高考英语二轮-阅读理解议论文攻略（专项训练）（北京专用）（解析版）

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解议论文攻略（专项训练）（北京专用）（解析版），共80页。
TOC \ "1-2" \h \u \l "_Tc17943" 01 课标达标练
\l "_Tc22251" 考向01 议论文高频考点
\l "_Tc2717" 考向02 议论文低频考点
\l "_Tc20184" 02 核心突破练
\l "_Tc5699" 03 真题溯源练
考向01 议论文高频考点
Passage 01
（2025年·西城·二模）A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need t “accelerate breakthrughs in research and technlgy.” Sme f this discussin was mtivated by the climate emergency, sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in varius cnversatins, it seemed t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster.
The WEF meeting tk place just tw weeks after Harvard University President Claudine Gay stepped dwn after cmplaints were made abut her plitical science schlarship. Gay’s trubles came after Stanfrd University President Marc Tessier Lavigne stepped dwn, after an internal investigatin cncluded that his neurscience research had “multiple prblems” and “fell belw custmary standards f scientific rigr.” Althugh it may be impssible t determine just hw widespread such prblems really are, it’s hard t imagine that the phenmenn f high-prfile schlars crrecting and withdrawing papers has nt had a negative impact n public trust in science and perhaps in experts bradly.
In recent years we’ve seen imprtant papers withdrawn because f questinable data r methds. In ne interesting case, Frances H. Arnld, wh shared the 2018Nbel Prize in Chemistry, vluntarily withdrew a paper when her lab was unable t reprduce her results — but after the paper had been published. In an pen aplgy, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did nt d my jb well.” Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin: Are schlars at highly cmpetitive places such as Harvard and Standfrd rushing t publishing rather than taking the time t d their wrk right?
It’s impssible t answer this questin scientifically because there’s n scientific definitin f what cnstitutes “rushing”. But there’s little dubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under enrmus pressure t prduce results — and a lt f them — quickly. Hwever, nearly a century passed between bichemist Friedrich Miescher’s identificatin f the DNA mlecule and suggestin that it might be invlved in inheritance (遗传) and the clarificatin f its duble-helix (双螺旋) structure in the 1950s. And it tk just abut half a century fr gelgists and gephysicists t accept Alfred Wegener’s idea f cntinental drift (漂移).
There’s plenty f circumstantial evidence that scientists and ther schlars are pushing results ut far faster than they used t. One recent study put the number at mre than seven millin a year, cmpared with fewer than a millin as recently as 1980. Anther study fund 265 academic authrs — tw thirds f whm were in the medical and life sciences — published a paper every five days n average. The numbers suggest that the research wrld has priritized quantity ver quality. Researchers may need t slw dwn — nt speed up — if we are t prduce knwledge wrthy f trust.
31. What des the wrd “rigr” underlined in Paragraph 2 mst prbably mean?
A. Quickness and cnvenience.B. Flexibility and penness.
C. Strictness and precisin.D. Fame and ppularity.
32. DNA and cntinental drift are examples t demnstrate that _______.
A. gd science takes timeB. science advances with time
C. research acrss disciplines is neededD. breakthrughs seldm happen by chance
33. Which f the fllwing situatins can best reflect the authr’s cncern?
A. A researcher fails t prduce evidence fr his paper.
B. A university lses yung talent due t a lack f funding.
C. An editr verlks the errrs in a writer’s research methds.
D. A schlar publishes a paper with limited data t gain recgnitin.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. The Danger f Fast Science
B. The Battle between Quality and Quantity
C. The Crisis amng Tp Scientists
D. The Principle behind Research Assessments
【答案】31. C 32. A 33. D 34. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。
【31题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“his neurscience research had “multiple prblems” and “fell belw custmary standards f scientific (他的神经科学研究存在“多重问题”，并且“低于科学……的标准)”可知，斯坦福大学的校长因他的神经科学研究存在“多个问题”且“低于科学严谨性的惯常标准”而辞职。由于研究存在问题且未达到标准，这里的“rigr”意味着在科学研究中高水平的严格性和精确性。故划线词意思是“严格、精确”。故选C。
【32题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Hwever, nearly a century passed between bichemist Friedrich Miescher’s identificatin f the DNA mlecule and suggestin that it might be invlved in inheritance (遗传) and the clarificatin f its duble-helix (双螺旋) structure in the 1950s. And it tk just abut half a century fr gelgists and gephysicists t accept Alfred Wegener’s idea f cntinental drift (漂移). (然而，从生物化学家弗里德里希·米歇尔鉴定出DNA分子并提出它可能与遗传有关，到20世纪50年代对其双螺旋结构的澄清，已经过去了近一个世纪。地质学家和地球物理学家仅仅用了半个世纪的时间就接受了阿尔弗雷德·韦格纳的大陆漂移学说。)”可知，DNA和大陆漂移就是证明好的科学需要时间的例子。故选A。
【33题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“There’s plenty f circumstantial evidence that scientists and ther schlars are pushing results ut far faster than they used t. (有大量的间接证据表明，科学家和其他学者推出结果的速度比过去快得多。)”以及“Anther study fund 265 academic authrs — tw thirds f whm were in the medical and life sciences — published a paper every five days n average. The numbers suggest that the research wrld has priritized quantity ver quality. Researchers may need t slw dwn — nt speed up — if we are t prduce knwledge wrthy f trust. (另一项研究发现，265位学术作者——其中三分之二在医学和生命科学领域——平均每五天发表一篇论文。这些数字表明，研究界更看重数量而不是质量。如果我们要产生值得信任的知识，研究人员可能需要放慢速度，而不是加快速度。)”可知，“学者发表了一篇数据有限的论文以获得认可”最能反映作者的担忧。故选D。
【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need t “accelerate breakthrughs in research and technlgy.” Sme f this discussin was mtivated by the climate emergency, sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in varius cnversatins, it seemed t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster. (今年世界经济论坛会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要“加速研究和技术的突破”。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐。)”结合文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。可知，A选项“快速科学的危险”最符合文章标题。故选A。
Passage 02
（2025年·东城·二模）
Have yu ever felt as thugh the temperatures yur lcal weather app reprted failed t capture hw it felt utside? Well, yu were right. As heat waves becme mre intense and mre frequent, we need t change the way we think abut utdr temperatures. What matters is nt hw ht the air is but hw ht the weather is t a human bdy. Fr that, we need “wet-bulb glbe temperature”.
Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic rganizatins, the military and regulatrs have used fr decades, cmes frm a device with three thermmeters t better capture hw heat stresses the bdy The first is a basic thermmeter, which measures the air temperature. The secnd is a thermmeter inside a black ball, which captures the heat ur bdies absrb frm direct sunlight. The third is a thermmeter cvered in a wet clth, mimicking ur bdy’s ability t cl itself with sweat and accunting fr factrs such as humidity (湿度) and air mvement. The three readings are cmbined using a weighting system t prduce the wet-bulb temperature.
Wet-bulb temperature might sund like the “heat index” — that is, when yur lcal weatherpersn says, “It’s 90 degrees, but it’s ging t feel like 98 because f humidity” — and there are similarities. But there are als critical differences.
The heat index assumes yu’re in the shade and resting, but being in direct sunlight can add 15 degrees t the heat index. One way t understand the value f using wet temperatures is t lk at maps cmparing them with the mre familiar “dry” temperatures. Take Fresn, Calif., which is frecast-t reach 102 degrees. But humidity is lw, s the crrespnding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New Yrk City, fr cmparisn, is frecast t be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making cnditins even mre dangerus than in Fresn.
Dn’t get me wrng. I just want t stress that we cannt ignre the even mre dangerus weather happening elsewhere that might be less bvius. Of curse, it will take time fr the public t becme familiar with wet-bulb temperatures. The dwnside is that, because they are generally lwer than dry temperatures r the heat index, peple culd misinterpret them. The slutin is t educate peple abut why they’re necessary.
Plicymakers have strategies t prtect against extreme heat. Fr example, Prtland, Ore, has begun distributing free air cnditiners. Simple infrastructure enhancements such as white rfs can reflect the sun’s heat and incming slar radiatin. And planting mre trees adjacent t buildings helps reduce temperatures and heat deaths.
But these measures matter nly if peple and cmpanies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. The gal shuld be t help peple experiencing extreme heat t prtect themselves. We have the tls t measure this crrectly; we just need t use them.
27. What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The develpment f high-tech thermmeters.
B. The measurement f wet-bulb temperature.
C. The standard f temperature classificatin.
D. The applicatin f a weighting system.
28. It is implied in this passage that ______.
A. dry temperatures can be misleading
B. wet temperature is higher than heat index
C. intense heat paired with lw humidity can be risky
D. ptential dangers f extreme heat shuld be stressed
29. As fr current heat-fighting strategies, the authr thinks ______.
A. they may fail t deliver
B. they shuld be mnitred
C. they ught t be diversified
D. they can raise heat awareness
30. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T illustrate a cnceptB. T make a cmparisn.
C. T prpse a practice. D. T present a phenmenn
【答案】27. B 28. A 29. A 30. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了湿球温度这一概念，包括其测量方法、与其他温度指标的区别，以及强调使用湿球温度数据对于应对极端高温、保护人们免受高温危害的重要性。
【27题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段关键句“Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic rganizatins, the military and regulatrs have used fr decades, cmes frm a device with three thermmeters t better capture hw heat stresses the bdy. (几十年来，体育组织、军方和监管机构一直在使用湿球温度，它来自一个带有三个温度计的设备，以更好地捕捉热量对身体的压力)”可知，本段主要介绍了测量湿球温度的方法，即通过一个带有三个温度计的设备，结合三种不同的温度读数，并使用加权系统来产生湿球温度。因此，本段的主要内容是湿球温度的测量。故选B。
【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段中“Take Fresn, Calif., which is frecast-t reach 102 degrees. But humidity is lw, s the crrespnding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New Yrk City, fr cmparisn, is frecast t be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making cnditins even mre dangerus than in Fresn. (以加利福尼亚州的弗雷斯诺为例，该地预报气温将达到102华氏度。但湿度较低，所以相应的湿球温度是80华氏度。作为对比，纽约市预报气温为98华氏度，但湿度较高，使得湿球温度达到88华氏度，这使得纽约的情况比弗雷斯诺更加危险)”可知，干球温度（即文中提到的一般所说的温度）不能完全反映实际的危险程度，会让人产生误解，以为温度高的地方就更危险，而忽略了湿度等其他因素对实际体感温度和危险程度的影响。所以干球温度可能具有误导性。故选A。
【29题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But these measures matter nly if peple and cmpanies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. (但这些措施只有在人们和公司意识到存在问题时才重要，这意味着要使用正确的数据)”可知，作者认为当前应对高温的策略取决于人们是否意识到问题以及是否使用正确的数据，言外之意目前这些策略可能无法发挥作用。故选A。
【30题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We have the tls t measure this crrectly; we just need t use them (我们有正确测量（极端高温）的工具，我们只需要使用它们)” 以及前文对湿球温度的介绍和其重要性的阐述可知，文章的目的是提议人们使用湿球温度这一正确的测量方式和数据来应对极端高温，即提议一种实践做法。故选C。
Passage 03
（2025年·东城·二模） Fr almst tw centuries, newspapers have been n a jurney int the mass market which gave them scale, reputatin and prfit but which has nw reached its end. They mstly abandned dependence n subscriptins and instead sld belw prductin cst as a way t attract readers t sell t advertisers.
Since the Internet tk ff, the print media’s advertising-supprted business mdel has suffered. In the past 20 years, newspapers’ ad prfits have fallen by abut 80%, while circulatin has rughly fallen by half. Thugh nline traffic has risen, prfit frm digital advertising has failed t ffset (抵消) the prfit draining ut f print. “Platfrms have becme the new kings f the media landscape,” says the Cmpetitin and Markets Authrity, a regulatr.
This pwer shift has led newspapers in many cuntries t turn t authrities fr help. Partly because they have, by their very nature, a lud vice, they have generated sympathy. Hw much they deserve it is anther matter.
