2021版高考英语（译林版）一轮复习基础考点聚焦学案：必修5Unit3　Scienceandnature



一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意
1．physician n． 医师；内科医生
2．concept n. 概念；观念
3．crime n. 罪，罪行
4．summary n. 总结；概括，概要
5．nutrition n. 营养
6．tissue n. (生物的)组织；纸巾
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．breakthrough n. 突破
2．relation n. 关系；亲戚
3．majority n. 多数，大多数
4．ordinary adj. 普通的，一般的
5．confirm vt.& vi. 证实，证明；确认；使确信
6．favour n. 赞同，支持；恩惠，帮助；
偏爱，偏袒
7．conduct vt. 实施；指挥乐队
8．profit n. 利润，收益
vi.& vt. 获益；对……有用
9．agriculture n. 农业
10．consequence n. 结果，后果
11．transform vt. 使改变外观或性质(尤指向好的方向)；使改变形态
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．exact adj. 精确的，准确的→exactly adv.精确地；准确地
2．anxiety n．忧虑，焦虑，不安→anxious adj.担忧的，焦急的
3．adopt vt.收养，领养；采用，采纳→adopted adj.收养的→adoption n．采用；收养
4．profession n．职业，行业→professional adj.专业的，职业的
5．original adj.原来的，起初的；首创的；非复制的→origin n．起源；出身，来历
6．judgement n．判断力；看法，评价；(法律)判决→judge v．判断
7．accurate adj.准确的，精确的→accurately adv.准确地，精确地
8．actual adj.真实的，实际的→actually adv.事实上，实际上
9．frighten vt.使惊吓，使惊恐→frightening adj.令人害怕的→frightened adj.(人)感到害怕的
10．permission n．准许，许可，批准→permit vt.许可，准许 n．许可证
11．intention n．意图，目的；企图→intend vt.打算，想要
12．consideration n．仔细考虑；必须考虑的因素；体谅，顾及→consider v．考虑，认为→considering prep.鉴于，考虑到→considerate adj.体贴的
13．reliable adj.可信赖的，可依靠的→rely vi.依靠，依赖


1.走进“有缘词”
①tissue组织→issue问题
②dessert甜点→desert舍弃
③affect vt.影响→effect n．影响
④principle信条→principal校长
⑤adapt适应→adopt收养
⑥expand扩张→expend花费
2.“犯罪”相关常见词
①crime n． 罪，罪行
②accuse vt. 控告；指控
③charge vt. 控告
④commit vt. 犯(罪)
⑤punish vt. 惩罚；处罚
⑥sentence vt. 判决；宣判
3.“情绪”名词集合
①anxiety 焦虑，忧虑
②depression 沮丧；抑郁症
③sorrow 悲伤；悲痛
④sadness 悲伤，难过
⑤grief 悲伤；伤心事
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．on_the_one_hand...on_the_other_hand... 一方面……
另一方面……
2．toy_with 戏弄，摆弄；
把……当作儿戏
3．push_ahead_with 义无反顾地进
行，努力推进
4．for_sale 供出售，待销售
5．be/get_burnt_out 耗尽体力，累垮
6．follow_in_one’s_footsteps 效仿某人
7．take...into_consideration 认真考虑
8．in_favour_of 赞同，支持
9．point_of_view 观点
10．make_sense 有意义，有道理，讲得通
11．put...in_place 准备就绪，布置妥当
12．rather_than 而不是
13．deal_with 处理，对付
14．compared_with 与……相比较
15．point_out 指出
16．in_summary 概括地说
17．in_agreement_with 同意；与……一致
18．turn_out 结果是，证明是；生产

