高考英语二轮-阅读理解议论文攻略（专项训练）（北京专用）（原卷版）

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解议论文攻略（专项训练）（北京专用）（原卷版），共46页。
TOC \ "1-2" \h \u \l "_Tc17943" 01 课标达标练
\l "_Tc22251" 考向01 议论文高频考点
\l "_Tc2717" 考向02 议论文低频考点
\l "_Tc20184" 02 核心突破练
\l "_Tc5699" 03 真题溯源练
考向01 议论文高频考点
Passage 01
（2025年·西城·二模）A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need t “accelerate breakthrughs in research and technlgy.” Sme f this discussin was mtivated by the climate emergency, sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in varius cnversatins, it seemed t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster.
The WEF meeting tk place just tw weeks after Harvard University President Claudine Gay stepped dwn after cmplaints were made abut her plitical science schlarship. Gay’s trubles came after Stanfrd University President Marc Tessier Lavigne stepped dwn, after an internal investigatin cncluded that his neurscience research had “multiple prblems” and “fell belw custmary standards f scientific rigr.” Althugh it may be impssible t determine just hw widespread such prblems really are, it’s hard t imagine that the phenmenn f high-prfile schlars crrecting and withdrawing papers has nt had a negative impact n public trust in science and perhaps in experts bradly.
In recent years we’ve seen imprtant papers withdrawn because f questinable data r methds. In ne interesting case, Frances H. Arnld, wh shared the 2018Nbel Prize in Chemistry, vluntarily withdrew a paper when her lab was unable t reprduce her results — but after the paper had been published. In an pen aplgy, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did nt d my jb well.” Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin: Are schlars at highly cmpetitive places such as Harvard and Standfrd rushing t publishing rather than taking the time t d their wrk right?
It’s impssible t answer this questin scientifically because there’s n scientific definitin f what cnstitutes “rushing”. But there’s little dubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under enrmus pressure t prduce results — and a lt f them — quickly. Hwever, nearly a century passed between bichemist Friedrich Miescher’s identificatin f the DNA mlecule and suggestin that it might be invlved in inheritance (遗传) and the clarificatin f its duble-helix (双螺旋) structure in the 1950s. And it tk just abut half a century fr gelgists and gephysicists t accept Alfred Wegener’s idea f cntinental drift (漂移).
There’s plenty f circumstantial evidence that scientists and ther schlars are pushing results ut far faster than they used t. One recent study put the number at mre than seven millin a year, cmpared with fewer than a millin as recently as 1980. Anther study fund 265 academic authrs — tw thirds f whm were in the medical and life sciences — published a paper every five days n average. The numbers suggest that the research wrld has priritized quantity ver quality. Researchers may need t slw dwn — nt speed up — if we are t prduce knwledge wrthy f trust.
31. What des the wrd “rigr” underlined in Paragraph 2 mst prbably mean?
A. Quickness and cnvenience.B. Flexibility and penness.
C. Strictness and precisin.D. Fame and ppularity.
32. DNA and cntinental drift are examples t demnstrate that _______.
A. gd science takes timeB. science advances with time
C. research acrss disciplines is neededD. breakthrughs seldm happen by chance
33. Which f the fllwing situatins can best reflect the authr’s cncern?
A. A researcher fails t prduce evidence fr his paper.
B. A university lses yung talent due t a lack f funding.
C. An editr verlks the errrs in a writer’s research methds.
D. A schlar publishes a paper with limited data t gain recgnitin.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. The Danger f Fast Science
B. The Battle between Quality and Quantity
C. The Crisis amng Tp Scientists
D. The Principle behind Research Assessments
Passage 02
（2025年·东城·二模）
Have yu ever felt as thugh the temperatures yur lcal weather app reprted failed t capture hw it felt utside? Well, yu were right. As heat waves becme mre intense and mre frequent, we need t change the way we think abut utdr temperatures. What matters is nt hw ht the air is but hw ht the weather is t a human bdy. Fr that, we need “wet-bulb glbe temperature”.
Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic rganizatins, the military and regulatrs have used fr decades, cmes frm a device with three thermmeters t better capture hw heat stresses the bdy The first is a basic thermmeter, which measures the air temperature. The secnd is a thermmeter inside a black ball, which captures the heat ur bdies absrb frm direct sunlight. The third is a thermmeter cvered in a wet clth, mimicking ur bdy’s ability t cl itself with sweat and accunting fr factrs such as humidity (湿度) and air mvement. The three readings are cmbined using a weighting system t prduce the wet-bulb temperature.
Wet-bulb temperature might sund like the “heat index” — that is, when yur lcal weatherpersn says, “It’s 90 degrees, but it’s ging t feel like 98 because f humidity” — and there are similarities. But there are als critical differences.
The heat index assumes yu’re in the shade and resting, but being in direct sunlight can add 15 degrees t the heat index. One way t understand the value f using wet temperatures is t lk at maps cmparing them with the mre familiar “dry” temperatures. Take Fresn, Calif., which is frecast-t reach 102 degrees. But humidity is lw, s the crrespnding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New Yrk City, fr cmparisn, is frecast t be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making cnditins even mre dangerus than in Fresn.
Dn’t get me wrng. I just want t stress that we cannt ignre the even mre dangerus weather happening elsewhere that might be less bvius. Of curse, it will take time fr the public t becme familiar with wet-bulb temperatures. The dwnside is that, because they are generally lwer than dry temperatures r the heat index, peple culd misinterpret them. The slutin is t educate peple abut why they’re necessary.
Plicymakers have strategies t prtect against extreme heat. Fr example, Prtland, Ore, has begun distributing free air cnditiners. Simple infrastructure enhancements such as white rfs can reflect the sun’s heat and incming slar radiatin. And planting mre trees adjacent t buildings helps reduce temperatures and heat deaths.
But these measures matter nly if peple and cmpanies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. The gal shuld be t help peple experiencing extreme heat t prtect themselves. We have the tls t measure this crrectly; we just need t use them.
27. What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The develpment f high-tech thermmeters.
B. The measurement f wet-bulb temperature.
C. The standard f temperature classificatin.
D. The applicatin f a weighting system.
28. It is implied in this passage that ______.
A. dry temperatures can be misleading
B. wet temperature is higher than heat index
C. intense heat paired with lw humidity can be risky
D. ptential dangers f extreme heat shuld be stressed
29. As fr current heat-fighting strategies, the authr thinks ______.
A. they may fail t deliver
B. they shuld be mnitred
C. they ught t be diversified
D. they can raise heat awareness
30. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T illustrate a cnceptB. T make a cmparisn.