The wrld is filled with businesses trn apart by the digital revlutin withut anyne rushing t the rescue. Why are newspapers different? One argument is that a thriving press supprts grass-rts jurnalism, which, thugh ften lss-making, supprts fairness and equality. That is reasnable. Yet it is mixed with ther mtivatins, such as the desire t chke the tech giants. The result is a range f interventins aimed at putting the pressure n big tech.
Mindful f the utcry, big tech is ffering a handut, prmising $1bn ver three years t newspapers t prvide news cntent fr its site. Sme publishers saw it as an unstated admissin that big tech shuld pay fr news.
If anything, the gratitude fr big tech’s genersity shws hw desperate newspapers are fr payment f any kind. Mre t the pint, it will nt change the underlying ecnmics f the glbal newspaper industry. That is because the ad-funded business mdel was living n fumes even befre the Internet ate the wrld this century. Data shw that newspapers have been lsing share f ad dllars t TV since the 1950s — lng befre the web. Circulatin has als fallen relative t ppulatin, suggesting that prfits were supprted by ecnmic and ppulatin grwth, nt because the industry was prducing a mre ppular prduct.
Claims that the tech giants are rbbing newspapers fr prfit sund far-fetched, t. The real failure is that papers have lst cntrl f distributin t platfrms, making it harder t mnetise the traffic. This is a mistake sme cntent industries, such as vide-streaming and music, have avided. Mrever, sme f the advertising dllars made by big tech came frm bringing new firms int the market, rather than taking nline advertisers frm newspapers.
S ignre the cmplaining f ld-media cmpanies in distress and lk instead at hw sme newspapers have already adapted t the digital invasin. Als sme digital publicatins with a newswrthy fcus are thriving. The questin f wh pays fr public-interest jurnalism remains unanswered. But few think it ught t be tech giants. That wuld “undermine the principles f an independent press”.
31. Why des the authr cite the statistics in Paragraph 2?
A. T prve the decline f print media.
B. T emphasize the ppularity f platfrms.
C. T indicate the imprtance f digital advertising.
D. T demnstrate the incnsistency in subscriptins.
32. The underlined phrase “was living n fumes” in Paragraph 6 prbably means ______.
A. was taking ffB. was mving frward
C. was falling apartD. was struggling alng
33. Which f the fllwing may the authr agree with?
A. The platfrm shuld supprt grass-rts jurnalism.
B. The ld media shuld prduce marketable prducts.
C. New nline advertisers shuld be intrduced.
D. Effective interventins shuld be made.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Where is the Digital Age leading the press?
B. Are nline platfrms really a way ut?
C. Hw the Internet impacts ld media?
D. Shuld big tech save newspapers?
【答案】31. A 32. D 33. B 34. D
【导语】这是一篇议论文，作者批驳了报纸业“支持草根新闻业是在支持公平和公正”、“科技巨头正在掠夺报纸利润”这两种观点，揭露报纸行业的本质问题在其自身而非数字平台的冲击，并建议报纸业应提升内容质量从而实现自救。
【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“In the past 20 years, newspapers’ ad prfits have fallen by abut 80%, while circulatin has rughly fallen by half.(在过去的20年里，报纸的广告利润下降了大约80%，而发行量大约下降了一半)”可知，此处引用数据是为了证明印刷媒体的衰落，故选A。
【32题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线部分下文“Data shw that newspapers have been lsing share f ad dllars t TV since the 1950s — lng befre the web. Circulatin has als fallen relative t ppulatin(数据显示，自20世纪50年代以来——早在网络出现之前——报纸的广告收入份额就一直在输给电视。发行量相对于人口也有所下降)”可知，早在网络出现之前报纸的广告收入份额就一直在输给电视。发行量相对于人口也有所下降，由此推知划线短语所在句意为“这是因为即使在本世纪互联网吞噬世界之前，广告资助的商业模式就已经难以为继了”，was living n fumes意为“在困难中坚持，勉力维持”，故选D。
【33题详解】推理判断题。根据第六段中“Circulatin has als fallen relative t ppulatin, suggesting that prfits were supprted by ecnmic and ppulatin grwth, nt because the industry was prducing a mre ppular prduct.(发行量相对于人口也有所下降，这表明利润是由经济和人口增长支撑的，而不是因为该行业在生产更受欢迎的产品)”可知，旧媒体应该生产适销对路的产品，故选B。
【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段中“The questin f wh pays fr public-interest jurnalism remains unanswered. But few think it ught t be tech giants. That wuld ‘undermine the principles f an independent press’.(谁为公共新闻买单的问题仍然没有答案。但很少有人认为应该是科技巨头。这将‘破坏新闻独立的原则’)”可知，作者批驳了报纸业“支持草根新闻业是在支持公平和公正”、“科技巨头正在掠夺报纸利润”这两种观点，揭露报纸行业的本质问题在其自身而非数字平台的冲击，并建议报纸业应提升内容质量从而实现自救，D项“科技巨头应该拯救报纸吗？”最适合作为标题，故选D。
Passage 04
（2025年·朝阳·二模）
Chink salmn and their habitats in Seattle’s Thrntn Creek suffered severely due t urban expansin, causing flash flds and bidiversity lss. Despite restratin effrts, the nce-abundant salmn all but disappeared. During a cnference, bilgist Katherine Lynch prpsed rebuilding the creek’s missing “liver” damaged by urbanizatin.
Lynch has been studying the hyprheic zne, a layer f wet sediment (沉积物), small stnes and tiny creatures beneath the streambed. It facilitates water mixing and xygen delivery t salmn eggs, earning the nickname “liver f the river.” The disappearance f this zne threatens the health f waterways. Lynch recgnized that, hwever, mst restratin effrts in Seattle verlked it r discnnected it frm the surface water.
Teamed with engineer Mike Hrachvec, Lynch redesigned Thrntn Creek. They strategically put lgs int the water at precise angles t create tiny waterfalls and nearly still water pckets, generating hydraulic pressure t frce water dwn int the hyprheic zne. These accurately placed lgs and rcks, knwn as “hyprheic structures,” als create pckets f slw water that prvide safe shelters fr juvenile fish — all meant t emulate features f a natural stream. Subsequent data analysis cnfirmed the stream functined as Lynch’s team — and nature — intended.
But was the stream als supprting life? Given that the stne and sand psitined were sterile (贫瘠的) territry, Lynch thught that a bilgical jumpstart might be necessary and that the return f life t restred creeks relied n rganisms migrating frm healthy upstream habitats. S her team tried anther grund-breaking mve: inculating (接种) the engineered hyprheic zne with micrbes (微生物), which quickly ppulated the areas. But even thugh the number f individuals was high, the bidiversity was relatively lw. A 2021 study by stream eclgist Sarah Mrley nted that while a few f the new species grew rapidly, mst were similar t thse in unrestred sectin. Scientists are explring reasns fr the limited survival f intrduced species, and because this science is s new, they have nt ruled ut any ptential explanatins: differences in the dnr stream, size f the restred area, r pr water quality. They might have inculated the hyprheic t sn, befre essential vegetatin culd establish.
The Thrntn Creek restratins have successfully prevented neighburhd flding, even during heavy strms, and stabilized the stream’s flw. Mst ntably, Chink salmn returned t lay eggs in the restred hyprheic znes, tuching Lynch deeply. She recalls, “this success suggests that small urban creek restratins can revitalize functining ecsystems.”
28. What des the underlined wrd “emulate” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Recrd.B. Cpy.C. Mnitr.D. Transfrm.
29 What can be inferred abut the micrbial inculatin in Thrntn Creek?
A. It intrduced essential vegetatin.B. It restred the riginal bidiversity.
C. It increased the ttal quantity f micrbes.D. It surced micrbes frm dwnstream habitats.
30. What can we learn frm Lynch’s restratin prject?
A. It fcused n increasing water xygen levels.
B. It recreated the cnditins f the dnr stream.
C It remved human-made structures frm the creek.
D. It integrated physical redesign with bi-interventin.
31. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. T Revive a River, Restre Its Liver.
B. Urbanizatin: A Silent Killer f a River.
C. Chink Salmn Bst the Diversity f Ecsystems.
D. What Makes the Hyprheic Zne Vital fr Restratin?.
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家通过重建溪流“肝脏”——潜流带，成功恢复生态系统功能并使鲑鱼回归的生态修复过程。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段中“They strategically put lgs int the water at precise angles t create tiny waterfalls and nearly still water pckets, generating hydraulic pressure t frce water dwn int the hyprheic zne. These accurately placed lgs and rcks, knwn as “hyprheic structures,” als create pckets f slw water that prvide safe shelters fr juvenile fish — all meant t emulate features f a natural stream. (他们从策略上以精确的角度把原木放入水中，以制造出小瀑布和近乎静止的水洼，产生液压将水挤压进潜流带。这些精准放置的原木和石头被称为“潜流结构”，它们还形成了水流缓慢的区域，为幼鱼提供了安全的庇护所——这一切都是为了emulate自然溪流的特征)”可知，这些结构和设计都是为了模仿天然溪流的特征，所以“emulate”意思是“模仿”，与“cpy”意思相近。故选B。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中“But even thugh the number f individuals was high, the bidiversity was relatively lw. (但是，尽管个体数量很高，生物多样性却相对较低)”以及“S her team tried anther grund-breaking mve: inculating (接种) the engineered hyprheic zne with micrbes (微生物), which quickly ppulated the areas. (于是，她的团队尝试了另一项开创性的举措：向经过改造的潜流带接种微生物，这些微生物迅速在这些区域大量繁殖)”可知，对桑顿溪进行微生物接种后，微生物数量迅速增加，但生物多样性相对较低。所以可以推断出微生物接种增加了微生物的总量。故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中“Teamed with engineer Mike Hrachvec, Lynch redesigned Thrntn Creek. They strategically put lgs int the water at precise angles t create tiny waterfalls and nearly still water pckets, generating hydraulic pressure t frce water dwn int the hyprheic zne. (林奇与工程师迈克・赫拉乔韦茨合作，重新设计了桑顿溪。他们颇有策略地将原木以精确的角度放入水中，打造出微型瀑布和近乎静止的水洼，产生水压，迫使水流进入潜流带)”以及第四段中“S her team tried anther grund-breaking mve: inculating (接种) the engineered hyprheic zne with micrbes (微生物), which quickly ppulated the areas. (于是，她的团队尝试了另一项开创性的举措：向经过改造的潜流带接种微生物，这些微生物迅速在这些区域大量繁殖)”可知，林奇的修复项目既包括对溪流的物理重新设计，如放置原木和岩石来制造“潜流结构”，又包括生物干预，如对潜流带进行微生物接种，将两者结合起来，由此推知，林奇的修复项目将物理重新设计与生物干预相结合。故选D。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是第一段中“During a cnference, bilgist Katherine Lynch prpsed rebuilding the creek’s missing “liver” damaged by urbanizatin. (在一次会议上，生物学家凯瑟琳・林奇提议重建这条因城市化而受损、缺失的溪流“肝脏”)”可知，文章主要讲述了生物学家Katherine Lynch为了恢复西雅图桑顿溪的生态系统，提出重建被城市化破坏的溪流“肝脏”——潜流带的建议，并通过与工程师合作进行了一系列修复工作，最终取得了成功，使奇努克鲑鱼回到了修复后的潜流带产卵。A选项“T Revive a River, Restre Its Liver (要恢复一条河，先恢复它的“肝脏”)”能够很好地概括文章主旨，既体现了修复的对象是河流，又突出了恢复潜流带这一关键内容，是文章的最佳标题。故选A。
Passage 05
（2025年·丰台·二模） In ecnmic theries, peple are typically represented as analytical agents wh learn frm past experiences t ptimize (优化) their perfrmance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they knw hw t maximise their earnings. This assumptin surprised Garnier Brun at Écle Plytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactins in nature such as thse between atms ften result in chas rather than stability.
