上海高考英语二轮讲义-完形填空（教师版）

这是一份上海高考英语二轮讲义-完形填空（教师版），共59页。
完形填空不仅考查学生对所学词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的阅读能力；不仅考查学生的知识背景，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解等综合能力。它的命题原则是“以实词为主，虚词为辅，突出词汇语境化”。
1．语义优先于语法原则
文章的开头部分尤其是第一句话不设空格，它起到的作用是对所选短文的题材和可能涉及的内容作简单的介绍或提示，并且不同于全国卷和其他各种考试类型(如考研等)中的完形填空，单纯的语法题已从该题型中彻底消失。如果一味按照语法规则来选择答案，就必定陷入了答题误区，无任何选项得以被排除。
每一题脱离语境上下文后四个选项都必定符合语法规则。所以理解文章的主旨大意，快速识别语篇类型(是议论文还是说明文，并进一步识别是其中具体某一类)，进而预判篇章结构以及作者的行文步骤和风格，心中有了大致的蓝图之后，即可结合以下各种解题技巧和对文章意思的理解对每个空格作出正确的判断。
2．词内选项句内找原则
从近几年的高考原题来看，近义词或词组的辨析正成为考试的热点。四个选择项要么都是词义相近的名词单数或复数，要么都是近义动词的同一时态等，只能根据上下文的语境作出正确的选择。如果提供的四个选择项词义相差悬殊，则上文或下文肯定有答题提示，有时第一个空格要读完全文才能回答。
（2025·上海闵行·一模）
Effective mnitring f endangered species is key t their survival. Studying the 1 , range, and habits f wild animals is essential t ensure their habitat remains free frm develpment and illegal hunters. Traditinal methds f mnitring wild animals, especially large nes, include radi-tagging (无线电标记). T d this, individual animals must at first be captured s that cllars can be 2 .
One rganizatin that 3 this technique was WildTrack. In the late 1990s, the team was using radi-cllars t mnitr black rhins (犀牛) in Namibia. Hwever, the team sn realized that the chemicals used t immbilize the rhin t fit the cllars 4 female fertility. Nt nly that but als a large prprtin f the radi-cllars 5 within the first 6 mnths and had t be replaced. 6 , as animals grew, the cllars wuld tighten, annying r even hurting them. The methd was cstly and had the unintended 7 f altering the rhins’ behavir, making the cllected data unreliable. At the same time, the team was wrking alngside lcal 8 . Animal tracking is ne f the ldest human skills, and these experts have years f experience in identifying individual animals by their ftprints. They culd effectively create a true picture f individual rhins’ activities withut the use f any invasive (侵入的) techniques. Cnsequently, the team were interested t knw whether the trackers’ knwledge culd be effectively 9 a cmputerized technique fr mnitring animal mvement.
Within each species, each individual has its wn unique ft 10 . If an animal is sighted and identified just nce, and the characteristics f its ftprints are prperly phtgraphed and measured, its ftprint can be 11 whenever it is sighted again. If that is dne repeatedly, cnservatinists can draw up a 12 f all, r at least a significant prprtin f the individuals within the ppulatin. After that, cnservatinists can use it t identify an animal and its mvements by its print. The data gathered can be used fr a range f 13 , fr example, t mnitr bidiversity. WildTrack is currently using ftprint identificatin technlgy in Greece t study the ptential effect f a large highway cnstructin thrugh brwn bear habitat.
Identifying an animal frm its ftprint is nt withut its 14 , hwever, as each time the individual places its ft n the grund, it leaves a slightly different track, accrding t the grund type, misture (湿度), and mvement. T accunt fr these 15 , it is necessary t cllect multiple tracks frm each animal n a range f surfaces.
1．A．flexibilityB．dietC．mvementD．behavir
2．A．fixedB．updatedC．remvedD．examined
3．A．ppsedB．develpedC．prmtedD．adpted
4．A．enhancedB．harmedC．testedD．ensured
5．A．lastedB．matchedC．failedD．bent
6．A．TherefreB．HweverC．LikewiseD．Mrever
7．A．cnsequenceB．mistakeC．causeD．target
8．A．prgrammersB．phtgraphersC．trackersD．fficials
9．A．cmpared tB．translated intC．integrated intD．classified int
10．A．featuresB．sizesC．clrsD．shapes
11．A．cpiedB．recgnizedC．erasedD．marked
12．A．budgetB．scheduleC．blueprintD．database
13．A．purpsesB．experimentsC．slutinsD．services
14．A．limitatinsB．lssesC．challengesD．cncerns
15．A．variatinsB．signsC．factrsD．standards
【答案】
1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．C 6．D 7．A 8．C 9．B 10．A 11．B 12．D 13．A 14．C 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有效监测濒危物种的重要性，以及传统监测方法与现代技术（如无线电标记和脚印识别技术）在野生动物监测中的应用和挑战。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究野生动物的行动、活动范围和习性对于确保它们的栖息地免受开发和非法猎杀至关重要。A． flexibility灵活性；B． diet饮食；C． mvement运动；D． behavir行为。根据空后“range, and habits f wild animals is essential t ensure their habitat remains free frm develpment and illegal hunters．”以及“Traditinal methds f mnitring wild animals, especially large nes, include radi-tagging(无线电标记)．”可推测，本段讲述的是检测动物，由此可知空处指的是野生动物的活动。故选C。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为此，首先需要捕获单个动物，以便为它们佩戴项圈。A． fixed固定；B． updated更新；C． remved移除；D． examined检查。根据上文“Traditinal methds f mnitring wild animals, especially large nes, include radi-tagging(无线电标记)．”可知，传统的检测动物的方式包括无线电标记。由此可推测，首先要将动物捕获，然后给动物佩戴项圈，从而实现无线电检测故选A。
3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：采用这种技术的组织之一是WildTrack。A． ppsed反对；B． develped开发；C． prmted促进、提升；D． adpted采纳。根据下文“In the late 1990s, the team was using radi-cllars t mnitr black rhins (犀牛) in Namibia．”可知，该组织采用了这种方法。故选D。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，团队很快意识到，用于使犀牛昏迷以便佩戴项圈的化学物质损害了雌性犀牛的生育能力。A． enhanced提高；B． harmed伤害；C． tested测试；D． ensured确保。根据上下文可知，这里指的是项圈的坏处。再根据空前的“the chemicals”可推测，这种化学物质损害了雌性犀牛的生育能力。故选B。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不仅如此，有很大一部分无线电项圈在最初6个月内就失效了，不得不进行更换。A． lasted持续；B． matched匹配；C． failed失败、失效；D． bent弯曲。根据下文“had t be replaced”可知，无线电项圈6个月内就失效需要更换。故选C。
