高考英语·二轮复习练习专题突破 专题04 · 阅读理解之词义猜测题含答案

这是一份高考英语·二轮复习练习专题突破 专题04 · 阅读理解之词义猜测题含答案，共10页。
核【核心知识·深度解读】
词义猜测题是阅读理解中考查词汇理解能力的重要题型，要求考生利用上下文线索推断生词或熟词生义的含义。掌握猜词技巧，不仅有助于解题，更能提升阅读流畅性，避免因个别生词影响整体理解。
一、常见猜词线索
● 定义线索：be, mean, refer t, be called, be knwn as, that is, in ther wrds, i.e. 等引导的解释。
● 同位语线索：逗号、破折号、括号、r 连接的同位语成分。
● 反义线索：but, hwever, while, whereas, unlike, instead f 等表示对比关系的词。
● 对比线索：similarly, likewise, in the same way, n the cntrary, in cntrast 等。
● 举例线索：fr example, such as, like, including 等引出具体例子。
● 构词法线索：利用前缀、后缀、合成词推测词义。
二、解题步骤
① 定位生词：找到画线词在文中的位置。
② 扫描线索：在词的前后寻找定义、同位语、对比、举例等标志词。
③ 代入验证：将推测出的词义代入原句，检查语义是否通顺。
三、常见干扰项特征
- 字面意思干扰：用单词的常见义代替语境义。
- 无关信息干扰：选项在文中出现但与词义无关。
- 正反混淆：与正确词义相反。
- 无中生有：原文未提及的意思。
四、 示例
原文：The cncept f "digital minimalism" has gained tractin in recent years, with millins f peple trying t reduce their screen time.
题目：The wrd "tractin" mst prbably means ______.
选项：A. ppularity B. resistance C. decline D. cnfusin
解析：后文“millins f peple trying t reduce their screen time”说明这个概念流行，故选A。
题型：阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
专项突破·词义猜测题
Passage 1 (主题：心理学概念)
Psychlgists use the term cgnitive dissnance t describe the mental discmfrt we feel when we hld tw cntradictry beliefs. Fr example, a persn wh knws smking is harmful but cntinues t smke experiences this tensin. T reduce the discmfrt, they might cnvince themselves that the risk is exaggerated. This self-justificatin is a cmmn human respnse. The thery, first prpsed by Len Festinger in 1957, has been widely studied and applied in fields frm marketing t plitics. Understanding cgnitive dissnance helps explain why peple smetimes hld nt beliefs even when faced with cntradictry evidence.
1. The underlined phrase "cgnitive dissnance" mst prbably means ______.
A. a mental cnflict between cnflicting beliefs B. a physical illness caused by smking C. a methd f self-justificatin D. a marketing strategy
2. The wrd "tensin" in the passage is clsest in meaning t ______.
A. relaxatin B. discmfrt C. excitement D. cnfusin
Passage 2 (主题：经济术语)
In ecnmics, inflatin refers t a general increase in prices ver time, reducing the purchasing pwer f mney. Its ppsite, deflatin, ccurs when prices fall, which might sund gd but can lead t reduced cnsumer spending and ecnmic stagnatin. Central banks aim t keep inflatin at a mderate level, typically arund 2%. When inflatin becmes t high, it erdes savings and causes uncertainty. Hyperinflatin, an extreme frm where prices rise rapidly and uncntrllably, can destry an ecnmy, as seen in histrical cases like pst-Wrld War I Germany.
3. The wrd "deflatin" in the passage is clsest in meaning t ______.
A. a decrease in prices B. an increase in prices C. ecnmic grwth D. price stability
4. The underlined wrd "hyperinflatin" mst prbably means ______.
A. a slight price increase B. a rapid and uncntrllable price rise C. a decrease in purchasing pwer D. a stable ecnmic cnditin
Passage 3 (主题：动物行为)
Many animals display altruistic behavir, meaning they act in ways that benefit thers at a cst t themselves. Fr instance, vampire bats share bld meals with hungry cmpanins, even if they haven't eaten themselves. Dlphins have been bserved helping injured members t the surface t breathe. And meerkats take turns standing guard while thers feed, risking their wn safety t warn the grup f predatrs. Such behavirs challenge the idea that animals are nly mtivated by self-interest. Evlutinary bilgists explain that altruism can evlve when it helps relatives pass n shared genes r when cperatin benefits the grup in the lng run.
5. The underlined wrd "altruistic" mst prbably means ______.
A. selfish B. harmful C. self-sacrificing fr thers D. cmpetitive
6. The examples f bats, dlphins, and meerkats are used t illustrate ______.
A. hw animals hunt fr fd B. the meaning f altruistic behavir C. the dangers animals face D. hw evlutin wrks
Passage 4 (主题：环境科学)
One f the mst pernicius frms f pllutin is micrplastic. These tiny particles, smaller than five millimeters, cme frm the breakdwn f larger plastic items and frm synthetic fibers in clthing. They are nw fund everywhere—in the deepest ceans, in Arctic ice, and even in the air we breathe. Because they are s small and widespread, they are nearly impssible t remve. Scientists are cncerned abut their ptential health effects, as they can enter the fd chain and accumulate in living rganisms. Unlike larger plastic waste, which can be cllected, micrplastics are ubiquitus, psing a unique challenge fr envirnmental prtectin.