T test whether ecnmists are crrect t assume that learning frm the past can help peple avid chas, Brun and his clleagues devised a mathematical mde fr a game featuring hundreds f simulated players. Each player can chse between tw actins, like buying r selling a stck. They als interact with each ther, and the players’ decisin-making is influenced by what they have dne befre — meaning they are able t learn frm experience. The researchers culd adjust the precise extent t which a player’s past experiences influenced their subsequent decisin-making. They culd als cntrl the interactins between the players t make them either cperate r cmpete with each ther mre.
With all these cntrl knbs available t them, Brun and his clleagues used methds frm statistical physics t simulate different game situatins n a cmputer. In sme situatins, the researchers expected that the game wuld always result in chas, with players unable t learn hw t ptimise their perfrmance. Ecnmic thery wuld als suggest that, given the right set f parameters (参数), the players wuld settle int a stable state where they had mastered the game — but the researchers fund this wasn’t really the case. The mst likely utcme was a state that never settled.
Team member Jean Martin, als at Écle Plytechnique, says that, in the absence f ne centralised and all-knwing player wh culd crdinate everyne, regular players culd nly learn hw t reach “satisficing” states. That is a level that satisfied minimum expectatins, but nt much mre. Players gained mre than they wuld have dne by playing at randm, s learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they wuld have if past experience had allwed them t truly ptimise their perfrmance.
Martin says the game mdel is t simple t be immediately adpted fr making real-wrld predictins, but she sees the study as a challenge t ecnmists t drp many assumptins that currently g int therising prcesses, like merchants chsing suppliers r banks setting interest rates. The finding culd als be imprtant fr simulating prcesses like fraging decisins by animals r fr sme machine-learning applicatins, says Tby Galla at the Institute fr Crss-Disciplinary Physics and Cmplex Systems in Spain.
27. Accrding t the passage, what inspired Brun t carry ut the study?
A. The belief that chas is a cmmn utcme in natural systems.
B. The cnflicts between ecnmic theries and interactins in nature.
C. The similarities in interactin patterns between atms and humans.
D. The inability f ecnmic theries t predict individual behaviurs.
28. What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The research purpse.B. The research subjects.
C. The research methds.D. The research directin.
29. What can we infer frm Martin’s wrds?
A. The “satisficing” state is an ideal utcme fr players in the game.
B. Players can reach ptimal perfrmance with enugh past experiences.
C. Centralised cntrl is essential fr players t reach their full ptential.
D. Learning frm past experiences isn’t sufficient t maximise ne’s gains.
30. What can be the best title f the passage?
A. Ecnmic Theries: Are They Reliable in Predicting Stability?
B. Learning frm Mistakes: The Key t Optimal Decisin-Making.
C. A Mathematical Mdel: Breaking Ecnmic Stability Assumptins.
D. Game Mdel Findings: Spreading Influence Acrss Multiple Disciplines.
【答案】27. B 28. C 29. D 30. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一项挑战经济稳定性假设的研究，通过数学模型揭示经验学习未必导向最优决策。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“In ecnmic theries, peple are typically represented as analytical agents wh learn frm past experiences t ptimize (优化) their perfrmance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they knw hw t maximise their earnings. This assumptin surprised Garnier Brun at Écle Plytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactins in nature such as thse between atms ften result in chas rather than stability.(在经济理论中，人们通常被描述为分析主体，他们从过去的经验中学习，优化自己的表现，最终达到一个稳定的状态，在这个状态下，他们知道如何最大限度地提高收入。这个假设让法国Écle Plytechnique的Garnier Brun感到惊讶，因为作为一名物理学家，他知道自然界中的相互作用，比如原子之间的相互作用，往往会导致混乱而不是稳定。)”可知，Brun之所以开展这项研究，是因为他对经济学理论中“人们通过学习经验可以达到稳定状态”的假设产生质疑，他作为物理学家知道自然界的互动通常导致混乱而非稳定，由此可知，他研究的动机来源于经济理论稳定性假设与自然系统实际行为之间的冲突。故选B项。
【28题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“The researchers culd adjust the precise extent t which a player’s past experiences influenced their subsequent decisin-making. They culd als cntrl the interactins between the players t make them either cperate r cmpete with each ther mre. (研究人员可以精确地调整玩家过去经验对其后续决策的影响程度。他们还可以控制玩家之间的互动，使他们更多地合作或竞争。)”可知，本段详细介绍了研究人员如何设置游戏模型、调整参数以及控制变量来模拟不同情境，这些都属于研究过程中使用的方法，由此可知，本段主要介绍的是研究方法。故选C项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Players gained mre than they wuld have dne by playing at randm, s learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they wuld have if past experience had allwed them t truly ptimise their perfrmance.(玩家通过学习获得的收益比随机游戏时要多，所以学习并非毫无用处，但如果过去的经验允许他们真正优化自己的表现，他们所获得的收益仍然比现在少。)”可知，让玩家通过过去的经验真正优化自己的表现时，他们所获得的收益仍然比现在少，由此可知，从过去的经验中学习不足以使收益最大化。故选D项。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据首段中的“In ecnmic theries, peple are typically represented as analytical agents wh learn frm past experiences t ptimize (优化) their perfrmance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they knw hw t maximise their earnings. This assumptin surprised Garnier Brun at Écle Plytechnique in France because, as a physicist, he knew that interactins in nature such as thse between atms ften result in chas rather than stability.(在经济理论中，人们通常被描述为具有分析能力的个体，他们从过去的经验中学习，以优化自身表现，最终达到一个稳定的状态，在这种状态下他们懂得如何使自己的收益最大化。这一假设令法国巴黎综合理工学院的Garnier Brun感到惊讶，因为作为一名物理学家，他深知自然界中的相互作用（例如原子之间的相互作用）往往导致混乱而非稳定。)”以及下文中介绍的他设计的数学模型对此假设的研究及发现可知，文章主要讲述了法国巴黎综合理工学院的Garnier Brun等研究人员设计了一个数学模型来验证经济学理论中人们能通过学习过去的经验达到稳定状态的假设，结果发现并非如此，玩家很难达到真正的稳定状态，并且从过去的经验中学习也不足以使收益最大化，所以题目“一个数学模型：打破经济稳定性假设”符合文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。
Passage 06
（2025年·昌平·二模） Micrsft Excel’s aut-crrectin has lng annyed casual users. Dashes (破折号) befre lists f numbers are misread as a minus sign. Phne numbers lse their leading zeres. Credit-card numbers get re-expressed in scientific ntatin, like 1.30521E + 17.
Geneticists struggle with a particular versin f this prblem. A gene (基因) called Membrane Assciated Ring-CH-type finger 1, cmmnly knwn as MARCH1, is, fr instance, frequently re-encded as the date March 1. Smething similar happens t genes in the Septin family, f which SEPT1 is a member, and t Basic Helix-Lp-Helix Family Member E41, ften knwn as DEC2.
This prblem was first nticed in 2004, but was brught t wider attentin in 2016 by Mark Ziemann f Deakin University, in Australia. By surveying 166,000 genmics-related papers published between 2014 and 2020, he and his c-authrs shwed that the number f papers using Excel has steadily increased, and the prprtin with aut-crrect errrs is at arund 30%.
Errrs have als been flagged by researchers in ther languages. In Prtuguese, fr instance, AGO2 (Argnaute RISC Catalytic Cmpnent 2) rebrands itself as Agst 2. Dutch users experience prblems with MEII (Meitic Duble-Stranded Break Frmatin Prtein 1), “Mei” being the Dutch fr “May”. And geneticists in Finland, where the first mnth f the year is called Tammikuu, find TAMM41 encding itself as 41st f January.
This cntinuing state f affairs is surprising. In August 2020, the cmmittee which standardises gene names renamed thse beginning MARC, MARCH and SEPT t begin MTARC, MARCHF and SEPTIN, and rebranded DEC1 as DELEC1. Other prblematic gene names remained, but this was widely seen as a step in the right directin. Dr Zieman’s latest paper, thugh, suggests that few researchers have taken it.
Such errrs ften seem amusing rather than dangerus. But they reflect a deeper prblem, which is that spreadsheets allw such silent errrs, t well camuflaged fr authrs r their editrs t spt, t g undetected fr years. T stp this, Dr Ziemann recmmends researchers abandn sftware like Excel in favr f scheduled cde written with scientific applicatins in mind. Such prgrams are mre difficult t be autcrrected and easier t examine. Whether his advice will be taken this time remains t be seen.
28. As fr Excel’s aut-crrect issue, which statement might Dr Ziemann agree with?
A. Switching t science-specific cding tls.
B. Relying n Excel’s advanced functin.
C. Adpting the renamed gene terms.
D. Aviding aut-crrect in papers.
29. What des the underlined wrd “camuflaged” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A. Decrated deliberately.B. Hidden unnticeably.
C. Crrected autmatically.D. Increased sharply.
30. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T emphasize the drawback f autcrrectin in scientific research.
B. T explain a prblem-slving prcedure fr autcrrectin.
C. T recmmend a new sftware t replace Excel.
D. T advcate a campaign t abandn Excel.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了Micrsft Excel的自动更正功能给遗传学家等科研人员带来的问题。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“T stp this, Dr Ziemann recmmends researchers abandn sftware like Excel in favr f scheduled cde written with scientific applicatins in mind.(为了阻止这种情况，Dr Ziemann建议研究人员放弃使用Excel等软件，转而使用为科学应用程序编写的预定代码。)”可知，至于Excel的自动更正问题，Dr Ziemann可能同意的是转而使用科学专用的编码工具。故选A。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“But they reflect a deeper prblem, which is that spreadsheets allw such silent errrs, t wellcamuflaged fr authrs r their editrs t spt, t g undetected fr years.(但它们反映了一个更深层次的问题，那就是电子表格允许这种无声的错误，这些错误camuflaged太好，以至于作者或编辑无法发现，多年来一直未被发现。)”中“silent errrs(无声的错误)”、修饰well camuflaged的“t”以及“fr authrs r their editrs t spt, t g undetected fr years”可知，这些错误被伪装得太好，以至于作者或编辑无法发现，多年来一直未被发现，划线词camuflaged的意思是“伪装的”，和Hidden unnticeably意思相近。故选B。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Micrsft Excel’s aut-crrectin has lng annyed casual users. Dashes (破折号) befre lists f numbers are misread as a minus sign. Phne numbers lse their leading zeres. Credit-card numbers get re-expressed in scientific ntatin, like 1.30521E + 17.(微软Excel的自动纠错功能长期以来一直困扰着普通用户。数字列表前的破折号会被误读为减号。电话号码失去了前导零。信用卡号用科学记数法重新表示，如1.30521E + 17。)”可知，本文的目的是强调科学研究中自动纠错的弊端。故选A。
Passage 07
（2025年·昌平·二模） Of the many patients wh need an rgan frm a dnr, 90% g withut. Abut 240 millin peple live with rare genetic discases, mst f which cannt be treated. Each year pr diets cause mre than 10 millin early deaths. Suffering n such an immense scale can appear hpeless. Hwever, a technique called CRISPR gene editing prmises t help deal with these issues and many mre and prper regulatin can help it develp.
CRISPR is like an editr fr DNA. It can rewrite DNA, remving harmful mutatins (突变) r adding prtective nes. This summer, clinical trials (试验) will start n pig rgans edited fr human transplants. Last year, the first new treatment went n the market. It seemingly cures sickle- cell disease and beta-thalassemia, tw bld disrders that affect millins. If nging trials succeed, a ne-time treatment might prtect against heart attacks fr life. CRISPR can als help farming. It can increase utputs r prtect crps frm climate change. Sn, cnsumers may get healthier, tastier fds.
But nw is a crucial time. Since its discvery in 2012, CRISPR has replaced ld, less-effective ideas. Gene treatment, which uses viruses t insert genes, can treat rare genetic diseases but is expensive. Genetically mdified (GM) crps, which brrw genes frm ther species, face ppsitin in Eurpe. CRISPR ffers a new way. But t succeed, it needs cntinuus investment, which means achieving real-wrld successes. Fr this t happen, scientists must shw they can get CRISPR int mre bdy cells easily and cheaply. If it can create persnalized treatments fr individual mutatins, it will be even mre useful. This requires new science and better regulatin.