6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，随着动物的成长，项圈会收紧，令它们感到烦恼甚至受伤。A． Therefre因此；B． Hwever然而；C． Likewise同样地；D． Mrever此外。根据上文可知，上文提到了项圈的坏处；而空后“as animals grew, the cllars wuld tighten, annying r even hurting them．”则进一步提出了项圈不好的方面。故选D。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种方法成本高昂，并产生了改变犀牛行为的意外后果，导致收集的数据不可靠。A． cnsequence后果；B． mistake错误；C． cause原因；D． target目标。根据空后“altering the rhins’ behavir”可知，这种方法有改变犀牛行为的意外后果。而这样的结果则会导致收集的数据不可靠。故选A。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，该团队还与当地的追踪者合作。A． prgrammers程序员；B． phtgraphers摄影师；C． trackers追踪者；D． fficials官员。根据下文“Animal tracking is ne f the ldest human skills, and these experts have years f experience in identifying individual animals by their ftprints．”可知，该团队与当地的动物追踪者合作。故选C。
9．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：因此，该团队很想知道追踪者的知识是否可以被有效地转化为一种计算机化的技术，用于监测动物的活动。A． cmpared t与……相比；B． translated int翻译为、转化为；C． integrated int融合；D． classified int分类为。根据空前“the trackers’ knwledge”以及空后“a cmputerized technique fr mnitring animal mvement”可推测，空处指的是将追踪者的知识转化为计算机化的技术。故选B。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在每个物种中，每个个体都有自己独特的脚部特征。A．features特征；B．sizes大小；C．clrs颜色；D．shapes形状。根据下文“If an animal is sighted and identified just nce, and the characteristics f its ftprints are prperly phtgraphed and measured, its ftprint can be ___11___ whenever it is sighted again.”可知，物种个体有独特的脚部特征。故选A。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果一只动物被看到并识别过一次，并且其脚印的特征被适当地拍照和测量，那么每当它再次被看到时，其脚印就可以被识别出来。A．cpied复制；B．recgnized识别；C．erased擦除；D．marked标记。根据上文内容可知，物种个体有独特的脚部特征。再根据从句“If an animal is sighted and identified just nce, and the characteristics f its ftprints are prperly phtgraphed and measured”可推测，既然每个物种个体有独特的脚部特征，那么一旦这个脚印被记录和保存，那么再被观察到时，其脚印可以被识别出。故选B。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果这一步骤被反复进行，保护主义者就可以建立一个数据库，涵盖种群中全部或至少大部分个体的信息。A．budget预算；B．schedule时间表；C．blueprint蓝图；D．database数据库。根据上文内容可知，物种个体有独特的脚部特征。而不断地进行记录保存脚印，时间久了就可以建立数据库，从而涵盖种群中全部或至少大部分个体的信息。故选D。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：收集到的数据可以用于多种目的，例如监测生物多样性。A．purpses目的；B．experiments实验；C．slutins解决方法；D．services服务。根据下文“fr example, t mnitr bidiversity.”可知，数据可以用于多种目的。故选A。
14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，根据地面的类型、湿度以及动物的移动情况，每次动物将脚放在地上时，都会留下略有不同的脚印，因此，从脚印中识别动物并非没有挑战。A．limitatins限制；B．lsses损失；C．challenges挑战；D．cncerns担忧。根据下文“as each time the individual places its ft n the grund, it leaves a slightly different track, accrding t the grund type, misture (湿度), and mvement”可知，由于地面的类型、湿度以及动物的移动情况，每次动物将脚放在地上时，都会留下略有不同的脚印。由此可知，从脚印中识别动物是具有挑战性的。故选C。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了考虑这些变化，有必要在各种地面上从每只动物身上收集多个脚印。A．variatins变化；B．signs迹象；C．factrs因素；D．standards标准。根据上文“Identifying an animal frm its ftprint is nt withut its ___14___ , hwever, as each time the individual places its ft n the grund, it leaves a slightly different track, accrding t the grund type, misture (湿度), and mvement.”可知，根据地面的类型、湿度以及动物的移动情况，每次动物将脚放在地上时，都会留下略有不同的脚印。因此为了考虑这些变化，有必要在各种地面上从每只动物身上收集多个脚印。故选A。
1．（2025届·上海金山区·统考）
July 19th was a day fr IT heres. A rutine sftware update caused cmputer utages in ffices, hspitals and airprts wrldwide. Mst white-cllar wrkers lked sadly at their screens and realized just hw useless they are if they cannt 1 . Peple in IT came t the rescue f helpless clleagues and 2 passengers. Their wrk that day was full f stress— but als full f meaning.
If machines can add purpse t sme jbs when they fail, what abut when they wrk 3 ? This is nt an idle questin, but a serius ne. Discussins abut A in particular easily get lst in ayptherical (假设的) debates abut whlesale jb lsses r, wrse, the nature f cnsciusness. But technlgies tend t spread in less 4 ways, task by task rather than rle by rle. Befre machines replace individuals, they change the nature f the wrk they d.
That transfrmatin is likely t affect jb satisfactin. Many emplyees give 5 t nn-mnetary rewards, such as jb interest and engagement. A recent discussin paper surveyed American wrkers wh had 6 jbs t find ut whether and why they thught their new psitins were better; they fund that interest in the wrk mattered mre t peple than pay and benefits.
Hwever, a study revealed a cncerning 7 : Rbts in industrial settings reduced the perceived meaningfulness f jbs acrss the bard, 8 age, gender, skills and the type f wrk. While machines can theretically free up time fr mre interesting tasks, 9 , they seem t have had the ppsite effect. Why might this be? They find that industrial rbts make jbs less physically demanding. But the number f tasks that remain pen t humans 10 , hurting bth the variety f wrk and peple’s understanding f the prductin prcess. Wrk becmes mre rutine, nt less.