C. T prpse a practice. D. T present a phenmenn
Passage 03
（2025年·东城·二模） Fr almst tw centuries, newspapers have been n a jurney int the mass market which gave them scale, reputatin and prfit but which has nw reached its end. They mstly abandned dependence n subscriptins and instead sld belw prductin cst as a way t attract readers t sell t advertisers.
Since the Internet tk ff, the print media’s advertising-supprted business mdel has suffered. In the past 20 years, newspapers’ ad prfits have fallen by abut 80%, while circulatin has rughly fallen by half. Thugh nline traffic has risen, prfit frm digital advertising has failed t ffset (抵消) the prfit draining ut f print. “Platfrms have becme the new kings f the media landscape,” says the Cmpetitin and Markets Authrity, a regulatr.
This pwer shift has led newspapers in many cuntries t turn t authrities fr help. Partly because they have, by their very nature, a lud vice, they have generated sympathy. Hw much they deserve it is anther matter.
The wrld is filled with businesses trn apart by the digital revlutin withut anyne rushing t the rescue. Why are newspapers different? One argument is that a thriving press supprts grass-rts jurnalism, which, thugh ften lss-making, supprts fairness and equality. That is reasnable. Yet it is mixed with ther mtivatins, such as the desire t chke the tech giants. The result is a range f interventins aimed at putting the pressure n big tech.
Mindful f the utcry, big tech is ffering a handut, prmising $1bn ver three years t newspapers t prvide news cntent fr its site. Sme publishers saw it as an unstated admissin that big tech shuld pay fr news.
If anything, the gratitude fr big tech’s genersity shws hw desperate newspapers are fr payment f any kind. Mre t the pint, it will nt change the underlying ecnmics f the glbal newspaper industry. That is because the ad-funded business mdel was living n fumes even befre the Internet ate the wrld this century. Data shw that newspapers have been lsing share f ad dllars t TV since the 1950s — lng befre the web. Circulatin has als fallen relative t ppulatin, suggesting that prfits were supprted by ecnmic and ppulatin grwth, nt because the industry was prducing a mre ppular prduct.
Claims that the tech giants are rbbing newspapers fr prfit sund far-fetched, t. The real failure is that papers have lst cntrl f distributin t platfrms, making it harder t mnetise the traffic. This is a mistake sme cntent industries, such as vide-streaming and music, have avided. Mrever, sme f the advertising dllars made by big tech came frm bringing new firms int the market, rather than taking nline advertisers frm newspapers.
S ignre the cmplaining f ld-media cmpanies in distress and lk instead at hw sme newspapers have already adapted t the digital invasin. Als sme digital publicatins with a newswrthy fcus are thriving. The questin f wh pays fr public-interest jurnalism remains unanswered. But few think it ught t be tech giants. That wuld “undermine the principles f an independent press”.
31. Why des the authr cite the statistics in Paragraph 2?
A. T prve the decline f print media.
B. T emphasize the ppularity f platfrms.
C. T indicate the imprtance f digital advertising.
D. T demnstrate the incnsistency in subscriptins.
32. The underlined phrase “was living n fumes” in Paragraph 6 prbably means ______.
A. was taking ffB. was mving frward
C. was falling apartD. was struggling alng
33. Which f the fllwing may the authr agree with?
A. The platfrm shuld supprt grass-rts jurnalism.
B. The ld media shuld prduce marketable prducts.
C. New nline advertisers shuld be intrduced.
D. Effective interventins shuld be made.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Where is the Digital Age leading the press?
B. Are nline platfrms really a way ut?
C. Hw the Internet impacts ld media?
D. Shuld big tech save newspapers?
Passage 04
（2025年·朝阳·二模）
Chink salmn and their habitats in Seattle’s Thrntn Creek suffered severely due t urban expansin, causing flash flds and bidiversity lss. Despite restratin effrts, the nce-abundant salmn all but disappeared. During a cnference, bilgist Katherine Lynch prpsed rebuilding the creek’s missing “liver” damaged by urbanizatin.
Lynch has been studying the hyprheic zne, a layer f wet sediment (沉积物), small stnes and tiny creatures beneath the streambed. It facilitates water mixing and xygen delivery t salmn eggs, earning the nickname “liver f the river.” The disappearance f this zne threatens the health f waterways. Lynch recgnized that, hwever, mst restratin effrts in Seattle verlked it r discnnected it frm the surface water.
Teamed with engineer Mike Hrachvec, Lynch redesigned Thrntn Creek. They strategically put lgs int the water at precise angles t create tiny waterfalls and nearly still water pckets, generating hydraulic pressure t frce water dwn int the hyprheic zne. These accurately placed lgs and rcks, knwn as “hyprheic structures,” als create pckets f slw water that prvide safe shelters fr juvenile fish — all meant t emulate features f a natural stream. Subsequent data analysis cnfirmed the stream functined as Lynch’s team — and nature — intended.
But was the stream als supprting life? Given that the stne and sand psitined were sterile (贫瘠的) territry, Lynch thught that a bilgical jumpstart might be necessary and that the return f life t restred creeks relied n rganisms migrating frm healthy upstream habitats. S her team tried anther grund-breaking mve: inculating (接种) the engineered hyprheic zne with micrbes (微生物), which quickly ppulated the areas. But even thugh the number f individuals was high, the bidiversity was relatively lw. A 2021 study by stream eclgist Sarah Mrley nted that while a few f the new species grew rapidly, mst were similar t thse in unrestred sectin. Scientists are explring reasns fr the limited survival f intrduced species, and because this science is s new, they have nt ruled ut any ptential explanatins: differences in the dnr stream, size f the restred area, r pr water quality. They might have inculated the hyprheic t sn, befre essential vegetatin culd establish.
The Thrntn Creek restratins have successfully prevented neighburhd flding, even during heavy strms, and stabilized the stream’s flw. Mst ntably, Chink salmn returned t lay eggs in the restred hyprheic znes, tuching Lynch deeply. She recalls, “this success suggests that small urban creek restratins can revitalize functining ecsystems.”
28. What des the underlined wrd “emulate” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Recrd.B. Cpy.C. Mnitr.D. Transfrm.
29 What can be inferred abut the micrbial inculatin in Thrntn Creek?
A. It intrduced essential vegetatin.B. It restred the riginal bidiversity.
C. It increased the ttal quantity f micrbes.D. It surced micrbes frm dwnstream habitats.
30. What can we learn frm Lynch’s restratin prject?
A. It fcused n increasing water xygen levels.
B. It recreated the cnditins f the dnr stream.
C It remved human-made structures frm the creek.
D. It integrated physical redesign with bi-interventin.
31. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. T Revive a River, Restre Its Liver.
