高考英语二轮-阅读理解说明文攻略 （专项训练）（北京专用）（教师版）

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解说明文攻略 （专项训练）（北京专用）（教师版），共105页。试卷主要包含了368等内容，欢迎下载使用。
目录
TOC \ "1-2" \h \u \l "_Tc17943" 01 课标达标练
\l "_Tc22251" 考向01 考查细节理解题
考向02 考查推理判断题
\l "_Tc30632" 考向03考查主旨大意题
\l "_Tc10254" 考向04 考查词义猜测题
\l "_Tc20184" 02 核心突破练
\l "_Tc5699" 03 真题溯源练
考向01 考查细节理解题
Passage 1
（2025年·平谷·一模）
A Space-based Farmhand fr Hire
EOS Data Analytics is a Califrnia-based prvider f satellite imagery and data fr precisin farming. The cmpany uses wavelengths f light, which passes thrugh plant crwns and can be used t measure a range f variables, including misture level and element cntent.
EOS’s mdels and algrithms (算法) deliver insights n crps’ health weekly thrugh an nline platfrm that farmers can use t make infrmed decisins abut issues such as when t plant, hw much agricultural chemicals t use, and hw t schedule fertilizer use, weeding, r watering.
Last year the cmpany launched EOS SAT-1, a satellite designed and perated nly fr agriculture. Fees t use the crp-mnitring platfrm nw start at $1.90 per hectare per year fr small areas and drp as the farm gets larger.
In many develping cuntries, farming is blcked by lack f data. Fr centuries, farmers relied n native intelligence rted in experience and hpe, says Daramla Jhn, a prfessr f agriculture and agricultural technlgy at Bells University f Technlgy in suthwest Nigeria. “Africa is way behind in the race fr mdernizing farming,” he says. “And a lt f farmers suffer huge lsses because f it.”
In the spring f 2024, when the new planting seasn was t start, a cmpany, Carmi Agr Fds, had used GPS enabled sftware t map the bundaries f its farm. Its setup n the EOS crp mnitring platfrm was als cmpleted. The cmpany used the platfrm t determine the apprpriate spacing fr the shts and seeds. The risks f manual mnitring had disappeared. Field-mnitring fficers needed nly t peer at their phnes t knw where r when specific spts needed attentin n varius farms. They were able t pursue weed breakuts quickly and efficiently.
This technlgy is gaining attractin amng farmers in ther parts f Nigeria and the rest f Africa. Mre than 242, 000 peple in Africa, Sutheast Asia, Latin America, the United States, and Eurpe use the EOS crp-mnitring platfrm. In 2024 alne, 53, 000 mre farmers subscribed t the service.
One f them is Adewale Adegke, the CEO f Agr Xchange Technlgy Services, a cmpany dedicated t bsting crp prductin using technlgy and gd agricultural practices. Adegke used the platfrm n half a millin hectares (arund 1.25 millin acres) wned by 63, 000 farmers. He says the yield f maize farmers using the platfrm, fr instance, grew t tw tns per acre, at least twice the natinal average.
Adegke adds that lcal farmers, wh have been struggling with fluctuating cnditins as a result f climate change, have been especially drawn t the platfrm’s early warning system fr weather.
“S far, the result has been cnvincing,” says Adegke. “We are n lnger subjecting the perfrmance f ur farms t chance. This time, we are in charge.”
32. What is the main purpse f the cmpany’s technlgy as described in the passage?
A. T develp new agricultural chemicals fr enhanced crp grwth.
B. T prvide histrical data n crp prductin fr research purpses.
C. T enable farmers t make data-driven decisins in their farming practices.
D. T ffer a platfrm fr farmers t share their experiences and knwledge easily.
33. Hw did the EOS crp mnitring platfrm help field-mnitring fficers at Carmi Agr Fds?
A. By prviding them with physical maps f the farm.
B. By training them t use new agricultural techniques.
C. By allwing them t track weed breakuts efficiently.
D. By supplying them with weather updates fr planning.
34 What is the main theme f the passage?
A. The histry and develpment f satellite technlgy in agriculture.
B. The glbal distractin f EOS Data Analytics’ services n farming practices.
C. The challenges faced by farmers in develping cuntries due t lack f data.
D. The benefits and applicatin f EOS Data Analytics’ crp-mnitring platfrm.
【答案】32. C 33. C 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了EOS Data Analytics的卫星作物监测平台，该平台通过提供详细的农作物健康数据帮助农民做出精准决策，特别强调了其在提高发展中国家农业生产力方面的应用与成效。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“EOS Data Analytics is a Califrnia-based prvider f satellite imagery and data fr precisin farming. The cmpany uses wavelengths f light, which passes thrugh plant crwns and can be used t measure a range f variables, including misture level and element cntent.(EOS Data Analytics是一家总部位于加利福尼亚州的精准农业卫星图像和数据提供商。该公司使用穿过植物冠的光的波长，可用于测量一系列变量，包括水分水平和元素含量)”以及第二段“EOS’s mdels and algrithms (算法) deliver insights n crps’ health weekly thrugh an nline platfrm that farmers can use t make infrmed decisins abut issues such as when t plant, hw much agricultural chemicals t use, and hw t schedule fertilizer use, weeding, r watering.(EOS的模型和算法每周通过一个在线平台提供有关作物健康的见解，农民可以使用该平台就何时种植、使用多少农用化学品以及如何安排肥料使用、除草或浇水等问题做出明智的决定)”可知，EOS Data Analytics公司提供的技术主要是为了帮助农民通过卫星图像和数据做出关于种植、使用农业化学品、施肥、除草或浇水的明智决策。因此，该公司的主要目的是使农民能够在农业生产中利用数据驱动的方式做出决策。故选C。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Field-mnitring fficers needed nly t peer at their phnes t knw where r when specific spts needed attentin n varius farms. They were able t pursue weed breakuts quickly and efficiently.(现场监测人员只需查看他们的手机，就可以知道各个农场的特定地点在何时何地需要关注。他们能够快速有效地消灭杂草)”可知，通过使用EOS作物监测平台，田间监控人员只需要查看他们的手机就可以知道哪些特定地点需要关注，并且能够快速有效地应对杂草爆发。因此，EOS作物监测平台帮助田间监控监控的地方在于通过允许他们高效地追踪杂草爆发情况。故选C。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“EOS Data Analytics is a Califrnia-based prvider f satellite imagery and data fr precisin farming. The cmpany uses wavelengths f light, which passes thrugh plant crwns and can be used t measure a range f variables, including misture level and element cntent.(EOS Data Analytics是一家总部位于加利福尼亚州的精准农业卫星图像和数据提供商。该公司使用穿过植物冠的光的波长，可用于测量一系列变量，包括水分水平和元素含量)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了EOS Data Analytics的卫星作物监测平台，该平台通过提供详细的农作物健康数据帮助农民做出精准决策，特别强调了其在提高发展中国家农业生产力方面的应用与成效。故选D。
Passage 2
（24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）Charles Darwin fund inspiratin fr his thery f evlutin in birds’ beaks, turtles’ shells and language. “The survival r preservatin f certain favred wrds in the struggle fr existence is natural selectin,” he wrte in The Descent f Man.
Language gradually shifts ver time. Much research examines hw scial and envirnmental factrs influence language change but very little explres the frces f human cgnitive (认知的) selectin that fix certain wrds int the dictinary. Fr an extensive new study, published in a jurnal, scientists investigated just that.
In an experiment much like a game f telephne, thusands f participants read English-language stries and rewrte them t be read by ther participants wh then rewrte them fr thers. Only certain wrds frm the first stries survived in the final versins. Researchers analyzed the wrd types speakers cnsistently favred, therizing that such preferences drive language change ver time. The scientists als separately analyzed tw large cllectins f English histrical texts frm the past tw centuries, cntaining mre than 40 billin wrds — again seeing nly certain types survive.
The results shwed three features that give wrds an“evlutinary (进化的)advantage” by helping them stick in the brain. First, wrds typically acquired at an early age, such as “hand,” “uncle” r “tday”, are stabler. Next, cncrete wrds exist better than abstract nes: “dg” stays lnger than “animal”, which persists lnger than “rganism”. Lastly, emtinally exciting wrds — whether negative r psitive — tend t be permanent.
Early language-evlutin mdels assumed that language becmes increasingly cmplex ver time. But a cgnitive scientist Fritz Breithaupt says the new study supprts a mre recent thery that language ultimately gets mre efficient and easier t understand. Still, as the study ntes, “the English language is nt baby talk.” Breithaupt explains, “Yes, we shift tward simple language, but then we als grab cmplex language that we need.” New wrds that address the cmplexity f mdern life may smewhat balance ut this shift.
The prpsed trend tward “simpler” language is debatable. A linguist Jhn McWhrter questins implicatins regarding the verall efficiency f English — a language he says cntains things like “unnecessarily cmplex” grammatical traces. Study lead authr Ying Li ntes that English had even mre cmplicated grammar in the past. “Jhn McWhrter wuld cmplain mre if he traveled back800 years ag,” Li suppses.
1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly discussed abut the research?
A．Cnclusin and significance.B．Backgrund and purpse.
C．Methd and limitatins.D．Prcess and findings.
2．Accrding t Breithaupt, the English language tends t be ______.
A．mre cncrete with difficultyB．mre practical with efficiency
C．mre cmplicated with abstractinD．mre understandable with vividness
3．What wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A．Wh prmtes the study f language evlutin?B．Hw des language gradually shift ver time?
C．What makes a wrd survive r g extinct?D．Why are certain wrds favred by peple?
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了语言进化的机制，尤其是某些词汇在大脑中的“进化优势”，同时也探讨了语言变化中简单化与复杂化的平衡问题。
1．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“In an experiment much like a game f telephne, thusands f participants read English-language stries and rewrte them t be read by ther participants wh then rewrte them fr thers. Only certain wrds frm the first stries survived in the final versins. Researchers analyzed the wrd types speakers cnsistently favred, therizing that such preferences drive language change ver time. The scientists als separately analyzed tw large cllectins f English histrical texts frm the past tw centuries, cntaining mre than 40 billin wrds— again seeing nly certain types survive.(在一个很像电话游戏的实验中，数千名参与者阅读英语故事，然后重写给其他参与者阅读，然后其他参与者再重写给其他人看。在最后的版本中，最初的故事中只有某些词留存了下来。研究人员分析了说话者一直喜欢的词汇类型，并提出了这样的偏好会导致语言随着时间的推移而变化的理论。科学家们还分别分析了过去两个世纪的两大英语历史文本集，其中包含400多亿个单词，再次发现只有某些类型的单词幸存下来)”可知，本段详细描述了研究的具体过程（实验设计）和发现（偏好“幸存”词的特性），即“实验过程与研究发现”，故选D。
2．推理判断题 。根据第五段“But a cgnitive scientist Fritz Breithaupt says the new study supprts a mre recent thery that language ultimately gets mre efficient and easier t understand.(但认知科学家Fritz Breithaupt表示，这项新研究支持一种较新的理论，即语言最终变得更加高效、更容易理解)”可知，Breithaupt认为英语语言倾向于变得更实际和高效。 故选B。
3．主旨大意题。整篇文章的中心围绕语言进化的驱动因素，重点分析了“哪些单词会保留下来，哪些会消失”，尤其在研究中得出的几个单词具有“进化优势”的特性：早期习得的词、具体词以及带有情绪激动性（正面或负面）的词。文章反复强调的是单词如何在变化中“生存”与“灭绝”。结合选项，C选项“What makes a wrd survive r g extinct?”（是什么让一个单词存活或消亡？）最能概括文章主题。 故选C。
考向02 考查推理判断题
Passage 1
（2025年·顺义·一模）Imagine yu’re driving dwn the highway and ntice that yu are running lw n fuel. Yur GPS shws 10 gas statins ahead n yur rute. Naturally, yu want the cheapest ptin. D yu cntinue explring and risk regret fr rejecting the bird in hand? Yu wn’t duble back, s yu face a nw-r-never chice. What strategy maximizes yur chances f picking the cheapest statin? Researchers have studied this “best-chice prblem”, which suggests that humans tend t fall shrt f the ptimal (最优的) strategy.
Amazingly, the ptimal strategy results in the number-ne pick being selected almst 37 percent f the time, and its success rate desn’t depend n the number f candidates. Even with a billin ptins and a refusal t settle fr secnd best, yu culd find yur needle in a haystack (干草垛) mre than a third f the time. The winning strategy is simple: Reject the first arund 37 percent f the chices n matter what. Then pick the first ptin that is better than all the thers yu've encuntered s far. (If yu never find such an ptin, take the final ne.)
Adding t the fun, mathematicians’ favrite little cnstant, e= , rears its head in the slutin. Als knwn as Euler’s number, e hlds fame fr crpping up all acrss the mathematical landscape in seemingly unrelated settings — including in the best-chice prblem. In fact, thse references t 37 percent in the ptimal strategy and crrespnding prbability f success are actually 1/e, r abut magic number cmes frm the tensin between wanting t see enugh samples t feel infrmatin f ptins and nt wanting t wait t lng in case the best pass yu by. The prf argues that 1/e balances these frces.
The prblem generates thusands f hits n the internet as mathematicians cntinue t study its many variants: What if yu’re allwed t pick mre than ne ptin, and yu win if any f yur chices are the best? What if an ppnent chse the rdering f the ptins t trick yu? What if yu dn’t require the abslute best chice and wuld feel satisfied with secnd r third? Researchers study such when-t-stp scenaris (设想) in a branch f math called ptimal stpping thery.
Research finds that peple tend t stp their search t early. S applying the 37 percent rule culd imprve yur decisin-making, but be sure t duble-check that yur situatin meets all the cnditins: a knwn number f rankable ptins is being presented ne at a time in any rder, yu want the best, and yu can’t duble back.
32. Why des the authr mentin the cnstant e in Paragraph 3?
A. Justify a cmparisn.B. Evaluate a statement.
C Prvide a theretical basis.D. Prpse a new slutin.
