开学摸底测试（广东中山卷）2026-2027学年人教版八年级英语上册含答案

这是一份开学摸底测试（广东中山卷）2026-2027学年人教版八年级英语上册含答案，共14页。试卷主要包含了语法选择，完形填空，阅读理解，短文填空，读写综合等内容，欢迎下载使用。
（考试时间：90分钟 试卷满分：90分）
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、语法选择（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
请通读下面短文，掌握其大意，根据语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将对应选项涂黑。
Our schl library has many rules. These rules help keep the library quiet and tidy.
The librarian (图书管理员) tells us we need 1 these rules carefully. First, we can’t talk r laugh ludly in the library. We must keep quiet 2 everyne needs a gd reading envirnment. Secnd, we shuld take gd care 3 all the bks. We can’t write r draw n them.
Tm ften cmes t read after class. Last week, he 4 a strybk and read fr an hur. He thinks reading 5 relaxing. But ne day, Tm talked with his friend ludly. The librarian walked t him and asked him 6 quiet at nce. Tm felt srry and stpped talking right away.
Besides, students can brrw three 7 at mst each time and keep them fr tw weeks. If yu need mre time, yu can cme t renew (续借) bks n time. It’s als imprtant 8 put bks back in the right place after reading.
Rules may seem strict smetimes, 9 they make ur library a wnderful place t study. Just 10 plite and fllw the rules when yu visit the library.
1．A．fllwedB．t fllwC．fllws
2．A．sB．becauseC．but
3．A．fB．frC．with
4．A．chsesB．chseC．chse
5．A．isB．areC．be
6．A．keepB．t keepC．keeping
7．A．bkB．bksC．bks’
8．A．inB．atC．t
9．A．andB．rC．but
10．A．beB．t beC．being
二、完形填空（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
请通读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每小题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将对应选项涂黑。
Mrs Wang lives in ur neighburhd. She is 102 years ld nw but she is still healthy. Peple ften ask her hw she can 11 healthy in her life. Mrs Wang says everyne can live t be 102 if he r she eats healthy fd and exercises every day.
Mrs Wang thinks 12 is very imprtant. She ften drinks a cup f milk and has tw eggs fr breakfast at abut 8:00 a.m. Milk and eggs give her 13 . S she desn’t ften feel tired in the mrning. She thinks fish and chips and fast fd are nt 14 . S she never eats them. She seldm eats meat. She usually has sme 15 and vegetables fr lunch and dinner. After meals, she usually has an apple r a banana. Fruit is 16 fr her health.
Mrs Wang des sme 17 t. She plays Tai Chi fr half an hur every day. Smetimes she als 18 her friends. She thinks she is 19 yung. “D yu want t be healthy frever (永远)? I’m sure yu can 20 yu have a gd lifestyle (生活方式)!” Mrs Wang says t us.
11．A．makeB．keepC．enjyD．knw
12．A．breakfastB．lunchC．exerciseD．rest
13．A．timeB．energyC．mneyD．happiness
14．A．terribleB．cheapC．healthyD．balanced
15．A．beefB．chickenC．riceD．muttn
16．A．gdB．badC．cmmnD．pr
17．A．shppingB．fdC．sprtsD．chices
18．A．waits frB．fcuses nC．helps withD．dances with
19．A．justB．stillC．wellD．maybe
20．A．befreB．becauseC．butD．if
三、阅读理解（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）
请阅读A、B两篇短文，从每小题所给的四个选项中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案，并在答题卡上将对应选项涂黑。
A
One day, my dad lked arund ur huse and wanted t find his glasses. He needed his glasses t read a newspaper. He went t different places t lk fr his glasses. First, my dad went t his bedrm. Next, he went t the living rm. Finally, he went utside t the car, but he didn’t find his glasses there. He even lked under the car.
My mm asked my dad what he was lking fr. My dad said, “I’ve lked fr my glasses everywhere, but I can’t find them.”
My mm and I lked at my dad. Then we smiled at each ther. My dad always lst his glasses, but this time they were nt lst. I said t my dad, “Maybe my mm and I can help yu, Dad!” Then we started t laugh.