B. Urbanizatin: A Silent Killer f a River.
C. Chink Salmn Bst the Diversity f Ecsystems.
D. What Makes the Hyprheic Zne Vital fr Restratin?.
Passage 05
（2025年·丰台·二模） In ecnmic theries, peple are typically represented as analytical agents wh learn frm past experiences t ptimize (优化) their perfrmance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they knw hw t maximise their earnings. This assumptin surprised Garnier Brun at Écle Plytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactins in nature such as thse between atms ften result in chas rather than stability.
T test whether ecnmists are crrect t assume that learning frm the past can help peple avid chas, Brun and his clleagues devised a mathematical mde fr a game featuring hundreds f simulated players. Each player can chse between tw actins, like buying r selling a stck. They als interact with each ther, and the players’ decisin-making is influenced by what they have dne befre — meaning they are able t learn frm experience. The researchers culd adjust the precise extent t which a player’s past experiences influenced their subsequent decisin-making. They culd als cntrl the interactins between the players t make them either cperate r cmpete with each ther mre.
With all these cntrl knbs available t them, Brun and his clleagues used methds frm statistical physics t simulate different game situatins n a cmputer. In sme situatins, the researchers expected that the game wuld always result in chas, with players unable t learn hw t ptimise their perfrmance. Ecnmic thery wuld als suggest that, given the right set f parameters (参数), the players wuld settle int a stable state where they had mastered the game — but the researchers fund this wasn’t really the case. The mst likely utcme was a state that never settled.
Team member Jean Martin, als at Écle Plytechnique, says that, in the absence f ne centralised and all-knwing player wh culd crdinate everyne, regular players culd nly learn hw t reach “satisficing” states. That is a level that satisfied minimum expectatins, but nt much mre. Players gained mre than they wuld have dne by playing at randm, s learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they wuld have if past experience had allwed them t truly ptimise their perfrmance.
Martin says the game mdel is t simple t be immediately adpted fr making real-wrld predictins, but she sees the study as a challenge t ecnmists t drp many assumptins that currently g int therising prcesses, like merchants chsing suppliers r banks setting interest rates. The finding culd als be imprtant fr simulating prcesses like fraging decisins by animals r fr sme machine-learning applicatins, says Tby Galla at the Institute fr Crss-Disciplinary Physics and Cmplex Systems in Spain.
27. Accrding t the passage, what inspired Brun t carry ut the study?
A. The belief that chas is a cmmn utcme in natural systems.
B. The cnflicts between ecnmic theries and interactins in nature.
C. The similarities in interactin patterns between atms and humans.
D. The inability f ecnmic theries t predict individual behaviurs.
28. What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The research purpse.B. The research subjects.
C. The research methds.D. The research directin.
29. What can we infer frm Martin’s wrds?
A. The “satisficing” state is an ideal utcme fr players in the game.
B. Players can reach ptimal perfrmance with enugh past experiences.
C. Centralised cntrl is essential fr players t reach their full ptential.
D. Learning frm past experiences isn’t sufficient t maximise ne’s gains.
30. What can be the best title f the passage?
A. Ecnmic Theries: Are They Reliable in Predicting Stability?
B. Learning frm Mistakes: The Key t Optimal Decisin-Making.
C. A Mathematical Mdel: Breaking Ecnmic Stability Assumptins.
D. Game Mdel Findings: Spreading Influence Acrss Multiple Disciplines.
Passage 06
（2025年·昌平·二模） Micrsft Excel’s aut-crrectin has lng annyed casual users. Dashes (破折号) befre lists f numbers are misread as a minus sign. Phne numbers lse their leading zeres. Credit-card numbers get re-expressed in scientific ntatin, like 1.30521E + 17.
Geneticists struggle with a particular versin f this prblem. A gene (基因) called Membrane Assciated Ring-CH-type finger 1, cmmnly knwn as MARCH1, is, fr instance, frequently re-encded as the date March 1. Smething similar happens t genes in the Septin family, f which SEPT1 is a member, and t Basic Helix-Lp-Helix Family Member E41, ften knwn as DEC2.
This prblem was first nticed in 2004, but was brught t wider attentin in 2016 by Mark Ziemann f Deakin University, in Australia. By surveying 166,000 genmics-related papers published between 2014 and 2020, he and his c-authrs shwed that the number f papers using Excel has steadily increased, and the prprtin with aut-crrect errrs is at arund 30%.
Errrs have als been flagged by researchers in ther languages. In Prtuguese, fr instance, AGO2 (Argnaute RISC Catalytic Cmpnent 2) rebrands itself as Agst 2. Dutch users experience prblems with MEII (Meitic Duble-Stranded Break Frmatin Prtein 1), “Mei” being the Dutch fr “May”. And geneticists in Finland, where the first mnth f the year is called Tammikuu, find TAMM41 encding itself as 41st f January.
This cntinuing state f affairs is surprising. In August 2020, the cmmittee which standardises gene names renamed thse beginning MARC, MARCH and SEPT t begin MTARC, MARCHF and SEPTIN, and rebranded DEC1 as DELEC1. Other prblematic gene names remained, but this was widely seen as a step in the right directin. Dr Zieman’s latest paper, thugh, suggests that few researchers have taken it.
Such errrs ften seem amusing rather than dangerus. But they reflect a deeper prblem, which is that spreadsheets allw such silent errrs, t well camuflaged fr authrs r their editrs t spt, t g undetected fr years. T stp this, Dr Ziemann recmmends researchers abandn sftware like Excel in favr f scheduled cde written with scientific applicatins in mind. Such prgrams are mre difficult t be autcrrected and easier t examine. Whether his advice will be taken this time remains t be seen.
28. As fr Excel’s aut-crrect issue, which statement might Dr Ziemann agree with?
A. Switching t science-specific cding tls.
B. Relying n Excel’s advanced functin.
C. Adpting the renamed gene terms.
D. Aviding aut-crrect in papers.
29. What des the underlined wrd “camuflaged” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A. Decrated deliberately.B. Hidden unnticeably.
C. Crrected autmatically.D. Increased sharply.
30. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T emphasize the drawback f autcrrectin in scientific research.
B. T explain a prblem-slving prcedure fr autcrrectin.
C. T recmmend a new sftware t replace Excel.
D. T advcate a campaign t abandn Excel.
Passage 07
（2025年·昌平·二模） Of the many patients wh need an rgan frm a dnr, 90% g withut. Abut 240 millin peple live with rare genetic discases, mst f which cannt be treated. Each year pr diets cause mre than 10 millin early deaths. Suffering n such an immense scale can appear hpeless. Hwever, a technique called CRISPR gene editing prmises t help deal with these issues and many mre and prper regulatin can help it develp.