33. Which situatin mst agrees with the strategy mentined in the passage?
A. Evaluate every candidate.B. Skip sme lunch specials.
C. Buy the latest reference bk.D. Jin the shrtest checkut line.
34. What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Why Peple Often Fail in Making the Best Decisins.
B. The Best Decisin Depends n Yur Math Ability.
C. Hw t Cnnect Optimal Strategy with the Magic e.
D. Elegant Math Prblem Finds the Best Chices.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“最佳选择问题”的最优策略，即37%法则，以及该策略背后的数学原理和应用条件。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Als knwn as Euler’s number, e hlds fame fr crpping up all acrss the mathematical landscape in seemingly unrelated settings — including in the best-chice prblem. In fact, thse references t 37 percent in the ptimal strategy and crrespnding prbability f success are actually 1/e, r abut 0.368. (e也被称为欧拉数，它在数学领域以出现在看似无关的环境中而闻名，包括在最佳选择问题中。事实上，最优策略中提到的37%和相应的成功概率实际上是1/e，即约0.368。)”可知，作者提到常数e是为了给“最佳选择问题”的最优策略提供一个理论基础，说明37%这个比例是如何得出的。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The winning strategy is simple: Reject the first arund 37 percent f the chices n matter what. Then pick the first ptin that is better than all the thers yu've encuntered s far. (获胜的策略很简单：无论如何，先拒绝前37%左右的选择。然后选择第一个比你到目前为止遇到的所有其他选择都更好的选项。)”可知，文章中提到的策略是先观察一部分选项，然后从中选择最好的，这与“跳过一些午餐特价菜，然后从中选择最满意的”这一情境最为相似，即都涉及到先跳过一部分选项再做选择。故选B。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了“最佳选择问题”的最优策略，即37%法则，以及该策略背后的数学原理和应用条件。文章的重点在于介绍这个数学问题和它的解决方案，因此选项D“优雅的数学问题找到了最佳选择”最能概括文章的主旨，作为标题最合适。故选D。
Passage 2
（24-25高三上·北京顺义·期末）One day in the fall f 2023, a yung Atlantic yellw-nsed albatrss was lying listless in sutheastern Brazil’s Sants Basin. Beach mnitrs fund the yung bird in the sand, weak and dying. The cause f the albatrss’s disaster was evident: it was caught in a weather balln, which, sadly, is just ne instance f a bigger envirnmental headache.
Glbally, hundreds f thusands f weather ballns are launched int the sky every year, and the majrity are never recvered. Instead, their waste—a mix f latex, cttn and plastics — remains in marine (海洋的) ecsystems fr years. And because nly a small percentage f dead animals wash ashre, the impact is likely wrse than the numbers suggest. The rt f this munting truble lies in the very nature f hw weather ballns perate. Weather ballns are used t get high-altitude (高空) data like air temperature and pressure. Once a balln has travelled up abut 21 miles and its vlume has grwn 100-fld, it expldes, shting pieces in all directins.
Australian researchers at the Tangara Blue Fundatin first flagged the prblem f weather-balln garbage a decade ag. Over 21 mnths, they cllected 2,460 pieces f weather-balln litter arund the Great Barrier Reef. The researchers estimated that up t 70 percent f Australia’ s weather ballns end up in the cean. One study ntes that while sme f the materials used in weather ballns are cnsidered bidegradable, much f it is nt breaking dwn quickly.
Sme cmpanies have prduced special materials nw made frm plant-based fiber designed t weaken much faster than previus cttn versins. But the new mdels are 20 t 30 percent mre expensive. Despite the higher cst, weather bureaus (局) have started t reduce the impact by trying ut mre sustainable ballns and switching frm white t blue ballns, which marine animals may be less likely t mistake fr fd. Sme agencies als annunced they wuld be testing drnes (无人机) t cllect weather data, which are recverable.
Weather agencies aren’t trialing these new devices nly because they’ re mre sustainable; they als want better data. Fr nw, thugh, ballns still fly much higher than drnes, s they remain an imprtant data-cllecting tl. Lwer-impact versins wuld at least be a small imprvement fr the cean’s animals.
1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The functins f weather ballns.
B．The prblems f using weather ballns.
C．The cmpsitin f weather balln waste.
D．The difficulty f weather balln recycling.
2．What can we learn abut weather ballns?
A．Weather balln waste can hardly break dwn.
B．New versins f weather ballns are being tried.
C．Weather ballns cause the death f mst sea animals.
D．Drnes are better in cllecting data than weather ballns.
3．What des the authr think f the changes mentined in the passage?
A．Valuable but risky.
B．Exciting and hpeful.
C．Necessary and reliable.
D．Prmising but incmplete.
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了气象气球对海洋生态系统造成的影响，包括气象气球的使用、废弃物问题、现有解决方案以及未来可能的替代方案。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Glbally, hundreds f thusands f weather ballns are launched int the sky every year, and the majrity are never recvered. Instead, their waste — a mix f latex, cttn and plastics — remains in marine (海洋的) ecsystems fr years. And because nly a small percentage f dead animals wash ashre, the impact is likely wrse than the numbers suggest.(在全球范围内，每年有数十万个气象气球被发射到天空中，其中大多数都没有被回收。相反，它们的废物——乳胶、棉花和塑料的混合物——会在海洋生态系统中留存多年。由于只有一小部分死亡动物被冲上岸，因此影响可能比数字所显示的更严重)”可知，本段主要讲述使用气象气球导致的问题。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Sme cmpanies have prduced special materials nw made frm plant-based fiber designed t weaken much faster than previus cttn versins. But the new mdels are 20 t 30 percent mre expensive. Despite the higher cst, weather bureaus (局) have started t reduce the impact by trying ut mre sustainable ballns and switching frm white t blue ballns, which marine animals may be less likely t mistake fr fd.(一些公司已经生产出由植物纤维制成的特殊材料，这种材料比以前的棉质材料更容易变弱。但是新型号要贵20%到30%。尽管成本更高，但气象部门已经开始尝试使用更可持续的气球，并将白色气球换成蓝色气球，以减少海洋动物误以为食物的可能性)”可知，新版本的气象气球正在试验中。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Weather agencies aren’t trialing these new devices nly because they’ re mre sustainable; they als want better data. Fr nw, thugh, ballns still fly much higher than drnes, s they remain an imprtant data-cllecting tl. Lwer-impact versins wuld at least be a small imprvement fr the cean’s animals.(气象机构试用这些新设备并不仅仅是因为它们更可持续；他们也想要更好的数据。但就目前而言，气球仍然比无人机飞得高得多，因此它们仍然是重要的数据收集工具。对海洋动物来说，低影响的版本至少是一个小小的改善)”可推知，作者认为目前的改变是有希望的但还不完善。故选D项。
Passage 3
（2025年·海淀·一模）
Imagine a nt-t-distant future, where we each inhabit ur wn AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted fr us alne and designed t serve crprate interests. This future resembles 1998’s mvie The Truman Shw, where the main character unknwingly lived his entire life within a reality TV shw designed by a prductin studi.
One subset f AI, large language mdels (LLM), wn’t turn ur lives int reality TV shws. Instead, persnalized AI agents threaten t cage each f us in an individualized and illusry (虚假的) unreality, prfiting frm ur digital activities and walling us ff frm genuine cnnectins. Many cmpanies are develping individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn abut the individual user and adapt accrdingly. Fr example, if yu’re a super fan f a ftball team, yu’ll be fed updates, ads, and vides tailred t yur interests 24 hurs a day. Sme algrithms may even learn yur schedule, pushing infrmatin at yu during precisely thse times when yu’re mst likely t be lking.
This may sund harmless. But the next step is t use LLM t create memes, r even fake articles,feeding yu cnspiracy theries abut rival teams. This is a miserable reality fr at least tw reasns.Fr ne, there are neither cmputatinal methds r ethical incentives (激励) in place t ensure that the infrmatin yu receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack f regard fr the truth is an even scarier element. Yu will n lnger live with an accurate understanding f ftball team that is fully cmpatible with anyne else’s. Yu will run n infrmatin generated nly fr yurself. This visin is unsettling, even in sprts and entertainment. But what f institutins that have mre direct scial cnsequences?Educatin? Plitics?
With the fall f the press and plarizatin f everything,cnversatins arund hliday table have already becme impssible fr many extended families. Bad as the status qu might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us lng fr tday’s ech chambers (信息茧房). Sn, ur bubbles will shrink further and further,until ur digital wrlds invlve nly urselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyne will live in a private Truman Shw. As a sciety, we will be cmpletely incapable f making fruitful cllective decisins because we will have n shared understanding f the wrld.
What’s the way ut? Find yur entertainment in spaces with actual peple, exchanging thughts and creatins with each ther. Even nline, we must keep ur understanding f the wrld grunded in human-authred dcuments and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is nt merely a matter f authenticity; it als ensures we fcus n arguments that an authr cared enugh t make, n cnservatins that speakers cared enugh t have.
Otherwise,The Truman Shw’s premise becmes ur reality, unknwingly inhabiting a fake wrld where ur every experience is designed fr prfit. Even mre existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Shw where the directr, prducer and the nly ne watching is an AI.
27. The authr mentins The Truman Shw in Paragraph 1 t .
A. make a cmparisnB. illustrate a situatin
C. supprt an argumentD. prpse a suggestin
28. Accrding t the passage, persnalized AI agents may .
A. islate individuals in false realities
B. cnfirm the credibility f the cntent
C. discurage the cmpanies’ ethical incentives
D. imprve user behavir by feeding targeted ads
29. What can be inferred frm the passage?
A. Algrithms have raised cncerns ver privacy.
B. LLMs are in great need f cmputatinal upgrade.
C. Ech chambers weaken cllective decisin-making.
D. Technlgy develpment results in plarized sciety.
30. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. AI and the Future f Human Interactin
B. AI Will Turn Our Lives int The Truman Shw
C. The Truman Shw Predicts AI’s Impact n Media
D. Algrithmic Bubbles and the Value f Human Creatins
【答案】27. B 28. A 29. C 30. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine a nt-t-distant future, where we each inhabit ur wn AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted fr us alne and designed t serve crprate interests. This future resembles 1998’s mvie The Truman Shw, where the main character unknwingly lived his entire life within a reality TV shw designed by a prductin studi. (想象一下不太遥远的未来，我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中，这个泡沫是专门为我们打造的，旨在服务企业利益。这个未来类似于1998年的电影《楚门的世界》，在电影中，主角在不知情的情况下，在一档由制作工作室设计的真人秀节目中度过了他的一生。)”可知，作者在第一段提到《楚门的世界》是为了说明一种可能出现的情况，即我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中。故选B。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead, persnalized AI agents threaten t cage each f us in an individualized and illusry (虚假的) unreality, prfiting frm ur digital activities and walling us ff frm genuine cnnectins. (相反，个性化的AI代理威胁着将我们每个人困在一个个性化和虚幻的不真实世界中，从我们的数字活动中获利，并将我们与真正的联系隔离开来。)”可知，个性化的AI代理可能会将个人隔离在虚假现实中。故选A。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中“Bad as the status qu might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us lng fr tday’s ech chambers (信息茧房). Sn, ur bubbles will shrink further and further,until ur digital wrlds invlve nly urselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyne will live in a private Truman Shw. As a sciety, we will be cmpletely incapable f making fruitful cllective decisins because we will have n shared understanding f the wrld. (在一个由AI介导的未来，每个人都将生活在一个私人的《楚门的世界》中。作为一个社会，我们将完全无法做出富有成效的集体决策，因为我们将对世界没有共同的理解。)”可知，信息茧房会削弱集体决策能力。故选C。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“Otherwise,The Truman Shw’s premise becmes ur reality, unknwingly inhabiting a fake wrld where ur every experience is designed fr prfit. Even mre existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Shw where the directr, prducer and the nly ne watching is an AI. (否则，《楚门的世界》的前提就会成为我们的现实，我们会在不知不觉中生活在一个虚假的世界里，我们的每一次经历都是为了盈利而设计的。更让人感到存在上的疏离呢？生活在一个《楚门的世界》里，导演、制片人和唯一的观众都是人工智能。)”可知，文章主要论述了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题，就像《楚门的世界》一样。B选项“AI Will Turn Our Lives int The Truman Shw (人工智能将把我们的生活变成《楚门的世界》)”最符合文章主旨。故选B。
Passage 4
（2025年·东城·一模） Anyne with insmnia knws the impatience and frustratin that accmpanies sleeplessness. Yu lng fr a buttn that culd instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea f a mental switch is nt far-fetched. Mst neurscientists nw agree that ur wakefulness is crdinated by a tiny bundle f neurns (一小束神经元) knwn as the “lcus ceruleus” (LC), Latin fr “blue dt”.
It is a literal descriptin: the neurns in the lcus ceruleus have the blue clur frm the prductin f a particular neurtransmitter, called nrepinephrine. Nrepinephrine raises the chance that a neurn will “fire” with an electric current. When they becme active, cells in the lcus ceruleus pass bundles f this neurtransmitter alng their prjectins t ther regins f the brain-enhancing the cmmunicatin between the neurns in that area.
There are slight differences in the prcess. Depending n the types f receptrs they have, sme neurns are mre sensitive t smaller amunts f nrepinephrine, while thers nly respnd t higher threshlds. This means that, as the lcus ceruleus activity rises, it will start t affect sme brain areas mre than thers, which can have dramatic effects n things like ur fcus, cncentratin and creativity.
Given the blue dt’s rle, it makes sense that it wuld be quietest at night during sleep. It is nt entirely silent, hwever, but fires ccasinally-and recent research by Anita Lüthi at the University f Lausanne suggests that this activity may determine the quality f ur sleeps.
Acrss the night, we alternate between different sleep stages. There is “rapid eye mvement” (REM) sleep, which is assciated with vivid dreaming and is thught t be crucial fr prcessing and cnslidating memries. Much f ur rest, hwever,is spent in nn-REM (NREM) sleep, during which the brain may engage in a deep clean, clearing away cellular waste.
Measuring brain activity in dzing mice, Anita fund NREM sleep was assciated with temprary bursts f lcus ceruleus activity every 50 secnds. As a result, the animal was mre sensitive t utside stimuli, like nises-withut fully waking. “It’s generating this state f enhanced vigilance (警觉),” Anita says. “It really gives yu this idea that wakefulness can be graded in the brain.”
The beginning f REM sleep was almst always assciated with lw lcus ceruleus activity. “That transitin t REM sleep has t be very well cntrlled,” says Anita, “because in REM sleep, we have atnia.” That’s the temprary paralysis (麻痹) f ur bdy, which prevents us frm physically acting ut ur dreams.
Anita emphasises that her experiments were cnducted in mice, s we still need t cnfirm that the blue dt plays a similar rle in human sleep. If s, she suspects that altered lcus ceruleus activity culd be implicated in cnditins — such as anxiety — that may cntribute t disrdered sleep. She fund that expsing her labratry mice t mild surces f stress — such as kncking n their cage — raised the blue dt’s activity and increased their vigilance thrughut the night, resulting in fragmented sleep.