Current regulatins fr rare-disease drugs aren’t suitable fr new medicines. They stp patients frm getting new treatments. Develping drugs fr small grups has always been hard, and many CRISPR cmpanies are struggling. But CRISPR is prgrammable, s the same drug can target different mutatins. If safety testing and manufacturing standards are lsened, small-batch drugs fr rare diseases can be made mre cheaply. Fr patients wh may die befre drug apprval, this is a gd trade-ff.
Agriculture als needs refrm. In many regins, gene-edited fds are regulated like GM fds, thugh they’re different. Gene-edited plants have their wn genes adjusted, nt genes frm ther species. Britain plans t pass new, lser laws fr gene-edited fds t address climate change threats t fd security. But public trust in regulatrs and scientists culd be a prblem.
31. What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A. The challenges and requirements fr CRISPR’s success.
B. The differences between CRISPR and GM farming.
C. The ecnmic benefits f genetic engineering.
D. The histry f CRISPR develpment.
32. What can be inferred abut current safety testing standards?
A. They are unnecessary fr CRISPR treatments.
B. They delay treatment access fr urgent cases.
C. They ensure cmplete safety fr all patients.
D. They fcus nly n agricultural prducts.
33. As fr CRISPR gene editing, the authr is ______.
A. criticalB. dubtfulC. indifferentD. psitive
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. CRISPR: Medical Breakthrughs and Funding Shrtages.
B. CRISPR: Public Distrust in Agricultural Innvatin.
C. CRISPR: Ptential and Regulatry Adaptatin.
D. CRISPR: Limitatins in Current Applicatins.
【答案】31. A 32. B 33. D 34. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了CRISPR基因编辑技术如何为解决器官移植短缺、罕见遗传病治疗、不良饮食导致的过早死亡以及农业问题等全球性挑战带来希望，并探讨了该技术发展所面临的挑战和所需的改进措施。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段“Gene treatment, which uses viruses t insert genes, can treat rare genetic diseases but is expensive. Genetically mdified (GM) crps, which brrw genes frm ther species, face ppsitin in Eurpe. CRISPR ffers a new way. But t succeed, it needs cntinuus investment, which means achieving real-wrld successes. Fr this t happen, scientists must shw they can get CRISPR int mre bdy cells easily and cheaply. If it can create persnalized treatments fr individual mutatins, it will be even mre useful. This requires new science and better regulatin. (基因治疗利用病毒将基因插入（人体细胞），能够治疗罕见的遗传性疾病，但成本高昂。转基因作物从其他物种中借入基因，在欧洲面临反对声音。而CRISPR技术提供了一种新的途径。然而，要取得成功，它需要持续的投资，这意味着要实现实际应用的突破。为了实现这一目标，科学家们必须证明他们能够轻松且廉价地将CRISPR技术引入更多的体细胞中。如果CRISPR能够针对个体突变创造出个性化的治疗方案，那么它将更具实用性。而这需要新的科学研究以及更完善的监管。)”可知，第三段主要讲的是CRISPR成功的挑战和要求。故选A。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Current regulatins fr rare-disease drugs aren’t suitable fr new medicines. They stp patients frm getting new treatments. (目前对罕见病药物的规定不适用于新药。他们阻止病人接受新的治疗。)”和“If safety testing and manufacturing standards are lsened, small-batch drugs fr rare diseases can be made mre cheaply. (如果安全检测和生产标准放松，治疗罕见疾病的小批量药物就可以生产得更便宜。)”可知，目前的安全检测标准延误了对紧急病例的治疗。故选B。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“But CRISPR is prgrammable, s the same drug can target different mutatins. If safety testing and manufacturing standards are lsened, small-batch drugs fr rare diseases can be made mre cheaply. Fr patients wh may die befre drug apprval, this is a gd trade-ff. (但是CRISPR是可编程的，所以同样的药物可以针对不同的突变。如果安全检测和生产标准放松，治疗罕见疾病的小批量药物就可以生产得更便宜。对于可能在药物批准前死亡的患者来说，这是一个很好的权衡。)”可知，作者对CRISPR基因编辑的态度是积极的，故选D。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Hwever, a technique called CRISPR gene editing prmises t help deal with these issues and many mre and prper regulatin can help it develp. (然而，一种被称为CRISPR基因编辑的技术有望帮助解决这些问题，而更多适当的监管可以帮助它的发展。)”可知，本文主要讲述了CRISPR基因编辑技术如何为解决器官移植短缺、罕见遗传病治疗、不良饮食导致的过早死亡以及农业问题等全球性挑战带来希望，并探讨了该技术发展所面临的挑战和所需的改进措施，因此最好的题目是C选项“CRISPR: Ptential and Regulatry Adaptatin. (CRISPR：潜力和调控适应)”。故选C。
考向02 议论文低频考点
Passage 01
（2025年·西城·二模）The human being is a “scial animal,” as Aristtle suggested. We have a fundamental need t belng. Yet we find urselves in the middle f an epidemic f lneliness and islatin. Hw, then, might we encurage the feelings f cnnectedness that are s crucial t ur well-being?
Over the past several years, my clleagues and I have cnducted scientific studies suggesting that experiential purchases tend t bring peple mre happiness than material nes. In recent research, we investigated anther dwnstream cnsequence f spending n experiences rather than things: it can prmte a greater sense f scial cnnectin.
We cnducted a series f 13 experiments invlving 1,980 participants. We asked peple t think abut either experiential r material purchases they had made and then rate their thughts and feelings abut thse purchases n nine-pint scales. In sme f ur studies, peple reprted feeling mre cnnectin with smene wh had made the same experiential purchase than smene wh had made the same material purchase. This reflects the fact that experiential purchases are mre central t an individual’s identity: ur data shw that peple feel mre similar t and mre cnnectin with smene wh purchases the same experience as them because they believe this kind f cnsumptin tends t represent mre f ne’s true, essential sense f self.
These findings apply even when peple think abut hw their experiences differ. Knwing that anther persn has a better versin f what yu have can create a sense f scial distance. What we bserve, hwever, is that this distance feels less wide when it cmes t experiential purchases cmpared with material nes.
We als discvered that experiential cnsumptin fsters (促进) a sense f scial cnnectedness mre bradly, nt just t thse wh have made a similar purchase. Peple wh reflected n experiences they had acquired — rather than material gds — reprted a brader sense f cnnectin t humanity.
Finally, we fund that after peple think abut a fulfilling experience, they express a greater desire t engage in scial activities than they d after they reflect n an imprtant pssessin. Experiences cnnect us with thers, and they prvide memries f such cnnectin that peple can revisit. These memries, in turn, can encurage engagement in even mre sciality.
One clear takeaway frm this research — like the many studies n experiential spending and happiness dne t date — is that peple wuld likely be wise t increase their spending n “ding” rather than “having.” But ur wrk pints t anther implicatin as well. Cmmunities culd benefit in many ways frm encuraging experiential pursuits. Plicymakers can supprt access t public parks, beaches and museums, fr example. Imprved funding fr the arts and perfrmance spaces can be a way fr cmmunities t ensure that shared experiences cntinue t bring peple tgether. Directing resurces tward mre cmmunity engagement might prmte imprvements in scietal well-being.
28. What can be learned abut experiential purchases?
A. They effectively prevent scial distancing.B. They prmte invlvement in scial events.
C. They allw peple t discver their true selves.D. They reduce the likelihd f scial cmparisn.
29. Accrding t the passage, plicymakers had better _______.
A. address the funding challenges f cmmunitiesB. advcate the imprtance f scial well-being
C. priritize the cnstructin f public spacesD. finance lcal cultural events and festivals
30. What is the purpse f this passage?
A. T argue against materialism in mdern sciety.
B. T suggest ways t reduce lneliness and islatin.
C. T cmpare the ecnmic value f gds and experiences.
D. T shw hw experiences bst cnnectin and well-being.
【答案】28. B 29. D 30. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了体验式购物可以促进参与社会活动，解释了研究开展的过程以及带来的启发。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“In recent research, we investigated anther dwnstream cnsequence f spending n experiences rather than things: it can prmte a greater sense f scial cnnectin.(在最近 研究中，我们调查了把钱花在体验上而不是实物上的另一个下游后果：它可以促进更强的社会联系感)”可知，体验式购买可以促进参与社会活动。故选B。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Plicymakers can supprt access t public parks, beaches and museums fr example. Imprved funding fr the arts and perfrmance spaces can be a way fr cmmunities t ensure that shared experiences cntinue t bring peple tgether. Directing resurces tward mre cmmunity engagement might prmte imprvements in scietal well-being.(例如，政策制定者可以支持进入公园、海滩和博物馆。改善对艺术和表演空间的资助可以成为社区确保共享体验继续将人们聚集在一起的一种方式。将资源用于更多的社区参与可能会促进社会福祉的改善)”可知，政策制定者最好资助当地的文化活动和节日。故选D。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，并根据第二段“Over the past several years, my clleagues and I have cnducted scientific studies suggesting that experiential purchases tend t bring peple mre happiness than material nes. In recent research, we investigated anther dwnstream cnsequence f spending n experiences rather than things: it can prmte a greater sense f scial cnnectin.(在过去的几年里，我和同事进行的科学研究表明，体验式购买往往比物质购买给人们带来更多的幸福感。在最近的研究中，我们调查了把钱花在体验上而不是实物上的另一个下游后果：它可以促进更强的社会联系感)”可知，文章主要说明了体验式购物可以促进参与社会活动，解释了研究开展的过程以及带来的启发。由此推知，这篇文章的目的是展示体验如何促进联系和幸福感。故选D。
Passage 02
（2025年·朝阳·二模）Bks are abut t becme a little less “Impressive!”, “Appealing!” and “Spellbinding!”. Fewer still will ffer a “tur de frce” (whatever ne f thse might be). That is because Simn & Schuster, an American publisher, has decided t stp ding bk blurbs ( als called “puffs” in Britain) — thse invited cmments frm ther authrs n the back f bks. They are, says Sean Manning, the cmpany’s publisher, “very awkward”.
The prblem with blurbs is that there is always a need t publicly evaluate bks. It is a fact in the life f a writer that if ne publicly publishes, ne is ging t be publicly judged. When negative, such judgments can be painful, when stupid, it can be maddening, but when psitive, it can als be a jyful, supprtive mment. Hwever, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) respnses.
The style f a puff is, as the name suggests, breathless. Smene might declare a bk “authritative”; anther, “unputdwnable”; and a third, “If yu can read this bk withut screaming with excitement, yur sul is dead”. Yu feel guilty, wrte Gerge Orwell, when yu are in the library and “fail t scream with delight”. Als, in thery blurbs are testament t an authr’s narrative skills. In truth they are a testament t their scial nes: they ften reflect arm-twisting rather than artistry. Literary heavyweights hate giving them. “We wuld as sn sell ur tears fr lemn-drps”, wrte Nathaniel Parker Willis, a pet, than thus “spil ne f the truthful adjectives in the wrld”. New authrs struggle t get blurbs, which is partly why Simn & Schuster is giving them up.
Blurbs mre ften exemplify the very bad writing. Many are less written than pieced up frm stck phrases — “A heartbreaking, unputdwnable page-turner!” — with an exclamatin mark at the end. This makes them exhausting t read! There has been hnest cpy n dust jackets — T. S. Elit’s descriptin f Luis MacNeice, a fellw pet, infrmed readers that “His wrk is accessible but unppular” — but it is t rare.
It turns ut that the habit f using wrds like “unputdwnable” is itself quite putdwnable. Mr. Manning says his editrs will use the time they save n chasing qutes t instead prduce gd bks. Nt, nte, “charming” r “absrbing” bks but simply “the best bks pssible”. It is an admirably mdest aim.