CRISPR is like an editr fr DNA. It can rewrite DNA, remving harmful mutatins (突变) r adding prtective nes. This summer, clinical trials (试验) will start n pig rgans edited fr human transplants. Last year, the first new treatment went n the market. It seemingly cures sickle- cell disease and beta-thalassemia, tw bld disrders that affect millins. If nging trials succeed, a ne-time treatment might prtect against heart attacks fr life. CRISPR can als help farming. It can increase utputs r prtect crps frm climate change. Sn, cnsumers may get healthier, tastier fds.
But nw is a crucial time. Since its discvery in 2012, CRISPR has replaced ld, less-effective ideas. Gene treatment, which uses viruses t insert genes, can treat rare genetic diseases but is expensive. Genetically mdified (GM) crps, which brrw genes frm ther species, face ppsitin in Eurpe. CRISPR ffers a new way. But t succeed, it needs cntinuus investment, which means achieving real-wrld successes. Fr this t happen, scientists must shw they can get CRISPR int mre bdy cells easily and cheaply. If it can create persnalized treatments fr individual mutatins, it will be even mre useful. This requires new science and better regulatin.
Current regulatins fr rare-disease drugs aren’t suitable fr new medicines. They stp patients frm getting new treatments. Develping drugs fr small grups has always been hard, and many CRISPR cmpanies are struggling. But CRISPR is prgrammable, s the same drug can target different mutatins. If safety testing and manufacturing standards are lsened, small-batch drugs fr rare diseases can be made mre cheaply. Fr patients wh may die befre drug apprval, this is a gd trade-ff.
Agriculture als needs refrm. In many regins, gene-edited fds are regulated like GM fds, thugh they’re different. Gene-edited plants have their wn genes adjusted, nt genes frm ther species. Britain plans t pass new, lser laws fr gene-edited fds t address climate change threats t fd security. But public trust in regulatrs and scientists culd be a prblem.
31. What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A. The challenges and requirements fr CRISPR’s success.
B. The differences between CRISPR and GM farming.
C. The ecnmic benefits f genetic engineering.
D. The histry f CRISPR develpment.
32. What can be inferred abut current safety testing standards?
A. They are unnecessary fr CRISPR treatments.
B. They delay treatment access fr urgent cases.
C. They ensure cmplete safety fr all patients.
D. They fcus nly n agricultural prducts.
33. As fr CRISPR gene editing, the authr is ______.
A. criticalB. dubtfulC. indifferentD. psitive
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. CRISPR: Medical Breakthrughs and Funding Shrtages.
B. CRISPR: Public Distrust in Agricultural Innvatin.
C. CRISPR: Ptential and Regulatry Adaptatin.
D. CRISPR: Limitatins in Current Applicatins.
考向02 议论文低频考点
Passage 01
（2025年·西城·二模）The human being is a “scial animal,” as Aristtle suggested. We have a fundamental need t belng. Yet we find urselves in the middle f an epidemic f lneliness and islatin. Hw, then, might we encurage the feelings f cnnectedness that are s crucial t ur well-being?
Over the past several years, my clleagues and I have cnducted scientific studies suggesting that experiential purchases tend t bring peple mre happiness than material nes. In recent research, we investigated anther dwnstream cnsequence f spending n experiences rather than things: it can prmte a greater sense f scial cnnectin.
We cnducted a series f 13 experiments invlving 1,980 participants. We asked peple t think abut either experiential r material purchases they had made and then rate their thughts and feelings abut thse purchases n nine-pint scales. In sme f ur studies, peple reprted feeling mre cnnectin with smene wh had made the same experiential purchase than smene wh had made the same material purchase. This reflects the fact that experiential purchases are mre central t an individual’s identity: ur data shw that peple feel mre similar t and mre cnnectin with smene wh purchases the same experience as them because they believe this kind f cnsumptin tends t represent mre f ne’s true, essential sense f self.
These findings apply even when peple think abut hw their experiences differ. Knwing that anther persn has a better versin f what yu have can create a sense f scial distance. What we bserve, hwever, is that this distance feels less wide when it cmes t experiential purchases cmpared with material nes.
We als discvered that experiential cnsumptin fsters (促进) a sense f scial cnnectedness mre bradly, nt just t thse wh have made a similar purchase. Peple wh reflected n experiences they had acquired — rather than material gds — reprted a brader sense f cnnectin t humanity.
Finally, we fund that after peple think abut a fulfilling experience, they express a greater desire t engage in scial activities than they d after they reflect n an imprtant pssessin. Experiences cnnect us with thers, and they prvide memries f such cnnectin that peple can revisit. These memries, in turn, can encurage engagement in even mre sciality.
One clear takeaway frm this research — like the many studies n experiential spending and happiness dne t date — is that peple wuld likely be wise t increase their spending n “ding” rather than “having.” But ur wrk pints t anther implicatin as well. Cmmunities culd benefit in many ways frm encuraging experiential pursuits. Plicymakers can supprt access t public parks, beaches and museums, fr example. Imprved funding fr the arts and perfrmance spaces can be a way fr cmmunities t ensure that shared experiences cntinue t bring peple tgether. Directing resurces tward mre cmmunity engagement might prmte imprvements in scietal well-being.
28. What can be learned abut experiential purchases?
A. They effectively prevent scial distancing.B. They prmte invlvement in scial events.
C. They allw peple t discver their true selves.D. They reduce the likelihd f scial cmparisn.
29. Accrding t the passage, plicymakers had better _______.
A. address the funding challenges f cmmunitiesB. advcate the imprtance f scial well-being
C. priritize the cnstructin f public spacesD. finance lcal cultural events and festivals
30. What is the purpse f this passage?
A. T argue against materialism in mdern sciety.
B. T suggest ways t reduce lneliness and islatin.
C. T cmpare the ecnmic value f gds and experiences.
D. T shw hw experiences bst cnnectin and well-being.
Passage 02
（2025年·朝阳·二模）Bks are abut t becme a little less “Impressive!”, “Appealing!” and “Spellbinding!”. Fewer still will ffer a “tur de frce” (whatever ne f thse might be). That is because Simn & Schuster, an American publisher, has decided t stp ding bk blurbs ( als called “puffs” in Britain) — thse invited cmments frm ther authrs n the back f bks. They are, says Sean Manning, the cmpany’s publisher, “very awkward”.
The prblem with blurbs is that there is always a need t publicly evaluate bks. It is a fact in the life f a writer that if ne publicly publishes, ne is ging t be publicly judged. When negative, such judgments can be painful, when stupid, it can be maddening, but when psitive, it can als be a jyful, supprtive mment. Hwever, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) respnses.