27. What des the underlined wrd “they” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Neurns.B. Electric currents.
C. Prjectins.D. Neurtransmitters.
28. Accrding t the passage, what is the rle f the LC?
A. Prducing receptrs.B. Preserving cell sensitivity.
C. Mnitring brain activity.D. Imprving neural cnnectivity.
29. Which f the fllwing may Anita Lüthi agree with?
A. The blue dt fires regularly at night.
B. Stress has an impact n the LC activity.
C. Lw LC activity can help clean cellular waste.
D. Atnia results frm sudden bursts f brain activity.
30. What might be the next step f the research?
A. Grading the wakefulness f human brains.
B. Unlcking the mechanism f sleep disrder.
C. Assessing the functin f the blue dt n humans.
D. Identifying appraches t altering the LC activity.
【答案】27. A 28. D 29. B 30. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蓝斑核在睡眠和觉醒中的作用及其相关研究。
【27题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“It is a literal descriptin: the neurns in the lcus ceruleus have the blue clur frm the prductin f a particular neurtransmitter, called nrepinephrine. Nrepinephrine raises the chance that a neurn will ‘fire’ with an electric current. When they becme active, cells in the lcus ceruleus pass bundles f this neurtransmitter alng their prjectins t ther regins f the brain-enhancing the cmmunicatin between the neurns in that area.(这是一个直白的描述：蓝斑核中的神经元因产生一种名为去甲肾上腺素的特殊神经递质而呈现蓝色。去甲肾上腺素增加了神经元通过电流 “放电” 的可能性。当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的投射将这种神经递质束传递到大脑的其他区域，从而增强该区域神经元之间的交流)”可知，“they”指代的是前文中提到的“the neurns in the lcus ceruleus”，即“Neurns(神经元)”。故选A。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“When they becme active, cells in the lcus ceruleus pass bundles f this neurtransmitter alng their prjectins t ther regins f the brain-enhancing the cmmunicatin between the neurns in that area.(当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的突起将一束束这种神经递质传递到大脑的其他区域，增强该区域神经元之间的通信)”可知，蓝斑核（LC）的作用是改善神经连接，增强神经元之间的通信。故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“She fund that expsing her labratry mice t mild surces f stress — such as kncking n their cage — raised the blue dt’s activity and increased their vigilance thrughut the night, resulting in fragmented sleep.(她发现，让实验小鼠暴露于轻微的压力源下，比如敲它们的笼子，会提高蓝斑核的活动水平，并增加它们整晚的警觉性，导致睡眠碎片化)”可知，Anita Lüthi可能会同意B选项“压力对蓝斑核活动有影响”。故选B。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Anita emphasises that her experiments were cnducted in mice, s we still need t cnfirm that the blue dt plays a similar rle in human sleep.(Anita强调，她的实验是在小鼠身上进行的，所以我们仍然需要确认蓝斑核在人类睡眠中是否扮演类似的角色)”可知，下一步的研究可能是评估蓝斑核在人类身上的功能。故选C。
考向03考查主旨大意题
Passage 1
（24-25高三上·北京朝阳·期末）Accrding t an idea called the “inflatinary (暴胀的) multiverse”, the universe has been cnstantly expanding, which wuld have created a cuntless number f ther universes. Cllectively, these csmic islands frm what scientists call a “multiverse”. Hwever, ther universes may lie beynd ur scientific reach, physically and philsphically. Cnsequently, the methdlgies by which physicists might validate (验证) the multiverse and whether such validatin is even pssible remain unreslved inquiries.
In science, hyptheses (假说) are used t prpse explanatins, but frm hyptheses t theries, validatin f predictins is essential t see whether initial assumptins are supprted r disprved. Theretical physicist Carl Rvelli says, “It is hard t write theries that survive the prf f reality. Few survive thanks t a basic idea: D nt trust yur fancies. Keep nly the ideas that can be tested.” Rvelli adds, “Tday many physicists are wasting time trying t guess and jumping t cnclusins. This apprach has never wrked previusly, and it is nt wrking nw.” The multiverse might be ne f thse wild guesses.
Nw, physicists are debating whether that prblem mves the multiverse frm physics t metaphysics, frm the wrld f science t that f philsphy. Philspher Richard Dawid believes scientists culd supprt the multiverse hyptheses withut actually finding physical supprt. “If we have a thery that seems t wrk, and have cme up with nthing that wrks better, chances are ur idea is right,” he says. Nt everyne is s cheerful, thugh. Sabine Hssenfelder, anther theretical physicist, thinks “Withut making cntact with bservatin, a thery isn’t part f the natural sciences, and nt physics.”
Sme supprters f the multiverse claim they have fund physical evidence. Andrei Linde insists “Our universe seems fine-tuned (精调的) t be favurable t life, with a fur-dimensinal space in which we can live. It is certain that in an eternally inflating multiverse, ne f the universes shuld turn ut like urs. Each universe can have different physical laws and fundamentals. Given limitless changes, a universe n which humans can be brn will be brn. The multiverse actually explains why we’re here. And ur existence, therefre, helps explain why the multiverse is plausible.”
Just as Einstein’s thery f general relativity culd nly be cnfirmed recently with a billin-dllar instrument called LIGO, scientists may eventually discver mre direct evidence f the multiverse. S far, all f science has relied n testability, but thse tests take time, and mst thereticians want t wait it ut. They are nt ready t shelve an idea like the multiverse — which culd actually be the answer t life, the universe and everything — until and unless they can prve t themselves it desn’t exist. And that day may never cme.
1．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．The multiverse is recgnized as a thery.
B．The multiverse starts debates n human existence.
C．Rvelli criticizes physicists fr their baseless fancies.
D．Dawid emphasizes the necessity f physical evidence.
2．What des the underlined wrd “plausible” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．Credible.B．Cmplex.C．Essential.D．Fascinating.
3．As fr the existence f multiverse, the authr is _________.
A．negativeB．neutralC．certainD．psitive
4．Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A．Mysteries f Multiverse: Fine-Tuned fr Life
B．Can Physicists Ever Prve the Multiverse Is Real?
C．The Inflatinary Multiverse: Prven Beynd Dubt
D．Have Physicists Lst Their Minds in the Multiverse?
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是多元宇宙，以及物理学家对于这一概念的不同看法和论证。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Theretical physicist Carl Rvelli says, “It is hard t write theries that survive the prf f reality. Few survive thanks t a basic idea: D nt trust yur fancies. Keep nly the ideas that can be tested.” Rvelli adds, “Tday many physicists are wasting time trying t guess and jumping t cnclusins. This apprach has never wrked previusly, and it is nt wrking nw.” The multiverse might be ne f thse wild guesses.(理论物理学家Carl Rvelli说：“很难写出经得起现实证明的理论。很少有理论能幸存下来，这要归功于一个基本的理念：不要相信你的幻想。只保留那些可以被测试的想法。”Rvelli补充道：“今天，许多物理学家都在浪费时间去猜测和草率下结论。这种方法以前从未奏效，现在也行不通。”多元宇宙可能是这些大胆的猜测之一)”可知，罗维利批评物理学家毫无根据的幻想（包括多元宇宙），认为真正的理论需要现实上经得起被测试。故选C。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“It is certain that in an eternally inflating multiverse, ne f the universes shuld turn ut like urs. Each universe can have different physical laws and fundamentals. Given limitless changes, a universe n which humans can be brn will be brn. The multiverse actually explains why we’re here.(可以肯定的是，在一个永远膨胀的多元宇宙中，其中一个宇宙应该和我们的宇宙一样。每个宇宙都有不同的物理定律和基本原理。鉴于无限的变化，一个人类可以诞生的宇宙将会诞生。多元宇宙实际上解释了我们为什么在这里)”以及“And ur existence, therefre, helps explain why the multiverse is(因此，我们的存在有助于解释为什么多元宇宙……)”可知，上文therefre表示因果关系，说明多元宇宙实际上解释了我们为什么在这里，而我们的存在有助于解释多元宇宙的概念是可信的。故划线词意思是“可信的”。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Just as Einstein’s thery f general relativity culd nly be cnfirmed recently with a billin-dllar instrument called LIGO, scientists may eventually discver mre direct evidence f the multiverse.(正如爱因斯坦的广义相对论直到最近才被价值数十亿美元的LIGO仪器证实一样，科学家们最终可能会发现多元宇宙的更直接证据)”和“They are nt ready t shelve an idea like the multiverse — which culd actually be the answer t life, the universe and everything — until and unless they can prve t themselves it desn’t exist. And that day may never cme.(他们还没有准备好搁置像多元宇宙这样的想法——它实际上可能是生命、宇宙和一切的答案——除非他们能证明它不存在。这一天可能永远不会到来)”可知，对于多元宇宙的存在，作者是肯定的态度。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Accrding t an idea called the “inflatinary (暴胀的) multiverse”, the universe has been cnstantly expanding, which wuld have created a cuntless number f ther universes. Cllectively, these csmic islands frm what scientists call a “multiverse”. Hwever, ther universes may lie beynd ur scientific reach, physically and philsphically. Cnsequently, the methdlgies by which physicists might validate (验证) the multiverse and whether such validatin is even pssible remain unreslved inquiries.(根据一种被称为“暴胀多元宇宙”的观点，宇宙一直在不断膨胀，这将创造出无数的其他宇宙。总的来说，这些宇宙岛屿形成了科学家所谓的“多元宇宙”。然而，其他宇宙可能在物理和哲学上都超出了我们的科学范围。因此，物理学家可能用来验证多重宇宙的方法，以及这种验证是否可能，仍然是未解决的问题)”结合文章主要解释了什么是多元宇宙，以及物理学家对于这一概念的不同看法和论证。可知，B选项“物理学家能证明多元宇宙是真实的吗？”最符合文章标题。故选B。
Passage 2
（2025年·西城·一模） Genetic (基因) variatin is what allws a species t adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and nvel enemies cme n the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least sme individuals will still d OK in times f crisis. But just as the number f species is declining wrldwide, s, t, is the genetic diversity within many species.
Until 2022, gvernments fcused primarily n preventing species frm disappearing. That year, hwever, when updating the United Natins’s Cnventin n Bilgical Diversity treaty (条约), participating cuntries agreed t start t lk at genetic diversity as well.
The first step tward slwing the trend is understanding it. Cnservatin bilgist Catherine Gruéber frm the University f Sydney and many clleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least tw time pints. The team used cmplex statistical analyses t make the data cmparable, enabling them t identify trends and crrelate lss f genetic diversity with flds, habitat destructin, r ther disturbances. They als tracked what happened in the face f varius cnservatin measures, such as legally prtecting a species r setting aside and prtecting habitat.
Tw-thirds f the ppulatins analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her clleagues reprt. That included species already knwn t be at risk, but it als included mre cmmn species. The implicatin is that thse species may be less able t bunce back than expected during envirnmental change, says Alicia Mastertta-Yanes, a cnservatin geneticist.
Sme cnservatin effrts, such as eclgical restratin r reducing pests (害虫), didn’t help much, the analysis fund. But certain actins did seem t help, such as effrts t expand and prtect habitat, intrduce new individuals t declining ppulatins, r cnnect tw islated ppulatins.
“It was pretty impressive that they were able t track what human disturbances and cnservatin actins had dne,” says Misés Alns, an evlutinary geneticist wh authred a preprint last year indicating that prtecting existing habitat wn’t be enugh t prevent genetic diversity lsses fr many species. “We needed smething like this,” he says.
Cnservatin scientists emphasize the imprtance f cntinuing t mnitr ppulatins. But DNA methds aren’t always practical, sme nte. “It is relatively hard and expensive t measure genetic diversity directly,” Mastertta-Yanes says.
T get arund that, Mastertta-Yanes and thers published a paper in Eclgy Letters last year that used prxy (代替物) measures, such as ppulatin size, t evaluate genetic diversity in 919 species. The methd, which nly required abut 3 hurs f wrk per species, indicated that 58% f the species have ppulatins that are t small t maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different appraches fund declining diversity “makes bth results mre cnvincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attentin it deserves.”
31. What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A. Challenges f cllecting DNA data fr diversity research.
B. Findings n genetic diversity changes ver the past 30 years.
C. Research methds applied t track genetic diversity changes.
D. Impacts f human disturbances n diversity f different species.
32. What can be learned frm Grueber’s study?
A. Habitat extensin and ppulatin management preserve diversity.
B. The diversity f cmmn species tends t decline mre severely.
C. At-risk species better resist the impact f envirnmental changes.
D. Ecsystem recvery and pest cntrl drive ppulatin rise.
33. Mastertta-Yanes hlds that DNA methds ________.
A. will sn be replaced by prxy measures
B. lack practicality due t their csts and cmplexity
C. may get in the way f mnitring species ppulatins
D. require a large ppulatin size t achieve high accuracy
34. What is the purpse f this passage?
A. T identify mre effective methds applied in gene research.
B. T advcate fr using DNA methds exclusively in cnservatin effrts.
C. T warn peple f the threat psed by envirnmental changes n species.
D. T draw peple’s attentin t effective measures against lss f diversity.
【答案】31. C 32. A 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。
【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段“The first step tward slwing the trend is understanding it. Cnservatin bilgist Catherine Gruéber frm the University f Sydney and many clleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least tw time pints. The team used cmplex statistical analyses t make the data cmparable, enabling them t identify trends and crrelate lss f genetic diversity with flds, habitat destructin, r ther disturbances. They als tracked what happened in the face f varius cnservatin measures, such as legally prtecting a species r setting aside and prtecting habitat.(减缓这一趋势的第一步是理解它。悉尼大学的保护生物学家凯瑟琳·格鲁姆萨伯和许多同事收集了1985年至2019年期间撰写的882篇论文，通过分析至少两个时间点的628个物种的DNA，追踪了它们的多样性变化。研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”可知，第三段的主要内容是用于追踪遗传多样性变化的研究方法。故选C。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“The team used cmplex statistical analyses t make the data cmparable, enabling them t identify trends and crrelate lss f genetic diversity with flds, habitat destructin, r ther disturbances. They als tracked what happened in the face f varius cnservatin measures, such as legally prtecting a species r setting aside and prtecting habitat.(研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”以及第四段“Tw-thirds f the ppulatins analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her clleagues reprt.(格鲁曼和她的同事们报告说，三分之二的被分析数量表现出多样性的下降)”可知，研究告诉我们栖息地扩展和数量管理保护多样性。故选A。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“The methd, which nly required abut 3 hurs f wrk per species, indicated that 58% f the species have ppulatins that are t small t maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different appraches fund declining diversity “makes bth results mre cnvincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attentin it deserves.”(该方法只需要每个物种3小时的工作，表明58%的物种种群太小，无法维持其遗传多样性。这两种不同的方法都发现了多样性的下降，这一事实“使两种结果都更有说服力，”马斯特塔-扬斯说。“最终，基因多样性得到了应有的关注。”)”可知，Mastertta-Yanes认为，由于成本和复杂性，DNA方法缺乏实用性。故选B。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Genetic (基因的) variatin is what allws a species t adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and nvel enemies cme n the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least sme individuals will still d OK in times f crisis. But just as the number f species is declining wrldwide, s, t, is the genetic diversity within many species.(基因变异使一个物种能够适应气候变化、新疾病的出现和新敌人的出现。一个稍有不同的基因构成可以确保至少一些个体在危机时刻仍能安然无恙。但是，正如世界范围内的物种数量正在减少一样，许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少)”结合文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。可知，这篇文章的目的是引起人们对防止多样性丧失的有效措施的注意。故选D。
Passage 3
（2025年·丰台·一模）Recent findings frm the Dark Energy Spectrscpic Instrument(DESI) in Arizna, which prduced the largest 3D map f the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterius frce driving the universe’s accelerated( 加速的) expansin — might change ver time. This challenges the standard mdel f csmlgy (宇宙学), which assumes a steady acceleratin.