1.“累垮”表达种种
①be/get burnt out
②be/get worn out
③be/get tired out
④be/get exhausted
2．“考虑”短语知多少
①take...into consideration
②take...into account
③take account of
④think over
3.学会“总结”好处多
①in summary
②in short
③in brief
④in conclusion
⑤in a/one word
⑥to sum up
⑦in all
⑧on the whole
4.“in＋n.＋of”短语荟萃
①in favour of 赞同，支持
②in memory of 为了纪念
③in honour of 为了纪念
④in view of 鉴于；由于
⑤in terms of 就……而言
⑥in case of 以防；万一
⑦in need of 需要
⑧in place of 代替；取代
⑨in search of 寻找，寻求
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：the first/second/...(＋n./pron.) to do sth.
The_first_mammal_to_be_cloned successfully from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep.
第一只成功地用成年动物细胞克隆出的哺乳动物是多利羊。
句型2：more...than...与其说……倒不如说……
The boy was more frightened than hurt.
这个男孩与其说是受伤不如说是害怕。
句型3：否定副词与比较级连用表示最高级
Nowhere is this truer than with genetically modified(GM) food.
转基因食品就是最好的例子。
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
1．I was a student who went on alternative trips and had my life totally transformed(转变) by that experience.
2．Life is a series of choices and we can’t always foresee the consequences(结果)．
3．Surgeons have made a great breakthrough(突破) in the kidney transplant.
4．Some students failed to grasp even the simplest mathematical concepts(概念)．
5．The student had really answered the question completely, but the answer didn’t confirm(证明) his competence in physics.
6．(2019·北京卷) With her dad’s permission(permit)，she spent the next two years researching online.
7．Frightened(frighten) by the thunder, the little girl dare not sleep in her bedroom.
8．Anxiety(anxious) comes from not being able to adapt yourself in your own existence.
9．I don’t understand exactly(exact) what you are trying to say.
10．A market survey conducted(conduct) about sales in July shows the food price has increased by 20%.
Ⅱ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空
1．With the intention of becoming famous and rich, many ordinary people intend to take part in some TV shows, such as The Voice of China, which is intended to find good singers.(intend)
2．My brother is a reliable person and you can rely on it that he can help you.(rely)
3．Mary was too frightened to tell her family the frightening scene because it frightened her to death.(frighten)
4．I will come after the meeting if time permits,_but I should ask for my headmaster’s permission first.(permit)
5．Your judgement is right.Judging from his look, he must be angry with us.But we can’t judge a person only by his/her appearance.(judge)
Ⅲ.选词成篇
on the one hand; on the other hand; toy with; in favour of; push ahead with; follow in one’s footsteps
After Ian Wilmut created Dolly, more and more scientists 1.follow_in_his_footsteps to clone cows, goats and other animals. Some scientists even 2.push_ahead_with research in order to produce a cloned human body.Some people are 3.in_favour_of it while others are against it. 4.On_the_one_hand,_they think if people 5.toy_with nature in this way, it might result in catastrophes. 6.On_the_other_hand,_this experiment will make a breakthrough in producing human organs and tissues, which profits humans’ health.
deal with; turn out; take...into consideration; make (no) sense; rather than When some people 7.deal_with others, they firstly 8.take interests into_consideration,_which 9.turns_out to be wrong and also 10.makes_no_sense. I think it is faith 11.rather_than interests that matters while you are associating with others.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．刘洋是第一位在太空逗留过的中国女性。
Liu Yang is the_first_Chinese_female_to_have_stayed in space.
2．别对他太苛刻了，与其说他愚蠢倒不如说他被欺骗了。
Don’t be too hard on him.He’s more_cheated_than_stupid．
3．对于学生学习来说，图书馆是最好的地方了。
Nowhere_is_better than the library for students to study.


adopt　vt.采用；采纳；收养
[基础练习]——单句语法填空/对比填空
①Many animal welfare organizations provide care and adoption(adopt) services for homeless animals.
②The young couple had no children of their own and adopted an orphan. After a few months, the child came to adapt to his new life. (adopt与adapt)
[能力提升]——完成句子
③我确实珍视这个受教育的机会，总是把这个箴言当作座右铭。
I do cherish the educational opportunity and I always adopt_the_motto_to_serve_as_a_reminder．

(1)adopt sb.as... 收养/挑选某人为……
(2)adoption n. 收养；采用；通过
(3)adopted adj. 被收养的　
[佳句背诵] As far as I’m concerned, we should adopt an optimistic attitude in the face of great pressure.
就我个人而言，面对巨大压力，我们应该采取一种乐观的态度。
[名师点津] 一字之差，意义上却大相径庭：adapt意为“(使)适应；改编”；adopt意为“采用；采纳；收养”。
consequence　n．结果，后果；重要性
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①a.He was in bad health; as a consequence, he was unable to attend school regularly.
b．As a consequence of bad health, he was unable to attend school regularly.
②It rained yesterday, and consequently(consequent), the match was cancelled.
[能力提升]——词汇升级
③(普通表达)To be honest, your opinion is very important to me.
(高级表达)To be honest, your opinion is of_great_consequence/importance to me.

(1)as a consequence＝as a result
因此，所以
as a consequence of＝as a result of
由于；因为……的缘故
(2)be of great/no consequence 重要的/无足轻重的
(3)consequently adv. 因此；结果　
[佳句背诵] Sea level rise is expected as a consequence of continuing climate change, which is caused by human activities.　人们认为海平面上升是人类活动引起的持续气候变化的结果。
transform　vi.& vt.转化；转换；改造；变换
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The company has been transformed from a family business into one with 5，000 workforce.
②The past ten years has witnessed a complete transformation(transform) of my hometown.
[能力提升]——词汇升级
③(普通表达)Your generous help and tender care turned my first American trip into an unforgettable memory.
(高级表达)Your generous help and tender care transformed my first American trip into an unforgettable memory.

(1)transform...into... 把……变成……
transform sb./sth.from... 把某人/物从……中
转变
(2)transformation n. 改变，变革　
[佳句背诵] I’m fully aware that it’s the experience from my life abroad that has totally transformed me.
我充分意识到，是在国外的生活经历完全改变了我。
majority　n．大多数；大半
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①With the prices going up, the majority of people find(find) it hard to live on the amount of money they get.
②The majority were/was(be) on the England’s team, which greatly disappointed them.
③(北京卷)In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college, to be a bridge between China and the world.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④(2018·浙江卷6月)作为主修英语的毕业生，申请这个职位我很高兴。
As_a_graduate_majoring_in_the_English_language，
I feel excited to apply for the position.