My dad lked at us in surprise. He asked us, “Why are yu laughing? What’s s funny?”
My mm answered, “Lk in the mirrr and yu will find yur glasses.” When my dad lked at himself in the mirrr, he laughed, t. His glasses were n the tp f his head.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
21．The writer’s dad needed his glasses t ________.
A．read a bkB．read a magazineC．read a newspaperD．d sme writing
22．Where were the father’s glasses?
A．In the bedrmB．Under the car.
C．On the tp f his headD．In the mirrr.
23．Hw did the writer’s dad find his glasses?
A．By lking in the mirrr.B．By tuching his head.
C．By asking his friend.D．By washing his face.
24．After reading the passage, we can knw the writer’s dad is ________.
A．perfectB．carelessC．awfulD．plite
25．What can we knw frm the passage?
A．The writer’s dad didn’t lk fr his glasses in his bedrm.
B．The writer’s mm didn’t help his father find the glasses.
C．The writer and his mm knew where the glasses were.
D．The writer’s dad fund his glasses under the car.
B
Hiking is a great utdr (室外的) activity fr families. It helps us keep healthy and lets kids get clse t nature. If yu want t g hiking with yur children, here is sme advice t make it easy and fun.
T start with, take enugh clean water and nice snacks. Water is very imprtant fr any hike, especially (尤其是) in ht weather—never let kids drink water frm rivers, because they may have dirty things in them. Fr snacks, chse fds like fruit, ckies and milk.
Next, get gd clthes and shes fr kids. A pair f nice shes is imprtant, even fr shrt hikes. A hat can prtect their faces and necks frm the sun if yu hike n sunny days.
At last, chse a gd way t walk. Pick a way t ▲ kids’ age and bdy, and dn’t walk t fast. Stp ften t let them lk at plants and small animals arund. It makes the hike mre interesting (更有趣的).
With the advice, yu can have a wnderful and safe hiking trip with yur kids.
26．What is Paragraph 2 talking abut?
A．Why hiking is gd fr families.B．Why river water is bad fr children.
C．What fd and drink t take fr a hike.D．Hw t chse the right clthes fr hiking.
27．What des the underlined wrd “prtect” mean?
A．保护B．清洁C．伤害D．触碰
28．Which wrd can we put in ▲ in Paragraph 4?
A．fitB．understandC．treatD．shw
29．What can kids d t make the hike mre interesting?
A．Run as fast as they can.B．Take a rest n the way.
C．Drink water frm rivers.D．Lk at plants and small animals.
30．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Hw t Keep Kids HealthyB．Advice n Hiking with Kids
C．Different Ways t Enjy NatureD．Great Outdr Activities fr Families
C
配对阅读。左栏是五个同学看过的书，右栏是七个故事的情节。请为他们匹配每本书相应的故事情节，选项中有两项为多余项。
四、短文填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）
请根据语篇内容，用方框中所给词的正确形式填空，使短文通顺、连贯。方框中有两个词为多余项。
Dear Mike,
I’m writing this letter in my uncle’s huse in Switzerland. Nw it’s the vacatin time, s I can stay here fr tw 36 . Autumn is usually very cl in Eurpe. But in the muntains, things are ttally 37 . There is snw and thick ice. S a lt f 38 cme here t skate every year.
It’s snwing 39 utside right nw. The wrld is white and beautiful. My uncle is having fun 40 a snwman n the freezing lake. Many children are having a snwball fight. My brther feels cld but he still jins them. I am 41 they can play in such cld weather. 42 they are tired, everyne lks happy and excited. Where is my mther? She is cking my favurite fd—beef ndles in the kitchen. I really miss 43 cking after leaving hme fr a lng time. My father 44 a sccer game n TV. He is a sprts lver. My sister Sally is staying 45 and drawing pictures quietly. I think living here is quiet but bring. After all, there are nt s many peple in Switzerland.
Hw abut yu? Hw is yur hliday? See yu sn.
Yurs,
Ella
五、读写综合（本大题分为A、B两部分，共25分）
A. 回答问题
Tm wants t visit the Great Wall next year because he is interested in China. But he desn’t knw when the best time is t visit it. S he asks his Chinese friend abut it by email. A few days later, he gets an email.