Dark energy is thught t make up nearly 70% f the csms, s if its behaviur really is changing as time passes, it culd have significant implicatins fr ur understanding f the universe.
Since the DESI data came ut, researchers have been wrking n ways t explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansin rate. Dark energy isn’t directly bservable, s there are several ptins that culd fit. One slutin suggested by Michael Garda at the Federal University in Brazil and his clleagues invlves letting dark energy interact with dark matter, an invisible and abundant frm f matter that utweighs rdinary matter. This interactin is frbidden in the standard mdel, but if energy culd flw frm the universe’s dark matter t its dark energy — essentially changing the frmer t the latter — the researchers’ simulatins (模拟) shwed that this wuld match the DESI measurements. Yet, the mechanism fr such an energy transfer isn’t clear.
This slutin might als help reslve the Hubble tensin, a difference in the ways we measure the expansin rate f the csms. Measurements f this made by analysing nearby galaxies (knwn as “lcal” measurements) give an expansin rate, r Hubble cnstant, which is slightly higher than the ne btained frm the csmic micrwave backgrund (CMB) — the remaining radiatin frm the early universe. CMB measurements rely n a theretical mdel f csmic evlutin, which may need adjustment if Garda’s prpsal is crrect. By allwing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted mdel culd bring CMB-based estimates mre clsely int line with lcal measurements, ptentially reslving the tensin.
Anther prpsed slutin invlves dark radiatin, an invisible frm f radiatin similar t light but cmpsed f dark phtns (光子). Tamar Allali at Brwn University and his team suggest that dark radiatin culd explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tensin by increasing the universe’s expansin rate in its early stages. “If yu have mre radiatin, the expansin is faster in the early universe,” says Allali. Unlike adjustments t dark energy, dark radiatin intrduces a new cmpnent withut changing existing physical laws, making it a mre cnservative apprach. Allali ntes that the DESI data des nt rule ut dark radiatin and even shws a slight preference fr it.
Bth mdels — interacting dark energy and dark radiatin — fit the DESI data, but neither has been cnfirmed. Shawn Smith at the University f Edinburgh, UK, pints ut that while many uncnventinal mdels culd explain the bservatins, nne currently cmpete with the standard csmlgical mdel frm a fundamental physics perspective. Nevertheless, these mdels serve as catalysts fr prgress, ensuring that csmlgy remains a dynamic and evlving field.
32. What des this passage mainly talk abut?
A. The develpment f scientific mdels t study the universe.
B. The discvery f dark energy and its impact n the universe.
C. The imprtance f DESI in studying the universe’s behavir.
D. The attempts t explain the universe’s unexpected expansin.
33. Which f the fllwing might the authr agree with?
A. Garda’s prpsal utperfrms Allali’s in its simplicity.
B. Recent research has fund ways fr dark energy transfer.
C. The DESI data has cnfirmed the existence f dark radiatin.
D. The tw mdels share similarities in reducing Hubble tensin.
34. The passage is rganized in the pattern f ________.
A. cause — effect — slutinB. prblem— slutin — evaluatin
C. example —a nalysis — cnclusinD. intrductin — cmparisn — result
【答案】32. D 33. D 34. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。DESI 数据表明宇宙膨胀有异常，科研人员提出两种模型解释，虽未证实，但推动了宇宙学发展。
【32题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Recent findings frm the Dark Energy Spectrscpic Instrument (DESI) in Arizna, which prduced the largest 3D map f the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterius frce driving the universe’s accelerated expansin — might change ver time. This challenges the standard mdel f csmlgy, which assumes a steady acceleratin.(亚利桑那州的暗能量光谱仪（DESI）最近的发现绘制出了宇宙最大的三维地图，表明暗能量 —— 驱动宇宙加速膨胀的神秘力量 —— 可能会随时间变化。这挑战了假设宇宙是稳定加速的标准宇宙学模型)”可知，宇宙的膨胀出现了与标准模型不符的情况。再结合第三段“Since the DESI data came ut, researchers have been wrking n ways t explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansin rate.(自从 DESI 数据公布以来，研究人员一直在努力寻找方法来解释宇宙膨胀率的明显变化)”可知，本文主要讲的是对解释宇宙意外膨胀的尝试。故选D。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“By allwing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted mdel culd bring CMB-based estimates mre clsely int line with lcal measurements, ptentially reslving the tensin.(通过允许暗物质和暗能量之间的能量转移，调整后的模型可以使基于宇宙微波背景（CMB）的估计值更接近局部测量值，有可能解决哈勃张力问题)”以及第五段“Tamar Allali at Brwn University and his team suggest that dark radiatin culd explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tensin by increasing the universe’s expansin rate in its early stages.(布朗大学的塔玛尔・阿拉利（Tamar Allali）和他的团队认为，暗辐射可以解释 DESI 数据，并通过提高宇宙早期的膨胀率来减轻哈勃张力)” 可知，这两种模型都在减少哈勃张力方面有相似之处，即都有可能解决哈勃张力问题。故选D。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段提出了问题，即暗能量可能随时间变化，挑战了标准宇宙学模型，宇宙膨胀出现意外情况；第三、四、五段介绍了两种解释宇宙膨胀率变化的解决方案，即让暗能量与暗物质相互作用和暗辐射的模型；第六段对这两种模型进行了评价，指出它们都符合 DESI 数据，但都未得到证实，且目前没有一个能从基础物理学角度与标准宇宙学模型竞争，不过它们推动了宇宙学的发展。由此推知，文章是按照“问题 — 解决方案 — 评价”的模式组织的。故选B。
Passage 4
（2025年·门头沟·一模）
Fr millennia, we have expected dgs t guard ur prperty and prtect ur family at night. Nw they are als asked t be friendly arund strangers, rest quietly thrugh the night and keep their feet ff sfas. “It’s an evlutinary mismatch”, says Hare, an anthrplgist at Duke University. The gd news is that this prblem is slvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dgs adapt t indr life.
A “puppy kindergarten” research was set up by Hare’s team t illustrate the heritability f behaviural traits in dgs by bserving what service dgs’ behaviur lks like befre intensive training begins. Service dgs were selected as the subject fr they can always naturally adapt well t the mismatch cmpared t ther kinds. They can pull wheelchairs, perate light switches and interact gently with children.
By cllecting data frm 1,500 dg wners n the behaviur f their pets, which belnged t 36 breeds, Hare’s team discvered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent f the variatin in dgs’ self-cntrl. 16 percent f the variatin in reasning abut the physical wrld and a mere 0.01 percent f the variatin in shrt-term memry, which manifests that sme desirable behaviurs are heritable t certain degree, and selective breeding fr temperament is wrthwhile.
“Genetics is imprtant, but its relative imprtance is different fr different behaviural traits,” says Gitanjali frm Emry University. Besides, Hare’s wrk als illustrates selective breeding can’t guarantee sme highly desirable traits, such as a gd memry. S they have devised techniques that wners can use t help train their pets and build better relatinships with them.
One habit that is especially imprtant in training is making eye cntact. “The dg’s gaze may be a causal factr in inducing gd feelings in the wner”, says Kikusui at Azabu University in Japan, “and the lnger a dg gazes at its wner, the strnger thse gd feelings becme.” Hare als fund that pups culd slve sme “impssible tasks” by appealing t human fr help, and the appeal was made thrugh eye cntact. S he suggested puppy wners finish “impssible tasks” with their pets every tw weeks t strengthen the emtinal cnnectin with them. “Ding s can help yu learn where yur dg’s cgnitive strengths lie”, he says. And as the puppy kindergarten prject has made clear, dg training as well as selective breeding is crucial t fster thse behaviurs we wuld like ur pets t exhibit in ur hmes.
32. What can we learn frm Hare’s research?
A. Service dgs were bserved while accepting training.
B. Genetics may explain differences in dgs’ self-cntrl
C. Service dgs were chsen fr they were trained earlier.
D. Selective breeding develps dgs’ mst desirable traits.
33. What’s the authr’s aim f quting Gitanjali’s wrds?
A. T reveal that Hare’s research is suspicius.
B. T prve the necessity f selective breeding.
C. T cnfirm the value n refrming dgs’ genes.
D. T suggest that ther factrs als need discussing.
34. What’s the best title fr the passage?
A. Service Dgs: Acquiring Desirable Traits thrugh Breeding
B. Smart Dgs: Adapting Well t Indr Life thrugh Training
C. Mdern Dgs: Training Desirable Dgs thrugh Eye Cntact
D. Gd Dgs: Evlving thrugh Selective Breeding and Training
【答案】32. B 33. D 34. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“By cllecting data frm 1,500 dg wners n the behaviur f their pets, which belnged t 36 breeds, Hare’s team discvered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent f the variatin in dgs’ self-cntrl, 16 percent f the variatin in reasning abut the physical wrld and a mere 0.01 percent f the variatin in shrt-term memry, which manifests that sme desirable behaviurs are heritable t certain degree, and selective breeding fr temperament is wrthwhile.(通过收集1500名狗主人的36个品种的宠物行为数据，Hare的研究小组发现，基因可以解释45%的狗的自控能力差异，16%的物理世界推理变异和0.01%的短期记忆变异，这表明一些令人满意的行为在一定程度上是可遗传的，对气质的选择性培育是值得的)”可知，基因可以解释狗在自控能力上的差异。故选B。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Genetics is imprtant, but its relative imprtance is different fr different behaviural traits,” says Gitanjali frm Emry University.( 来自埃默里大学的Gitanjali说：“基因很重要，但它的相对重要性对于不同的行为特征是不同的。”)”可推知，作者引用Gitanjali的话的目的是暗示其他因素也需要讨论。故选D。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“The gd news is that this prblem is slvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dgs adapt t indr life.(最近的研究表明，选择性繁育和精心训练可以帮助狗适应室内生活)”可知，文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。由此可知，D选项“好狗：通过选择性繁殖和训练进化”最符合文章标题。故选D。
考向04考查词义猜测题
Passage 1
（2025年·朝阳·一模）When peple view phtgraphs f frightening spiders, scientists usually bserve increased electrical activity deep in their brain, in a regin called the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The bvius cnclusin is that the PAG cntrls fight-r-flight respnses in threatening situatins. But what if brains dn’t have dedicated circuits fr fighting and flighting? Is threat detectin really a primary mde f the brain with its wn neural circuitry (神经回路)?
This idea f fight-r-flight circuits riginates frm the “triune brain” mdel dividing brains int the s-called lizard brain, including the PAG, fr survival functins, the “limbic system” fr emtins, and the “necrtex” fr higher-rder reasning. If yu knw anything abut evlutin, yu might knw that smething is spurius. The nly animal n this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Als, there’s n unified limbic “system” r the “necrtex” fr emtins r ratinality (理性) respectively. S where des this leave the fight-r-flight stry?
Recently, changes in PAG activity have been bserved in nnthreatening tasks, such as reading a fascinating article abut the brain. The PAG has als been prved t regulate bdily systems cntinuusly. Incidentally, this explains why antianxiety medicatins manage anxiety disrders withut healing them. They target brain circuits that aren’t dedicated t anxiety r fight-r-flight but that simply regulate the bdy.
Researches n the brain’s pwers als cast new light n ur understandings. In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react t varius stimuli as either threatening r safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and frmulates actin plans in anticipatin f events befre stimuli ccur. The brain’s preparatry mechanism, metablically (新陈代谢地) expensive, invlves cmplicated neurnal activities fr sustaining multiple predictins and crrespnding actin plans ver extended perids. But the experiences in fight-r-flight respnses crafted by yur brain dn’t reveal hw it wrks.
Mrever, yur brain, which des much mre than avid threats, handles a cmplex scial wrld full f uncertainty. That’s a recipe fr stress. And what is stress? It reflects energy preparatin fr anticipated challenges. Yur brain ften makes sense f metablic cst f uncertainty, if it drags n fr lng enugh, as anxiety, but that’s nt a must. Peple seek uncertainty ut — and its psitive cusin, nvelty — when they try new fds r learn new skills.
Uncertainty is cmmn, but these days, with scial media and rund-the-clck news cverage, it smetimes bmbards us and leaves us anxius and exhausted. But these feelings dn’t emerge frm fight-r-flight circuits. They may just mean, in an ever changing and nly partly predictable wrld, that yu’re ding smething hard.
28. The authr asks the questins in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A. evaluate a statementB. justify an assumptin
C. challenge an argumentD. intrduce a new cncept
29. Which des the underlined wrd “spurius” in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Rare.B. Wrng.C. Limited.D. Unexpected.