32. What can we learn abut blurbs?
A. They serve the interest f bk writers.B. They guarantee legitimate respnses.
C. New authrs are sick f writing them.D. Readers feel guilty after reading them.
33. The authr uses Elit’s example mainly t ____________.
A. advcate the riginality in blurbsB. clarify a miscnceptin abut blurbs
C. distinguish the varius types f current blurbsD. suggest the widespread presence f dishnest blurbs
34. What can we infer frm the passage?
A. Blurbs are self-defeating.B. There is n need fr blurbs.
C. Blurbs prmte scial skills.D. Established authrs favr blurbs.
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国出版商西蒙与舒斯特决定停止在书籍背面使用其他作者的书评式推荐语的现象及原因。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“Hwever, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) respnses.(然而，当作家得到预先安排好的评论时，这会降低合法回应的价值)”可知，预先安排好的书评式推荐语（blurbs）损害了读者对书籍的真正评价，即它们并不能保证书籍得到合理的回应，反而是服务于书籍出版商或作者的利益。故选A。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“Many are less written than pieced up frm stck phrases — “A heartbreaking, unputdwnable page-turner!” — with an exclamatin mark at the end. This makes them exhausting t read! There has been hnest cpy n dust jackets — T. S. Elit’s descriptin f Luis MacNeice, a fellw pet, infrmed readers that “His wrk is accessible but unppular” — but it is t rare.(许多评语与其说是写出来的，不如说是用陈词滥调拼凑起来的 ——“一本令人心碎、令人爱不释手的引人入胜的书！”—— 结尾还带有一个感叹号。这让它们读起来很累！在书的护封上也有诚实的评语 ——T. S. Elit对同为诗人的路易斯・麦克尼斯的描述告诉读者“他的作品易懂但不受欢迎”—— 但这样的评语太少见了)” 可知，T. S. Elit的例子是为了说明诚实的评语很少见，也就是不诚实的评语广泛存在。故选D。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“Hwever, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) respnses.(然而，当作家得到预先安排好的评论时，这会降低合法回应的价值)”以及第三段中“Als, in thery blurbs are testament t an authr’s narrative skills. In truth they are a testament t their scial nes: they ften reflect arm-twisting rather than artistry.(此外，从理论上讲，书评式推荐语是作者叙事能力的证明。事实上，它们是他们社交能力的证明：它们往往反映的是胁迫，而不是艺术性)”和最后一段中“Mr. Manning says his editrs will use the time they save n chasing qutes t instead prduce gd bks.(曼宁表示，他的编辑们将把节省下来寻找引语的时间用来出版好书)”可推知，书评式推荐语（blurbs）往往不是基于书籍的真实质量，而是受到出版商或作者社交手段的影响，它们并不能真实反映书籍的价值，甚至可能损害书籍的声誉，因此可以说是自毁的。故选A。
Passage 03
（2025年·丰台·二模） In an era f big research, having cnfidence in scientists, individually r cllectively, invlves trade-ffs. Science is ideally built n evidence but in reality, fr mst peple, it is based n trust. Scientific evidence is hard t access. Jurnals are difficult t get and their articles, written in specialised language, are nly understandable t a few field experts. S, we trust experts’ results withut being able t questin them urselves, believing that if needed, smene knwledgeable will.
Histrically, the reputatin f individual scientists has been imprtant in facilitating the spread f scıentific theries and discveries. If a scientist is, r can appear t be, trustwrthy, s might that scientist’s ideas.
This can lead t dd cnsequences. Recgnisable scientists receive mre credit and trust, while unrecgnisable scientists ften have their wrk verlked. The histry f science is filled with cases where basic papers written by relatively unknwn scientists were neglected fr years. Cnsider the case f Jseph Furier, whse classic paper n the prpagatin f heat had t wait 13 years t be published.
Since recgnisable scientists receive disprprtinate (不成比例的) credit, their names becme disprprtinately assciated with discveries. Statistics prfessr Stephen Stigler frmulated “Stigler’s law f epnymy” (斯蒂格勒命名法则), stating n scientific discvery is named after its riginal discverer. Fr instance, Pythagras wasn't the first t discver the Pythagrean therem, nr was Edwin Hubble the first t frmulate Hubble’s law.
Hwever, mdern science perates differently. Large cllabrative (合作的) prjects ften prduce papers with hundreds f authrs. The recrd fr the number f authrs n a single scientific paper is currently 5,154. Furthermre, an editrial bard cmpsed f prject grup members actually wrte the papers. The papers were then placed n an electrnic bulletin bard fr criticism and cmment by all. Sme massive cllabrative prjects cnstantly maintain authr lists f hundreds f names, which are autmatically submitted n every publicatin.
If we can’t identify the thusands in big science prjects r knw their actual authrs, wh d we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless f the individual scıentists’ integrity. We trust the rganisatins that are cnsidered scientific. Any clickbait news articles with “Science Says” in the title shw this shift frm trusting individuals t trusting the scientific enterprise.
This shift t trusting “science” itself has risks. Misidentifying experts r trusting dishnest nes can abuse scientific erdibility. A striking example is Merchants f Dubt, where experts hid truths abut acid rain and glbal warming. Authrship, then, serves ne last functin, which in sme cases nly benefits the histrian like me: accuntability.
31. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. The mral issues in scientific authrship and accuntability.
B. The rle f individual scientists in mdern scientific research.
C. The evlutin f trust in science frm individuals t enterprises.
D. The challenges f cnfirming scientific evidence in the digital age.
32. Why is “Stigler’s law f epnymy” mentined?
A. T justify an argument.B. T intrduce an apprach.
C. T challenge a cnventin.D. T evaluate an assumptin.
33. Accrding t the passage, the authr may agree that ________.
A. mdern science cllabratin challenges the trust in individual scientists
B. the current trend f trusting science verlks scientists’ sacrifices
C. authrship ught t be funded upn intellectual cntributins
D. it is vital t identify the authrs f large-scale science prjects
34. What is the authr’s attitude twards the shift t trusting science itself?
A. Sympathetic.B. Cautius.C. Disapprving.D. Puzzied.
【答案】31. C 32. A 33. A 34. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学信任从个人到企业的演变，分析了这种演变背后的原因、影响以及潜在风险，并提出了作者对于这一转变的谨慎态度。
31题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“In an era f big research, having cnfidence in scientists, individually r cllectively, invlves trade-ffs.(在科研成果丰硕的时代，无论是选择信任个体科学家，还是选择信任科学家集体，都存在着权衡取舍。)”、第二段中“Histrically, the reputatin f individual scientists has been imprtant in facilitating the spread f scıentific theries and discveries. (从历史上看，科学家个人的声誉在促进科学理论和发现的传播方面一直很重要。)”、第五段“Hwever, mdern science perates differently. (然而，现代科学的运作方式不同。)”以及第六段中“If we can’t identify the thusands in big science prjects r knw their actual authrs, wh d we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless f the individual scıentısts’ integrity. (如果我们无法确定大型科学项目中的数千人或知道他们的实际作者，我们该信任谁呢？我想说，我们信任“科学”本身，而不考虑个别科学家的诚信)”等可知，文章开篇指出在大研究时代对科学家的信任存在权衡，接着阐述历史上个体科学家声誉对科学理论传播的作用，然后说明现代科学中大型合作项目的情况，最后表明信任从科学家个体向 “科学” 本身的转变存在风险，由此推知，文章重点讲述的是科学信任从个体到机构的演变过程。故选C。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中“Since recgnisable scientists receive disprprtinate credit, their names becme disprprtinately assciated with discveries. Statistics prfessr Stephen Stigler frmulated “Stigler’s law f epnymy”, stating n scientific discvery is named after its riginal discverer. (由于知名科学家获得不成比例的赞誉，他们的名字与发现不成比例地联系在一起。统计学教授斯蒂芬·斯蒂格勒提出了“斯蒂格勒命名法则”，即没有一项科学发现是以其最初发现者的名字命名的)”可知，第四段先阐述了知名科学家与发现之间不成比例的联系这一现象，然后提出“斯蒂格勒命名法则”来进一步说明这种不成比例的联系，也就是为了进一步论证前面提到的知名科学家获得不成比例赞誉这一观点。故选A。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段“Hwever, mdern science perates differently. Large cllabrative prjects ften prduce papers with hundreds f authrs. The recrd fr the number f authrs n a single scientific paper is currently 5,154. Furthermre, an editrial bard cmpsed f prject grup members actually wrte the papers. The papers were then placed n an electrnic bulletin bard fr criticism and cmment by all. Sme massive cllabrative prjects cnstantly maintain authr lists f hundreds f names, which are autmatically submitted n every publicatin. (然而，现代科学的运作方式不同。大型合作项目经常产生有数百名作者的论文。目前，一篇科学论文的作者人数记录为5154人。此外，由项目组成员组成的编辑委员会实际上撰写了论文。然后，这些论文被放在电子公告板上，供所有人批评和评论。一些大型合作项目不断维护着数百人的作者名单，这些名单在每次发表时都会自动提交)”以及第六段中“If we can’t identify the thusands in big science prjects r knw their actual authrs, wh d we trust? I’d say we trust “science” itself regardless f the individual scientists’ integrity. (如果我们无法确定大型科学项目中的数千人或知道他们的实际作者，我们该信任谁呢？我想说，我们信任“科学”本身，而不考虑个别科学家的诚信)”可知，现代科学中大型合作项目作者众多，人们难以确定作者，进而信任“科学”本身而非个体科学家，这表明现代科学合作模式挑战了人们对个体科学家的信任。故选A。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“This shift t trusting ‘science’ itself has risks. Misidentifying experts r trusting dishnest nes can abuse scientific erdibility. A striking example is Merchants f Dubt, where experts hid truths abut acid rain and glbal warming. (这种对“科学”本身的信任转变存在风险。误认专家或信任不诚实的专家会滥用科学的可信度。一个明显的例子是《怀疑的商人》，其中专家隐瞒了酸雨和全球变暖的真相)”可知，作者提到这种对“科学”本身的信任转变存在风险，并举例说明这种风险，由此可推断作者对这种转变持谨慎态度。A. Sympathetic同情的；B.Cautius谨慎的；C. Disapprving不赞成的；D. Puzzied困惑的。故选B。
题型一 完形填空
Clze 01
（2025·北京附中·高三下开学考）When I was a child, after bedtime I wuld ften get ut f my bed in my pajamas, g t the windw and stare at the stars. I had s many questins. Hw far away were thse tiny pints f 1 ? Did space g n frever and ever?
When I grew up, I became a prfessinal astrphysicist (天体物理学家), but these questins cntinued t challenge and 2 me in my scientific research, causing me t live n bread and n sleep fr days at a time while I was 3 with a science prblem.
Einstein nce wrte that “the mst beautiful experience we can have is the mysterius. It is the fundamental emtin which 4 true art and true science.” What did Einstein mean by “the mysterius?” I dn’t think he meant that science is full f unknwable frces. I think that he meant a sense f 5 , a sense that there are things larger than us, that we d nt have all the answers at this mment. A sense that we can stand right at the bundary between the knwn and the unknwn and gaze int the 6 and be jyful rather than frightened.
Scientists are happy, f curse, when they find answers t questins. But scientists are als happy when they becme 7 , when they discver interesting questins that they cannt answer. Because that is when their imaginatins and creativity are 8 n fire. That is when the greatest prgress ccurs.
One f the ultimate gals in physics is t find the s-called “thery f everything”: the final thery that will 9 all the essential laws f nature. Hwever, I hpe that we never find that final thery. I hpe that there are always things that we dn’t knw—abut the physical wrld as well as abut urselves. I believe in the creative 10 f the unknwn. I believe in the jy f standing at the bundary between the knwn and the unknwn. I believe in the unanswered questins f children.