7. The underlined wrd "pernicius" mst prbably means ______.
A. beneficial B. harmful C. visible D. temprary
8. The wrd "ubiquitus" in the passage is clsest in meaning t ______.
A. rare B. easy t remve C. fund everywhere D. large in size
Passage 5 (主题：科技与生活)
When the cmpany launched its new smartphne, it was an immediate success. The device had been in develpment fr three years, and the cmpany had invested heavily in marketing. Hwever, a few mnths later, a cmpetitr unveiled a mdel with superir features, causing the cmpany's sales t plummet. The CEO admitted that they had nt anticipated the rapid innvatin in the market. T recver, they decided t rll ut a sftware update that added new functins, hping t regain custmer interest. The experience taught them the imprtance f staying ahead f the curve.
9. The underlined wrd "launched" in the passage mst prbably means ______.
A. sent int space B. started selling C. threw away D. criticized
10. The wrd "unveiled" is clsest in meaning t ______.
A. hid B. revealed C. criticized D. stpped
11. The underlined wrd "plummeted" mst prbably means ______.
A. increased sharply B. remained stable C. drpped sharply D. fluctuated
12. The phrase "rll ut" in the passage is clsest in meaning t ______.
A. intrduce B. cancel C. delay D. remve
Passage 6 (主题：历史人物)
Flrence Nightingale was a pineer in the field f nursing. She gained fame during the Crimean War fr her tireless wrk in imprving sanitary cnditins, which dramatically reduced the death rate. Her methds were cnsidered radical at the time, as she insisted n clean water and fresh air when many believed disease was caused by bad air. After the war, she used her influence t establish prfessinal nursing schls and wrte extensively n hspital management. Her legacy cntinues tday, with the Flrence Nightingale Medal being the highest internatinal distinctin in nursing. She is remembered nt nly fr her cntributins t medicine but als fr her indmitable spirit, having cntinued t wrk frm her bed after becming ill herself.
13. The underlined wrd "pineer" mst prbably means ______.
A. fllwer B. critic C. leader r innvatr D. student
14. The wrd "radical" in the passage is clsest in meaning t ______.
A. traditinal B. extreme and innvative C. simple D. accepted
15. The underlined wrd "legacy" mst prbably means ______.
A. a sum f mney B. smething handed dwn frm the past C. a type f award D. a physical illness
16. The wrd "indmitable" is clsest in meaning t ______.
A. weak B. easily defeated C. uncnquerable D. fragile
Passage 7 (主题：生物学概念)
In bilgy, symbisis refers t a clse, lng-term interactin between tw different species. There are several types. Mutualism benefits bth partners, like the relatinship between bees and flwers. Cmmensalism benefits ne withut harming the ther, such as barnacles attaching t whales. Parasitism, in cntrast, benefits ne at the expense f the ther, like ticks feeding n mammals. These interactins are ubiquitus in nature and play crucial rles in ecsystem functining. Understanding them helps scientists predict hw species will respnd t envirnmental changes.
17. The underlined wrd "symbisis" mst prbably means ______.
A. a shrt interactin B. a clse lng-term relatinship between species C. cmpetitin between species D. a type f predatin
18. The wrd "mutualism" in the passage refers t a relatinship that ______.
A. harms ne partner B. benefits bth partners C. benefits neither D. nly benefits ne
19. The wrd "parasitism" is clsest in meaning t a relatinship where ______.
A. bth benefit B. ne benefits, the ther is harmed C. bth are harmed D. neither is affected
20. The wrd "ubiquitus" in this passage mst prbably means ______.
A. rare B. harmful C. fund everywhere D. beneficial
参考答案及解析
Passage 1
1. A (定义线索。第一句“describe the mental discmfrt we feel when we hld tw cntradictry beliefs”)
2. B (上下文线索。前文提到“mental discmfrt”，后文“reduce the discmfrt”)
Passage 2
3. A (反义线索。“its ppsite, deflatin, ccurs when prices fall”)
4. B (定义线索。“an extreme frm where prices rise rapidly and uncntrllably”)
Passage 3
5. C (定义线索。“act in ways that benefit thers at a cst t themselves”)
6. B (举例线索。例子用于说明前面定义的 altruistic behavir)
Passage 4
7. B (上下文线索。下文描述微塑料的危害：无法去除、进入食物链等)
8. C (上下文线索。“fund everywhere”是直接解释)
Passage 5
9. B (熟词生义。结合“new smartphne”和“immediate success”，可知是发布销售)
10. B (上下文。竞争对手发布新品，用unveiled，意为“揭幕、推出”)
11. C (上下文。因为对手产品更好，销量应下降，plummet意为“暴跌”)
12. A (上下文。为挽回市场，推出软件更新，rll ut意为“推出、实施”)
Passage 6
13. C (上下文。她开创了护理领域，是先锋)
14. B (上下文。她的方法在当时被认为激进，因为与主流不同)
15. B (上下文。她的贡献延续至今，legacy意为“遗产、传承”)
16. C (构词法+上下文。in-否定前缀+dmitable可征服的，意为“不可征服的”)
Passage 7
17. B (定义线索。“refers t a clse, lng-term interactin between tw different species”)
18. B (定义线索。“Mutualism benefits bth partners”)
19. B (定义线索。“benefits ne at the expense f the ther”)
20. C (上下文线索。前文举例说明这些相互作用普遍存在)
教学使用建议： 建议学生先复习猜词线索，然后做题时在原文中划出线索词。做完后对照解析，分析每道题使用了什么线索，并积累常见词根词缀。可结合历年真题进行强化训练。