30. What can we infer frm this passage?
A. Hunting fr nvelty reduces stress and anxiety.
B. Medicine targeting PAG cures anxiety disrders.
C. Uncertainty is a prduct f mdern media and news cycles.
D. The “Fight r Flight” idea verlks the brain’s predictive pwer.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了对“战斗或逃跑”这一大脑反应模式的质疑与新的理解。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“The bvius cnclusin is that the PAG cntrls fight-r-flight respnses in threatening situatins. But what if brains dn’t have dedicated circuits fr fighting and flighting? Is threat detectin really a primary mde f the brain with its wn neural circuitry (神经回路)?(显而易见的结论是，中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）在威胁情况下控制着战斗或逃跑反应。但是，如果大脑并没有专门用于战斗或逃跑的回路呢？威胁探测真的只是大脑自身神经回路的一种主要模式吗？)”可知，作者在第一段提出问题是为了挑战一个论点，即“战斗或逃跑”反应是否由大脑中的特定回路控制。故选C。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“The nly animal n this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Als, there’s n unified limbic ‘system’ r the ‘necrtex’ fr emtins r ratinality (理性) respectively.(这个星球上唯一拥有“蜥蜴脑”的动物就是蜥蜴。此外，也不存在分别负责情感或理性的统一“边缘系统”或“新皮层”)”可知，地球上只有蜥蜴有蜥蜴脑，也没有分别用于情感或理性的统一的边缘 “系统” 或 “新皮质”。说明前面提到的 “三位一体脑” 模型是错误的，所以“spurius”意思是“错误的”。故选B。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react t varius stimuli as either threatening r safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and frmulates actin plans in anticipatin f events befre stimuli ccur.(在日常生活中，人们可能会觉得他们对各种刺激的认知和反应，要么是将其视为威胁，要么是视为安全。实际上，大脑会利用过往的经验，在刺激发生之前，巧妙地预测并制定行动计划，以应对即将发生的事件)”可知，“战斗或逃跑”这一观念忽视了大脑的预测能力。大脑利用过去的经验，在刺激发生之前就能熟练地预测并制定行动计划。故选D。
Passage 2
（2025年·丰台·一模）During WW II, mathematician Alan Turing gathered a team f lgic experts t decde enemy messages, a key step tward victry. If there was ne branch f mathematics which culd be said they were using systematically, it was symblic lgic. Hwever, the curriculum designs that methdically develp students’ symblic lgic abilities are relatively rare.
Symblic lgic is a frm f mathematics that lets us check whether certain cnclusins crrectly fllw frm a set f facts. Cnsider a library bk-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library n the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may r may nt be. Being in the library desn’t mean they stle the bk. Symblic lgic turns this kind f argument int algebra (代数学), readily shared, slved and generalized fr slving mysteries.
Fr careers such as electrical engineering and cmputer science, the value f symblic lgic is undeniable. The fundamental building blcks f mdern digital cmputers are circuits representing “AND” and “OR”, which are cmmn in symblic lgic. Almst every cmputer prgram cntains similar “if-then-else” lgical cnditins. Prfessinal prgrammers must rutinely write and trublesht such statements.
But symblic lgic is nt slely limited t technical fields. Rutgers University mathematician Gray Wenger argues that teaching respnsible citizenship requires prviding students with mathematical reasning skills. Fr example, cnsider a debate ver a study finding that mst adults withut high-schl certificates earn less. A respnsible citizen must think thrugh the implicatins alng the lines f the bk-theft case example abve. N certificate likely means lwer incme, but lw incme desn’t mean n certificate. Training in symblic lgic makes these srts f reasnings sink int their cgnitive prcesses and becme secnd nature t citizens.
In additin, symblic lgic equips individuals t cunter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The mst effective strategy fr this lies in preventive educatin — teaching peple t recgnize faulty reasning at its surce. Cnsider, fr instance, sme glbal-warming dubters use ne day f cld weather as prf that glbal warming is a hax (骗局). But a lgical thinker can quickly spt that weather is shrt-term, while climate is lng-term change.
Sme dubt the need fr a separate symblic lgic curse, believing ther classes can d the jb. In writing curses, fr example, students learn hw t spt illgical arguments, and elementary prfs are cvered in trignmetry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching peple lgical thinking withut using any symbls. But nly symblic lgic ensures lgical strictness. A piecemeal apprach isn’t enugh; a full-semester curse is needed fr cmprehensive learning.
Symblic lgic is essential fr intellectual develpment. By integrating symblic lgic int educatinal framewrks, we equip future generatins with the intellectual tls t navigate cmplex challenges. Training fr it must be included in the curriculum and cannt be left t chance.
28. Accrding t the passage, symblic lgic can play a primary rle when ________.
A. a chef is creating a new recipe by cmbining different materials
B. a student is deciding which club t jin based n persnal interests
C. a dctr is identifying ne’s illness by using signs and test findings
D. a jurnalist is writing a feature article by interviewing lcal peple
29. What des the phrase “secnd nature” underlined in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. A rutine practice.B. An autmatic ability.
C. An essential tl.D. A necessary quality.
30. Frm the passage, we learn that symblic lgic ________.
A. tells the difference between separate incidents
B. is mainly applied in slving mathematical puzzles
C. questins the basic principles f mdern cmputers
D. enables peple t detect and challenge false arguments
31. The authr may agree that current symblic lgic educatin is ________.
A. unsatisfying fr the lack f symblic lgic curses
B. prblematic and ignres lgical reasning practice
C. acceptable if alternative curses are available
D. manageable and will imprve naturally
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了符号逻辑的重要性及其在教育中的应用。
【28题详解】推理判断题。由文章第二段中“Symblic lgic is a frm f mathematics that lets us check whether certain cnclusins crrectly fllw frm a set f facts. Cnsider a library bk-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library n the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may r may nt be. Being in the library desn’t mean they stle the bk. (符号逻辑是一种数学形式，它让我们能够检查某些结论是否正确地基于一系列事实得出。以图书馆失窃案为例。如果嫌疑人在失窃当天不在图书馆，那么他们就不可能是小偷。如果在场，他们则有可能是，也有可能不是。在图书馆并不意味着他们偷了书。)”可知，符号逻辑是一种数学形式，它让我们能够检查某些结论是否正确地遵循了一组事实。因此，当医生根据症状和检查结果来诊断病情时，符号逻辑可以发挥主要作用，帮助医生根据事实推断出正确的结论。故选C。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。由文章第四段中“Training in symblic lgic makes these srts f reasnings sink int their cgnitive prcesses and becme secnd nature t citizens. (对符号逻辑的训练能够让这类推理融入公民的认知过程，并使其成为他们的secnd nature。)”可知，这里指的是通过训练，这些推理过程变得自然而然，成为公民的一种自动能力。因此，secnd nature在此处意为“天性，自动的能力”，与An autmatic ability“一种自动的能力”意思相符。故选B。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第五段中“In additin, symblic lgic equips individuals t cunter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The mst effective strategy fr this lies in preventive educatin — teaching peple t recgnize faulty reasning at its surce. (此外，符号逻辑使个人能够通过区分个别事件和系统性证据来反驳虚假声明。最有效的策略在于预防性教育——教导人们从源头上识别错误的推理。)”可知，符号逻辑使人们能够检测和挑战错误的论点。故选D。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第六段“Sme dubt the need fr a separate symblic lgic curse, believing ther classes can d the jb. In writing curses, fr example, students learn hw t spt illgical arguments, and elementary prfs are cvered in trignmetry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching peple lgical thinking withut using any symbls. But nly symblic lgic ensures lgical strictness. A piecemeal apprach isn’t enugh; a full-semester curse is needed fr cmprehensive learning. (有些人怀疑是否需要单独开设符号逻辑课程，认为其他课程也能起到同样的作用。例如，在写作课程中，学生学习如何发现不合逻辑的论证，三角学中也涵盖基本的证明。通过不使用任何符号来教授人们逻辑思维，也可以获得很多收获。但只有符号逻辑能确保逻辑的严密性。零敲碎打的方法是不够的；需要一整学期的课程来进行全面的学习。)”可知，作者可能同意当前的符号逻辑教育由于缺乏符号逻辑课程而不令人满意。故选A。
Passage 3
（2025年·西城·一模） Recently, I attended a public talk by smene whse views I “knew” I wuld ppse. And yet, I went. I listened, asked questins, and gave my time. While my cre values weren’t transfrmed in thse tw hurs, I learned smething and left with a deeper appreciatin fr the cmplexity f ther perspectives.
In this weeknight activity, I was actively trying t tackle “beliefism,” a divisive phenmenn in which surrunding yurself with peple wh share yur views leads t discriminatin against thse wh disagree. In this way, beliefism deepens divisin and reinfrces plarizatin — building walls instead f bridges.
Indeed, beliefism is widespread in mdern sciety. A significant part f the prblem riginates frm the fact that we live in a wrld that is bth physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with peple frm ther walks f life. Scial media algrithms stke the fires f divisin, lcking us int ech chambers that reinfrce ur preexisting beliefs and shut dwn debate.
Ultimately, where many frces are driving us apart, we must think — what can we d t unpack divisin and restre cnnectin?
We can begin by trying t understand the psychlgy f beliefism, which at its cre is a frm f bias — a mental shrtcut in which we categrise peple accrding t single characteristics r generalising assumptins. Indeed, in a wrld that is infinitely cmplex, ur minds use these biases t simplify and make sense f the wrld. The thing is, when we see thers nly thrugh the perspective f their plitical r scial beliefs, we reduce and flatten them t a single dimensin. Further, when peple feel they are dismissed r disregarded nly fr their beliefs, they are left feeling islated and misunderstd.
Secndly, we can understand the tendency fr beliefism as part f ur evlutinary (进化的) desire t establish a cmmunity r grup. The prblem is that while this instinct (本能) may have nce served evlutinary purpses, tday, it blcks meaningful dialgue and cperatin. Indeed, research shws that vercming beliefism has benefits. When we welcme a variety f ideas and perspectives, we are able t vercme grup-think and make better decisins and judgements. What’s mre, less beliefist peple are generally happier, having strnger, mre fulfilling relatinships and brader hrizns.
Luckily, there are a number f relevant, research-backed psychlgical techniques that help build tlerance and break bias. We might exercise individuatin, seeing peple as diverse-sided individuals and breaking away frm reductive ways f thinking. We can practice perspective-taking, building empathy (同理心) by stepping int smene else’s shes and trying t see the wrld thrugh their eyes.
Ultimately, the way frward is nt thrugh divisins, but thrugh a recgnitin f ur shared humanity. Remind yurself that each persn exists at the intersectin f many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yurself t practice empathy, and remember that n ne is whlly defined by the wrst thing they have said r dne.
27. What des the underlined wrd “stke” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Fuel.B. Keep.C. Put.D. Cntain.
28. What can we knw abut beliefism frm the passage?
A. Scial media algrithms mainly cntribute t its wide spread.
B. Human evlutin prves its harm in establishing grup-think.
C It reflects ur simplified way f understanding the surrunding wrld.
D. It leads us t make assumptins abut thers’ plitical r scial beliefs.
29. Which f the fllwing wuld be mst effective in fighting beliefism?
A. Facilitating interactins between peple frm different cmmunities.
B. Creating a list f acceptable beliefs fr each cmmunity t fllw.
C. Asking peple t write abut their experiences f being islated.
D. Stressing cnflict instead f cperatin between different beliefs.
30. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Beynd Us and ThemB. The Rts f Beliefism
C. The Harm f Scial DivisinD. At the Crssrad f Faith
【答案】27. A 28. C 29. A 30. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想。
【27题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“A significant part f the prblem riginates frm the fact that we live in a wrld that is bth physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with peple frm ther walks f life.(这个问题的很大一部分源于我们生活在一个物理上和虚拟上都是分裂的世界。我们很少与各行各业的人打交道)”以及后文“lcking us int ech chambers that reinfrce ur preexisting beliefs and shut dwn debate(把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论)”可知，社交媒体算法点燃了分裂之火，把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论。故划线词意思是“点燃”，故选A。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Indeed, in a wrld that is infinitely cmplex, ur minds use these biases t simplify and make sense f the wrld.(事实上，在一个无限复杂的世界里，我们的大脑利用这些偏见来简化和理解这个世界)”可知，信仰反映了我们理解周围世界的简化方式。故选C。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we welcme a variety f ideas and perspectives, we are able t vercme grup-think and make better decisins and judgements. What’s mre, less beliefist peple are generally happier, having strnger, mre fulfilling relatinships and brader hrizns.(当我们欢迎各种各样的想法和观点时，我们就能克服群体思维，做出更好的决定和判断。更重要的是，信仰主义者较少通常更快乐，拥有更牢固、更充实的人际关系和更广阔的视野)”可知，促进来自不同社区的人之间的互动对对抗信仰主义是最有效的。故选A。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, the way frward is nt thrugh divisins, but thrugh a recgnitin f ur shared humanity. Remind yurself that each persn exists at the intersectin f many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yurself t practice empathy, and remember that n ne is whlly defined by the wrst thing they have said r dne.(最终，前进的道路不是通过分裂，而是通过认识到我们共同的人性。提醒自己，每个人都存在于许多身份、经历和信仰的交叉点上。挑战自己，练习同理心，记住，没有人完全被他们说过或做过的最糟糕的事情所定义)”以及文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想，可知，A选项“超越我们和他们”最符合文章标题。故选A。
题型一 完形填空
（2025·北京市丰台区·一模）I stepped ut f the stre, juggling a few shpping bags in my hands, lking frward t the drive hme. As I reached my car, a wave f panic washed ver me. I had 1 my keys and mbile phne inside the vehicle. In a mment f annyance, I gave the tire a hard kick.
A teenager n a bike happened t pass by at that very mment. He stpped, and his eyes filled with 2 . “What’s wrng?” he asked. I sighed deeply and explained my rather 3 situatin. “But even if I culd call my wife,” I added, my tne 4 , “she can’t bring me the spare car key, since she’s taking care f ur children at hme.”
Withut hesitatin, he 5 me his mbile phne. “Call yur wife and tell her I’m cming t get the spare key,” he said. I lked at him in 6 . “That’s an 11-kilmetre rund trip!” I prtested. But he was determined and said, “Dn’t wrry abut it.”
An hur seemed t 7 as I waited anxiusly. But true t his wrd, he 8 with the key in hand. I was verjyed and immediately reached fr my wallet t ffer him sme mney as a gesture f my 9 . Hwever, he firmly refused. “Let’s just say I needed the exercise,” he said with a smile. Then, with a casual wave, he gt back n his bike and rde ff.
In a wrld that ften seems fcused n self-interest, his kindness was a shining example f the gdness that still exists. A simple act f 10 can have a prfund impact n smene’s day.