(1)a/the majority of... 大多数……
be in the majority 占大多数
(2)major n．& v. 专业；主修
major in... 主修……
(3)minority n. 少数
be in the minority 占少数
[佳句背诵] When I have a different opinion, I may choose to give it up and respect the opinions of the majority.　当我有不同的意见时，我可能选择放弃，尊重大多数人的意见。
[名师点津] (1)a/the majority of＋名词，谓语动词的数与of后面的名词相一致；
(2)the majority单独作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。
confirm　vt.&vi. 证实，证明；确认；使确信
[能力提升]——完成句子
①最近的空难坚定了我的信念，那就是需要更强大的安全规则。
The recent airplane crash confirms_my_belief_that stronger safety regulations are needed.
②已经确定会议将于下个星期召开。
It_has_been_confirmed_that the meeting will take place next week.

confirm a theory/rumor 证实一种理论/谣言
confirm one’s belief 坚定某人的信念
confirm that... 确定/证实……
It has been confirmed that... 已确定/证实……　
[佳句背诵] His new role could confirm him as one of our leading actors.
他的新角色会确保他跻身我们的一流演员之列。
favour　n．帮助，恩惠；善意的行为；赞成；关心　v．偏爱；赞成；有利于
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Everyone present at the meeting was in favour of what he put forward.
②a.(2019·江苏卷)Favorable(favor) policies are in effect to encourage employees’ professional development.
b．(2017·江苏卷)On the Internet, people can seek information about their favorite(favor) stars and buy tickets at a discount as well, which is both time­saving and economical.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③He did_her_a_great_favour/did_a_great_favour_for_her(帮了她一个大忙) by giving her some valuable suggestions.
④(浙江卷)—Hey, can I ask_a_favour_of_you/ask_you_a_favour(请求你帮忙)?
—Sure, what can I do for you？

(1)ask sb.a favour＝ask a favour of sb.
请某人帮忙
do sb.a favour＝do a favour for sb.
给某人以恩惠；帮助某人
in favour of 支持，赞同
(2)favourable adj. 赞成的；有利的
favourite adj. 最喜爱的　
[佳句背诵] There is a Chinese saying going like this: The favour of a drop of water has been rewarded with the gratitude of a fountain of water.
中国有句谚语：受人滴水之恩，当以涌泉相报。
frighten　vt.使吃惊；惊吓
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①a.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)He had tried to coax(哄) the dog to him but, frightened(frighten), it had run off.
b．(浙江卷)A sudden stop can be a very frightening(frighten) experience, especially if you are travelling at high speed.
②They frightened the small boy into telling them the secret.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升级
③(普通表达)She was_frightened_by_the_frightening_scene(被那可怕的景象吓坏了). She got so nervous that she trembled from head to foot.
④(高级表达)Frightened_by_the_frightening_scene,_she got so nervous that she trembled from head to foot.(过去分词短语作状语)

(1)frighten sb. into/out of doing sth.
吓得某人做/不做某事
(2)fright n. 恐惧，害怕
frightening adj. 令人恐惧的，可怕的
frightened adj. 害怕的，受到惊吓的
　
[名师点津] “动词＋ sb.＋ into/out of doing sth.”的常见动词集锦： talk/argue/persuade sb. into doing sth.说服某人做某事；talk/argue/persuade sb. out of doing sth.说服某人不做某事；force sb. into doing sth.迫使某人做某事
permission　n．准许，许可，批准
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Without a driver’s permit, you are not permitted to_drive(drive) the car.
②When asked why she came in without permission(permit), she just stared at me and said nothing.
③No reference books are to be taken out of the reading room without permission.

(1)without one’s permission　 未经某人允许
ask for permission 请求允许
(2)permit v. 允许，许可
permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事
permit doing sth. 允许做某事　
on the one hand...on the other hand...　一方面……另一方面……
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①On the other hand, they can enrich my life and provide me with great fun.
②To improve your English, first(ly), you should listen more；second(ly),_you should read more.
③I’m not going to buy it；for one thing I don’t like the color, and for another it’s far too expensive.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)一方面，我精通英语口语，另一方面，我有陪伴外国朋友的经验。
On_the_one_hand，I_have_a_good_command_of_spoken_English；on_the_other_hand,_I have some experience in accompanying foreign friends.