Hwever, machines dn’t always have a (n) 11 impact. Fr example, in service industries like health care, less time spent n bring wrk might indeed mean mre time with patients.
Cnsumer reactins t autmatin can als 12 . In an experiment t test hw custmers reacted t different descriptins f a cking set, peple wh 13 being skilled chefs really didn’t like prducts that prmised t d everything at the tuch f a buttn. A technlgy that cuts dwn n bring tasks is fine; ne that 14 yur sense f identity is nt.
While it is stil t early t knw hw AI will affect the quality f wrk, ne thing is clear: machines can make emplyees feel 15 abut their wrk. Intrducing new technlgies in cperatin with emplyees, rather than impsing (勉强) them, and enhancing their sense f cmpetence are crucial. Bsses wh ignre these issues are missing smething meaningful.
1．A．lg inB．pt utC．shw ffD．hurry up
2．A．strandedB．respnsibleC．hesitantD．embarrassed
3．A．prperlyB．purpselesslyC．cntinuuslyD．unwillingly
4．A．accessibleB．casualC．dramaticD．dynamic
5．A．riseB．wayC．prirityD．insight
6．A．createdB．switchedC．cmpletedD．evaluated
7．A．causeB．cnceptC．secretD．trend
8．A．rather thanB．in case fC．accrding tD．regardless f
9．A．in practiceB．as a resultC．in shrtD．in additin
10．A．existsB．cntinuesC．decreasesD．emerges
11．A．negativeB．pwerfulC．immediateD．significant
12．A．ceaseB．ccurC．impressD．vary
13．A．ccupied themselves withB．prided themselves n
C．cncentrated themselves nD．freed themselves f
14．A．lacksB．heightensC．threatensD．maintains
15．A．anxiuslyB．differentlyC．strnglyD．ddly
【答案】
1．A 2．A 3．A 4．C 5．C 6．B 7．D 8．D 9．A 10．C 11．A 12．D 13．B 14．C 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“机器和人工智能对工作质量和员工感受的影响”这一主题展开讨论，通过引用多个研究案例和分析，探讨了机器在出现故障和正常运转时对工作的影响，以及自动化和人工智能在不同行业中的应用对员工感受和工作质量的潜在影响。
1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：大多数白领都悲伤地看着他们的屏幕，意识到如果他们不能登录，他们是多么没用。A． lg in登录；B． pt ut选择退出；C． shw ff炫耀；D． hurry up赶快。根据上文“A rutine sftware update caused cmputer utages”提到电脑中断，由此可知，此处应表示白领意识到他们不能登录电脑。故选A项。
2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：IT部门的人前来救援无助的同事和滞留的乘客。A． stranded滞留的；B． respnsible负责的；C． hesitant犹豫的；D． embarrassed尴尬的。根据上文“A rutine sftware update caused cmputer utages in…airprts”提到机场的电脑中断，以及下文“passengers”由此可知，此处应表示IT部门的人前来救援无助的同事和滞留的乘客。 故选A项。
3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果机器可以在某些工作失败的时候给它们增加意义，那么当它们正常工作的时候呢？A． prperly正常地；B． purpselessly无目的地；C． cntinuusly持续不断地；D． unwillingly不情愿地。根据上文“If machines can add purpse t sme jbs when they fail”提到工作失败的时候，由此可知，此处应表示机器正常工作的时候，和上文的fail形成呼应。故选A项。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但技术的传播方式往往不那么引人注目，而是一项任务接一项任务，而不是一个角色接一个角色。A． accessible可进入的；B． casual随意的；C． dramatic引人注目的；D． dynamic动态的。根据下文“task by task rather than rle by rle”提到一项任务接一项任务，而不是一个角色接一个角色，由此可推知，此处应表示技术的传播方式往往不那么引人注目。故选C项。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多员工优先考虑非金钱奖励，比如工作兴趣和敬业度。A． rise增加；B． way方式；C． pririty优先；D． insight视野，洞察力。根据下文“such as jb interest and engagement”提到工作兴趣和敬业度，以及下文“they fund that interest in the wrk mattered mre t peple than pay and benefits”由此可推知。此处应表示许多员工优先考虑非金钱奖励。故选C项。
6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近的一份讨论文件调查了换了工作的美国工人，以了解他们是否以及为什么认为自己的新工作更好。A． created创造；B． switched转变；C． cmpleted完成；D． evaluated评估。根据下文“find ut whether and why they thught their new psitins were better”提到新工作，由此可知，此处应表示最近的一份讨论文件调查了换了工作的美国工人。故选B项。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，一项研究揭示了一个令人担忧的趋势：工业环境中的机器人降低了人们对工作意义的感知，无论年龄、性别、技能和工作类型如何。A． cause原因；B． cncept概念；C． secret秘密；D． trend趋势。根据下文“Rbts in industrial settings reduced the perceived meaningfulness f jbs acrss the bard, 8 age, gender, skills and the type f wrk.”可知，此处应表示一项研究揭示了一个令人担忧的趋势。故选D项。
8．考查固定短语辨析。句意：然而，一项研究揭示了一个令人担忧的趋势：工业环境中的机器人降低了人们对工作意义的感知，无论年龄、性别、技能和工作类型如何。A． rather than而不是；B． in case f万一；C． accrding t根据；D． regardless f不管，不顾。根据上文“Rbts in industrial settings reduced the perceived meaningfulness f jbs acrss the bard”以及下文“age, gender, skills and the type f wrk”由此可知，此处应表示工业环境中的机器人降低了人们对工作意义的感知，无论年龄、性别、技能和工作类型如何。故选D项。
