高考英语 重难点专项突破练习卷23 阅读理解——词义猜测 导学案含答案

这是一份高考英语 重难点专项突破练习卷23 阅读理解——词义猜测 导学案含答案，共13页。
核【核心知识·深度解读】
词义猜测是高考阅读理解必考题型，主要考查考生利用上下文推断生词或熟词生义的能力。近三年真题显示，词义猜测题多围绕名词、动词、形容词设题，常见线索包括定义、同位语、反义、对比、举例、因果关系以及构词法。掌握这些线索，可以快速准确解题。
一、六大猜测线索
二、解题步骤
① 定位：找到生词在文中的位置。
② 搜索线索：前后扫描寻找定义、同位语、对比、因果等标志词。
③ 代入验证：将猜测的词义代入原句，检查语义是否通顺。
专项突破·词义猜测
一、单句猜测（根据语境猜测画线单词的意思）
1. The dctr said the patient's cnditin was benign, meaning it was nt harmful and wuld nt cause death.
2. Unlike his parsimnius father, wh never spent a penny, Jhn is generus and ften buys gifts fr friends.
3. Many cities have implemented recycling prgrams; fr example, San Francisc nw recycles 80% f its waste.
4. The team wrked assiduusly n the prject, putting in extra hurs every day t meet the deadline.
5. The weather was capricius: ne mment it was sunny, the next it was puring rain.
6. She felt a sense f euphria after winning the award, a feeling f intense happiness.
7. The tw theries are diametrically ppsed; that is, they are cmpletely ppsite.
8. The cmpany decided t discntinue the prduct because sales had been declining steadily.
9. The ld huse had a musty smell, as if it had been clsed fr years withut fresh air.
10. Unlike his lquacius sister, wh talks fr hurs, Mark rarely speaks.
11. The teacher admnished the students fr being late, warning them that it wuld nt be tlerated again.
12. The recipe calls fr a pinch f salt, a very small amunt that yu can hld between yur fingers.
13. The new law is designed t curb pllutin; it aims t reduce emissins frm factries.
14. After the lng hike, they were exhausted, cmpletely wrn ut and in need f rest.
15. The painting was authentic, nt a cpy, and therefre wrth millins.
16. The children were frlicking in the park, running and playing happily.
17. The meeting was adjurned until next week; that is, it was temprarily ended and will cntinue later.
18. He gave a terse reply, just "yes" r "n", withut any explanatin.
19. The river is shallw here, s yu can walk acrss it easily.
20. She was ambivalent abut the jb ffer: she liked the salary but hated the lcatin.
21. The strm caused catastrphic damage, destrying hundreds f hmes and leaving many hmeless.
22. He is a versatile musician wh can play pian, guitar, and vilin equally well.
23. The fragile vase must be handled carefully, as it culd break easily.
24. The cmpany's prfits plummeted last year, drpping by 50%.
25. She gave a lucid explanatin f the cmplex thery, making it easy t understand.
26. The dg was dcile and fllwed every cmmand, unlike the aggressive nes.
27. The bk is bscure; few peple have heard f it, and it's hard t find in libraries.
28. The athlete was renwned fr his speed, knwn wrldwide as the fastest man.
29. The fd was palatable, thugh nt the best we've ever had.
30. The tw cuntries signed a treaty t cement their relatinship, making it strnger and mre lasting.
二、语篇完形填空（根据上下文猜测画线单词的意思，从A、B、C、D中选择）
Passage 1
The Amazn rainfrest is hme t an incredible variety f species. Hwever, defrestatin is causing many f these creatures t lse their habitats. One such animal is the jaguar, a large wild cat that is ncturnal, meaning it is active at night. Jaguars are carnivres, s they eat ther animals. Unfrtunately, they are nw endangered, facing a high risk f extinctin. Cnservatinists are wrking hard t mitigate the damage and prtect these magnificent creatures.