(1)first(ly)．..second(ly)．..　 第一……第二……
(2)for one thing...for another...
一则……二则……　
[佳句背诵] ①On the one hand, I have a strong belief that I will do well in the exam; on the other hand, I feel a bit nervous, though it’s not difficult.
一方面，我非常自信能在考试中做好；另一方面，我感觉有点紧张，尽管考试并不难。
②For one thing there isn’t time, and for another we haven’t enough money.　一方面是没有时间，另一方面是我们没有足够的钱。
take...into consideration　认真考虑
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(上海卷)All the staff in our company are considering going(go) to the city centre for the fashion show.
②If you want to go for a picnic, you’d better take the weather into consideration(consider)．
[能力提升]——完成句子
③时间因素是我们必须首先考虑的。
Time factor is what we must first take_into_consideration．
④许多建议正在考虑之中。
A number of proposals are under_consideration．

(1)show consideration for　 对……表示关心
under consideration 在讨论/考虑中
out of consideration for 出于对……的考虑/体谅
(2)consider vt. 考虑；认为
consider doing sth. 考虑做某事
(3)considerate adj. 考虑周到的；体贴的
(4)considering prep. 考虑到；就……而言；
鉴于　

the first/second/...(＋n./pron.) to do sth.
(教材P42)The first mammal to be cloned successfully from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep.
第一只成功地用成年动物细胞克隆出的哺乳动物是多利羊。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(湖南卷)The ability to_express(express) an idea is as important as the idea itself.
②There was no signal in that faraway village and all my attempts to_contact(contact) you failed.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③(安徽卷)我真的很想采访杨利伟，因为他不仅是第一个去太空的中国人，还是世界上最伟大的宇航员之一。
I would really like to interview Yang Liwei because he is not only the_first_Chinese_to_go_to_space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.

(1)当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰时或前有next, only, last等时，常用不定式作后置定语。
(2)动词不定式作定语用来修饰抽象名词时，常见的有ability, chance, ambition, offer, anxiety，answer, reply, attempt, belief等。　
[佳句背诵] ①He was the last one to reach the finishing line in the race.
他是在比赛中最后一个到达终点线的人。
②She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。
more... than...与其说……倒不如说……
(教材P50)The boy was more frightened than hurt.
这个男孩与其说是受伤不如说是害怕。
[一词多义]——写出下列句中more than的含义
①(2019·北京卷) First celebrated in 1970, Earth Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions(地区)．超过
②(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.不仅仅是
③(天津卷)If there is something else that we can do for you, we are more than glad to give a helping hand.非常
[能力提升]——完成句子
④It will take him no_more_than(仅仅) five days to read the book.
⑤He failed in the exam again. In my view, he_was_more_lazy_than_stupid(与其说他笨倒不如说他懒)．

(1)more...than...　 与其说……倒不如说……；
是……而不是……
(2)more than＋数词或从句　 超过……
more than＋形容词 非常……
more than＋名词 不只是；不仅是……
(3)no more than 只不过；仅仅
not more than 不超过；至多
rather than 而不是
other than 除了；不同于　
[佳句背诵] I’m more than delighted to learn that you are going to visit your Chinese friend. 　我很高兴得知你要拜访中国友人。(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)


维度一　在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
1．We were astonished to find the temple still in its original(origin) condition.
2．Paul’s mother had him adopted(adopt) because she couldn’t look after him herself.
3．You can get plenty of valuable information from some reliable(rely) sources.
4．Amy was the only person to_witness(witness) the car accident.
5．Safe driving is good driving because it takes the lives of other people into consideration(consider)．
维度二　在空白处填入1个适当的单词
1．In our city, almost everyone is in favour of bringing down the housing price because it is too high for us to buy one.
2．This story is no more interesting than the one our teacher told us in class.
3．No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself.
4．I have no way yet as to how to deal with such a complicated situation.
5．Compared with other applicants, you are more suited to the job.
维度三　语境品词(写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义)
1．(2017·北京卷)Of the two trips, I favour the former one. 偏爱，喜欢
2．As you know, smoking is one of the major causes of cancer, so you’d better give it up.主要的
3．No reference books are to be taken out of the reading room without permission.允许
4．We should make teenagers realize the risk and consequence of taking drugs by putting more safety education into textbooks.后果
维度四　易错误用(改正下列句子中的错误)
1．Whatever happens, we must push ahead forward our plans to increase production.forward→with
2．What has been confirmed that workers’ salary will be closely connected with their task.What→It或在that前加上is
3．I need to call my dad and ask for permit before we go out.permit→permission
4．For me, music is much a way of life than an interest.much→more
5．He wrote the letter with intention of asking for some advice.在with之后加the
6．On the one hand, of course, cars are very useful; on other hand, they cause air pollution.
在other前加the
7．The frightening child held his mother’s hand tightly.frightening→frightened
8．You are the second teacher asking me the question today.asking→to_ask
维度五　完成句子
1．生活在你忙于制订别的计划时不期而至。
Life is what happens while_you_are_busy making other plans.
2．先生，如果没有我们经理的允许，你不准进入这座大楼。
Sir, you are not allowed to enter the building if you don’t get_our_manager’s_permission．
3．(四川卷)一方面，我坚信会在考试中做得很好；另一方面，虽然不难，我仍感觉有点紧张。
On_the_one_hand，I_have_strong_belief_that I will do well in the exam; on_the_other_hand,_I feel a bit nervous, though it’s not difficult.
4．这项新政策一定会让公众受益。这就是我支持它的原因。
The new policy is bound to benefit the public.This_is_why_I’m_in_favour_of_it.
5．你最好抓住这次机会，接受他们提供的工作。我觉得你在以后不会找到更好的工作。
You’d better take the chance and accept their offer. I_don’t_think_you_will_get_a_better_job in the future.