9．考查介词短语辨析。句意：虽然机器理论上可以为更有趣的任务腾出时间，但在实践中，它们似乎起到了相反的作用。A． in practice实践中；B． as a result结果；C． in shrt简而言之；D． in additin此外。根据上文“While machines can theretically free up time fr mre interesting tasks”提到机器理论上可以为更有趣的任务腾出时间，由此可知，此处应表示在实践中，它们似乎起到了相反的作用。和上文中的theretically“理论上”形成呼应。故选A项。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，对人类开放的任务数量减少了，这既损害了工作的多样性，也损害了人们对生产过程的理解。A．exists存在；B．cntinues继续；C．decreases减少；D．emerges出现。根据上文“They find that industrial rbts make jbs less physically demanding.”提到工业机器人减少了对体力的要求。由此可知，此处应表示对人类开放的任务数量减少了。故选C项。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，机器并不总是有负面影响。A．negative负面的；B．pwerful有力量的；C．immediate立刻的；D．significant有意义的。根据下文“Fr example, in service industries like health care, less time spent n bring wrk might indeed mean mre time with patients.”提到机器的有利一面，由此可知，此处应表示机器并不总是有负面影响。故选A项。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：消费者对自动化的反应也各不相同。A．cease停止；B．ccur发生；C．impress使留下深刻印象；D．vary不同。根据下文“ne that ___14___ yur sense f identity is nt.”由此可知，此处应表示消费者对自动化的反应也各不相同。故选D项。
13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在一项测试顾客对一套厨具的不同描述的反应的实验中，那些以熟练厨师为荣的人真的不喜欢那些承诺只要按一下按钮就能做所有事情的产品。A．ccupied themselves with忙于，专注于；B．prided themselves n以……为傲；C．cncentrated themselves n专注于；D．freed themselves f使某人摆脱。根据句意以及下文“…skilled chefs really didn’t like prducts that prmised t d everything at the tuch f a buttn”由此可知，此处应表示那些以熟练厨师为荣的人真的不喜欢那些承诺只要按一下按钮就能做所有事情的产品。prided themselves n“以……为傲”。故选B项。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一项减少无聊任务的技术是好的；但威胁到你身份认同感的东西就不会。A．lacks缺乏；B．heightens提高；C．threatens威胁；D．maintains保持。根据上文“A technlgy that cuts dwn n bring tasks is fine”以及下文“yur sense f identity is nt”由此可知，此处应表示威胁到你身份认同感的东西就不会。故选C项。
15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：虽然现在就知道人工智能将如何影响工作质量还为时过早，但有一点是明确的：机器可以让员工对自己的工作产生不同的感觉。A．anxiusly焦虑地；B．differently不同地；C．strngly强烈地；D．ddly奇怪的是。根据上文“Cnsumer reactins t autmatin can als vary.”提到消费者对自动化的反应也各不相同。由此可推知，此处应表示机器可以让员工对自己的工作产生不同的感觉。故选B项。
2．（2025届·上海宝山区·月考）
I was thrilled t cver a new expeditin t Qmlangma as a jurnalist. Hwever, as I gt ff the vehicle at the base camp, I was immediately 1 by dizziness and shrtness f breath — 2 f muntain sickness. Even the act f taking a few steps demanded an extrardinary amunt f 3 .
At that mment, a questin 4 within me: Why d peple keep climbing Munt Qmlangma? When asked this questin, British muntaineer Gerge Mallry gave his famus 5 : “Because it’s there.”
Mallry reminded me f cuntless climbers wh have put their lives at risk t 6 the muntain’s twering height with their wn ftsteps. They encunter an almst vertical (垂直的) wall clse t the tp. It is s difficult t find 7 pints fr climbing that the earliest climbers thught n ne culd 8 the wall.
In 1960, Liu Lianman, a Chinese climber, let his teammates 9 n his shulders t crss the wall. Already 10 , he gathered all his strength t uplift his teammates. Thugh his 11 did nt appear n the list f thse wh reached the tp, Liu is undubtedly a true 12 .
I recalled the interview with Dng Hngjuan, the first wman t cnquer (征服) 14 muntains abve 8,000 meters, wh 13 understands hw small humans are cmpared t 14 . She tld me: “I never felt I cnquered thse muntains; it’s just that the muntains 15 me.”
1．A．struckB．taughtC．fundD．drawn
2．A．causesB．typesC．risksD．signs
3．A．patienceB．mneyC．energyD．practice
4．A．endedB．arseC．remainedD．lay
5．A．suggestinB．respnseC．cnclusinD．guidance
6．A．adjustB．cverC．measureD．cnfirm
7．A．checkB．viewC．restD．supprt
8．A．get pastB．cme acrssC．g thrughD．take back
9．A．wrkB．fightC．cryD．step
10．A．exhaustedB．terrifiedC．annyedD．disappinted
11．A．stryB．nameC．actD．failure
12．A．champinB．talentC．herD．friend
13．A．hardlyB．slightlyC．firstlyD．truly
14．A．timeB．lifeC．natureD．success
15．A．prtectedB．acceptedC．admiredD．discvered
【答案】
1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．B 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述的是关于攀登珠穆朗玛峰（珠峰）的探险故事以及人们攀登这座世界最高峰的不同动机和体验。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，当我在大本营下车时，我立刻感到头晕和呼吸急促——这是高原反应的征兆。A． struck（疾病、灾难等）侵袭；B． taught教；C． fund发现；D． drawn拉。根据下文“by dizziness and shrtness f breath”可知，作者感到头晕和呼吸急促，也就是被头晕和呼吸急促侵袭，因此空格处用struck。故选A。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，当我在大本营下车时，我立刻感到头晕和呼吸急促——这是高原反应的征兆。A． causes原因；B． types种类；C． risks风险；D． signs征兆。根据上文“dizziness and shrtness f breath”和下文“muntain sickness”可知，头晕和呼吸急促是高原反应的征兆。故选D。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：即使只是走几步也需要耗费大量的精力。A． patience耐心；B． mney钱；C． energy精力；D． practice练习。根据上文“muntain sickness”可知，作者有高原反应，所以走几步路也需要耗费大量的精力。故选C。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在那一刻，一个问题在我脑海中浮现。A． ended结束；B． arse出现；C． remained保持；D． lay躺。根据下文“Why d peple keep climbing Munt Qmlangma”可知，作者的脑子里出现了一个问题。故选B。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当被问及这个问题时，英国登山家Gerge Mallry给出了他著名的回答：“因为它就在那里。”A． suggestin建议；B． respnse回答；C． cnclusin结论；D． guidance指导。根据上文“When asked this questin”和下文“Because it’s there”可知，空后是作者对前面问题的回答。故选B。