The best time in a day
Many peple visit the Great Wall every day. The busy time f visiting the Great Wall is frm 10:00 a.m. t 3:00 p.m. There are t many peple there during that time. S yu can g there early in the mrning r late in the afternn.
The best mnths in a year
Usually, the travel seasn (旅游季) is frm May t Octber in Beijing. Of these mnths, May and Octber are the best mnths t visit the Great Wall. The weather is always sunny and warm in the tw mnths.
46．Why des Tm want t visit the Great Wall?

47．Hw des Tm ask his Chinese friend abut his trip t the Great Wall?

48．What is the first mnth f the travel seasn in a year?

49．Hw is the weather in Octber in Beijing?

50．What is the passage mainly abut?

B. 书面表达（15分）
51．儿时的每个夜晚，书本里静静流淌的趣味故事，编织了你美好的童年回忆。如今你步入初中，随着英语学习的深入，不妨重拾这份美好。请根据下列提示将你印象最深的一则中外经典故事用英文分享给大家。
内容包括：
● What’s yur favurite stry?
● What happened in this stry?
● What d yu think the stry teaches us?
要求：1.需包含以上所有内容；
2.词数70词左右；
3.文中不能出现真实的人名、校名。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 31 Mike: I read an interesting stry between a girl and the animals in the frest.
32 Sally: Of Andersen’s wrks, my favurite stry is abut a yung girl. She sld matches (火柴).
33 Gary: I’m interested in sprts. I read a bk abut sprts yesterday.
34 Becky: My mum gave me a bk abut a blue by.
35 Evan: I bught the bk Dumb. In the stry, Dumb is a star elephant in a circus (马戏团).
A．The elephant is special because he can fly. With the help f his best friends, he shws himself t the wrld.
B．Maria walks int the frest t find her animal friends. But the animals aren’t there!
C． The girl is the best basketball player in her team. She wants t be a sprts player.
D．Once upn a time, there was an ld man. He had a dg and a hrse. The dg watched the huse and the hrse carried things.
E. The girl was cld and hungry. She didn’t sell even ne bx f matches.
F. Tm always wants t catch Jerry. But Jerry is a smart muse and gets ut every time.
G. Every clur lives in the big city except (除了) blue. The blue by wants t share blue with the city.
difference but make surprise tur she
watch in week heavy althugh with
参考答案
1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．A 6．B 7．B 8．C 9．C 10．A
本文介绍了学校图书馆的各项规章制度，说明了制定规则的目的、具体要求，还通过汤姆的事例体现规则的执行，最后点明规则的意义并呼吁大家遵守图书馆规则。
1．图书管理员告诉我们需要认真遵守这些规则。
根据固定搭配need t d sth.需要做某事的语法，t fllw“去遵守”符合语境，fllwed“遵守（过去分词）”、fllws“遵守（三单形式）”均不符。
2．我们必须保持安静，因为每个人都需要良好的阅读环境。
前后分句为因果逻辑，because“因为”符合语境，s“所以”、but“但是”均不符。
3．其次，我们应该好好爱护所有书籍。
