以一般现在时为主，人称上则是三种人称交替使用，注意其灵活性和准确性。
要点1－①：在中国，中国古典音乐永远不会过时。(out of date)
In_China,_Chinese_classical_music_is_never_out_of_date.
要点1－②：它经常由一些才华横溢的音乐家演奏。(gifted)
It_is_often_played_by_many_gifted_musicians.
要点2－①：不同于西方音乐的是，中国传统旋律与中国的诗歌密切相关。(be connected with)
Different_from_Western_music,_Chinese_traditional_melody_is_closely_connected_with_Chinese_poetry.
要点2－②：你一定要亲自到现场去听音乐。(on the scene)
You_must_be_personally_on_the_scene_to_listen_to_the_music.
要点3－①：我将送你一张用二胡演奏的CD。(by erhu)
I_will_send_you_a_CD_of_music_played_by_erhu.
要点3－②：我希望你会了解这种音乐的力与美。(know, power)
I_hope_that_you_will_know_the_power_and_the_beauty_of_the_music.
第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼
为使内容更充实，我们需要对要点进行适度拓展。例如要点1－②可以进一步介绍演奏的音乐家；要点2－①可以说明会出现什么样的效果；要点2－②可转化为 when引导时间状语从句，并添加just like介词短语来进行更为详细的描写；要点3－①可添加目的状语；要点3－②可添加after引导的状语从句等。
拓展1－②：它经常由一些才华横溢的音乐家演奏，他们演奏中国的传统乐器像古筝、琵琶、箫等。(who引导的定语从句)
It_is_often_played_by_many_gifted_musicians_who_play_traditional_Chinese_instruments_like_guzheng,_pipa,_xiao_and_so_on.
拓展2－①：不同于西方音乐，中国传统旋律与中国的诗歌密切相关，这使它更有魅力。(which引导的定语从句)
Different_from_Western_music,_Chinese_traditional_melody_is_closely_connected_with_Chinese_poetry,_which_makes_it_more_charming.
拓展2－②：当你听音乐时，一定要亲自到现场去听，就像与作曲家亲自交流一样。(when引导时间状语从句，just like ...)
When_you_listen_to_the_music,_you_must_be_personally_on_the_scene,_just_like_communicating_with_the_composer.
拓展3－①：为了让你对此了解更多，我将送你一张用二胡演奏的CD。(in order to结构)
In_order_to_let_you_know_more_about_it,_I_will_send_you_a_CD_of_music_played_by_erhu.
拓展3－②：在你体验了不同的文化元素之后，我希望你会了解到这种音乐的力与美。(after引导状语从句)
After_you_experience_elements_from_different_cultures,_I_hope_that_you_will_know_the_power_and_beauty_of_the_music._

第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡
本写作可采用三段式作文，因为是回复对方的邮件，可在文章开头添加回应对方来信，引出本文写作的句子I'm so glad to know you adore Chinese classical music，并添加适当的衔接词如actually, and等对各要点语句进行连接贯通。
Dear_Paul,_
How_is_everything_going?_I'm_so_glad_to_know_you_adore_Chinese_classical_music._Actually,_in_China,_Chinese_classical_music_is_never_out_of_date._And_it_is_often_played_by_many_gifted_musicians_who_play_traditional_Chinese_instruments_like_guzheng,_pipa,_xiao_and_so_on._
Different_from_Western_music,_Chinese_traditional_melody_is_connected_with_Chinese_poetry,_which_makes_it_more_charming._When_you_listen_to_it,_you_must_be_personally_on_the_scene,_just_like_communicating_with_the_composer._
In_order_to_let_you_know_more_about_it,_I_will_send_you_a_CD_of_music_played_by_erhu._After_you_experience_elements_from_different_cultures,_I_hope_you_will_know_the_power_and_beauty_of_the_music._
Yours，
Li_Hua

掌握阅读技能之(四)　猜测
有时候，未知的生词对阅读来说存在很大的障碍，对上下文的理解至关重要，我们必须知道这些词的精确含义。那么，如何排除这些障碍呢？此时，了解推理和猜测单词的方法就特别重要，它们大致有以下几种：
1．重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词、同位语引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。
典例
(2015·天津卷阅读C节选) In the library, I found my way into the “Children's Room”. I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.
分析
由同位语“the first and only animal companion”的解释说明可以猜出beagle为“一种动物”。

2．定义
作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其常出现在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等。
典例
(2015·北京卷阅读C节选) Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.
分析
通过本句中的定义“the same way light passes through a window”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。

3．举例
作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助考生理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。
典例
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选) Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.
分析
根据下文的举例“like anger or anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”。

4．同义词或近义词
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
典例
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读A节选)By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
分析
根据上文“By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为“翻译”。

5．反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。
典例
(2015·福建卷阅读E节选)If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73.The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．
A.cheerful　　　　　 B．average
C.serious D．temporary
分析
根据上文语境，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。

6．构词法
英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
典例
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选) A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
分析
根据构词法知识我们可知，un­为否定前缀，­ness为名词后缀，easy (舒适的)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。