6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Mallry让我想起了无数的登山者，他们冒着生命危险，用自己的脚步测量这座山的高度。A． adjust调整；B． cver覆盖；C． measure测量；D． cnfirm确认。根据下文“the muntain’s twering height”可知，此处表示测量山的高度。故选C。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：要找到攀岩的支撑点是如此困难，以至于最早的登山者认为没有人能翻过这堵墙。A． check检查；B． view看待；C． rest休息；D． supprt支撑。根据上文“They encunter an almst vertical (垂直的) wall clse t the tp”和下文“pints fr climbing”可知，在几乎垂直的地方要找到攀登的支撑点是很困难的。故选D。
8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：要找到攀岩的支撑点是如此困难，以至于最早的登山者认为没有人能翻过这堵墙。A． get past绕过障碍物；B． cme acrss偶遇；C． g thrugh经历；D． take back拿回。根据上文“It is s difficult t find supprt pints fr climbing”可知，要找到攀登的支撑点很困难，所以最早的登山者认为没有人能翻过这堵墙，空格处用get past。故选A。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：1960年，中国攀岩运动员Liu Lianman让队友踩在他的肩膀上翻越这堵墙。A． wrk工作；B． fight斗争；C． cry哭；D． step踩。根据下文“n his shulders t crss the wall”可知，Liu Lianman让队友踩在他的肩膀上翻越这堵墙。故选D。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他已经筋疲力尽了，但他还是鼓起了所有的力量去鼓舞他的队友。A．exhausted筋疲力尽的；B．terrified非常害怕的；C．annyed生气的；D．disappinted失望的。根据上文“n his shulders t crss the wall”可知，Liu Lianman让队友踩在他的肩膀上翻越这堵墙，所以他已经筋疲力尽了。故选A。
11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然他的名字没有出现在登顶者的名单上，但他无疑是一位真正的英雄。A．stry故事；B．name名字；C．act行动；D．failure失败。根据下文“n the list f thse wh reached the tp”可知，他的名字没有出现在登顶者的名单上。故选B。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然他的名字没有出现在登顶者的名单上，但他无疑是一位真正的英雄。A．champin冠军；B．talent才能；C．her英雄；D．friend朋友。根据上文“let his teammates step n his shulders t crss the wall”可知，他让队友踩在自己的肩膀上去攀登，所以他是真正的英雄。故选C。
13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我想起了对Dng Hngjuan的采访，Dng Hngjuan是第一个征服14座8000米以上山峰的女人，她真正明白与自然相比，人类是多么渺小。A．hardly几乎不；B．slightly稍微；C．firstly首先；D．truly真正地。根据下文“understands hw small humans are”可知，Dng Hngjuan征服14座8000米以上山峰，她真正明白与自然相比人类是渺小的。故选D。
14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我想起了对Dng Hngjuan的采访，Dng Hngjuan是第一个征服14座1400米以上山峰的女人，她真正明白与自然相比，人类是多么渺小。A．time时间；B．life生活；C．nature自然；D．success成功。根据上文“cnquer (征服) 14 muntains abve 8,000 meters”可知，Dng Hngjuan征服了14座1400米以上山峰，她明白与自然相比人类是渺小的。故选C。
15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：只是大山接纳了我。A．prtected保护；B．accepted接受；C．admired羡慕；D．discvered发现。根据上文“I never felt I cnquered thse muntains”可知，她觉得自己没有征服大山，而是大山接受了她。故选B。

1．（2025届·上海杨浦区·统考）
Dn’t Kick the Rbt
Over the next decade, ur relatinships t ur devices will becme a lt mre interesting. Advanced rbt cmpanins are extremely well-suited t tap int ur scial 1 and make us behave as thugh we’re interacting with smething alive. What des it mean t be 2 r physically vilent tward an artificial agent?
Peple have already started t 3 . Fr example, during the mass 4 f virtual vice assistants, parents expressed cncern that the little speakers in their living rms were teaching their kids t be rude. Majr cmpanies respnded by releasing special features that encuraged the use f languages like ‘ 5 ’ t prevent children frm barking cmmands at the devices.
One 2015 research shwed that there’s a link between peple’s tendencies fr sympathy and hw they feel tward a rbt. But that desn’t answer the questin f whether beating up rbts makes peple mre 6 . Sciety has asked similar questins abut vide games, with sme 7 results. Just because I play Grand Theft Aut Game desn’t mean I try t run peple ver in the car park.
Studies shw that we behave differently tward embdied rbts than characters n a screen, in part because we’re bilgically hardwired t 8 physical mtin. Peple will 9 treat any agent that mves like it’s alive. As rbt design gets better, the line between alive and lifelike may cntinue t 10 in ur subcnscius minds.
If s, maybe it wuld be great fr peple t take ut their aggressin and frustratin n human-and animal-like rbts that mimic pain. 11 , they aren’t harming a living being. On the ther hand, it culd be bad if it makes peple insensitive t vilence in ther cntexts. Wuld a child wh grws up kicking a rbt dg find it 12 t kick a real dg? Unfrtunately, desensitizatin (脱敏) remains a difficult thing t study.
Fr nw, it seems pretty reasnable t keep rbt 13 away frm little children. But even fr the rest f us, maybe it’s just nt cl t treat an artificial agent prly. Yes, it’s much better than 14 a living, breathing being, but why d it at all? As philspher Vallr argues, it might be wrth 15 kindness, instead.