提能一　语段填空(短文中黑体部分为本单元核心知识点，请补全短文，并背诵体会黑体部分用法)
Recently, we 1.have_conducted(conduct) a survey as to the policy of being coal­free. The 2.majority(major) of students are 3.in favour of it. They think it is necessary 4.to_adopt(adopt) some serious measures to stop air pollution. Most residents in the countryside use a great amount of coal in the winter. As 5.a consequence, air pollution in the winter is particularly serious. They hold the point of view 6.that if we didn’t take action immediately, there 7.would_be(be) no chance to regret. It is reported that the first city 8.to_enforce(enforce) the policy has witnessed a great improvement in air quality. In my opinion, on the one hand, we should also take some other factors into 9.consideration(consider), such as the cost, the source of alternative energy. On the other hand, I think that the policy won’t work well unless 10.carried(carry) out consistently.
提能二　话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)
①众所周知，现在新技术越来越多地被人们所采用。
We know that more and more new technologies are_being_adopted nowadays.
②一方面，这些新技术满足了我们日常生活的需要，使我们受益匪浅；另一方面，它们也给我们带来了不好的影响。
On_the_one_hand,_they have satisfied our needs in our daily life and profited us a lot; on_the_other_hand,_they have some bad effects on us.
③以互联网为例，它使人们之间的联系更加容易了，但越来越多的人沉湎于网络，以至于身体要垮掉了。
Take the Internet for example, it has made it easier for people to get in touch with each other, but more and more people are addicted to the Internet, so_that_they_are_getting_burned_out．
④总的说来，新技术给我们带来的利要大于弊。
In_summary,_new technologies are bringing us more advantages than disadvantages.
2．升级平淡句
⑤用定语从句升级句①
As_we_know,_more_and_more_new_technologies_are_being_adopted_nowadays.
3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：however)
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One possible version:
As we know, more and more new technologies are being adopted nowadays.
On the one hand they have satisfied our needs in our daily life and profited us a lot; on the other hand, they have some bad effects on us.Take the Internet for example, it has made it easier for people to get in touch with each other, but more and more people are addicted to the Internet, so that they are getting burned out.However, in summary, new technologies are bringing us more advantages than disadvantages.

课时练1　2篇阅读＋1篇完形
阅读理解
A
(2020·宣城诊断)

In the story of The Crow and the Pitcher from Aesop’s Fables, a thirsty crow(乌鸦) drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.
Now scientists have evidence to back up that story. Crows actually do understand how to make water displacement(排水量) work to their advantage, experiments show. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first­graders.
Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, presented six crows with tubes containing water. Inside the tubes, a worm or a piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating, just out of reach of the crows. In front of the tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.
However, the_birds_handled_awkwardly in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said. Dropping objects into a narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide tube. The crows obviously didn’t realize this, and most of them went for the wide tube first.
Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.
【解题导语】　本文主要介绍了科学家通过实验对乌鸦智商进行的研究。
1．How did the crows get the snack in Sarah’s experiment?
A．By breaking the tube.
B．By dropping in erasers.
C．By standing on the wood.
D．By removing the wood.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.”可知，乌鸦能够把橡皮擦扔到管里，使水位升高，然后吃到零食。所以选B项。
2．What does the author mean by “the birds handled awkwardly” in Paragraph 4?
A．They were unable to tell different shapes.
B．They dropped objects only into narrow tubes.
C．They were not aware of the snack at first sight.
D．They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.
D　解析：推理判断题。从第四段可知，实验中的乌鸦在面对粗细不同的管子时，虽然只需往细管里投两次物体就可以够到零食，而需往粗管里投大约七次物体才能够到零食，但是乌鸦往往先去粗管那边，而没有选择更容易获得零食的细管。由此可推知，画线部分是说它们通常没有选择更容易的方式得到零食。
3．What does the text mainly focus on?
A．Stories of Aesop’s Fables.
B．The development of crows.
C．Crows’ intelligence.
D．Human­animal communication.
C　解析：主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first­graders.”以及下文中的实验可知，整篇文章都是围绕乌鸦的智商问题来展开的。
4．What do we know about crows in the passage?
A．Crows are almost as clever as first­graders in some respects.
B．Crows understand water displacement completely.
C．Chimps and children are much smarter than crows.
D．The story of The Crow and the Pitcher lacks evidence.
A　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first­graders.”可知，乌鸦在一些方面几乎跟一年级学生一样聪明。
B
(2020·潍坊统一考试)