The style f a puff is, as the name suggests, breathless. Smene might declare a bk “authritative”; anther, “unputdwnable”; and a third, “If yu can read this bk withut screaming with excitement, yur sul is dead”. Yu feel guilty, wrte Gerge Orwell, when yu are in the library and “fail t scream with delight”. Als, in thery blurbs are testament t an authr’s narrative skills. In truth they are a testament t their scial nes: they ften reflect arm-twisting rather than artistry. Literary heavyweights hate giving them. “We wuld as sn sell ur tears fr lemn-drps”, wrte Nathaniel Parker Willis, a pet, than thus “spil ne f the truthful adjectives in the wrld”. New authrs struggle t get blurbs, which is partly why Simn & Schuster is giving them up.
Blurbs mre ften exemplify the very bad writing. Many are less written than pieced up frm stck phrases — “A heartbreaking, unputdwnable page-turner!” — with an exclamatin mark at the end. This makes them exhausting t read! There has been hnest cpy n dust jackets — T. S. Elit’s descriptin f Luis MacNeice, a fellw pet, infrmed readers that “His wrk is accessible but unppular” — but it is t rare.
It turns ut that the habit f using wrds like “unputdwnable” is itself quite putdwnable. Mr. Manning says his editrs will use the time they save n chasing qutes t instead prduce gd bks. Nt, nte, “charming” r “absrbing” bks but simply “the best bks pssible”. It is an admirably mdest aim.
32. What can we learn abut blurbs?
A. They serve the interest f bk writers.B. They guarantee legitimate respnses.
C. New authrs are sick f writing them.D. Readers feel guilty after reading them.
33. The authr uses Elit’s example mainly t ____________.
A. advcate the riginality in blurbsB. clarify a miscnceptin abut blurbs
C. distinguish the varius types f current blurbsD. suggest the widespread presence f dishnest blurbs
34. What can we infer frm the passage?
A. Blurbs are self-defeating.B. There is n need fr blurbs.
C. Blurbs prmte scial skills.D. Established authrs favr blurbs.
Passage 03
（2025年·丰台·二模） In an era f big research, having cnfidence in scientists, individually r cllectively, invlves trade-ffs. Science is ideally built n evidence but in reality, fr mst peple, it is based n trust. Scientific evidence is hard t access. Jurnals are difficult t get and their articles, written in specialised language, are nly understandable t a few field experts. S, we trust experts’ results withut being able t questin them urselves, believing that if needed, smene knwledgeable will.
Histrically, the reputatin f individual scientists has been imprtant in facilitating the spread f scıentific theries and discveries. If a scientist is, r can appear t be, trustwrthy, s might that scientist’s ideas.
This can lead t dd cnsequences. Recgnisable scientists receive mre credit and trust, while unrecgnisable scientists ften have their wrk verlked. The histry f science is filled with cases where basic papers written by relatively unknwn scientists were neglected fr years. Cnsider the case f Jseph Furier, whse classic paper n the prpagatin f heat had t wait 13 years t be published.
Since recgnisable scientists receive disprprtinate (不成比例的) credit, their names becme disprprtinately assciated with discveries. Statistics prfessr Stephen Stigler frmulated “Stigler’s law f epnymy” (斯蒂格勒命名法则), stating n scientific discvery is named after its riginal discverer. Fr instance, Pythagras wasn't the first t discver the Pythagrean therem, nr was Edwin Hubble the first t frmulate Hubble’s law.
Hwever, mdern science perates differently. Large cllabrative (合作的) prjects ften prduce papers with hundreds f authrs. The recrd fr the number f authrs n a single scientific paper is currently 5,154. Furthermre, an editrial bard cmpsed f prject grup members actually wrte the papers. The papers were then placed n an electrnic bulletin bard fr criticism and cmment by all. Sme massive cllabrative prjects cnstantly maintain authr lists f hundreds f names, which are autmatically submitted n every publicatin.
If we can’t identify the thusands in big science prjects r knw their actual authrs, wh d we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless f the individual scıentists’ integrity. We trust the rganisatins that are cnsidered scientific. Any clickbait news articles with “Science Says” in the title shw this shift frm trusting individuals t trusting the scientific enterprise.
This shift t trusting “science” itself has risks. Misidentifying experts r trusting dishnest nes can abuse scientific erdibility. A striking example is Merchants f Dubt, where experts hid truths abut acid rain and glbal warming. Authrship, then, serves ne last functin, which in sme cases nly benefits the histrian like me: accuntability.
31. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. The mral issues in scientific authrship and accuntability.
B. The rle f individual scientists in mdern scientific research.
C. The evlutin f trust in science frm individuals t enterprises.
D. The challenges f cnfirming scientific evidence in the digital age.
32. Why is “Stigler’s law f epnymy” mentined?
A. T justify an argument.B. T intrduce an apprach.
C. T challenge a cnventin.D. T evaluate an assumptin.
33. Accrding t the passage, the authr may agree that ________.
A. mdern science cllabratin challenges the trust in individual scientists
B. the current trend f trusting science verlks scientists’ sacrifices
C. authrship ught t be funded upn intellectual cntributins
D. it is vital t identify the authrs f large-scale science prjects
34. What is the authr’s attitude twards the shift t trusting science itself?
A. Sympathetic.B. Cautius.C. Disapprving.D. Puzzied.
题型一 完形填空
Clze 01
（2025·北京附中·高三下开学考）When I was a child, after bedtime I wuld ften get ut f my bed in my pajamas, g t the windw and stare at the stars. I had s many questins. Hw far away were thse tiny pints f 1 ? Did space g n frever and ever?
When I grew up, I became a prfessinal astrphysicist (天体物理学家), but these questins cntinued t challenge and 2 me in my scientific research, causing me t live n bread and n sleep fr days at a time while I was 3 with a science prblem.
Einstein nce wrte that “the mst beautiful experience we can have is the mysterius. It is the fundamental emtin which 4 true art and true science.” What did Einstein mean by “the mysterius?” I dn’t think he meant that science is full f unknwable frces. I think that he meant a sense f 5 , a sense that there are things larger than us, that we d nt have all the answers at this mment. A sense that we can stand right at the bundary between the knwn and the unknwn and gaze int the 6 and be jyful rather than frightened.
Scientists are happy, f curse, when they find answers t questins. But scientists are als happy when they becme 7 , when they discver interesting questins that they cannt answer. Because that is when their imaginatins and creativity are 8 n fire. That is when the greatest prgress ccurs.