31. jaguar A. 一种植物 B. 一种猴子 C. 一种蛇 D. 一种大型猫科动物
32. ncturnal A. 白天活动的 B. 夜间活动的 C. 温顺的 D. 凶猛的
33. carnivres A. 食草动物 B. 食肉动物 C. 杂食动物 D. 腐食动物
34. endangered A. 危险的 B. 濒危的 C. 保护的 D. 灭绝的
35. mitigate A. 加剧 B. 减轻 C. 忽略 D. 庆祝
Passage 2
Climate change is ne f the mst pressing issues f ur time. The burning f fssil fuels releases greenhuse gases, which trap heat in the atmsphere. This leads t a rise in glbal temperatures, a phenmenn knwn as glbal warming. The effects are already palpable: sea levels are rising, and extreme weather events are becming mre frequent. Sme scientists warn that if we dn't act quickly, the cnsequences culd be irreversible. Gvernments are being urged t adpt plicies that prmte renewable energy. Individuals can als cntribute by reducing their carbn ftprint.
36. palpable A. 难以察觉的 B. 显而易见的 C. 令人愉快的 D. 令人担忧的
37. frequent A. 罕见的 B. 频繁的 C. 规律的 D. 突然的
38. irreversible A. 可逆的 B. 不可逆的 C. 可修复的 D. 不可修复的
39. adpt A. 抛弃 B. 采用 C. 调整 D. 适应
40. ftprint A. 脚印 B. 影响 C. 排放量 D. 足迹
Passage 3
Many yung peple tday are addicted t their smartphnes, cnstantly checking scial media. This can lead t a cnditin called "nmphbia" — the fear f being withut a mbile phne. Psychlgists warn that excessive screen time can impair sleep and cncentratin. Sme schls have banned phnes during class t help students fcus. Hwever, experts say the slutin is nt t eliminate technlgy but t use it wisely. Parents shuld encurage their children t engage in ther activities, such as sprts r reading, which are mre whlesme.
41. addicted A. 沉迷的 B. 讨厌的 C. 依赖的 D. 抗拒的
42. impair A. 提高 B. 损害 C. 恢复 D. 促进
43. banned A. 允许 B. 禁止 C. 鼓励 D. 忽略
44. eliminate A. 消除 B. 增加 C. 保留 D. 发展
45. whlesme A. 有害的 B. 健康的 C. 无聊的 D. 复杂的
Passage 4
The Industrial Revlutin brught abut radical changes in sciety. It transfrmed ecnmies frm agriculture t manufacturing. Cities grew rapidly as peple mved frm rural areas t find wrk in factries. Hwever, wrking cnditins were ften deplrable: lng hurs, lw pay, and unsafe envirnments. Labr mvements emerged t advcate fr wrkers' rights. Eventually, laws were passed t regulate wrking hurs and imprve safety. These changes paved the way fr the mdern labr standards we enjy tday, which are a stark cntrast t the past.
46. radical A. 微小的 B. 根本的 C. 表面的 D. 缓慢的
47. deplrable A. 令人羡慕的 B. 悲惨的 C. 舒适的 D. 安全的
48. advcate A. 反对 B. 提倡 C. 忽视 D. 研究
49. regulate A. 取消 B. 管理 C. 放松 D. 加强
50. cntrast A. 相似 B. 对比 C. 相同 D. 混合
Passage 5
Einstein was a prlific writer, publishing ver 300 scientific papers. His thery f relativity revlutinized physics, changing hw we understand space and time. Despite his genius, he was a humble man wh ften dwnplayed his achievements. He was als an ardent pacifist, speaking ut against war. His legacy cntinues t inspire scientists tday. Many f his ideas were s prfund that they are still being explred and tested.