Plants cannot run or hide, so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten. Some curl up their leaves, others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling on them, chewing them up or laying eggs on them—all signals of an attack. New research now shows that some flora can feel a plant­eating animal well before it launches an attack, letting a plant prepare a preemptive(先发制人的) defense that even works against other pest species.
When ecologist John Orrock of the University of Wisconsin­Madison sprayed snail slime—a liquid the animals release as they slide along—onto soil, nearby tomato plants appeared to notice. They increased their levels of an enzyme(酶), which is known to prevent plant­eating animals. “None of the plants were ever actually attacked，” Orrock says. “We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”
Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails; in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat. The investigators found that hungry caterpillars(毛虫), which usually eat tomato leaves greedily, had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance. This nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival, says Orrock, who reported the results with his colleagues in March in Oecologia.
The finding that a snail’s approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made Richard Karban curious, a plant communications expert, who was not involved in the study. “It is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such far­ranging effects，” Karban says. “The research was comprehensive，” he adds, “but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.”
“That’s the million­dollar question，” Orrock says. He hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues.
【解题导语】　本文主要介绍了一项新的科学研究。研究表明植物会对外在威胁相当警觉，会自动作出反应进行自我保护。
5．John Orrock sprayed a liquid onto soil near tomato plants to ________．
A．make them grow better
B．give them a warning
C．keep plant­eating animals away
D．inform plant­eating animals of danger
B　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”可推知，John Orrock在西红柿植株附近的泥土上喷洒液体的目的是给予植物一种警告，让它们能够产生自我保护性反应，且其与第三段第一句中的“his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat”呼应，故选B。
6．Why is the example of caterpillars mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．To introduce another animal.
B．To confirm the result of the study.
C．To appeal to people to protect animals.
D．To analyze different resistance chemicals.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails；in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat.”可推知，文章中提到毛虫的例子是为了验证研究的结果，故选B。
7．What does Richard Karban really want to know?
A．How tomato plants become aware of danger.
B．What the chemicals in the snail slime are.
C．Whether the research is of practical value.
D．What the finding of the research is.
A　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“‘The research was comprehensive，’he adds，‘but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.’”，并结合对最后一段的整体理解可推知，Richard Karban实际上想了解的是西红柿植株是如何意识到危险的，故选A。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Watchful Plants B．Greedy Animals
C．A Snail’s Approach D．A Defense Attack
A　解析：标题归纳题。根据文章中的关键词plant，并结合对全文的整体理解可推知，本文主要讲述的是有关植物的科学研究，研究发现植物有对外在威胁或攻击的自我保护性反应，故选A。
完形填空
(2020·昆明教学质量检测)My least favorite part was participating in sport meets, for I loved running by myself. When faced with running against fellow athletes, I was __1__. I had butterflies in my stomach and the sudden urge to go to the nearest __2__. This year, __3__， I was encouraged to join in a running competition by my coach.
The 800－meter event was approaching, meaning that I would __4__ soon. I breathed deeply and tried to __5__ my worries. I walked over to some of the __6__ who would run with me and started to __7__ with them. We were all loosening up and getting ready to run as __8__ as possible.
I stepped up to the line for the event. The starter raised his starting gun and __9__. About twenty­five runners __10__. With these runners around me, I __11__ my coach’s words, “You may be small, but you have __12__ power.” So, I kept up with athletes twice my __13__. I picked up the runner in seventh place and based my steps on him, making it a little bit faster. One by one, I __14__ to make it to the top four, bursting around the lap.
It was the last lap before the final straightaway. I __15__ I had the possibility to win. So I widened my steps, speeding up my __16__. I caught up with the runner in first place and we ran side by side down the last 100 meters—I __17__ him by a hair at the finishing line.
My coach gave me a __18__ hug as I headed back to see him. He was __19__ because I had shortened my original __20__ by twelve seconds at least.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。“我”以前喜欢一个人跑步，最不爱参加运动会，但是今年“我”努力尝试，参加了跑步比赛。
1．A.shocked B．nervous
C．comfortable D．brave
B　解析：根据上文中的“for I loved running by myself”以及空后的“I had butterflies in my stomach”可知，当“我”与运动员同伴赛跑时，“我”很紧张。