1．A．mediaB．natureC．attitudeD．change
2．A．rallyB．mentallyC．emtinallyD．physilgically
3．A．sufferB．assumeC．wnderD．inspect
4．A．adjustmentB．absenceC．awarenessD．adptin
5．A．pleaseB．srryC．nastyD．perfect
6．A．tlerantB．vilentC．matureD．incnsistent
7．A．definiteB．psitiveC．incnclusiveD．inaccurate
8．A．take inB．riginate frmC．react tD．assciate with
9．A．readilyB．cldlyC．eventuallyD．bviusly
10．A．emergeB．fadeC．crssD．mve
11．A．In additinB．After allC．In a wayD．On the cntrary
12．A．harderB．funnierC．easierD．wrse
13．A．expsureB．cmpanyC．fancyD．abuse
14．A．mistreatingB．mismanagingC．misleadingD．misunderstanding
15．A．suspectingB．replacingC．spreadingD．practising
【答案】
1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．C 9．A 10．B 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．A 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是人类与人工智能体（特别是机器人）之间关系的演变，以及这种关系可能带来的社会和心理影响。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：先进的机器人伴侣非常适合挖掘我们的社交天性，让我们的行为就像我们在与活物互动一样。A． media媒体；B． nature天性；C． attitude态度；D． change改变。根据下文“make us behave as thugh we’re interacting with smething alive”可知，此处是指机器人非常适合挖掘我们的社交天性。故选B。
2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：对人工智能体实施口头或身体暴力意味着什么？A． rally口头上地；B． mentally精神上；C． emtinally情绪上；D． physilgically生理学方面。根据第5空后“prevent children frm barking cmmands at the devices”可知，此处是指对人工智能体实施口头暴力，空格处意为“口头上地”。故选A。
3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们已经开始怀疑了。A． suffer遭受；B． assume假定；C． wnder想知道；D． inspect检查，审视。根据下文“parents expressed cncern that the little speakers in their living rms were teaching their kids t be rude”可知，人们已经开始怀疑人们和人工智能体的关系。固定搭配start t wnder“开始想知道：开始对某事产生疑问或好奇心”。故选C。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，在大量采用虚拟语音助手期间，家长们担心客厅里的小扬声器会教会孩子们变得粗鲁。A． adjustment调整；B． absence缺席；C． awareness意识；D． adptin采用。根据下文“the little speakers in their living rms were teaching their kids t be rude”可知，此处是指采用虚拟语音助手。故选D。
5．考查感叹词词义辨析和形容词词义辨析。句意：大公司的回应是发布了一些特殊功能，鼓励使用“请”等语言，以防止孩子们对着这些设备吠叫。A． please请；B． srry对不起；C． nasty恶毒的；D． perfect完美的。根据下文“t prevent children frm barking cmmands at the devices”可知，为了防止孩子对人工智能体的语言暴力，所以鼓励使用“请”这种礼貌用语。故选A。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这并没有回答殴打机器人是否会让人变得更暴力的问题。A． tlerant容忍的；B． vilent暴力的；C． mature成熟的；D． incnsistent不一致的。根据上文“whether beating up rbts makes peple mre”可知，此处是指殴打机器人是否会让人变得更暴力。故选B。
7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：社会对电子游戏也提出了类似的问题，但有些结果不确定。A． definite肯定的；B． psitive积极的；C． incnclusive不确定的；D． inaccurate不准确的。根据下文“Just because I play Grand Theft Aut Game desn’t mean I try t run peple ver in the car park．”可知，结果是不确定的。故选C。
8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究表明，我们对机器人的反应与对屏幕上人物的反应不同，部分原因是我们天生就会对身体运动做出反应。A． take in吸收；B． riginate frm起源于；C． react t对……做出反应；D． assciate with和……联系在一起。根据上文“we behave differently tward embdied rbts than characters n a screen, in part because we’re bilgically hardwired t”可知，我们天生就会对身体运动做出反应。故选C。
9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：人们会很容易地把任何行动起来像是有生命一样的实体视为有生命的。A． readily容易地；B． cldly冷淡地；C． eventually最后；D． bviusly显然。根据下文“treat any agent that mves like it’s alive”和常识可知，人们会很容易地把任何行动起来像是有生命一样的实体视为有生命的，空格处意为“容易地”。故选A。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着机器人的设计越来越好，在我们的潜意识里，活生生和栩栩如生之间的界限可能会逐渐消失。A．emerge出现；B．fade消失；C．crss穿过；D．mve移动。根据上文“As rbt design gets better”可知，随着机器人的设计越来越好，活生生和栩栩如生之间的界限可能会逐渐消失。故选B。
11．考查介词短语辨析。句意：毕竟，他们并没有伤害任何生物。A．In additin另外；B．After all毕竟；C．In a way在某种程度上；D．On the cntrary相反。根据上文“it wuld be great fr peple t take ut their aggressin and frustratin n human-and animal-like rbts that mimic pain”和下文“they aren’t harming a living being”可知，此处表示毕竟他们并没有伤害任何生物。故选B。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个踢机器狗长大的孩子会觉得踢真狗更容易吗？A．harder更难的；B．funnier更有趣的；C．easier更容易的；D．wrse更糟的。根据下文“Unfrtunately, desensitizatin (脱敏) remains a difficult thing t study”可知，此处是问一个踢机器狗长大的孩子会觉得踢真狗更容易吗。故选C。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：就目前而言，让孩子远离机器人虐待似乎是相当合理的。A．expsure暴露；B．cmpany公司；C．fancy想象；D．abuse虐待。根据第一段“What des it mean t be 2 r physically vilent tward an artificial agent?”可知，此处是指让孩子远离机器人虐待。故选D。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：是的，这比虐待一个活生生的、有呼吸的生物要好得多，但为什么要这样做呢？A．mistreating虐待；B．mismanaging对……管理不善；C．misleading误导；D．misunderstanding误解。根据上文“treat an artificial agent prly”可知，此处是指“这比虐待一个活生生的、有呼吸的生物要好得多”。故选A。
15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：正如哲学家Vallr所言，相反，练习善良可能是值得的。A．suspecting怀疑；B．replacing代替；C．spreading传播；D．practising练习。根据上文“keep rbt abuse away frm little children”可知，远离机器人虐待，也就是要练习善良。故选D。
2．（2025届·上海延安中学·校考）
Better diagnses. Persnalized supprt fr patients. Faster drug discvery. Greater efficiency. Artificial intelligence (AD) is generating excitement and hyperble (夸张) everywhere, but in the field f health care it has the ptential t be 1 . In Eurpe analysts predict that deplying AI culd save hundreds f thusands f lives each year; in America, they say, it culd als save mney, shaving $200 t $360 billin frm verall annual medical spending, nw $4.5 trillin a year (r 17% f GDP). Frm smart stethscpes (听诊器) and rbt surgens t the analysis f large data sets r the ability t chat t a medical AI with a human face, pprtunities 2 .
There is already evidence that AI systems can enhance 3 accuracy and disease tracking, imprve the predictin f patients’ utcmes and suggest better treatments. It can als bst efficiency in hspitals and surgeries by 4 tasks such as medical transcriptin and mnitring patients, and by streamlining administratin. It may already be 5 the time it takes fr new drugs t reach clinical trials. New tls, including generative AI, culd supercharge these abilities. Yet as ur Technlgy Quarterly this week shws, 6 AI has been used in health care fr many years, integratin has been slw and the results have ften been f average standard.