One f the ultimate gals in physics is t find the s-called “thery f everything”: the final thery that will 9 all the essential laws f nature. Hwever, I hpe that we never find that final thery. I hpe that there are always things that we dn’t knw—abut the physical wrld as well as abut urselves. I believe in the creative 10 f the unknwn. I believe in the jy f standing at the bundary between the knwn and the unknwn. I believe in the unanswered questins f children.
1．A．clrB．lightC．infrmatinD．difference
2．A．cnsumeB．limitC．driveD．apprve
3．A．cncernedB．delightedC．strictD．bsessed
4．A．releasesB．limitsC．distinguishesD．nurtures
5．A．aweB．achievementC．urgencyD．belnging
6．A．futureB．mysteryC．distanceD．space
7．A．admirableB．realisticC．cmpetitiveD．stuck
8．A．lightedB．setC．fundD．built
9．A．cverB．questinC．evaluateD．innvate
10．A．writingB．expressinC．pwerD．enthusiasm
Clze 02
（2025·北京师大第二附属中学·高三下开学考）I can still remember it like it was yesterday. My children were still yung and we gt int ur beat-up ld car with a cassette (磁带) player t g grcery shpping. We had a case full f cassettes in the 1 that we wuld listen t when the radi didn’t cme in clear. This day we arrived at the stre, gt grceries and came back t the car nly t find that the case full f cassettes was 2 . Smebdy had stlen it.
The kids were 3 , but fr sme reasn, I 4 laughing. I imagined the thief pening the case. There were a few decade-ld cassettes frm my cllege days, and the rest f them were hmemade tapes where we had recrded sngs the kids and I liked frm the radi. 5 the thief’s disappinted face in my mind, I laughed again. When I shared my thughts with the kids, they immediately laughed t Fr weeks t cme whenever we listened t the car radi r played the ne cassette that was still in the player we wuld laugh again thinking abut ur stlen “treasures” and the sad thief.
I believe it was ur way t 6 ur anger at the thief and wish him well. By frgiving, we freed ur hearts frm 7 and let g f ur 8 t the lst cassettes, accepting the pwer f lve.
Frgiving the thief was a small 9 , but faith calls n us t 10 in smething big even while ding smething small. May yur days be filled with faith, frgiveness, laughter, and lve. Share yur sul’s music and heart’s lve with all yu meet.
1．A．btB．rfC．drD．engine
2．A．brkenB．repairedC．gneD．fund
3．A．ashamedB．shckedC．embarrassedD．amused
4．A．burst utB．gave upC．ended upD．carried n
5．A．KeepingB．PicturingC．FrgettingD．Ignring
6．A．cntainB．releaseC．increaseD．channel
7．A．lveB．hateC．jyD．wrry
8．A．attachmentB．accessC．additinD．alternative
9．A．dutyB．actC．prmiseD．trick
10．A．cmpeteB．specializeC．engageD．succeed
题型二 语法填空
（24-25高三上·北京东城·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Self-checkut machines are meant t prvide custmers with a faster and 1 (smth) shpping experience and eliminate lng lines at the register. Many peple prefer t scan and bag their wn 2 (item) and zip thrugh the transactin with great ease. At the same time, hwever, many custmers cmplain that self-checkut causes mre prblems than it slves. The machines can freeze up r scan 3 (crrect) fr example. That slws things dwn and defeats the whle purpse.
（24-25高三上·北京东城·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Scientists have made a tiny battery as thin as a human hair. Because it’s s small, it culd help tiny rbts enter the bdy 1 (deliver) medicine. Previusly these rbts needed sunlight t wrk, which limited 2 they culd g. This new battery lets them wrk 3 needing external pwer. Currently, these batteries 4 (attach) t the rbts by wires, but in the future, scientists hpe t build the batteries int the rbts.
（24-25高三上·北京顺义·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
In a children’s hspital, the sweet sunds f birdsng carry alng the hallways. This hspital is ne f the places in Eurpe where birdsng recrdings are used 1 (relieve) tiredness and stress. Since experts fund the benefits f birdsng, sme institutins 2 (begin) t put this lgic t wrk. A primary schl plays birdsng after a lunch break, when students are nrmally tired. It is als played at airprts t help 3 (traveller) feel at ease befre flights.
（24-25高三上·北京顺义·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
1 a Friday night, a stre’ s cashier tk ill and left suddenly withut letting the wner knw, which left the stre unlcked and unattended. One hur later, the shp wner gt the news. He immediately 2 (check) the cameras, expecting t see chas. But t his surprise, all the custmers scanned the prducts 3 (they) and everything went well. Later, he hung up a sign thanking each and every ne f the custmers fr their hnesty.
（24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Slwing dwn is smetimes very imprtant. When we slw dwn, we create space t reflect n ur thughts and emtins, which helps us identify imprtant areas f ur lives and 210 (give) us the pprtunity t make right chices. T practise this, we need t establish clear 211 (bundary) in ur persnal and prfessinal life.
（24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A panda-themed cffee shp 212 (becme) ppular amng visitrs since its pening n February 1st. The images f the cute animal can be seen all ver the cffee shp and a Pst 213 (welcme) by panda fans at the Chengdu Panda Base t, 214 peple can purchase panda-themed items, 215 (range) frm stamps, pstcards, refrigeratr magnets, envelpes, tys t ther suvenirs.
2025年
Passage 1
【2025全国一卷】While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead.
Dutch authrs Thalia Verkade and Marc te Brömmelstret are bthered by facts like these. In their new bk Mvement: Hw t Take Back Our Streets and Transfrm Our Lives, they call fr a rethink f ur streets and the rle they play in ur lives.
Life n city streets started t change decades ag. Whle neighburhds were destryed t make way fr new rad netwrks and kids had t play elsewhere. Sme cmmunities fught back. Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” Similar campaigns ccurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we nw have ver twenty millin cars fr just ver twenty-six millin peple, amng the highest rate f car wnership in the wrld.
We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities? The authrs f Mvement have it right: it’s time t think differently abut that street utside yur frnt dr.
28．What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A．Cars ften get stuck n the rad.B．Traffic accidents ccur frequently.
C．Peple walk less and drive mre.D．Pedestrians fail t fllw the rules.
29．What were the Canadian jurnalist and ther campaigners trying t d?
A．Keep their cities livable.B．Prmte cultural diversity.
C．Help the needy families.D．Make expressways accessible.
30．What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?
A．They bsted the sales f cars.B．They turned ut largely ineffective.
C．They wn gvernment supprt.D．They advcated building new parks.
31．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Why the Rush?B．What’s Next?
C．Where t Stay?D．Wh t Blame?