1．A．clrB．lightC．infrmatinD．difference
2．A．cnsumeB．limitC．driveD．apprve
3．A．cncernedB．delightedC．strictD．bsessed
4．A．releasesB．limitsC．distinguishesD．nurtures
5．A．aweB．achievementC．urgencyD．belnging
6．A．futureB．mysteryC．distanceD．space
7．A．admirableB．realisticC．cmpetitiveD．stuck
8．A．lightedB．setC．fundD．built
9．A．cverB．questinC．evaluateD．innvate
10．A．writingB．expressinC．pwerD．enthusiasm
【答案】
1．B 2．C 3．D 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对未知的好奇和探索欲，以及作为天体物理学家的科研经历和对科学研究的看法。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些微小的光点多远？A. clr颜色；B. light光；C. infrmatin信息；D. difference差异。根据上文“g t the windw and stare at the stars”可知，作者会盯着星星看，星星会发光，因此此处指的是光点，即星星。故选B项。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我长大后，我成为了一名专业的天体物理学家，但这些问题始终在我的科学研究中挑战并驱使着我，让我在遇到棘手的科学难题时，一连几天只靠面包度日，夜不能寐。A. cnsume消耗；B. limit限制；C. drive驱使；D. apprve批准。根据上文“challenge”和下文“causing me t live n bread and n sleep fr days at a time”可知，这些问题一直挑战着作者，让作者废寝忘食，因此此处用“驱使”符合语境，drive sb. in sth.表示“在某事上驱使某人”。故选C项。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. cncerned担心的；B. delighted高兴的；C. strict严格的；D. bsessed痴迷的。根据上文“causing me t live n bread and n sleep fr days at a time”可知，作者会为了科学问题废寝忘食，说明作者痴迷于科学问题。故选D项。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它是孕育真正的艺术和真正的科学的基本情感。A. releases释放；B. limits限制；C. distinguishes区分；D. nurtures培养，滋养。根据上文“the mst beautiful experience we can have is the mysterius”和下文“true art and true science”可知，神秘感对真正的艺术和科学起到孕育、培养的作用。故选D项。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我认为他指的是一种敬畏感，一种有比我们更宏大的事物的感觉，一种我们此刻并没有所有答案的感觉。A. awe敬畏；B. achievement成就；C. urgency紧迫；D. belnging归属。根据下文“a sense that there are things larger than us”可知，作者认为有比我们更宏大的事物会让我们产生敬畏感。故选A项。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一种我们可以站在已知和未知的边界上，凝视神秘，感到快乐而不是害怕的感觉。A. future未来；B. mystery神秘；C. distance距离；D. space空间。根据上文“the mysterius”可知，此处指的是神秘的事物。故选B项。
7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但当科学家们陷入困境时，当他们发现有趣的问题而无法回答时，他们也会很高兴。A. admirable令人钦佩的；B. realistic现实的；C. cmpetitive竞争的；D. stuck被困住的，陷入困境的。根据下文“when they discver interesting questins that they cannt answer”可知，此处指的是科学家们遇到无法回答的问题时，即陷入困境时。故选D项。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因为那时他们的想象力和创造力被点燃。A. lighted点亮；B. set设置，点燃；C. fund发现；D. built建造。根据上文“their imaginatins and creativity”和下文“n fire”可知，此处指的是想象力和创造力被点燃，set sth. n fire表示“使……着火”。故选B项。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：物理学的终极目标之一是找到所谓的“万物理论”：即涵盖所有自然基本定律的最终理论。A. cver涵盖；B. questin质疑；C. evaluate评估；D. innvate创新。根据下文“all the essential laws f nature”可知，此处指的是涵盖所有自然基本定律的理论。故选A项。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我相信未知的创造性力量。A. writing写作；B. expressin表达；C. pwer力量；D. enthusiasm热情。根据下文“I believe in the jy f standing at the bundary between the knwn and the unknwn. I believe in the unanswered questins f children.”可知，作者相信未知能带来快乐，相信孩子未得到回答的问题，说明作者相信未知具有创造性力量。故选C项。
Clze 02
（2025·北京师大第二附属中学·高三下开学考）I can still remember it like it was yesterday. My children were still yung and we gt int ur beat-up ld car with a cassette (磁带) player t g grcery shpping. We had a case full f cassettes in the 1 that we wuld listen t when the radi didn’t cme in clear. This day we arrived at the stre, gt grceries and came back t the car nly t find that the case full f cassettes was 2 . Smebdy had stlen it.
The kids were 3 , but fr sme reasn, I 4 laughing. I imagined the thief pening the case. There were a few decade-ld cassettes frm my cllege days, and the rest f them were hmemade tapes where we had recrded sngs the kids and I liked frm the radi. 5 the thief’s disappinted face in my mind, I laughed again. When I shared my thughts with the kids, they immediately laughed t Fr weeks t cme whenever we listened t the car radi r played the ne cassette that was still in the player we wuld laugh again thinking abut ur stlen “treasures” and the sad thief.
I believe it was ur way t 6 ur anger at the thief and wish him well. By frgiving, we freed ur hearts frm 7 and let g f ur 8 t the lst cassettes, accepting the pwer f lve.
Frgiving the thief was a small 9 , but faith calls n us t 10 in smething big even while ding smething small. May yur days be filled with faith, frgiveness, laughter, and lve. Share yur sul’s music and heart’s lve with all yu meet.
1．A．btB．rfC．drD．engine
2．A．brkenB．repairedC．gneD．fund
3．A．ashamedB．shckedC．embarrassedD．amused
4．A．burst utB．gave upC．ended upD．carried n
5．A．KeepingB．PicturingC．FrgettingD．Ignring
6．A．cntainB．releaseC．increaseD．channel
7．A．lveB．hateC．jyD．wrry
8．A．attachmentB．accessC．additinD．alternative
9．A．dutyB．actC．prmiseD．trick
10．A．cmpeteB．specializeC．engageD．succeed
【答案】
1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．B 6．B 7．B 8．A 9．B 10．C
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者一家去购物时，车里装满磁带的盒子被偷了，作者和孩子们通过想象小偷失望的表情，选择原谅小偷，从而释放了心中的愤怒，让心灵摆脱仇恨的故事，借此传达了宽恕和爱的力量。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们的后备箱里有一整箱磁带，当收音机信号不清晰时，我们就会听这些磁带。A. bt靴子；（汽车后部的）行李箱；B. rf屋顶；C. dr门；D. engine发动机。根据上文“we gt int ur beat-up ld car with a cassette (磁带) player t g grcery shpping. We had a case full f cassettes in the” 可知，作者一家上了车，车上有一整箱磁带，可推理出磁带放在汽车的后备箱里，故选A项。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这天，我们到达商店，买了杂货，回到车上却发现那整箱磁带不见了。A. brken打破；B. repaired修理；C. gne消失；D. fund发现。根据下文“Smebdy had stlen it”可知，有人偷了磁带，所以此处应该是磁带箱子不见了，故选C项。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子们很震惊，但出于某种原因，我突然大笑起来。A. ashamed羞愧的；B. shcked震惊的；C. embarrassed尴尬的；D. amused觉得好笑的。根据上文“Smebdy had stlen it.”可知，孩子们的磁带箱子被偷了，这种情况会让孩子们感到惊讶和震惊，故选B项。
4．考查动词短语辨析。句意：同第3题。A. burst ut突然爆发（某种情绪或行为，如大笑、大哭等）；B. gave up放弃；C. ended up最终成为；以……告终；D. carried n继续。根据下文“thinking abut ur stlen “treasures” and the sad thief”可知下文提到了小偷看到箱子里只有磁带，感到失望，可推理出此处说的是作者想到了小偷失望的脸，突然大笑，故选A项。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在脑海中想象着小偷失望的表情，我又笑了起来。A. Keeping保持；B. Picturing想象；描绘；C. Frgetting忘记；D. Ignring忽视。根据下文“the thief’s disappinted face in my mind” 可知下文说的是小偷失望的脸，可推理出此处说的是作者在脑海中想象小偷的表情，故选B项。
6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我相信这是我们释放对小偷的愤怒并祝福他的方式。A. cntain包含；控制；B. release释放；C. increase增加；D. channel引导；开导。根据下文“ur anger at the thief and wish him well”可知下文提到了愤怒，还提到了对小偷进行祝福，可推理出此处说的是释放对小偷的愤怒，故选B项。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过宽恕，我们让心灵从仇恨中解脱出来，放下了对丢失磁带的依恋，接受了爱的力量。A. lve爱；B. hate仇恨；C. jy喜悦；D. wrry担忧。根据下文“accepting the pwer f lve”可知，下文说的是接受了爱的力量，可推理出作者一家让心灵从仇恨中解脱出来，故选B项。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同第7题。A. attachment依恋；眷恋；B. access通道；机会；C. additin添加；增加物；D. alternative可供选择的事物。根据下文“t the lst cassettes”可知下文提到了丢失的磁带，可推理出作者和孩子们放下了对磁带的依恋，故选A项。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：原谅小偷是一个小小的举动，但信仰召唤我们即使在做小事的时候也要参与到伟大的事情中去。A. duty责任；义务；B. act行为；举动；C. prmise承诺；D. trick诡计；窍门。根据上文“Frgiving the thief” 可知上文说的是原谅小偷，这是一种行为，故选B项。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同第9题。A. cmpete竞争；比赛；B. specialize专门从事；C. engage参与；从事；D. succeed成功。根据下文“in smething big even while ding smething small”可知下文提到了伟大的事，还提到了即使在做小事的时候，可推理出此处说的是信仰召唤我们即使在做小事的时候也要参与到伟大的事情中去，故选C项。
题型二 语法填空
（24-25高三上·北京东城·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Self-checkut machines are meant t prvide custmers with a faster and 1 (smth) shpping experience and eliminate lng lines at the register. Many peple prefer t scan and bag their wn 2 (item) and zip thrugh the transactin with great ease. At the same time, hwever, many custmers cmplain that self-checkut causes mre prblems than it slves. The machines can freeze up r scan 3 (crrect) fr example. That slws things dwn and defeats the whle purpse.
【答案】1．smther 2．items 3．incrrectly
【导语】本文的体裁是说明文，主要讨论了自助结账机的优点和缺点。
1．考查形容词比较级。句意：自助结账机旨在为顾客提供更快和更流畅的购物体验，并消除收银台前的长队。“faster”为形容词比较级，and连接并列成分，所以此处要用smth的比较级smther来修饰“shpping experience”，表示自助结账机旨在提供比传统方式更快速、更顺畅的购物体验，符合语境要求，故填smther。
2．考查名词复数。句意：许多人喜欢自己扫描和打包他们的商品，并快速完成交易。“their”表示复数概念，指代人们的，item是可数名词，所以要用复数形式 items，意味着人们可以扫描并打包自己的多件物品，故填items。
3．考查副词。句意：例如，机器可能会冻结或扫描不正确。此处修饰动词scan，需用副词形式。根据上文“many custmers cmplain that self-checkut causes mre prblems than it slves (许多顾客抱怨自助结账带来的问题比它解决的问题还多)”可知此处说的是自助结账的不利之处，可推理出这里是说机器扫描不正确，表示“不正确地”含义的副词为incrrectly，故填incrrectly。
（24-25高三上·北京东城·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Scientists have made a tiny battery as thin as a human hair. Because it’s s small, it culd help tiny rbts enter the bdy 1 (deliver) medicine. Previusly these rbts needed sunlight t wrk, which limited 2 they culd g. This new battery lets them wrk 3 needing external pwer. Currently, these batteries 4 (attach) t the rbts by wires, but in the future, scientists hpe t build the batteries int the rbts.