根据固定搭配take gd care f爱护，f“……的”符合语境，fr“为了”、with“和……一起”均不符。
4．上周，他选了一本故事书读了一个小时。
根据前文时间标志Last week表示过去时态，chse“选择（过去式）”符合语境，chses“选择（三单）”、chse“选择（原形）”均不符。
5．他认为阅读是令人放松的。
动名词reading作主语谓语动词用单数，is“是”符合语境，are“是（复数）”、be“是（原形）”均不符。
6．图书管理员走到他身边，要求他立刻保持安静。
根据固定搭配ask sb. t d sth.要求某人做某事，t keep“去保持”符合语境，keep“保持（原形）”、keeping“保持（动名词）”均不符。
7．此外，学生每次最多可以借三本，并且能保留两周。
根据数词three后接可数名词复数，bks“书本（复数）”符合语境，bk“书本（单数）”、bks’“书本的（所有格）”均不符。
8．阅读后把书放回原位也很重要。
根据固定句型It’s +形容词+t d sth.做某事是……的，t无实义，符合语境，in“在……里面”、at“在”均不符。
9．规则有时看起来严格，但它们让图书馆成为绝佳的学习场所。
前后分句存在转折逻辑，but“但是”符合语境，and“并且”、r“或者”均不符。
10．你去图书馆时要礼貌并遵守规则。
本句为祈使句，句首用动词原形，be“保持，是”符合语境，t be“去成为”、being“成为”均不符。
11．B 12．A 13．B 14．C 15．C 16．A 17．C 18．D 19．B 20．D
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了102岁的王太太分享她的长寿秘诀，包括健康饮食、适度运动及良好的生活方式，鼓励大家保持健康。
11．人们经常问她如何在生活中保持健康。
根据“healthy”及固定搭配“keep healthy”，可知此处指保持健康。其他选项不符合搭配习惯。
12．王太太认为早餐非常重要。
根据后文“ breakfast”，可知此处指早餐。其他选项与后文描述不符。
13．牛奶和鸡蛋给她提供能量。
根据“desn’t ften feel tired”，可知食物提供了能量。其他选项不符合语境逻辑。
14．她认为炸鱼薯条和快餐不健康。
根据“never eats them”及健康主题，可知指她认为炸鱼薯条和快餐不健康。其他选项不符合上下文逻辑。
15．她午餐和晚餐通常吃一些米饭和蔬菜。
根据“seldm eats meat”，可知此处应选非肉类主食。其他选项均为肉类，不符合语境。
16．水果对她的健康有好处。
根据常识及“be gd fr”搭配，可知指水果对健康有益。其他选项含义相反或不当。
17．王太太也做一些运动。
根据“plays Tai Chi”，可知指做运动。其他选项不符合语境。
18．有时她也和朋友们跳舞。
根据前文“des sme sprts”及语境，跳舞属于运动。其他选项不符合运动场景。
19．她认为自己仍然年轻。
根据“102 years ld”及心态，可知指她认为自己仍然年轻。其他选项不符合语境。
20．我相信如果你有良好的生活方式，你也能（健康）！
根据前后句逻辑关系，此处表条件，“良好的生活方式”是健康的一个条件，应用if“如果”。其他选项逻辑不通。
21．C 22．C 23．A 24．B 25．C
本文讲述爸爸到处找眼镜，最后才发现眼镜戴在自己头顶上的有趣小故事。
21．根据第一段“He needed his glasses t read a newspaper.”可知，爸爸需要眼镜是为了读报纸。
22．根据最后一句“His glasses were n the tp f his head.”可知，眼镜实际所在的位置是头顶。
23．根据倒数第二段“Lk in the mirrr and yu will find yur glasses.”以及最后一段“When my dad lked at himself in the mirrr, he laughed, t.”可知，爸爸是通过照镜子发现眼镜的。
24．根据文中第三段“My dad always lst his glasses”以及他戴着眼镜却到处找眼镜的行为可知，爸爸是一个粗心的人。
25．根据第三段“My mm and I lked at my dad. Then we smiled at each time they were nt lst.”可知，作者和妈妈当时已经知道眼镜在哪里了。
26．C 27．A 28．A 29．D 30．B
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了带孩子徒步这项家庭户外活动的三条实用建议，按照这些建议就能拥有安全又愉快的亲子徒步之旅。
26．第二段首句明确指出“T start with, take enugh clean water and nice snacks.”，随后内容围绕饮水安全和零食选择展开，因此该段主要讲的是徒步时需要携带的食物和饮料。
27．根据画线词所在句子“A hat can prtect their faces and necks frm the sun”，结合常识可知帽子是用来遮挡阳光、“保护”皮肤的，故选“保护”。
28．根据上下文语境，选择路线需要考虑孩子的年龄和身体状况，即路线要“适合”孩子。fit意为“适合、合身”，符合句意。
29．根据第四段最后一句“Stp ften t let them lk at plants and small animals arund. It makes the hike mre interesting.”可知，看植物和小动物能增加趣味性。