2．A.stadium B．hospital
C．bathroom D．station
C　解析：根据该句中的“I had butterflies in my stomach”并结合选项和常识可推知，“我”和其他人一起跑步很紧张，会突然急切地想去最近的洗手间。
3．A.however B．instead
C．otherwise D．moreover
A　解析：空处所在句表示今年教练鼓励“我”去参加跑步比赛，与上文内容形成转折，所以用however“然而”。
4．A.delay B．fail
C．escape D．compete
D　解析：根据空前的“The 800­meter event was approaching”可知，“我”很快将参加800米比赛。
5．A.ignore B．increase
C．form D．imagine
A　解析：根据语境可知，“我”深呼吸并试图忽略自己的担忧。
6．A.reporters B．judges
C．runners D．coaches
C　解析：根据语境和空后的“who would run with me”可知，“我”走向一些将和“我”一起跑步的跑步者，开始和他们一起热身(warm up)。
7．A.watch out B．turn back
C．get away D．warm up
D　解析：参见上题解析。
8．A.smoothly B．rapidly
C．calmly D．patiently
B　解析：根据空前的“We were all...to run”并结合常识可知，“我们”都准备好尽可能快地奔跑。
9．A.returned B．withdrew
C．screamed D．fired
D　解析：根据语境可知，发令员举起发令枪并开枪(示意起跑)。
10．A.took off B．set down
C．looked on D．went about
A　解析：根据上文可知，发令员开枪示意起跑，大约25名赛跑者出发。
11．A.challenged B．recalled
C．forgot D．adapted
B　解析：根据语境可知，被这些赛跑者包围，“我”想起了教练的话。
12．A.exact B．great
C．practical D．suitable
B　解析：根据空前的“You may be small” “but”并结合语境可知，此处表示你或许弱小，但你拥有巨大的力量。
13．A.pressure B．salary
C．size D．age
C　解析：根据语境并结合选项可知，“我”与两倍于自己体格的运动员齐头并进。
14．A.offered B．pretended
C．regretted D．managed
D　解析：根据空后的“make it to the top four”可知，“我”设法跑进了前四。
15．A.claimed B．heard
C．supposed D．remembered
C　解析：根据上文中的“the last lap”可知，“我”认为自己有获胜的可能。
16．A.speech B．mind
C．fight D．pace
D　解析：根据空前的“So I widened my steps”可知，“我”跨大步子，加快了速度。
17．A.beat B．pushed
C．dragged D．followed
A　解析：根据语境可知，“我”追上了第一名，并和他肩并肩跑完了最后的100米，在终点线以微弱的优势赢了他。
18．A.soft B．cautious
C．firm D．slight
C　解析：根据上文内容可知，“我”在赛跑中取得了第一名，当“我”回去看教练时，教练给了“我”一个坚实的拥抱。
19．A.excited B．disappointed
C．relaxed D．depressed
A　解析：根据语境可知，教练很兴奋，因为“我”比自己原先的(跑步)时间(time)至少缩短了12秒。
20．A.distance B．time
C．lap D．step
B　解析：参见上题解析。
课时练2　1篇阅读＋1篇七选五
＋1篇改错＋1篇书面表达
阅读理解
(2020· 铜陵调研) Super­storm Sandy slammed into the eastern United States a few years ago. The wind­driven water caused a lot of flooding, especially in the region’s subway system. Now two teens have invented a device that could help prevent future subway floods.
In New York City alone, Super­storm Sandy caused an estimated $19 billion in damage. Much of the flood­waters entered the subway system through its ventilation grates (通风栅). Those metal grills usually lie at ground level. When the system is shut down ahead of a flood, engineers try to cover those grates with plywood (胶合板) and sandbags. But the flooding often washes away those measures, which allows water to flow into the tunnels. Raising those grates even a tiny bit above ground level would cost a lot of money. Other ideas have included building tall chimneys around the holes. That would raise the grates and cost a lot of money, too.
Kyle and Raymond came up with a different, less expensive idea. They designed a metal grate with a built­in, adjustable cover. When trains are running, one part of the grate slides open to bring in fresh air. But when the system is shut down, that part can be slid shut to completely block the grate.
Their grate is the same size as the grates used now. So, it would be simple, they say, to lift out the old grate and drop in a replacement. Their design includes tamper­proof features, which can prevent operation mistakes. They make sure that people don’t intentionally shut off airflow during normal conditions. For people with the proper key, it would only take a minute or two to close the grate ahead of a flood.
【解题导语】　本文主要讲述了几年前超级风暴Sandy猛烈袭击美国东部，造成了洪水灾害，当地的地铁被洪水淹没。为防止地铁再次被洪水淹没，两位少年发明了一种装置。
1．What’s the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The steps to operate grates.
B．The measures to prevent flood.
C．The function of plywood and sandbags.
D．The disadvantage of present subway system.
D　解析：段落大意题。根据第二段第一句可知，据估计超级风暴Sandy仅在纽约市就造成了价值190亿美元的损失。文章接下来分析了超级风暴造成的洪水淹没地铁的原因：目前的地铁系统存在很大的弊端。故选D。
2．Which of the following words best describes the two teens’ new invention?
A．Costly.　 B．Time­saving.
C．Practical. D．Conventional.
C　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第一、二句“Their grate is the same size as the grates used now. So, it would be simple, they say, to lift out the old grate and drop in a replacement.”可知，他们使用的栅栏和现在使用的栅栏大小一样，所以，他们说这会很容易就可以把旧的栅栏取出来，并放入一个替换栅栏；再结合最后一段最后一句可推知，新的栅栏操作起来也很方便。故选C。
3．What’s the purpose of designing the tamper­proof feature?
A．To replace the old grate correctly.
B．To close the grate ahead of a flood.
C．To ensure airflow in normal conditions.
D．To stop the train speeding up unexpectedly.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第三、四句可知，设计干预防护的特点可以阻止操作失误，有了干预防护，他们确保人们不会有意地在正常情况下关掉空气流通的功能，故选C。
4．Where does the text most probably come from?
A．A news report.
B．An adventurous story.
C．An introduction to new equipment.
D．A guidebook to making grates.
A　解析：文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了两位少年发明了一种成本较低、实用的地铁防洪装置以及该装置的特点和优势，应该属于新闻报道类文章，故选A。
七选五
(2020·广东七校联考)We all have to make decisions all the time, and we have an abundance of choices, ranging from tiny issues to vital ones. Unfortunately, people often find it hard to make decisions. 1.________If you would like to improve your skill of decision making, here are four suggestions for you.