2024年
Passage 1
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Is cmprehensin the same whether a persn reads a text nscreen r n paper? And are listening t and viewing cntent as effective as reading the written wrd when cvering the same material? The answers t bth questins are ften “n”. The reasns relate t a variety f factrs, including reduced cncentratin, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency t multitask while cnsuming digital cntent.
When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding. The benefits f print reading particularly shine thrugh when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related t paper’s physical prperties. With paper, there is a literal laying n f hands, alng with the visual gegraphy f distinct pages. Peple ften link their memry f what they’ve read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.
Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.
28. What des the underlined phrase “shine thrugh” in paragraph 2 mean?
A Seem unlikely t last.B. Seem hard t explain.
C. Becme ready t use.D. Becme easy t ntice.
29. What des the shallwing hypthesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.B. Digital texts are simpler t understand.
C. Peple select digital texts randmly.D. Digital texts are suitable fr scial media.
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hld students' attentin.B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.
C. They help develp advanced skills.D. They are mre infrmative than text.
31. What des the authr imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students shuld apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers shuld prduce their wn teaching material.
C. Print texts cannt be entirely replaced in educatin.
D. Educatin utside the classrm cannt be ignred.
Passage 2
【2024全国甲卷】“I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt. He suggested I think abut the difference between endings that I wanted fr the characters and endings that were right fr the characters, endings that satisfied the stry even if they didn’t have a traditinally psitive utcme. Of curse, I wuld have preferred a different ending fr Tm and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they gt did make the mst sense fr them.
This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.
This issue wn’t tell yu what yur ending shuld be—that’s up t yu and the stry yu’re telling—bu it might prvide what yu need t get there.
12. Why did the authr g t Prf. Gracie?
A. T discuss a nvel.B. T submit a bk reprt.
C. T argue fr a writer.D. T ask fr a reading list.
13. What did the authr realize after seeing Gracie?
A. Writing is a matter f persnal preferences.
B. Readers are ften carried away by character.
C. Each type f literature has its unique end.
D. A stry which begins well will end well.
14. What is expected f a gd ending?
A It satisfies readers’ taste.B. It fits with the stry develpment.
C. It is usually psitive.D. It is pen fr imaginatin.
15. Why des the authr mentin Peter Muntfrd and Elizabeth Sims?
A. T give examples f great nvelists.B. T stress the theme f this issue.
C. T encurage writing fr the magazine.D. T recmmend their new bks.
Passage 3
【2024北京卷】The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin?” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A. Make an assumptin.B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestin.D. Justify a cmparisn.
29. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by.B. Determined by.C. Awakened by.D. Discvered by.
30. As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A. appreciativeB. dubtfulC. uncncernedD. disapprving
31. It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A. cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B. cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C. stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D. turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
2023年阅读理解议论文
Passage 1
【2023年全国乙卷】If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.D. Why written language is reliable.
13. What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?
A. His reprt was scientific.B. He represented the lcal peple.
C. He ruled ver Btany Bay.D. His recrd was ne-sided.
14. What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Prblem.B. Histry.C. Vice.D. Sciety.
15. Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?
A. Hw Maps Tell Stries f the WrldB. A Shrt Histry f Australia
C. A Histry f the Wrld in 100 ObjectsD. Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries
2022年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2022年全国甲卷】Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口号), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解决).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C. The key t Sydney’s develpment.D. Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
13. What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A. He ges t wrk by bat.B. He lks frward t a new life.
C. He pilts catamarans well.D. He is attached t the ld ferries.
14. What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A. It is lsing its traditins.B. It shuld speed up its prgress.
C. It shuld expand its ppulatin.D. It is becming mre internatinal.
15. Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A. A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B. A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C. mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D. Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
Passage2
【2022年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
31. Regarding Jhnsn’s cncerns, the authr feels ________.
A. sympatheticB. uncncernedC. dubtfulD. excited
32. What leads t Taylr’s ptimism abut quantum cmputing?
A. His dminance in physics.B. The cmpetitin in the field.
C. His cnfidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment f tech cmpanies.
33. What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Open.B. Cl.C. Useful.D. Resistant.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?
Passage3
【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emersn nce said that the purpse f life is nt t be happy, but t be useful, t be lving, t make sme difference in he wrld. While we appreciate such wrds f wisdm, we rarely try t fllw them in ur lives.
Mst peple prefer t live a gd life themselves, ignring their respnsibilities fr the wrld. This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering. A gd life based n cmfrt and luxury may eventually lead t mre pain be-cause we spil ur health and even ur character, principles, ideals, and relatinships.
What then, is the secret f a gd life? A gd life is a prcess, nt a state f being : a directin, nt a destinatin. We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness. Mre imprtantly, we must knw urselves inside ut. Only when we examine urselves deeply can we discver ur abilities and recgnize ur limitatins, and then wrk accrdingly t create a better wrld.
The first requirement fr a gd life is having a lving heart. When we d certain right things merely as a duty, we find ur jb s tiresme that we’ll sn burn ut. Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling.
Hwever, lve alne is insufficient t lead a gd life. Lve smetimes blinds us t the reality. Cnsequently, ur gd intentins may nt lead t gd results. T achieve desired utcme, thse wh want t d gd t thers als need t equip themselves with accurate wrld knwledge. False knwledge is mre dangerus than ignrance. If lve is the engine f a car knwledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks pwer, th car can’t mve; if the driver lses cntrl f the steering, a rad accident prbably ccurs. Only with lve in heart and the right knwledge in mind can we lead a gd life.
With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers. When we see the impact f ur gd wrk n the wrld we give meaning t ur life and earn lasting jy and happiness.
51. What effect des the narrw perceptin f a gd life have n us?
A. Making us simple-mindedB. Making us shrt-signted.
C. Leading us nt a busy rad.D. Keeping us frm cmfrt and luxury.
52. Accrding t the authr, hw can ne gain true happiness?
A. Thrugh maintaining gd health.
B. By ging thrugh pain and suffering.
C. By recgnizing ne’s abilities and limitatins.
D. Thrugh ffering help much needed by thers.
53. Accrding t Paragraph 4, ding certain right things with a lving heart makes ne________.
A. less selfishB. less annying
C. mre mtivatedD. mre respnsible
54. In what case may gd intentins fail t lead t desired results?
A. When we have wrng knwledge f the wrld.
B. When ur lve fr the wrld is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive t dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind t the reality.
55. Accrding t Paragraph 5, life can be made truly gd when ________.
A. inspired by lve and guided by knwledge
B. directed by lve and pushed by knwledge
C. purified by lve and enriched by knwledge
D. prmted by lve and defined by knwledge
2021年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2021年全国甲卷】Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
12. What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A. They're unfair.B. They're cnservative.
C. They're bjective.D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They lk up t great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D. They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
14. Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A. Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.