1．A．placedB．hiddenC．stredD．lcked
2．A．hpeB．sadnessC．cncernD．anxiety
3．A．unfrtunateB．dangerusC．adventurusD．prmising
4．A．relaxedB．exhaustedC．excitedD．defeated
5．A．leftB．handedC．sentD．sld
6．A．disbeliefB．angerC．regretD．fear
7．A．jump aheadB．fly byC．drag nD．cme arund
8．A．returnedB．hesitatedC．disappearedD．settled
9．A．kindnessB．satisfactinC．admiratinD．gratitude
10．A．devtinB．genersityC．curageD．sharing
【答案】
1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D 5．B 6．A 7．C 8．A 9．D 10．B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者把钥匙和手机锁在车内陷入困境，青少年热心相助且拒收报酬，其慷慨善举令人动容 。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我走到我的车旁时，一阵恐慌涌上心头。我把钥匙和手机锁在车里了。A. placed放置；B. hidden隐藏；C. stred储存；D. lcked锁。根据上文“As I reached my car, a wave f panic washed ver me.” 以及常识可知，作者因为把钥匙和手机锁在车里拿不出来了所以感到恐慌，lcked符合语境。且从后文作者不能打电话叫妻子送钥匙也能推断出是把钥匙锁在车里了。故选D项。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他停了下来，眼神中充满了关切。“怎么了？” 他问道。A. hpe希望；B. sadness悲伤；C. cncern关切；D. anxiety焦虑。根据下文“‘What’s wrng?’ he asked.”可知，这个青少年停下来询问作者怎么了，说明他对作者的情况表示关切，cncern符合语境。故选C项。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我深深地叹了口气，解释了我相当不幸的处境。A. unfrtunate不幸的；B. dangerus危险的；C. adventurus冒险的；D. prmising有前途的。根据上文作者把钥匙和手机锁在车里，以及下文“‘But even if I culd call my wife,’ I added, ‘she can’t bring me the spare car key, since she’s taking care f ur children at hme’”可知，作者处于一种很不走运的情况，unfrtunate符合语境。故选A项。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“但即使我能给我妻子打电话，”我补充道，语气充满挫败感，“她也不能给我送备用车钥匙，因为她正在家里照顾我们的孩子。”A. relaxed放松的；B. exhausted疲惫的；C. excited兴奋的；D. defeated挫败的。根据下文“she can’t bring me the spare car key, since she’s taking care f ur children at hme”可知，作者既无法拿到车里的钥匙和手机，妻子也不能送备用钥匙，所以此时作者的语气应该是充满挫败感的，defeated符合语境。故选D项。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他毫不犹豫地把他的手机递给了我。A. left离开；B. handed递给；C. sent发送；D. sld卖。根据下文“‘Call yur wife and tell her I’m cming t get the spare key,’ he said. ”以及语境可知，这个青少年让作者用他的手机给妻子打电话，所以是把手机递给了作者，handed符合语境。故选B项。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我难以置信地看着他。“那可是往返11公里的路程啊！” 我抗议道。A. disbelief不相信；B. anger生气；C. regret后悔；D. fear害怕。根据下文“‘That’s an 11-kilmetre rund trip!’ I prtested. ”可知，作者对于这个青少年要去11公里远的地方取钥匙感到很惊讶，不敢相信，in disbelief 意为“难以置信地”，符合语境。故选A项。
7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：当我焦急地等待时，一个小时似乎过得很慢。A. jump ahead向前跳；B. fly by飞逝；C. drag n拖延，过得很慢；D. cme arund苏醒，顺便来访。根据下文“I waited anxiusly”以及语境可知，作者在焦急地等待，所以会觉得时间过得很慢，drag n符合语境。故选C项。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但他信守诺言，手里拿着钥匙回来了。A. returned返回；B. hesitated犹豫；C. disappeared消失；D. settled解决，定居。根据上文“he said, ‘Dn’t wrry abut it.’” 以及“true t his wrd”可知，这个青少年说会去取钥匙，并且他信守了诺言，所以是拿着钥匙回来了，returned符合语境。故选A项。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我非常高兴，立刻伸手去拿钱包，想给他一些钱作为我感激的表示。A. kindness善良；B. satisfactin满意；C. admiratin钦佩；D. gratitude感激。根据上文“he 8 with the key in hand”可知，这个青少年帮作者去取了钥匙，解决了作者的难题，所以作者想给他钱表达自己的感激之情，gratitude符合语境。故选D项。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个简单的慷慨之举可能会对某人的一天产生深远的影响。A. devtin奉献；B. genersity慷慨；C. curage勇气；D. sharing分享。根据上文“Hwever, he firmly refused”以及语境可知，青少年毫不犹豫地帮助作者，还不要报酬，这是一种慷慨的行为，genersity符合语境。故选B项。
题型二 语法填空
Writing 1
（24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Yesterday, a 49-year-ld wman lst cntrl f her vehicle and slipped int a river with strng and mving water. The wman’s car began sinking int the river, 1 (leave) her trapped inside as water quickly filled the vehicle. A passerby, 2 had been wrking nearby, nticed the sinking car. Withut hesitatin, the man rushed int the river t help. He pulled the wman 3 the sinking vehicle and safely guided her t the shre.
【答案】1．leaving 2．wh 3．frm
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。昨天，一名49岁的妇女失去了对车辆的控制，滑进了湍急的河水中。这名女子的车开始沉入河中，她被困在里面，水很快就充满了车。一位在附近工作的路人注意到了下沉的汽车。那个人毫不犹豫地冲进河里去帮忙。他把那个女人从下沉的车里拉出来，安全地把她带到岸边。
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：这名女子的车开始沉入河中，她被困在里面，水很快就充满了车。此处leave与上文句子构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填leaving。
2．考查定语从句。句意：一位在附近工作的路人注意到了下沉的汽车。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词passerby，在从句作主语，指人。故填wh。
3．考查介词。句意：他把那个女人从下沉的车里拉出来，安全地把她带到岸边。短语pull…frm…表示“把……拉出来”。故填frm。
（24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Over centuries, we have been seeking ways t cure diseases. One f the first t seek fr a scientific fundatin fr medicine was Hippcrates, wh is said t have used tree bark and leaves 1 (relieve) fevers and pain. Fr many centuries, medicine advanced rather 2 (slw), until the inventin f the micrscpe, which 3 (lead) t the discvery f bld cells, f bacteria, and f the germ thery f disease. Since then, the advance f medicine 4 (speed) up.
【答案】1．t relieve 2．slwly 3．led 4．has speeded/has sped
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了医学的发展历史情况。
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：最早为医学寻找科学依据的人之一是希波克拉底，据说他曾用树皮和树叶来缓解发烧和疼痛。短语use sth. t d sth.表示“用某物做某事”。故填t relieve。
2．考查副词。句意：许多世纪以来，医学的发展相当缓慢，直到显微镜的发明，才导致血细胞、细菌和疾病的细菌理论的发现。修饰动词advance用副词slwly，故填slwly。
3．考查时态。句意：许多世纪以来，医学的发展相当缓慢，直到显微镜的发明，才导致血细胞、细菌和疾病的细菌理论的发现。根据上文. Fr many centuries可知为一般过去时。故填led。
4．考查时态。句意：从那时起，医学的发展速度加快了。根据上文Since then可知为现在完成时，主语为the advance f medicine，助动词用has。故填has speeded / has sped。
Writing 2
（24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
It was a reading class. While all her classmates were flying thrugh the bks, Skye Malik nly n page fur, gt impssibly 1 (stick) n the wrd “dughnut". Her expected difficulty with reading is called “dyslexia”. Skye gt a 2 (prfessin) diagnsis at the end f the 2nd grade.
【答案】1．stuck 2．prfessinal
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了主人公斯凯·马利克患有“阅读障碍”的故事。
1．考查动词被动语态。句意：当她所有的同学都在飞快地翻着书的时候，斯凯·马利克只翻到第四页，就不可思议地被“甜甜圈”这个词卡住了。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，结合句意以及空前gt可知，主语Skye Malik和动词stick为被动关系，所以为一般过去时的被动语态结构。故填stuck。
2．考查形容词。句意：斯凯在二年级快结束时得到了专业诊断。由空后diagnsis为名词可知，此处为形容词prfessinal“专业的”作定语修饰该名词，满足句意要求。故填prfessinal。
Writing 3
（24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Xi’an is hme t many imprtant histrical sites. The Xi’an City Wall, 1 (build) in the Ming Dynasty, is ne f the best preserved walls in China. It nce prvided prtectin against enemies and its thickness is 2 (great) than its height. A gd place t explre the rich histry f Xi’an is surely the Shaanxi Histry Museum which cntains abut 1.7 millin histrical 3 (item).
【答案】1．built 2．greater 3．items
【导语】本文是说明文，主要介绍了西安的几个重要历史遗迹。
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：西安城墙建于明朝，是中国保存最完好的城墙之一。分析句子可知，空处应用非谓语动词作定语，build与其逻辑主语the Xi’an City Wall之间是被动关系，表示动作已完成，应用过去分词。故填built。
2．考查比较级。句意：它曾为抵御敌人提供保护，其厚度大于高度。根据句子结构，空格处需要一个形容词，结合than判断需要使用greater的比较级。故填greater。
3．考查名词单复数。句意：探索西安丰富历史的好地方当然是陕西历史博物馆，那儿大约有170万件历史物品。item意为“物品”，是可数名词，被基数词1.7 millin修饰，用名词复数形式作宾语。故填items。
Writing 4
（24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Beijing’s Central Axis (中轴线), which lines the histric stretch, recently achieved UNESCO 1 (recgnize), drawing widespread praise and fueling a flurishing fd scene with nearly10,000 dining establishments. Accrding t the nline service platfrm Meituan, data reveals that 2 (search) fr “Beijing Central Axis” increased by 58 percent frm January t July. In the first half f this year, cnsumptin frm visitrs t Beijing cntributed 10.5 percent 3 the capital’s restaurant sectr.
【答案】1．recgnitin 2．searches 3．t
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章指出，联合国教科文组织近日将北京中轴线列入《世界遗产名录》。
1．考查名词。句意：北京中轴线，也是历史的延伸线，最近获得了联合国教科文组织的认可，赢得了广泛的赞誉，并推动了近10000家餐饮场所的蓬勃发展。分析句子可知，空处作谓语动词achieved的宾语，结合句意和所给提示词推知，应用名词recgnitin表示“（联合国教科文组织的）认证”。故填recgnitin。
2．考查名词复数。句意：线上服务平台美团的数据显示，一月份到七月份“北京中轴线”的搜索量增加了58%。空处在that引导的宾语从句中作主语，应用名词search“搜索”，可数名词，由increased by 58 percent可知，数量大于一，应用复数形式。故填searches。
3．考查介词。句意：今年上半年，来北京的游客的消费对首都餐饮业的贡献率达到了10.5%。此处符合短语cntribute…t，意为“对……贡献了……”。故填t。
Writing 5
（24-25高三上·北京东城·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Andrew Knde, a student at Kenya’s Strathmre University, was inspired t start learning kung fu as a child after 1 (watch) martial arts mvies. What began as a hbby fr a child has since becme a way f life fr Knde, 2 is nw the chairman f the university’ s Martial Arts Club. Thrugh hard wrk, he 3 (lead) his team t victries at natinal champinships ver the past tw years.
【答案】1．watching 2．wh 3．has led
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了肯尼亚斯特拉斯莫尔大学的学生Andrew Knde受武术电影启发，从小开始学习功夫，后来成为大学武术俱乐部主席，并在过去两年里带领团队在全国锦标赛中取得胜利的故事。
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：肯尼亚斯特拉斯莫尔大学的学生Andrew Knde，小时候看了武术电影后，受到启发开始学习功夫。after为介词，后接动名词作宾语。故填watching。
2．考查定语从句。句意：对Knde来说，最初只是孩子的爱好，现在已经成为了他的一种生活方式，他现在是大学武术俱乐部的主席。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Knde，指人，且从句中作主语，用关系代词wh引导从句。故填wh。
3．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：通过努力，他在过去两年里带领他的团队在全国锦标赛中取得了胜利。lead(带领)是谓语动词，与主语he之间是主动关系，结合时间状语“ver the past tw years”可知，描述从过去持续到现在的情况，用现在完成时态，主语he是第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has led。
2025年
Passage 1
【2025全国一卷】Micrplastics have becme a cmmn surce f pllutin acrss the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and n the Himalayas, stuck inside vlcanic rcks, filled the stmachs f seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snw. They are even appearing inside humans.
Nw, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level f micrplastics in water frm yur tap (水龙头): biling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Envirnmental Science & Technlgy Letters, researchers frm China fund that biling tap water fr just five minutes — then filtering it after it cls — culd remve at least 80 percent f its micrplastics.
Crucially, this prcess relies n the water cntaining enugh calcium carbnate (碳酸钙) t trap the plastics. In the study, biling hard water cntaining 300 milligrams f calcium carbnate led t an almst 90 percent drp in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams f calcium carbnate, biling reduced the level f plastics by just 25 percent. Additinally, the research didn’t include all types f plastics. The team fcused nly n three cmmn types — plystyrene, plyethylene and plyprpylene — and they didn’t study ther chemicals previusly fund in water such as vinyl chlride.
Still, the findings shw a ptential path frward fr reducing micrplastic expsure — a task that’s becming increasingly difficult. Even bttled water, scientists fund earlier this year, cntains 10 t 1,000 times mre micrplastics than riginally thught.
Scientists are still trying t determine hw harmful micrplastics are — but what they d knw has raised cncerns. The new study suggests biling tap water culd be a tl t limit intake. “The way they demnstrated hw micrplastics were trapped thrugh the biling prcess was nice,” Carline Gauchtte-Lindsay, an envirnmental engineer f the University f Glasgw in Sctland wh was nt invlved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We shuld be lking int upgrading drinking water treatment plants s they remve micrplastics.”
32．Hw des the authr present the issue in the first paragraph?
A．By quting an expert.B．By defining a cncept.
C．By giving examples.D．By prviding statistics.
33．What determines the effectiveness f trapping micrplastics in water?
A．The hardness f water.B．The length f cling time.
C．The frequency f filtering.D．The type f plastic in water.
34．What des the authr try t illustrate by mentining bttled water in paragraph 4?
A．The imprtance f plastic recycling.B．The severity f the micrplastic prblem.
C．The danger in verusing pure water.D．The difficulty in treating plluted water.
35．What is Gauchtte-Lindsay’s suggestin abut?
A．Chice f new research methds.B．Pssible directin fr further study.
C．Need t invlve mre researchers.D．Ptential applicatin f the findings.