30．文章第一段提出带孩子徒步的主题，第二、三、四段分别从饮食、衣物、路线三个方面给出了具体建议，最后一段总结。全文核心内容是关于带孩子徒步旅行的建议，因此B选项“带孩子徒步的建议”最适合作为标题。
31．B 32．E 33．C 34．G 35．A
本文左栏介绍五位同学各自阅读书籍的核心主题，右栏给出七个故事情节描述，要求将人物与对应故事匹配。
31．Mike的描述“I read an interesting stry between a girl and the animals in the frest.”表明Mike读了一个女孩和森林里动物之间的有趣故事，B选项“Maria walks int the frest t find her animal friends. But the animals aren’t there!”提到女孩与森林动物，与之匹配。
32．Sally的描述“my favurite stry is abut a yung girl. She sld matches.”表明Sally最喜欢的故事是关于一个卖火柴的小女孩，E选项“The girl was cld and hungry. She didn’t sell even ne bx f matches.”对应《卖火柴的小女孩》的情节，与之匹配。
33．Gary的描述“I’m interested in sprts. I read a bk abut sprts yesterday.”表明Gary对运动感兴趣，他昨天读了一本关于运动的书，C选项“The girl is the best basketball player in her team. She wants t be a sprts player.”提到篮球运动，与之匹配。
34．Becky的描述“My mum gave me a bk abut a blue by.”表明Becky的妈妈给了她一本关于蓝色男孩的书，G选项“Every clur lives in the big city except blue. The blue by wants t share blue with the city.”与blue by对应，与之匹配。
35．Evan的描述“I bught the bk Dumb. In the stry, Dumb is a star elephant in a circus.”表明Evan买了《小飞象》这本书，故事里丹波是马戏团里的明星大象，A选项“The elephant is special because he can fly. With the help f his best friends, he shws himself t the wrld.”对应小飞象的故事，与之匹配。
36．weeks 37．different 38．turists 39．heavily 40．making 41．surprised 42．Althugh 43．her 44．is watching 45．in
本文是Ella在信中向Mike讲述自己在瑞士叔叔家度假的经历，包括当地的天气、人们的活动以及家人的情况，并询问Mike的假期如何。
36．现在正值假期，我可以在这里待两周。此处需要一个名词，在句中作stay fr的宾语，表示时间长度。tw后接名词复数，week的复数形式weeks符合语境。
37．但在山里情况完全不一样。此处需要一个形容词，在句中作表语，描述事物的特征。but表示转折，说明山区的情况和欧洲通常的秋天不同，difference的形容词形式different符合语义。
38．所以每年都有很多游客来这里滑冰。此处需要一个名词，在句中作主语，表示人。根据句意可知，来这里滑冰的是很多游客，tur的名词形式turist表示“游客”，a lt f后接名词复数，所以用turists。
39．此刻外面正下着大雪。此处需要一个副词，在句中修饰动词snwing，表示下雪的程度。结合句意可知外面正在下雪的状态，heavy的副词形式heavily表示“大量地，猛烈地”，用来修饰下雪的动作，符合语境。
40．我叔叔正在冰冷的湖面上开心地堆雪人。此处需要一个动词的-ing形式，在句中作have fun的宾语，构成have fun ding sth.结构。make a snwman是“堆雪人”，所以用make的-ing形式making。
41．我很惊讶他们能在这么冷的天气里玩耍。此处需要一个形容词，在句中作表语，描述人的感受。surprise的形容词形式surprised表示“感到惊讶的”，形容人的感受，符合语义。
42．虽然大家都很累，但所有人都显得开心又激动。此处需要一个连词，在句中引导让步状语从句。althugh表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，符合语境。
43．离家许久，我格外想念她做的饭菜。此处需要一个形容词性物主代词，在句中修饰名词cking，作定语。she的形容词性物主代词her符合语境。
44．我的爸爸正在看电视里的足球比赛。此处需要一个动词短语作谓语，句子时态为现在进行时，表示正在进行的动作。watch a sccer game是“看足球比赛”，根据语境用现在进行时is watching。
45．我的妹妹萨莉待在屋里安静地画画。此处需要一个介词，与stay构成短语，表示待在某个地方。stay in表示“待在室内”，in符合语境。
46．Because he is interested in China. 47．By email. 48．May. 49．It is always sunny and warm. 50．It’s mainly abut the best time t visit the Great Wall.