Don’t expect to have it all.
2．________ You can’t order every delicious dish on the menu. And there will be paths not taken, careers not chosen, to name but a few. You can imagine some “what if” situations if you must, but do not let them take up too much space in your brain.
3．________
It’s often good to think through your decisions. But don’t overdo it. Research can reach a point where returns begin to reduce, which makes it confusing more than clarifying. Many good decisions can be made based as much on intuition(直觉) as on careful assessment of endless data.
Don’t delay making decisions.
Yes, there is a time to put off making a decision. Perhaps you need more information. 4.________ Or it’s likely that you wait for a less stressful time. Just don’t wait so long that the decision is made by your own indecisiveness.
Don’t be hard on yourself.
You decide to go on a voyage. You choose an expensive liner. Everything should work out just right. Only you didn’t expect a bug that ran around on the ship, making you and your family sick for five days. 5.________ But please remember it is unavoidable sometimes.
A．Don’t spend too much time thinking.
B．It is an important source of information.
C．You may regret making such a stupid decision.
D．Don’t count on emotion to make decisions.
E．Maybe you wish to consult with your adviser.
F．Decisions force us to close the door on other possibilities.
G．That means the skill of good decision making counts a lot.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了提高决策技能的四条建议，包括不要求全责备，不要费时思虑太多，不要延误做决定和不要苛求自己。
1．G　解析：根据空处所在位置可知，该句承上启下；根据空前一句“Unfortunately, people often find it hard to make decisions.”可知，不幸的是，人们经常发现很难做决定。据此可以推断，做好决定的技能很重要，故G项正确。空处下文中的“your skill of decision making”也是提示。
2．F　解析：根据该段小标题Don’t expect to have it all.可知，该段主要论述“不要求全责备”；结合空后的“You can’t order every delicious dish on the menu. And there will be paths not taken, careers not chosen, to name but a few.”可知，做决定迫使我们关上了其他可能性的大门，故F项正确。
3．A　解析：根据空处所在的位置可知，空处为该段的小标题；结合本段第一、二句“It’s often good to think through your decisions. But don’t overdo it.”可知，该段主要论述“不要费时思虑太多”这一观点，故A项正确。
4．E　解析：根据空前的“there is a time to put off making a decision”可知，空处与空前一句和空后一句都为延迟做决定的可能原因，故E项“你可能希望咨询你的顾问”符合语境。
5．C　解析：根据该段小标题Don’t be hard on yourself.可知，该段主要论述“不要苛求自己”；结合空后一句“But please remember it is unavoidable sometimes.”可知，请你要记住这有时是不可避免的事情。据此可以推断，空处表示“你可能会后悔做这个愚蠢的决定”，故C项正确。
短文改错
(2020·合肥第一次质检)Last month our class organized a hike along the Chaobai River, which run through Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin. Much to my disappoint, I found the river was serious polluted. At that moment, I was determined to do what I could protect it. First, under my teacher’s help, I used the equipments from the school lab to test the quality of the river water. But then, I used the data I had collected it to analyze the pollution of the river. Finally, I write a report on the pollution of the river to the local government. I also gave a presentation in class where I suggested that we must make changes to protect our water resources.
答案：
Last month our class organized a hike along the Chaobai River, which through Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin. Much to my ， I found the river was polluted. At that moment, I was determined to do what I could protect it. First, my teacher’s help, I used the from the school lab to test the quality of the river water. then, I used the data I had collected to analyze the pollution of the river. Finally, I a report on the pollution of the river to the local government. I also gave a presentation in class where I suggested that we / make changes to protect our water resources.
书面表达
(2020·安徽省示范高中模拟)假设你是李华，你的英国好友Peter打算来中国旅游，他想先学习一些中文，却不知道如何入门。你决定帮助他，写一封邮件告诉他你的想法。要点如下：
1．你给他的学习建议；
2．介绍你的帮助计划；
3．对结果的展望。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
Dear Peter，
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________________________________________________________________________
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Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear_Peter，
Glad to hear that you are going to take a trip to China this August. As I know, you are always interested in Chinese culture and want to learn some Chinese. Therefore, I suggest that you choose Chinese daily dialogue as a start, like greeting people, asking for directions and bargaining for souvenirs, which can help you a lot during your trip.
Learning a foreign language needs great efforts. Apparently, I’d like to be your teacher and send you an e­book with my teaching schedule later. Besides let’s have an online class over the Internet every weekend, through which I will try my best to make your learning easier and surely you can speak some fluent Chinese before your arrival.
Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.
Yours，
Li_Hua