【答案】32．C 33．A 34．B 35．D
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Micrplastics have becme a cmmn surce f pllutin acrss the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and n the Himalayas, stuck inside vlcanic rcks, filled the stmachs f seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snw. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this prcess relies n the water cntaining enugh calcium carbnate (碳酸钙) t trap the plastics. In the study, biling hard water cntaining 300 milligrams f calcium carbnate led t an almst 90 percent drp in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams f calcium carbnate, biling reduced the level f plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。
34．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings shw a ptential path frward fr reducing micrplastic expsure — a task that’s becming increasingly diffcult. Even bttled water, scientists fund earlier this year, cntains 10 t 1,000 times mre micrplastics than riginally thught. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。
35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demnstrated hw micrplastics were trapped thrugh the biling prcess was nice,” Carline Gauchtte-Lindsay, an envirnmental engineer f the University f Glasgw in Sctland wh was nt invlved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We shuld be lking int upgrading drinking water treatment plants s they remve micrplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Carline Gauchtte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Carline Gauchtte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
Passage 2
【2025全国二卷】When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. In the past year, Detrinidad sent ut mre than 70,000 plants. Her success is just ne example f increased time at hme leading t an explsin in the huseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashin right nw,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher frm the University f Flrida. “Peple wh live in plant-rich envirnments reprt a higher life satisfactin rating, ” she says. “Adding mre nature t ur envirnment can change ur md and hw we think.” Plants can imprve ur state f mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing ur level f crtisl, the stress hrmne (激素) in ur bdy.
“Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”
If yu’re amng the grups f peple wh are enjying the mental and physical health benefits f surrunding yurself with plants, dn’t beat yurself up if ne (r a few!) desn’t make it. “Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says.
28．Hw was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A．It faced tugh cmpetitin.B．It suffered a great lss.
C．It gt lts f financial supprt.D．It went surprisingly well.
29．What is ne f Knuth’s findings abut plants?
A．They appeal mre t students.B．They purify the envirnment.
C．They raise the crtisl level.D．They enhance prductivity.
30．What des Detrinidad try t explain by mentining dctrs and lawyers?
A．The necessity f scial skills.B．The meaning f sustainability.
C．The imprtance f repeated effrts.D．The value f prfessinal pinins.
31．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Time t Replace HuseplantsB．Plants Bst Yur Md
C．Tips n Chsing HuseplantsD．Plants Brighten Yur Hme
【答案】28．D 29．D 30．C 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. (当Snja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Snja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。
31．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Bst Yur Md (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
Passage 3
【2025全国二卷】Des yur sul die a little every time yu thrw away unused fd? Mine des. Maybe that feeling cmes frm grwing up in Suth Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was mre f an uncmfrtable reminder f fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Fd waste is a grwing cncern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. Frm technlgical slutins t educatinal campaigns, fd prducers and sellers are lking fr ways t use mre f what we’re already grwing. But last mnth, ne ppular New Yrk City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu t exclusively (专门) ffer fd that wuld therwise be thrwn away.
Fr tw weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailr-made t raise awareness regarding fd waste.
A study by the Fd Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 punds f fd waste fr every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and f that waste nly 15.7% is dnated r recycled. Up t 84.3% is simply thrwn ut. Restaurants like Sil in the UK have experimented with zer-waste systems, but wastED tk the cncept t its lgical cnclusin.
It shuld be nted that nne f the items n wastED’s menu was technically made frm garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples f meat cuts and prduce that mst restaurants wuld never cnsider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish cllars, rejected sweet ptates, and cucumber butts were all re-apprpriated and, with the help f a number f gd chefs, turned int excellent cuisine.
Thugh wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed frm the start as a shrt-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned t its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways t address prblems f sustainability, and that yu can make an amazing meal ut f almst anything.
32．What can be inferred abut the authr’s early life?
A．He witnessed fd shrtage.B．He enjyed the lcal cuisine.
C．He dnated fd t Africans.D．He helped t ck at hme.
33．Why did Blue Hill carry ut the experiment?
A．T custmize dishes fr guests.B．T make the public aware f fd waste.
C．T test a fd prcessing methd.D．T imprve the UK’s zer-waste systems.
34．What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A．Why the ingredients were used.B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made f.D．Where the ingredients were bught.
35．What can we learn abut wastED?
A．It has ended as planned.B．It is creating new jbs.
C．It has regained ppularity.D．It is criticized by tp chefs.
【答案】32．A 33．B 34．C 35．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling cmes frm grwing up in Suth Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was mre f an uncmfrtable reminder f fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
33．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailr-made t raise awareness regarding fd waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
34．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It shuld be nted that nne f the items n wastED’s menu was technically made frm garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples f meat cuts and prduce that mst restaurants wuld never cnsider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish cllars, rejected sweet ptates, and cucumber butts were all re-apprpriated and, with the help f a number f gd chefs, turned int excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Thugh wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed frm the start as a shrt-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned t its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。
Passage 4
【2025浙江1月卷】A nvel design apprach t gardening has been gaining in ppularity wrldwide. Referred t as matrix planting, this apprach aims fr nature t d a lt mre f the heavy lifting in the garden, and even sme f the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and pwer tls, it’s based n an elegantly simple principle: t garden mre like nature des.
The cncept was brn when German city planners sught t plant large areas f parkland after Wrld War II in a reprducible way that wuld need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that culd be used mdularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are gruped s that they will grw tgether abve and belw grund, frming a cperative ecsystem that cnserves water and discurages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudlf’s gardens ppularized this style, adding artistic flavrs t the planting mixes while playing with clr and frm, including fur-seasn interest and serving the needs f wildlife. Beautiful year-rund, they invite yu t enjy the smallest detail, frm the sund f grasses in the gentle wind t the sculpture f dd-lking seed heads.
It takes a lt f thught t lk this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first cnsideratin. Led by the cncept f “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjy the same sil, sun and weather cnditins, and arrange them accrding t their patterns f grwth.
The benefits are substantial fr bth gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s eclgy can develp well. Established matrix gardens shuld nt need the life supprt we give mst gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Cmpared t traditinal garden plts, they increase carbn absrptin, reduce strmwater runff and bst habitat and bidiversity significantly.
28．What des the underlined wrd “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean?
A．Running ut f.B．Keeping away frm.
C．Putting up with.D．Taking advantage f.
29．Why was the idea f matrix planting intrduced?
A．T cntrl weeds in large gardens.B．T bring in freign species f plants.
C．T cnserve sil and water resurces.D．T develp lw-maintenance parkland.
30．Which f the fllwing best describes Piet Oudlf’s gardens?
A．Traditinal.B．Odd-lking.
C．Tasteful.D．Well-prtected.
31．Which f the fllwing can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．The future f gardening is WILD．B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS.
C．Matrix gardens need mre CARE.D．Old garden plts wrk WONDERS.
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．C 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。
28．词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred t as matrix planting, this apprach aims fr nature t d a lt mre f the heavy lifting in the garden, and even sme f the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作；结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and pwer tls, it’s based n an elegantly simple principle: t garden mre like nature des.(Eschewing化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”中“t garden mre like nature des”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”，与“Keeping away frm.”同义。故选B项。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The cncept was brn when German city planners sught t plant large areas f parkland after Wrld War II in a reprducible way that wuld need minimal maintenance.(这个概念诞生于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大片公园绿地)”可知，引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选D项。
30．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudlf’s gardens ppularized this style, adding artistic flavrs t the planting mixes while playing with clr and frm, including fur seasn interest and serving the needs f wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计师Piet Oudlf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看点，还满足了野生动物的需求)”可知，Piet Oudlf的花园有艺术气息，很有品味。故选C项。
31．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred t as matrix planting, this apprach aims fr nature t d a lt mre f the heavy lifting in the garden, and even sme f the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and pwer tls, it’s based n an elegantly simple principle: t garden mre like nature des.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s eclgy can develp well. Established matrix gardens shuld nt need the life supprt we give mst gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Cmpared t traditinal garden plts, they increase carbn absrptin, reduce strmwater runff and bst habitat and bidiversity significantly.(随着人类投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故A项“The future f gardening is WILD(园艺的未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选A项。
Passage 5
【2025浙江1月卷】As new technlgies take n increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push t make them genderless. “Peple are steretyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered bjects in very traditinal ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanfrd assciate prfessr f rganizatinal behavir. Remving gender frm the picture altgether seems like a simple way t fix this. Yet as Martin has fund in her wrk, gender is ne f the fundamental ways peple frm cnnectins with bjects, particularly thse designed with human characteristics.
In her study, Martin asked participants t rate their attachment t male, female, and genderless versins f a digital vice assistant and a self-driving car knwn as “Miuu.” It was fund that gender increased users’ feelings f attachment t these devices and their interest in purchasing them. Fr example, participants said they wuld be less likely t buy a genderless vice assistant than versins with male r female vices.
While gendering a prduct may be gd marketing, it may als strengthen utdated r harmful ideas abut pwer and identity. The steretypes cmmnly assciated with men, such as cmpetitiveness and dminance, are mre valued than thse assciated with wmen. These qualities, in turn, are mapped nt prducts that have been assigned a gender.
Martin’s study als fund that creating a genderless bject was difficult. Fr instance, if an bject’s name was meant t sund genderless, like Miuu, participants wuld still assign a gender t it — they wuld assume Miuu was a “he” r “she.”
Martin sees a silver lining, hwever: She believes that anthrpmrphism (拟人化) “prvides an pprtunity t change steretypes.” When wmen are put int psitins f leadership like running cmpanies, it reduces negative steretypes abut wmen. Similarly, anthrpmrphized prducts culd be created t take n steretype-incnsistent rles — a male rbt that assists with nursing r a female rbt that helps d calculatins, fr instance.
32．What is the purpse f making new technlgies genderless?
A．T reduce steretypes.B．T meet public demand.
C．T cut prductin csts.D．T encurage cmpetitin.
33．What were the participants prbably asked t d in the study?
A．Design a prduct.B．Respnd t a survey.
C．Wrk as assistants.D．Take a language test.
34．Why is it difficult t create genderless bjects?
A．They cannt be mass-prduced.B．Naming them is a challenging task.
C．Peple assume they are unreliable.D．Gender is rted in peple’s mind.
35．What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut?
A．The quality f genderless prducts.B．The upside f gendering a prduct.
C．The meaning f anthrpmrphism.D．The steretypes f men and wmen.
【答案】32．A 33．B 34．D 35．B
【导语】本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。
32．细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘Peple are steretyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered bjects in very traditinal ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanfrd assciate prfessr f rganizatinal behavir. Remving gender frm the picture altgether seems like a simple way t fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants t rate their attachment t male, female, and genderless versins f a digital vice assistant and a self driving car knwn as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study als fund that creating a genderless bject was difficult. Fr instance, if an bject’s name was meant t sund genderless, like Miuu, participants wuld still assign a gender t it — they wuld assume Miuu was a ‘he’ r ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, hwever: She believes that anthrpmrphism (拟人化) ‘prvides an pprtunity t change steretypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。
Passage 6
【2025北京卷】The call t “knw yurself” has been there since ancient times, but ur sense f self desn’t always match what thers perceive. Cnsidering the stries we tell abut urselves can help us t change ur minds fr better.
Fr many years psychlgists saw identity as a cmbinatin f smene’s values, beliefs, gals and scial rles. Then, in the 1980s, Bb Jhnsn created the life stry mdel f identity, in which he prpses that, as we g thrugh life, these cre features are built in with ur memries t create a persnal stry thrugh which we understand ur lives.
Our life stry is smething that starts cming tgether in ur teenage years, when we begin t rganise ur lives int chapters arund key events r life changes, and begin t see urselves as bth the central character and, t a varying extent, the stry’s authr. Peple with mre cnsistent stries tend t have a strnger sense f identity, and they feel their life has mre meaning, directin and sense f purpse. Such peple shw greater verall life satisfactin, t.
Jhnsn has als investigated the link between well-being and certain stry themes. He discvered that whether smene describes having had sme cntrl ver events in their past is an imprtant predictr f a persn’s mental health. Anther key theme invlves finding sme kind f psitive meaning after stressful events. “Peple culd talk abut gaining knwledge r persnal grwth,” says Jhnsn. His research shws that this is ften missing fr peple with mental health cnditins. The gd news is that there is evidence we can learn t change ur wn stry.
Lisa Green, anther researcher, sunds a few ntes f cautin (谨慎). Fr instance, hearing abut the pwer f redemptive (拯救性的) stries, many peple may feel frced t find a psitive angle n hrrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes peple t lk fr the silver lining behind every clud.
If yu want t turn ver a new leaf, thugh, ne tp tip is that it helps t chse a significant date that signals the start f a new “chapter”. Cntrary t ppular dubt, reslutins made n I January are mre effective fr this reasn. S, whether yur gal is saving mney r getting fit, there is n better time t becme the authr f ur wn destiny (命运).
31. What can be inferred abut persnal stries?
A. They are unrelated t health.B. Cnsistent nes lead t stress.
C They are relevant t happiness.D. Thematic nes hld back change.
32. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Talking abut gains frm failure is negative.B. New Year reslutins are well received.
C. The West tends t vervalue ptimism.D. Scial rles fail t be highlighted.
33. What des the authr mainly d in this passage?
A. Clarify a gal.B. Analyse an event.
C. Make a cmparisn.D. Illustrate an apprach.
34. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Hw self-identity wrks.B. Hw stry-tellers are made.
C. Hw persnal stries raise dubts.D. Hw timing affects persnal identity.
【答案】31. C 32. C 33. D 34. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系及如何改变个人故事。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Peple with mre cnsistent stries tend t have a strnger sense f identity, and they feel their life has mre meaning, directin and sense f purpse. Such peple shw greater verall life satisfactin, t. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes peple t lk fr the silver lining behind every clud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call t “knw yurself” has been there since ancient times, but ur sense f self desn’t always match what thers perceive. Cnsidering the stries we tell abut urselves can help us t change ur minds fr better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bb Jhnsn created the life stry mdel f identity, in which he prpses that, as we g thrugh life, these cre features are built in with ur memries t create a persnal stry thrugh which we understand ur lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Jhnsn has als investigated the link between well-being and certain stry themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据尤其是由文章第一段“The call t “knw yurself” has been there since ancient times, but ur sense f self desn’t always match what thers perceive. Cnsidering the stries we tell abut urselves can help us t change ur minds fr better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bb Jhnsn created the life stry mdel f identity, in which he prpses that, as we g thrugh life, these cre features are built in with ur memries t create a persnal stry thrugh which we understand ur lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Jhnsn has als investigated the link between well-being and certain stry themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“Hw self-identity wrks. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合题意。故选A。
2024年
Passage 1
【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
4. What can be learned abut cats' mewing frm the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill.B. It's taught by mther cats.