【答案】1．t deliver 2．where 3．withut 4．are attached
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家们发明了一种像头发一样细的微型电池，它可以帮助微型机器人进入人体输送药物，且不需要外部力量就能工作。
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：因为它很小，所以可以帮助微型机器人进入人体输送药物。空格处表示目的，用不定式形式作目的状语。故填t deliver。
2．考查宾语从句。句意：以前这些机器人需要阳光才能工作，这限制了它们能去那里。“ they culd g”是宾语从句，结合句意，表示“去那里”，用连接副词where引导从句，并在从句中作地点状语。故填where。
3．考查介词。句意：这种新电池使它们不需要外部电源就能工作。根据句意，表示“不需要”外部电源，用介词withut构成否定，其意为“不使用，不借助”。故填withut。
4．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：目前，这些电池通过电线连接到机器人上，但未来，科学家们希望将电池内置到机器人中。attach(连接)是谓语动词，与主语these batteries之间构成被动关系，描述客观事实用一般现在时的被动语态，主语batteries是复数名词，谓语用复数。故填are attached。
（24-25高三上·北京顺义·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
In a children’s hspital, the sweet sunds f birdsng carry alng the hallways. This hspital is ne f the places in Eurpe where birdsng recrdings are used 1 (relieve) tiredness and stress. Since experts fund the benefits f birdsng, sme institutins 2 (begin) t put this lgic t wrk. A primary schl plays birdsng after a lunch break, when students are nrmally tired. It is als played at airprts t help 3 (traveller) feel at ease befre flights.
【答案】1．t relieve 2．have begun 3．travellers
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在欧洲的一些地方，如儿童医院和小学，以及机场等场所，使用鸟鸣声录音来缓解人们的疲劳和压力的做法，并说明了这一做法的起源和效果。
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：这家医院是欧洲使用鸟鸣录音来缓解疲劳和压力的地方之一。此处是固定搭配：be used t d sth.意为“被用于做某事”。故填t relieve。
2．考查动词时态。句意：自从专家们发现鸟鸣的好处后，一些机构开始将这一逻辑付诸实践。begin作本句谓语，根据时间状语“Since experts fund the benefits f birdsng”可知，用现在完成时，主语为复数。故填have begun。
3．考查名词。句意：它也在机场播放，帮助旅客在起飞前放松。空前是动词，所以空处应填名词作宾语，traveller意为“旅客”，此处表示泛指，且没有冠词限定，用复数形式。故填travellers。
（24-25高三上·北京顺义·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
1 a Friday night, a stre’ s cashier tk ill and left suddenly withut letting the wner knw, which left the stre unlcked and unattended. One hur later, the shp wner gt the news. He immediately 2 (check) the cameras, expecting t see chas. But t his surprise, all the custmers scanned the prducts 3 (they) and everything went well. Later, he hung up a sign thanking each and every ne f the custmers fr their hnesty.
【答案】1．On 2．checked 3．themselves
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了商店收银员突然生病离开后，顾客们自觉扫描商品，保持秩序的故事。
1．考查介词。句意：在一个星期五的晚上，一家商店的收银员突然生病离开了，没有让店主知道，导致商店没有上锁也没有人看管。本空表示“在具体某一天的晚上”，用介词n，且位于句首首字母需大写。故填On。
2．考查动词时态。句意：他立即检查了摄像头，预料会看到一片混乱。本句描述过去的动作，故时态用一般过去时，谓语用check“检查”的过去式checked。故填checked。
3．考查代词。句意：但令他惊讶的是，所有的顾客都自己扫描了商品，一切都很顺利。此处表示“他们自己”，用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。
（24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Slwing dwn is smetimes very imprtant. When we slw dwn, we create space t reflect n ur thughts and emtins, which helps us identify imprtant areas f ur lives and 210 (give) us the pprtunity t make right chices. T practise this, we need t establish clear 211 (bundary) in ur persnal and prfessinal life.
【答案】1．gives 2．bundaries
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了生活中慢下来是重要性和意义。
1．考查主谓一致。句意：当我们慢下来时，我们创造了空间来反思我们的思想和情感，这有助于我们识别生活中的重要领域，并让我们有机会做出正确的选择。根据句意和空格前的and可知，空格处和上文的helps并列作定语从句的谓语，所以应该用第三人称单数形式。故填gives。
2．考查名词复数。句意：要做到这一点，我们需要在个人生活和职业生活中建立明确的界限。根据空格前的动词establish可知，空格处应该用名词作宾语，bundary是可数名词，前面无限定词，此处应该用复数形式表示泛指。故填bundaries。
（24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A panda-themed cffee shp 212 (becme) ppular amng visitrs since its pening n February 1st. The images f the cute animal can be seen all ver the cffee shp and a Pst 213 (welcme) by panda fans at the Chengdu Panda Base t, 214 peple can purchase panda-themed items, 215 (range) frm stamps, pstcards, refrigeratr magnets, envelpes, tys t ther suvenirs.
【答案】1．has becme 2．is welcmed 3．where 4．ranging
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍的是一家熊猫主题的咖啡店自2月1日开业以来变得很受欢迎，也介绍了成都熊猫基地的一家熊猫邮局的情况。
1．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：自2月1日开业以来，一家熊猫主题的咖啡店就受到了游客的欢迎。空格处是句子的谓语部分，根据时间状语since its pening n February 1st可知，应该用现在完成时，主语是A panda-themed cffee shp，助动词用has。故填has becme。
2．考查语态和主谓一致。句意：咖啡馆里到处都能看到这只可爱动物的形象，成都熊猫基地的熊猫迷们也很欢迎这张海报，在那里人们可以购买到熊猫主题的物品，从邮票、明信片、冰箱贴、信封、玩具到其他纪念品。空格处是句子的谓语部分，描述客观情况，应该用一般现在时，主语a Pst和动词welcme之间是被动关系，应该用被动语态，主语是单数形式，be动词用is。故填is welcmed。
3．考查定语从句。句意：咖啡馆里到处都能看到这只可爱动物的形象，成都熊猫基地的熊猫迷们也很欢迎这张海报，在那里人们可以购买到熊猫主题的物品，从邮票、明信片、冰箱贴、信封、玩具到其他纪念品。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词the Chengdu Panda Base进行说明，先行词在从句中作地点状语，所以应该用关系副词where引导从句。故填where。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：咖啡馆里到处都能看到这只可爱动物的形象，成都熊猫基地的熊猫迷们也很欢迎这张海报，在那里人们可以购买到熊猫主题的物品，从邮票、明信片、冰箱贴、信封、玩具到其他纪念品。空格处应该用非谓语动词形式作定语，修饰前面的名词items，二者是主动关系，所以，应该用现在分词形式ranging作定语。故填ranging。
2025年
Passage 1
【2025全国一卷】While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead.
Dutch authrs Thalia Verkade and Marc te Brömmelstret are bthered by facts like these. In their new bk Mvement: Hw t Take Back Our Streets and Transfrm Our Lives, they call fr a rethink f ur streets and the rle they play in ur lives.
Life n city streets started t change decades ag. Whle neighburhds were destryed t make way fr new rad netwrks and kids had t play elsewhere. Sme cmmunities fught back. Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” Similar campaigns ccurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we nw have ver twenty millin cars fr just ver twenty-six millin peple, amng the highest rate f car wnership in the wrld.
We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities? The authrs f Mvement have it right: it’s time t think differently abut that street utside yur frnt dr.
28．What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A．Cars ften get stuck n the rad.B．Traffic accidents ccur frequently.
C．Peple walk less and drive mre.D．Pedestrians fail t fllw the rules.
29．What were the Canadian jurnalist and ther campaigners trying t d?
A．Keep their cities livable.B．Prmte cultural diversity.
C．Help the needy families.D．Make expressways accessible.
30．What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?
A．They bsted the sales f cars.B．They turned ut largely ineffective.
C．They wn gvernment supprt.D．They advcated building new parks.
31．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Why the Rush?B．What’s Next?
C．Where t Stay?D．Wh t Blame?
【答案】28．C 29．A 30．B 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
29．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacbs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
30．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。
31．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush thrugh (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
2024年
Passage 1
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Is cmprehensin the same whether a persn reads a text nscreen r n paper? And are listening t and viewing cntent as effective as reading the written wrd when cvering the same material? The answers t bth questins are ften “n”. The reasns relate t a variety f factrs, including reduced cncentratin, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency t multitask while cnsuming digital cntent.
When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding. The benefits f print reading particularly shine thrugh when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related t paper’s physical prperties. With paper, there is a literal laying n f hands, alng with the visual gegraphy f distinct pages. Peple ften link their memry f what they’ve read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.
Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.
28. What des the underlined phrase “shine thrugh” in paragraph 2 mean?
A Seem unlikely t last.B. Seem hard t explain.
C. Becme ready t use.D. Becme easy t ntice.
29. What des the shallwing hypthesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.B. Digital texts are simpler t understand.
C. Peple select digital texts randmly.D. Digital texts are suitable fr scial media.
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hld students' attentin.B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.
C. They help develp advanced skills.D. They are mre infrmative than text.
31. What des the authr imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students shuld apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers shuld prduce their wn teaching material.
C. Print texts cannt be entirely replaced in educatin.
D. Educatin utside the classrm cannt be ignred.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine thrugh应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallwing hypthesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallwing hypthesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
Passage 2
【2024全国甲卷】“I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt. He suggested I think abut the difference between endings that I wanted fr the characters and endings that were right fr the characters, endings that satisfied the stry even if they didn’t have a traditinally psitive utcme. Of curse, I wuld have preferred a different ending fr Tm and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they gt did make the mst sense fr them.
This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.
This issue wn’t tell yu what yur ending shuld be—that’s up t yu and the stry yu’re telling—bu it might prvide what yu need t get there.
12. Why did the authr g t Prf. Gracie?
A. T discuss a nvel.B. T submit a bk reprt.
C. T argue fr a writer.D. T ask fr a reading list.
13. What did the authr realize after seeing Gracie?
A. Writing is a matter f persnal preferences.
B. Readers are ften carried away by character.
C. Each type f literature has its unique end.
D. A stry which begins well will end well.
14. What is expected f a gd ending?
A It satisfies readers’ taste.B. It fits with the stry develpment.
C. It is usually psitive.D. It is pen fr imaginatin.
15. Why des the authr mentin Peter Muntfrd and Elizabeth Sims?
A. T give examples f great nvelists.B. T stress the theme f this issue.
C. T encurage writing fr the magazine.D. T recmmend their new bks.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt.( “我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.( 这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。
Passage 3
【2024北京卷】The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin?” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A. Make an assumptin.B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestin.D. Justify a cmparisn.
29. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by.B. Determined by.C. Awakened by.D. Discvered by.
30. As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A. appreciativeB. dubtfulC. uncncernedD. disapprving
31. It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A. cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B. cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C. stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D. turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于cntingent n我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词cncepts and wrds，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。
2023年阅读理解议论文
Passage 1
【2023年全国乙卷】If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.D. Why written language is reliable.
13. What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?
A. His reprt was scientific.B. He represented the lcal peple.
C. He ruled ver Btany Bay.D. His recrd was ne-sided.
14. What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Prblem.B. Histry.C. Vice.D. Sciety.
15. Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?
A. Hw Maps Tell Stries f the WrldB. A Shrt Histry f Australia
C. A Histry f the Wrld in 100 ObjectsD. Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. B 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
【14题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以cnversatin指的是“历史”。故选B。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
2022年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2022年全国甲卷】Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口号), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解决).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C. The key t Sydney’s develpment.D. Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
13. What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A. He ges t wrk by bat.B. He lks frward t a new life.
C. He pilts catamarans well.D. He is attached t the ld ferries.
14. What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A. It is lsing its traditins.B. It shuld speed up its prgress.
C. It shuld expand its ppulatin.D. It is becming mre internatinal.
15. Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A. A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B. A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C. mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D. Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ”以及“But it is the harbr that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilt Sydney ferrybats fr a living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynlds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll miss these ld bats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynlds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. (另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthny时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthny的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。
Passage2
【2022年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
31. Regarding Jhnsn’s cncerns, the authr feels ________.
A. sympatheticB. uncncernedC. dubtfulD. excited
32. What leads t Taylr’s ptimism abut quantum cmputing?
A. His dminance in physics.B. The cmpetitin in the field.
C. His cnfidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment f tech cmpanies.
33. What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Open.B. Cl.C. Useful.D. Resistant.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?