51. prlific A. 多产的 B. 单一的 C. 著名的 D. 普通的
52. revlutinized A. 巩固 B. 彻底改变 C. 支持 D. 反对
53. humble A. 骄傲的 B. 谦逊的 C. 聪明的 D. 古怪的
54. ardent A. 冷漠的 B. 热情的 C. 偶然的 D. 强制的
55. prfund A. 肤浅的 B. 深刻的 C. 简单的 D. 复杂的
三、匹配练习（将画线单词与它在语境中的含义连线）
56. The cmpany launched a new prduct last week. (a. 发射 b. 推出)
57. She studied the dcument carefully. (a. 学习 b. 仔细看)
58. He runs a small business. (a. 跑 b. 经营)
59. The river flws int the sea. (a. 流动 b. 涌入)
60. He plays the pian beautifully. (a. 玩 b. 演奏)
61. The cmpany psted a prfit f $1 millin. (a. 张贴 b. 获得)
62. She raised her hand t ask a questin. (a. 举起 b. 抚养)
63. The meeting fell n a Sunday. (a. 落下 b. 适逢)
64. He picked the best candidate fr the jb. (a. 捡起 b. 挑选)
65. The car cst him a frtune. (a. 花费 b. 成本)
四、选择同义词（选择与画线单词意思最接近的选项）
66. The teacher asked the students t cease talking. A. begin B. stp C. cntinue D. avid
67. The view frm the tp was breathtaking. A. ugly B. amazing C. bring D. scary
68. He is very diligent and always finishes his wrk n time. A. lazy B. hardwrking C. careless D. clever
69. The cmpany faced a severe financial crisis. A. minr B. serius C. shrt D. expected
70. The fd was scarce during the war. A. enugh B. limited C. plenty D. delicius
参考答案及解析
一、单句猜测
1. 良性的（定义线索：meaning it was nt harmful）
2. 吝啬的（反义线索：）
3. 实施（举例线索：fr example）
4. 勤奋地（语境：putting in extra hurs）
5. 变化无常的（冒号后解释）
6. 幸福愉快感（同位语：a feeling f intense happiness）
7. 完全地（that is, they are cmpletely ppsite）
8. 停止（因果关系：because sales had been declining）
9. 发霉的（as if 解释）
10. 健谈的（反义线索： talks fr hurs）
11. 警告（warning them）
12. 一撮（同位语：a very small amunt）
13. 遏制（it aims t reduce）
14. 精疲力竭的（同位语：cmpletely wrn ut）
15. 真品的（nt a cpy）
16. 嬉戏（running and playing happily）
17. 休会（that is, it was temprarily ended）
18. 简洁的（just "yes" r "n"）
19. 浅的（s yu can walk acrss）
20. 矛盾的（冒号后解释）
21. 灾难性的（destrying hundreds f hmes）
22. 多才多艺的（can play pian, guitar, and vilin）
23. 易碎的（as it culd break easily）
24. 暴跌（drpping by 50%）
25. 清晰的（making it easy t understand）
26. 温顺的（fllwed every cmmand, unlike the aggressive nes）
27. 鲜为人知的（few peple have heard f it）
28. 著名的（knwn wrldwide）
29. 可口的（thugh nt the best）
30. 巩固（making it strnger and mre lasting）
二、语篇完形填空
31. D 32. B 33. B 34. B 35. B
36. B 37. B 38. B 39. B 40. C（carbn ftprint 碳足迹，但此处ftprint指“影响”即碳排放量，选C）
41. A 42. B 43. B 44. A 45. B
46. B 47. B 48. B 49. B 50. B
51. A 52. B 53. B 54. B 55. B
三、匹配练习
56. b 57. b 58. b 59. a 60. b 61. b 62. a 63. b 64. b 65. a
四、选择同义词
66. B 67. B 68. B 69. B 70. B
教学使用建议： 建议学生先理解六类线索，然后通过单句练习识别线索，再在语篇中综合运用。教师可引导学生分析每题的线索类型，总结规律。平时阅读中鼓励学生遇到生词先猜后查，培养猜词能力。
线索类型
标志词/结构
示例
定义线索
be, mean, refer t, be called, be knwn as, that is, in ther wrds, i.e.
A persn wh is altruistic is smene wh cares abut thers mre than themselves.
同位语线索
逗号、破折号、括号、r（同位语）
The rnithlgist, a scientist wh studies birds, spent years in the rainfrest.
反义线索
but, hwever, while, whereas, unlike, instead f, rather than
Unlike his gregarius brther, Tm is shy and reserved.
对比线索
similarly, likewise, in the same way, n the cntrary, in cntrast
In many cuntries, it's cmmn t tip waiters; in cntrast, in Japan it is cnsidered inapprpriate.
举例线索
fr example, such as, like, including
She enjys sedentary activities, such as reading and knitting.
因果关系
because, since, as, s, thus, therefre, as a result
The team was elated because they had wn the champinship.
构词法
前缀、后缀、合成词
Unpredictable = un- (nt) + predict (预测) + able (可...的) → 不可预测的