There are gd and bad reasns fr this. The gd reasns are that health care demands high evidentiary 7 when intrducing new tls, t prtect patients’ safety. The bad reasns invlve data, regulatin and incentives. Overcming them culd hld lessns fr AI in ther fields.
AI systems learn by prcessing huge vlumes f data, smething health-care prviders have in abundance. But health data is highly fragmented; strict rules cntrl its use. Gvernments recgnize that patients want their medical 8 prtected. But patients als want better and mre persnalized care. Each year rughly 800,000 Americans suffer frm pr medical decisin- making.
Imprving accuracy and reducing 9 in AI tls requires them t be trained n large data sets that reflect patients’ full diversity. Finding secure ways t allw health data t mve mre freely wuld help. But it culd benefit patients, t: they shuld be given the right t 10 their wn recrds in a digital frmat. Cnsumer-health firms are already making use f data frm wearables, with varying success. 11 patients’ recrds wuld let peple make fuller use f their data and take mre respnsibility fr their health.
Anther prblem is managing and 12 these innvatins. In many cuntries the gvernance f AI in health, as in ther areas, is struggling t keep up with the rapid pace f innvatin. Regulatry authrities may be slw t apprve new AI tls r may lack capacity and expertise. Gvernments need t 13 regulatrs assessing new AI tls. They als need t fill regulatry gaps in the surveillance f adverse events, and in the cntinuus mnitring f algrithms t ensure they remain accurate, safe, effective and transparent.
That will be hard. One slutin wuld be fr cuntries t wrk tgether, t learn frm each ther and create minimum glbal standards. A less 14 internatinal regulatry system wuld als help create a market in which small cmpanies can innvate. Prer cuntries, with less develped health infrastructure, have much t gain frm intrducing new tls, such as an AI-pwered prtable ultrasund device fr bstetrics. Because the 15 t an AI tl is ften n treatment at all, they may even be able t leapfrg the entrenched health systems f rich cuntries — thugh a lack f data, cnnectivity and cmputing pwer will get in the way.
1．A．transfrmatinalB．exaggeratedC．infrmativeD．capitalized
2．A．ppularizeB．dminateC．utstandD．flurish
3．A．technlgicalB．administrativeC．diagnsticD．theretical
4．A．getting intB．taking nC．breaking thrughD．hanging ut
5．A．speedingB．devtingC．budgetingD．killing
6．A．wheneverB．sinceC．unlessD．althugh
7．A．certificatesB．barriersC．interventinsD．qualificatins
8．A．interestB．insuranceC．symptmD．privacy
9．A．rumrsB．misfrtunesC．biasD．defeats
10．A．accessB．clarifyC．investigateD．preserve
11．A．ChrnlgicalB．AuthenticC．PrtableD．Dcumentary
12．A．advancingB．explitingC．resistingD．regulating
13．A．dismissB．anticipateC．facilitateD．stimulate
14．A．exclusiveB．prblematicC．cmplexD．indulgent
15．A．cunterpartB．alternativeC．rivalD．cntrary
【答案】
1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．A 6．D 7．B 8．D 9．C 10．A 11．C 12．D 13．C 14．C 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能在医疗保健领域的潜力、挑战以及如何克服这些挑战以实现更好的医疗服务。
1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人工智能在各个领域引发了巨大热情和夸张宣传，但在医疗领域却具有变革的潜力。A． transfrmatinal变革的；B． exaggerated夸张的；C． infrmative信息量大的；D． capitalized资本化的。根据上文“Better diagnses． Persnalized supprt fr patients． Faster drug discvery． Greater efficiency．”可知，人工智能在医疗保健领域可以做出很多改进，所以这里表示它有变革性的潜力。故选A。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：从智能听诊器、机器人外科医生，到大型数据集的分析，或是与拥有人类面孔的医疗人工智能进行聊天的能力，机会不断涌现、繁荣发展。A． ppularize普及；B． dminate统治；C． utstand突出；D． flurish繁荣。根据上文“Artificial intelligence is generating excitement and hyperble everywhere, but in the field f health care it has the ptential t be __1__． In Eurpe analysts predict that deplying AI culd save hundreds f thusands f lives each year; in America, they say, it culd als save mney, shaving $200 t $360 billin frm verall annual medical spending, nw $4．5 trillin a year (r 17% f GDP)．”可知，人工智能在医疗保健领域有变革性的潜力，所以机会的发展和出现是繁荣的体现。故选D。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：已经有证据表明，人工智能系统可以提高诊断准确性和疾病追踪能力，改善对患者预后的预测，并提出更好的治疗方案。A． technlgical技术的；B． administrative管理的；C． diagnstic诊断的；D． theretical理论的。根据下文“accuracy and disease tracking, imprve the predictin f patients’ utcmes and suggest better treatments”可知，人工智能对诊断准确性的提升。故选C。
4．考查动词短语辨析。句意：通过接手医学抄写和病人监测等任务，并通过简化管理，AI可以提高医院和手术的效率。A． getting int进入；B． taking n承担；C． breaking thrugh突破；D． hanging ut闲逛。根据上文“It can als bst efficiency in hspitals and surgeries”可知，AI通过承担任务提高效率。故选B。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它可能已经加快了新药进入临床试验的时间。A． speeding加速；B． devting奉献；C． budgeting预算；D． killing杀死。根据下文“New tls, including generative AI, culd supercharge these abilities．”可知，包括生成式AI在内的新工具可以极大地增强这些能力，所以AI可以通过提升效率来加速进程。故选A。