【答案】31 A 32. C 33. A 34. D
【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
31.【解析】
推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. uncncerned不关心的；C. dubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。
32.【解析】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。
33.【解析】
词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prne被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prne意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cl. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
34.【解析】
主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin. This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。
Passage3
【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emersn nce said that the purpse f life is nt t be happy, but t be useful, t be lving, t make sme difference in he wrld. While we appreciate such wrds f wisdm, we rarely try t fllw them in ur lives.
Mst peple prefer t live a gd life themselves, ignring their respnsibilities fr the wrld. This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering. A gd life based n cmfrt and luxury may eventually lead t mre pain be-cause we spil ur health and even ur character, principles, ideals, and relatinships.
What then, is the secret f a gd life? A gd life is a prcess, nt a state f being : a directin, nt a destinatin. We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness. Mre imprtantly, we must knw urselves inside ut. Only when we examine urselves deeply can we discver ur abilities and recgnize ur limitatins, and then wrk accrdingly t create a better wrld.
The first requirement fr a gd life is having a lving heart. When we d certain right things merely as a duty, we find ur jb s tiresme that we’ll sn burn ut. Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling.
Hwever, lve alne is insufficient t lead a gd life. Lve smetimes blinds us t the reality. Cnsequently, ur gd intentins may nt lead t gd results. T achieve desired utcme, thse wh want t d gd t thers als need t equip themselves with accurate wrld knwledge. False knwledge is mre dangerus than ignrance. If lve is the engine f a car knwledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks pwer, th car can’t mve; if the driver lses cntrl f the steering, a rad accident prbably ccurs. Only with lve in heart and the right knwledge in mind can we lead a gd life.
With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers. When we see the impact f ur gd wrk n the wrld we give meaning t ur life and earn lasting jy and happiness.
51. What effect des the narrw perceptin f a gd life have n us?
A. Making us simple-mindedB. Making us shrt-signted.
C. Leading us nt a busy rad.D. Keeping us frm cmfrt and luxury.
52. Accrding t the authr, hw can ne gain true happiness?
A. Thrugh maintaining gd health.
B. By ging thrugh pain and suffering.
C. By recgnizing ne’s abilities and limitatins.
D. Thrugh ffering help much needed by thers.
53. Accrding t Paragraph 4, ding certain right things with a lving heart makes ne________.
A. less selfishB. less annying
C. mre mtivatedD. mre respnsible
54. In what case may gd intentins fail t lead t desired results?
A. When we have wrng knwledge f the wrld.
B. When ur lve fr the wrld is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive t dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind t the reality.
55. Accrding t Paragraph 5, life can be made truly gd when ________.
A. inspired by lve and guided by knwledge
B. directed by lve and pushed by knwledge
C. purified by lve and enriched by knwledge
D. prmted by lve and defined by knwledge
【答案】51 B 52. D 53. C 54. A 55. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。
【51题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。
【53题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。
【54题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knwledge is mre dangerus than ignrance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。
【55题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。
2021年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2021年全国甲卷】Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
12. What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A. They're unfair.B. They're cnservative.
C. They're bjective.D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They lk up t great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D. They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
14. Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A. Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.
B. Less discriminatin against wmen.
C. Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.
D. Changes in peple's scial psitins.
15. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many Frms
C. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that histry is written by victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club-wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief-they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief. Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we’re all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Wh is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, wh are able t change the wrld.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
Passage2
【2021年全国乙卷】When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）?
These days yu’d be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn’t wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter （29%） rely nly n their smartphnes accrding t a survey （调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it’s nt really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）— nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh’ve perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn’t the nly factr; I’d say it’s als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne（using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it）.
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
24. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
A. Their target users.B. Their wide ppularity.
C. Their majr functins.D. Their cmplex design.
25. What des the underlined wrd “cncede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit.B. Argue.
C. Remember.D. Remark.
26. What can we say abut Baby Bmers?
A. They like smartphne games.B. They enjy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phnes.D. They are attached t their family.
27. What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall ut f use sme day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as imprtant as the gas light.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
【24题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days yu'd be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn't wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
【25题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of thse Australians wh still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“cncede”意为“承认”。故选A项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。
Passage3
【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
31 What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature．
B. Everyne can define time n their wn terms．
C. The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it．
D. Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists．
32. The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A. present an assumptinB. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experimentD. intrduce an apprach
33. What can we learn frm this passage？
A. Thse wh d nt g n river time will live an imbalanced life．
B. New ways f measuring time can help t cntrl Earth systems．
C. Atmic time will get ahead f river time if the rivers run slwer．
D. Mdern technlgy may help t shape the rivers’ tempral frame．
34. What can we infer frm this passage？
A. It is crucial t imprve the definitin f time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We shuld live in harmny with nature．
D. Histry is a mirrr reflecting reality．
【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if ur definitin f time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy, we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。
Passage4
【2021年天津卷第一次】Abut five weeks ag, I nticed the skin f ur pet lizard was grwing dusty. It wrried me. I reprted the strange surface n the skin f the lizard t my husband and children the next mrning. Secnds later, ur lizard emerged frm its tank with its ld skin flwing behind it.
I didn't think abut it much until a mrning last week when I kncked my favrite teapt ff the table. It burst int hundreds f pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wndered why we had been breaking s many things ver the mnths.
The destructin started three mnths ag. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lst his jb. The uncertainty was starting t wear n us, s I wanted t d smething special.
“Let's make a cake fr Dad!” I cried.
My kids screamed with jy. We baked, iced and sprinkled fr mst f the day. Candles n the cake! Ballns n the walls! Flwers n the table!
Tw hurs befre my husband came back hme frm anther jb interview, my daughter climbed up t grab a glass vase frm a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces f glass were everywhere. She sbbed ludly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding fr his birthday.
Three days ag, the light in ur living rm suddenly went ut. After several frustrating hurs f unsuccessful attempts t fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jrdan dcumentary series The Last Dance.
The pignancy f Jrdan retiring frm his belved basketball t play baseball and what had pushed him t make such a tugh decisin tk me by surprise. As I watched him take ff his basketball unifrm and replace it with a baseball unifrm, I saw him leaving behind the layer that n lnger served him, just as ur lizard had. Neither f them chse the mment that had transfrmed them. But they had t live with wh they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have t learn t leave the past behind.
Humans d nt shed skin as easily as ther animals. The beginning f change is upsetting. The prcess is tiring. Damage changes us befre we are ready. I see ur lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jrdan said that n matter hw it ends, it starts with hpe. With ur tender, hpeful skin, that is where we begin.
40．What can we learn abut the pet lizard frm Paragraph 1?
A．Its tank grew dirty.B．Its ld skin came ff.
C．It gt a skin disease.D．It went missing.
41．Why did the authr's husband have banana pudding fr his birthday?
A．The birthday cake was ruined.B．The authr made gd puddings.
C．Pudding was his favrite dessert.D．They culdn't affrd a birthday cake.
42．Why des the authr mentin The Last Dance in the passage?
A．T prve a thery.B．T define a cncept.
C．T develp the theme.D．T prvide the backgrund.
43．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understd as .
A．letting g f the pastB．lking fr a new jb
C．getting rid f a bad habitD．giving up an pprtunity
44．What des the authr mst likely want t tell us?
A．Lve f family helps us survive great hardships.B．It's nt the end f the wrld if we break things.
C．We shuld mve n n matter what happens.D．Past experiences shuld be treasured.
【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jrdan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。
40．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I reprted the strange surface n the skin f the lizard t my husband and children the next mrning. Secnds later, ur lizard emerged frm its tank with its ld skin flwing behind it.(第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选B。
41．细节理解题。根据第六段“Tw hurs befre my husband came back hme frm anther jb interview, my daughter climbed up t grab a glass vase frm a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces f glass were everywhere. She sbbed ludly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding fr his birthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选A。
42．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The pignancy f Jrdan retiring frm his belved basketball t play baseball and what had pushed him t make such a tugh decisin tk me by surprise. As I watched him take ff his basketball unifrm and replace it with a baseball unifrm, I saw him leaving behind the layer that n lnger served him, just as ur lizard had. Neither f them chse the mment that had transfrmed them. But they had t live with wh they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have t learn t leave the past behind.( Jrdan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jrdan said that n matter hw it ends, it starts with hpe. With ur tender, hpeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jrdan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者在文章中提到The Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选C。
43．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neither f them chse the mment that had transfrmed them. But they had t live with wh they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have t learn t leave the past behind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选A。
44．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humans d nt shed skin as easily as ther animals. The beginning f change is upsetting. The prcess is tiring. Damage changes us befre we are ready. I see ur lizard, raw and nearly new.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jrdan said that n matter hw it ends, it starts with hpe. With ur tender, hpeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jrdan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选C。
Passage5
【2021年天津卷第一次】There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist. Knwing a little abut a lt f things that interest yu can add t the richness f a whle, well-lived life.
Sciety pushes us t specialize, t becme experts. This requires cmmitment t a particular ccupatin, branch f study r research. The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. There is a great deal f pressure t master ne's field. Yu may pursue training, degrees, r increasing levels f respnsibility at wrk. Then yu discver the pressure f having t keep up.
Sme peple seem willing t wrk arund the clck in their narrw specialty. But such cmmitment can als weaken a sense f freedm. These specialists culd wrk at the ffice until ten each night, then lk back and realize they wuld have lved t have gne hme and enjyed the sweetness f their family and friends, r traveled t exciting places, meeting interesting peple. Mastering ne thing t the exclusin （排 除）f thers can hld back yur true spirit.
Generalists, n the ther hand, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins. They are peple f ability, talent, and enthusiasm wh can bring their brad perspective （视角）int specific fields f expertise （专长）.The dctr wh is als a pet and philspher is a superir dctr, ne wh can give s much mre t his patients than just gd medical skills.
Things are cnnected. Let yur expertise in ne field fuel yur passins in all related areas. Sme f yur interests may nt appear t be cnnected but, nce yu explre their depths, yu discver that they are. My editr Tni, wh is als a writer, has edited several histry bks. She has decided t study Chinese histry. Fascinated by the structural beauty f the Frbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested t learn mre abut Chinese philsphy. "I dn't knw where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm n this pursuit."
These expansins int new wrlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin t see the intercnnectedness f ne thing t anther in all aspects f ur life, f urselves and the universe. Develp brad, general knwledge and experience. The universe is all yurs t explre and enjy.
51．T becme a specialist, ne may have t_____.
A．narrw his range f knwledge
B．avid respnsibilities at wrk
C．knw mre abut the sciety
D．braden his perspective n life
52．The specialists mentined in Paragraph 3 tend t______.
A．treasure their freedm
B．travel arund the wrld
C．spend mst time wrking
D．enjy meeting funny peple
53．Accrding t the authr, a superir dctr is ne wh_____.
A．is fully aware f his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．shuld lve petry and philsphy
D．brings knwledge f ther fields t wrk
54．What des the authr intend t shw with the example f Tni?
A．Passin alne des nt ensure a persn's success.
B．In-depth explratin makes discveries pssible.
C．Everyne has a chance t succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way cnnected.
55．What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist r Generalist: Hard t Decide
C．Turn a Generalist int a Specialist
D．Ways t Becme a Generalist
【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
51．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires cmmitment t a particular ccupatin, branch f study r research. The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less.（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）”根据“knw … abut less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。
52．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Sme peple seem willing t wrk arund the clck in their narrw specialty. …These specialists culd wrk at the ffice until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。
53．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The dctr wh is als a pet and philspher is a superir dctr, ne wh can give s much mre t his patients than just gd medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。
54．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are cnnected. Let yur expertise in ne field fuel yur passins in all related areas. Sme f yur interests may nt appear t be cnnected but, nce yu explre their depths, yu discver that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Tni的例子“My editr Tni, wh is als a writer, has edited several histry bks. She has decided t study Chinese histry. Fascinated by the structural beauty f the Frbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested t learn mre abut Chinese philsphy.（我的编辑Tni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推断，作者想通过Tni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。
55．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。