本文是一篇说明文。文章通过一封邮件的形式，向汤姆介绍了游览长城的最佳时间，包括一天中的最佳时段和一年中的最佳月份。
46．根据第一段“Tm wants t visit the Great Wall next year because he is interested in China.”可知，汤姆想去参观长城是因为他对中国感兴趣。故填Because he is interested in China.
47．根据第一段“S he asks his Chinese friend abut it by email.”可知，汤姆通过电子邮件向他的中国朋友咨询此事。故填By email.
48．根据第三段“Usually, the travel seasn is frm May t Octber in Beijing.”可知，旅游季的第一月是五月。故填May.
49．根据第三段“The weather is always sunny and warm in the tw mnths.”可知，五月和十月这两个月天气总是晴朗温暖的。故填It is always sunny and warm.
50．通读全文，文章围绕汤姆咨询游览长城的最佳时间展开，并给出了具体建议，因此主旨是关于游览长城的最佳时间。故填It’s mainly abut the best time t visit the Great Wall.
51．
例文：
My favurite stry is The Trtise and the Hare. In the stry, the hare was very fast but lazy. He slept during the race. The trtise was slw but kept walking steadily. Finally, the trtise wn the race. This stry teaches us that persistence is key t success. We shuld never give up easily even when things are hard. I lve this stry because it encurages me t study hard every day. It is truly meaningful.
写作步骤
[第一步：审题立意]
确定文体：记叙文，介绍喜好、阐述感悟用一般现在时，叙述故事内容用一般现在时或一般过去时
明确要点：围绕“最喜欢的故事”展开，需说明你最喜欢的故事名称，简述故事发生的内容，并谈谈故事给你的启示/道理
确定人称：以第一人称（分享自身感受）为主，叙述故事内容用第三人称
注意事项：词数控制在70词左右，文中不得出现真实人名、校名
[第二步：构思布局]
开头：开门见山，直接点明自己印象最深的故事名称，快速回应第一个问题，不拖沓
中间：简洁梳理故事核心情节，只保留核心冲突与结果，控制词数，回应第二个问题
结尾：提炼故事传递的道理，说明自己的收获，回应第三个问题，收束全文
[第三步：要点展开]
要点一：点明最喜欢的故事
The Trtise and the Hare/The Little Match Girl/Cinderella/Snw White/The Ugly Duckling等
要点二：描述故事情节
In the stry, the hare was very fast but lazy. He slept during the race. The trtise was slw but kept walking steadily. Finally, the trtise wn the race.
It is mainly abut a pr little girl wh sells matches n a cld New Year’s Eve. She is s cld and hungry that she lights the matches ne by ne. In the light f the matches, she sees sme beautiful things like a warm stve, a delicius rast gse and her kind grandmther. Finally, she dies in the cld.
It is mainly abut a kind princess wh is treated badly by her stepmther and stepsisters but finally lives a happy life with the help f her fairy gdmther and prince.
要点三：哲理感悟以及喜欢故事的原因
感悟：
This stry teaches us that persistence is key t success. We shuld never give up easily even when things are hard.
We shuld learn t cherish the happy life we have nw, because many peple arund the wrld still suffer frm hunger and cld.
True gdness and inner beauty will always be rewarded mre than cld appearance r wealth.
原因：
I lve this stry because it encurages me t study hard every day. It is truly meaningful.
I like this stry because it makes me cherish my happy life mre. It als makes me feel srry fr thse wh are in difficult situatins.
I like this stry because it teaches me t be kind and never give up. It als makes me believe that gd things will happen if I keep trying.
题号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
答案
B
B
A
C
A
B
B
C
C
A
题号
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
答案
B
A
B
C
C
A
C
D
B
D
题号
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
答案
C
C
A
B
C
C
A
A
D
B
题号
31
32
33
34
35





答案
B
E
C
G
A