C. It's hard t interpret.D. It's getting luder with age.
5. Hw des a pet cat assess different situatins?
A. By listening fr sunds.B. By tuching familiar bjects.
C. By checking n smells.D. By cmmunicating with ther cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up ntch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perfrm apprpriately.B. Mve faster.C. Act strangely.D. D better.
7. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Tips n Finding a Smart CatB. Understanding Yur Cat's Behavir
C. Have Fun with Yur CatD. Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy
【答案】4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther’s attentin and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。
【6题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a ntch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
【7题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Yur Cat’s Behavir(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。
Passage 2
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race t dcument the species n Earth befre they g extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have cllected billins f recrds. Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. Thugh they are useful fr detecting shifts in the number and variety f species in an area, a new Stanfrd study has fund that this type f recrd is nt perfect.
“With the rise f technlgy it is easy fr peple t make bservatins f different species with the aid f a mbile applicatin,” said Barnabas Daru, wh is lead authr f the study and assistant prfessr f bilgy in the Stanfrd Schl f Humanities and Sciences. “These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable?”
Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number f bservatin-nly recrds did nt lead t better glbal cverage. Mrever, these data are biased and favr certain regins, time perids, and species. This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby. These data are als biased tward certain species with attractive r eye-catching features.
What can we d with the imperfect datasets f bidiversity?
“Quite a lt,” Daru explained. “Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places — and even species — that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image.”
32. What d we knw abut the recrds f species cllected nw?
A. They are becming utdated.B. They are mstly in electrnic frm.
C. They are limited in number.D. They are used fr public exhibitin.
33. What des Daru’s study fcus n?
A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.
C. Observatinal data.D. Mbile applicatins.
34. What has led t the biases accrding t the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Pr quality f upladed pictures.
C. Imprper way f sampling.D. Unreliable data cllectin devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestin fr bidiversity apps?
A. Review data frm certain areas.B. Hire experts t check the recrds.
C. Cnfirm the identity f the users.D. Give guidance t citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. (今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places — and even species — that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
Passage 3
【2024全国甲卷】The Saint Lukas train desn’t accept passengers—it accepts nly the sick. The Saint Lukas is ne f five gvernment-spnsred medical trains that travel t remte twns in central and eastern Russia. Each stp lasts an average f tw days, and during that time the dctrs and nurses n bard prvide rural(乡村)ppulatins with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptins.
“Peple started queuing t make an appintment early in the mrning,” says Emile Ducke, a German phtgrapher wh traveled with the staff f the Saint Lukas fr a tw-week trip in Nvember thrugh the vast regins(区域)f Krasnyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serius need f mdernizatin. The gvernment has struggled t cme up with measures t address the prblem, particularly in the prer, rural areas east f the Vlga River, including arranging dctr’s appintments by vide chat and expanding financial aid prgrams t mtivate dctrs t practice medicine in remte parts f the cuntry like Krasnyarsk.
The annual arrival f the Saint Lukas is anther attempt t imprve the situatin. Fr 10 mnths every year, the train stps at abut eight statins ver tw weeks, befre returning t the reginal capital t refuel and restck(补给). Then it starts all ver again the next mnth. Mst statins wait abut a year between visits.
Dctrs see up t 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allws fr basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the dctrs and their assistants wrking and living in such little space but still staying fcused and very cncerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance fr many rural peple t get the treatment they want. ”
8. Hw is the Saint Lukas different frm ther trains?
A. It runs acrss cuntries.B. It reserves seats fr the senirs.
C. It functins as a hspital.D. It travels alng a river.
9. What can we infer frm paragraph 3 abut Krasnyarsk?
A. It is heavily ppulated.B. It ffers training fr dctrs.
C. It is a mdern city.D. It needs medical aid.
10. Hw lng can the Saint Lukas wrk with ne supply?
A. Abut a year.B. Abut ten mnths.
C. Abut tw mnths.D. Abut tw weeks.
11. What is Ducke’s attitude tward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.B. DubtfulC. Ambiguus.D. Cautius.
【答案】8. C 9. D 10. D 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
【8题详解】
细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is ne f five gvernment-spnsred medical trains that travel t remte twns in central and eastern Russia. Each stp lasts an average f tw days, and during that time the dctrs and nurses n bard prvide rural(乡村)ppulatins with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptins. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。
【9题详解】
推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serius need f mdernizatin. The gvernment has struggled t cme up with measures t address the prblem, particularly in the prer, rural areas east f the Vlga River, including arranging dctr's appintments by vide chat and expanding financial aid prgrams t mtivate dctrs t practice medicine in remte parts f the cuntry like Krasnyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。
【10题详解】
细节理解题，根据第四段“Fr 10 mnths every year, the train stps at abut eight statins ver tw weeks, befre returning t the reginal capital t refuel and restck (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。
【11题详解】
推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the dctrs and their assistants wrking and living in such little space but still staying fcused and very cncerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance fr many rural peple t get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
Passage 4
【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
8. What can be learned abut BMF frm paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety f fd.B. It requires day-t-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-t-table distance.D. It relies n farmer’s markets.
9. What infrmatin des the cnvenient app ffer?
A. Real-time weather changes.B. Current cnditin f the plants.
C. Chemical pllutants in the sil.D. Availability f pre-seeded pds.
10. What can be cncluded abut BMF emplyees?
A. They have a great passin fr sprts.
B. They are devted t cmmunity service.
C. They are fnd f sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strng envirnmental awareness.
11. What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. BMF’s majr strengths.B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s glbal influence.D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. (此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
Passage5
【2024浙江1月卷】On September 7, 1991, the cstliest hailstrm (雹暴) in Canadian histry hit Calgary’s suthern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a grup f insurance cmpanies have spent abut $2millin per year n the Alberta Hail Suppressin Prject. Airplanes seed threatening strm cells with a chemical t make small ice crystals fall as rain befre they can grw int dangerus hailstnes. But farmers in east-central Alberta — dwnwind f the hail prject flights — wrry that precius misture (水分) is being stlen frm their thirsty land by the clud seeding.
Nrman Stienwand, wh farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings n this issue fr years “Basically, the prvincial gvernment is letting the insurance cmpanies prtect the Calgary-Edmntn urban area frm hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drught risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail prject is managed by Terry Krauss, a clud physicist wh wrks fr Weather Mdificatin Inc. f Farg, Nrth Dakta. “We affect nly a very small percentage f the ttal misture in the air, s we cannt be cusing drught.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the misture dwnwind by creating wetter grund.”
One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma. “In 1999, I persnally saw significant trnades (龙卷风) frm frm a seeded strm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Dswell says. “Des clud seeding create killer strms r reduce misture dwnwind? N ne really knws, f curse, but the seeding ges n.”
Given the degree f dubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it wuld be wise t stp clud seeding.” In practice, dubt has had the ppsite effect. Due t the lack f scientific prf cncerning their impacts, n ne has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against clud-seeding cmpanies. Hence, private climate engineering can prceed in relative legal safety.
8. What des the prject aim t d?
A. Cnserve misture in the sil.B. Prevent the frmatin f hailstnes.
C. Frecast disastrus hailstrms.D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
9. Wh are ppsed t the prject?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.B. Managers f insurance cmpanies.
C. Prvincial gvernment fficials.D. Residents f Calgary and Edmntn
10. Why des Dr. Dswell mentin the trnades he saw in 1999?
A. T cmpare different kinds f seeding methds.
B. T illustrate the develpment f big hailstrms.
C. T indicate a pssible danger f clud seeding.
D. T shw the link between strms and misture.
11. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have prved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The dubt abut clud seeding has disappeared.
D. Clud-seeding cmpanies will cntinue t exist.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a grup f insurance cmpanies have spent abut $2millin per year n the Alberta Hail Suppressin Prject. Airplanes seed threatening strm cells with a chemical t make small ice crystals fall as rain befre they can grw int dangerus hailstnes.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — dwnwind f the hail prject flights — wrry that precius misture (水分) is being stlen frm their thirsty land by the clud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma. “In 1999, I persnally saw significant trnades (龙卷风) frm frm a seeded strm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Dswell says. “Des clud seeding create killer strms r reduce misture dwnwind? N ne really knws, f curse, but the seeding ges n.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree f dubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it wuld be wise t stp clud seeding.” In practice, dubt has had the ppsite effect. Due t the lack f scientific prf cncerning their impacts, n ne has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against clud-seeding cmpanies. Hence, private climate engineering can prceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D项。
Passage 6
【2024北京卷】Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
Passage 7
【2024浙江1月卷】The Stanfrd marshmallw (棉花糖) test was riginally cnducted by psychlgist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged fur t six at a nursery schl were placed in a rm. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed n a table. Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat, they wuld be given a secnd treat. Then they were left alne in the rm. Fllw-up studies with the children later in life shwed a cnnect in between an ability t wait lng enugh t btain a secnd treat and varius frms f success.
As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day. We’ re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by ur cmputers, phnes, and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld, and ur brains develped a respnse mechanism t these treats that reflected their value — a feeling f reward and satisfactin. But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us, dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries, we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag, and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.
A similar prcess is at wrk in ur respnse t infrmatin. Our frmative envirnment as a species was infrmatin-pr, s ur brains develped a mechanism that prized new infrmatin. But glbal cnnectivity has greatly changed ur infrmatin envirnment. We are nw ceaselessly bmbarded (轰炸) with new infrmatin. Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.
12. What did the children need t d t get a secnd treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examinatin alne.B. Shw respect fr the researchers.
C. Share their treats with thers.D. Delay eating fr fifteen minutes.
13. Accrding t paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calrie-pr wrld and ur gd appetites
B. the shrtage f sugar and ur nutritinal needs
C. the rich fd supply and ur unchanged brains
D. the tempting fds and ur effrts t keep fit
14. What des the authr suggest readers d?
A. Absrb new infrmatin readily.B. Be selective infrmatin cnsumers.
C. Use diverse infrmatin surces.D. Prtect the infrmatin envirnment.
15. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Eat Less, Read MreB. The Bitter Truth abut Early Humans
C. The Later, the BetterD. The Marshmallw Test fr Grwnups
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat, they wuld be given a secnd treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us, dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries, we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag, and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day. We’ re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by ur cmputers, phnes, and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
2023年
Passage 1
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
8. What is the bk aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Slving philsphical prblems.D. Prmting the use f a digital device.
9. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
10. What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?
A. Theretical mdels.B. Statistical methds.
C. Practical examples.D. Histrical analyses.
11. What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?
A. Use them as needed.B. Recmmend them t friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
【9题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
Passage 2
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
12. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
14. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
Passage 3
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
8. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.
C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.
9. What are the selected artwrks abut?
A. Wealth and intellect.B. Hme and schl.
C. Bks and reading.D. Wrk and leisure.
10. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.B. Paint.
C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
11. What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. (Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
【10题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate t”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
Passage 4
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
12. What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A. Pcket parks are nw ppular.B. Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C. Many cities are verppulated.D. Peple enjy living clse t nature.
13. Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?
A. T cmpare different types f park-gers.B. T explain why the park attracts turists.
C. T analyze the main features f the park.D. T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
14. What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B. Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different frms.
D. The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
15. What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A. Language study.B. Envirnmental cnservatin.
C. Public educatin.D. Intercultural cmmunicatin.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
Passage 5
【2023年全国乙卷】What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
8. What d peple usually think f British fd?
A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutritin.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputatin.
9. Which best describes ckery prgramme n British TV?
A. Authritative.B. Creative.C. Prfitable.D. Influential.
10. Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?
A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.
11. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
【答案】8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。
Passage 6
【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the turists frm arund the wrld that fld int Yellwstne Natinal Park what they mst hpe t see, and their answer is ften the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range,” says bear bilgist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range int places where they haven’t been seen in a century r mre, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half f the U.S. was full f grizzlies when Eurpeans came, with a rugh number f 50,000 r mre living alngside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries f cruel and cntinuus hunting by settlers, 600 t 800 grizzlies remained n a mere 2 percent f their frmer range in the Nrthern Rckies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t de-list grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviusly, if precautins (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,” says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
32. Hw d Americans lk at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in peple.
B. They shuld be kept in natinal parks.
C. They are f high scientific value.
D. They are a symbl f American culture.
33. What has helped the increase f the grizzly ppulatin?
A The Eurpean settlers’ behavir.
B. The expansin f bears’ range.
C. The prtectin by law since 1975.
D. The supprt f Native Americans.
34. What has stpped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service frm de-listing grizzlies?
A. The ppsitin f cnservatin grups.
B. The successful cmeback f grizzlies.
C. The vice f the bilgists.
D. The lcal farmers’ advcates.
35. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Fd shuld be prvided fr grizzlies.
B. Peple can live in harmny with grizzlies.
C. A special path shuld be built fr grizzlies.
D. Technlgy can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Tday, there are abut 2, 000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t delist grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t delist grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviusly, if precautins aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,“ says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。
Passage 7
【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers.One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
28. The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A. draw a cmparisn
B. intrduce a tpic
C. evaluate a statement
D. highlight a prblem
29. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Climate change has been frgtten.
B. Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D. Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
30. What des the authr intend t tell us?
A. Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B. Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C. Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D. Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cle）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cle的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Cl的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been prved that peple have a bias(偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices(牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。
Passage 8
【2023年北京卷】What is life? Like mst great questins this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行线) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is .
A. supprtiveB. puzzledC. uncncernedD. dubtful
32. What des the wrd “enamred” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Shcked.B. Prtected.C. Attracted.D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. ALife hlds the key t human future.B. ALife and AI share a cmmn feature.
C. AI mirrrs the develpments f ALife.D. AI speeds up the prcess f human evlutin.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B. Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D. Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
【答案】31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
【32题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamred)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething: perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。
Passage 9
【2023年浙江1月卷】Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32．What d slar develpers ften ignre?
A．The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B．The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C．The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D．The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
33．What des InSPIRE aim t d?
A．Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B．Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C．Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D．Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
34．What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A．T cnserve pllinatrs.B．T restrict slar develpment.
C．T diversify the ecnmy.D．T ensure the supply f energy.
35．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB．Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD．Slar Farms: A New Develpment
【答案】32．B 33．C 34．A 35．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项.