B. Less discriminatin against wmen.
C. Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.
D. Changes in peple's scial psitins.
15. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many Frms
C. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck
Passage2
【2021年全国乙卷】When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）?
These days yu’d be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn’t wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter （29%） rely nly n their smartphnes accrding t a survey （调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it’s nt really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）— nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh’ve perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn’t the nly factr; I’d say it’s als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne（using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it）.
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
24. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
A. Their target users.B. Their wide ppularity.
C. Their majr functins.D. Their cmplex design.
25. What des the underlined wrd “cncede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit.B. Argue.
C. Remember.D. Remark.
26. What can we say abut Baby Bmers?
A. They like smartphne games.B. They enjy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phnes.D. They are attached t their family.
27. What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall ut f use sme day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as imprtant as the gas light.
Passage3
【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
31 What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature．
B. Everyne can define time n their wn terms．
C. The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it．
D. Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists．
32. The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A. present an assumptinB. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experimentD. intrduce an apprach
33. What can we learn frm this passage？
A. Thse wh d nt g n river time will live an imbalanced life．
B. New ways f measuring time can help t cntrl Earth systems．
C. Atmic time will get ahead f river time if the rivers run slwer．
D. Mdern technlgy may help t shape the rivers’ tempral frame．
34. What can we infer frm this passage？
A. It is crucial t imprve the definitin f time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We shuld live in harmny with nature．
D. Histry is a mirrr reflecting reality．
Passage4
【2021年天津卷第一次】Abut five weeks ag, I nticed the skin f ur pet lizard was grwing dusty. It wrried me. I reprted the strange surface n the skin f the lizard t my husband and children the next mrning. Secnds later, ur lizard emerged frm its tank with its ld skin flwing behind it.
I didn't think abut it much until a mrning last week when I kncked my favrite teapt ff the table. It burst int hundreds f pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wndered why we had been breaking s many things ver the mnths.
The destructin started three mnths ag. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lst his jb. The uncertainty was starting t wear n us, s I wanted t d smething special.
“Let's make a cake fr Dad!” I cried.
My kids screamed with jy. We baked, iced and sprinkled fr mst f the day. Candles n the cake! Ballns n the walls! Flwers n the table!
Tw hurs befre my husband came back hme frm anther jb interview, my daughter climbed up t grab a glass vase frm a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces f glass were everywhere. She sbbed ludly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding fr his birthday.
Three days ag, the light in ur living rm suddenly went ut. After several frustrating hurs f unsuccessful attempts t fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jrdan dcumentary series The Last Dance.
The pignancy f Jrdan retiring frm his belved basketball t play baseball and what had pushed him t make such a tugh decisin tk me by surprise. As I watched him take ff his basketball unifrm and replace it with a baseball unifrm, I saw him leaving behind the layer that n lnger served him, just as ur lizard had. Neither f them chse the mment that had transfrmed them. But they had t live with wh they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have t learn t leave the past behind.
Humans d nt shed skin as easily as ther animals. The beginning f change is upsetting. The prcess is tiring. Damage changes us befre we are ready. I see ur lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jrdan said that n matter hw it ends, it starts with hpe. With ur tender, hpeful skin, that is where we begin.
40．What can we learn abut the pet lizard frm Paragraph 1?
A．Its tank grew dirty.B．Its ld skin came ff.
C．It gt a skin disease.D．It went missing.
41．Why did the authr's husband have banana pudding fr his birthday?
A．The birthday cake was ruined.B．The authr made gd puddings.
C．Pudding was his favrite dessert.D．They culdn't affrd a birthday cake.
42．Why des the authr mentin The Last Dance in the passage?
A．T prve a thery.B．T define a cncept.
C．T develp the theme.D．T prvide the backgrund.
43．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understd as .
A．letting g f the pastB．lking fr a new jb
C．getting rid f a bad habitD．giving up an pprtunity
44．What des the authr mst likely want t tell us?
A．Lve f family helps us survive great hardships.B．It's nt the end f the wrld if we break things.
C．We shuld mve n n matter what happens.D．Past experiences shuld be treasured.
Passage5
【2021年天津卷第一次】There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist. Knwing a little abut a lt f things that interest yu can add t the richness f a whle, well-lived life.
Sciety pushes us t specialize, t becme experts. This requires cmmitment t a particular ccupatin, branch f study r research. The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. There is a great deal f pressure t master ne's field. Yu may pursue training, degrees, r increasing levels f respnsibility at wrk. Then yu discver the pressure f having t keep up.
Sme peple seem willing t wrk arund the clck in their narrw specialty. But such cmmitment can als weaken a sense f freedm. These specialists culd wrk at the ffice until ten each night, then lk back and realize they wuld have lved t have gne hme and enjyed the sweetness f their family and friends, r traveled t exciting places, meeting interesting peple. Mastering ne thing t the exclusin （排 除）f thers can hld back yur true spirit.
Generalists, n the ther hand, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins. They are peple f ability, talent, and enthusiasm wh can bring their brad perspective （视角）int specific fields f expertise （专长）.The dctr wh is als a pet and philspher is a superir dctr, ne wh can give s much mre t his patients than just gd medical skills.
Things are cnnected. Let yur expertise in ne field fuel yur passins in all related areas. Sme f yur interests may nt appear t be cnnected but, nce yu explre their depths, yu discver that they are. My editr Tni, wh is als a writer, has edited several histry bks. She has decided t study Chinese histry. Fascinated by the structural beauty f the Frbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested t learn mre abut Chinese philsphy. "I dn't knw where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm n this pursuit."
These expansins int new wrlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin t see the intercnnectedness f ne thing t anther in all aspects f ur life, f urselves and the universe. Develp brad, general knwledge and experience. The universe is all yurs t explre and enjy.
51．T becme a specialist, ne may have t_____.
A．narrw his range f knwledge
B．avid respnsibilities at wrk
C．knw mre abut the sciety
D．braden his perspective n life
52．The specialists mentined in Paragraph 3 tend t______.
A．treasure their freedm
B．travel arund the wrld
C．spend mst time wrking
D．enjy meeting funny peple
53．Accrding t the authr, a superir dctr is ne wh_____.
A．is fully aware f his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．shuld lve petry and philsphy
D．brings knwledge f ther fields t wrk
54．What des the authr intend t shw with the example f Tni?
A．Passin alne des nt ensure a persn's success.
B．In-depth explratin makes discveries pssible.
C．Everyne has a chance t succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way cnnected.
55．What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist r Generalist: Hard t Decide
C．Turn a Generalist int a Specialist
D．Ways t Becme a Generalist