6．考查连词词义辨析。句意：然而，正如我们本周的技术季刊所示，尽管AI在医疗保健领域已经使用了多年，但整合速度缓慢，结果往往只是平均水平。A． whenever无论何时；B． since自从；C． unless除非；D． althugh尽管。根据上文“et as ur Technlgy Quarterly this week shws”以及下文“AI has been used in health care fr many years, integratin has been slw and the results have ften been f average standard．”可知，前后语境有对比转折关系。故选D。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：好的原因是，医疗保健在引入新工具时要求有高证明标准，以保障患者安全。A． certificates证书；B． barriers障碍；C． interventins干预；D． qualificatins资格。根据下文“when intrducing new tls, t prtect patients’ safety．”可知，医疗工具需要高标准的证明。故选B。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：政府认识到患者希望他们的医疗隐私得到保护。A． interest利益；B． insurance保险；C． symptm症状；D． privacy隐私。根据上文“AI systems learn by prcessing huge vlumes f data, smething health-care prviders have in abundance． But health data is highly fragmented; strict rules cntrl its use．”可知，AI系统通过处理大量数据来学习，而医疗保健提供者拥有大量的数据。但是，医疗数据高度分散，并且受到严格规则的控制。政府认识到患者不愿意分享的正是其隐私。故选D。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：提高AI工具的准确性和减少偏见需要它们在反映患者多样性的大型数据集上进行训练。A． rumrs 谣言；B． misfrtunes 不幸；C． bias 偏见；D． defeats 失败。根据上文“Imprving accuracy”以及下文“in AI tls requires them t be trained n large data sets that reflect patients’ full diversity．”可知，通过在大型数据集上进行训练，可以反映患者的全面多样性，从而减少偏见。故选C。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们应该被赋予以数字格式获取自己记录的权利。A．access获取；B．clarify 澄清；C．investigate调查；D．preserve保存。根据上文“Finding secure ways t allw health data t mve mre freely wuld help”以及“they shuld be given the right”可知，找到安全的方法让健康数据更自由地流动会有所帮助，因此这里表示患者应该有权获取自己的健康数据。故选A。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：可携带的患者记录可以让人们更充分地利用他们的数据，并对自己的健康承担更多责任。A．Chrnlgical年代的；B．Authentic真实的；C．Prtable 可携带的；D．Dcumentary记录的。根据上文“they shuld be given the right t access their wn recrds in a digital frmat”可知，患者有权获取自己的健康数据，可携带的患者的记录将使人们能够更充分地利用这些数据。故选C。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一个问题是管理和规管这些创新。A．advancing提升；B．expliting利用；C．resisting抵制；D．regulating规管。根据下文“In many cuntries the gvernance f AI in health, as in ther areas, is struggling t keep up with the rapid pace f innvatin.”可知，这里指的是管理和监管这些创新。故选D。
13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：政府需要为评估新AI工具的监管机构提供便利。A．dismiss解雇；B．anticipate预料；C．facilitate促进；D．stimulate刺激。根据上文“Regulatry authrities may be slw t apprve new AI tls r may lack capacity and expertise.”以及下文“They als need t fill regulatry gaps in the surveillance f adverse events, and in the cntinuus mnitring f algrithms t ensure they remain accurate, safe, effective and transparent.”可知，监管机构可能行动缓慢或缺乏能力和专业知识，因此政府需要促进监管机构评估新的人工智能工具。故选C。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：一个不太复杂的国际监管体系也将有助于创造小公司可以创新的市场。A．exclusive排外的；B．prblematic有问题的；C．cmplex复杂的；D．indulgent放纵的。根据上文“One slutin wuld be fr cuntries t wrk tgether, t learn frm each ther and create minimum glbal standards.”以及下文“internatinal regulatry system wuld als help create a market in which small cmpanies can innvate.”可知，一个解决方案是各国合作，相互学习并创建最低全球标准。所以不太复杂的国际监管体系将有助于创造一个让小公司能够创新的市场。故选C。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因为对于人工智能工具的使用往往意味着根本没有其他治疗方法可供选择，所以他们甚至可能能够超越富裕国家根深蒂固的医疗体系 —— 尽管缺乏数据、连通性和计算能力会阻碍这一进程。A．cunterpart对应物；B．alternative替代物；C．rival竞争者；D．cntrary相反。根据下文“they may even be able t leapfrg the entrenched health systems f rich cuntries — thugh a lack f data, cnnectivity and cmputing pwer will get in the way.”可知，另一选择是没有使用AI工具，强调的是替代选择。故选B。
3．（2024·上海嘉定·一模）
Carl Rvelli’s bk, There Are Places in the Wrld Where Rules Are Less Imprtant Than Kindness, ffers a refreshing perspective n learning, urging readers t pursue curisity and explratin withut wrrying abut practical utcmes. Fr Rvelli, 1 isn’t just a means t an end — it’s a way f experiencing the wrld, asking meaningful questins, and cnnecting with thers.
The bk celebrates the jy f learning fr its wn sake, reminding readers that knwledge desn’t need t be tied t a specific 2 t be valuable. In tday’s fast-paced wrld, peple ften view educatin as a tl fr 3 — getting gd grades, securing a jb, r achieving material gals. Rvelli 4 this mindset, shwing that true learning is abut much mre than these practical bjectives. It’s abut bradening yur mind, explring new ideas, and finding 5 in the prcess.
Rvelli draws n fascinating stries frm science, histry, and everyday life t make his pint. 6 , he reflects n the revlutinary thinkers f the Renaissance (文艺复兴时期) wh dared t questin the belief that Earth was the center f the universe. These individuals weren’t 7 by prfit r fame; they were mtivated by pure curisity and a desire t understand the wrld. Their discveries didn’t just change science — they 8 hw peple viewed their place in the universe. Rvelli uses these examples t shw that the act f learning itself can be 9 , inspiring new ways f thinking and seeing the wrld.
Anther key theme in the bk is the cnnectin between learning and wnder. Rvelli believes that curisity is ne f humanity’s greatest 10 , and he invites readers t cultivate it by explring tpics that aruse their interest. Whether it’s physics, art, philsphy, r even everyday experiences, the prcess f discvering smething 11 can be deeply rewarding. He argues that this sense f wnder is what makes learning wrthwhile — nt the 12 it might bring.
Rvelli als emphasizes that learning shuld never be limited by rules r expectatins. Instead, it shuld be a creative, 13 jurney. He encurages readers t ask big questins, fllw their interests, and take time t reflect n what they learn. By ding s, he believes we can 14 a deeper understanding f urselves and the wrld arund us.
In There Are Places in the Wrld Where Rules Are Less Imprtant Than Kindness, Rvelli ffers a heartfelt reminder that learning isn’t just abut facts r 15 — it’s abut curisity, wnder, and the jy f discvering new pssibilities.
1．A．kindnessB．thinkingC．learningD．practice
2．A．preferenceB．purpseC．prblemD．cnditin
3．A．cmmunicatinB．successC．cperatinD．survival
4．A．challengesB．maintainC．presentsD．extends
5．A．meaningB．slutinC．cnflictD．distinctin
6．A．What’s mreB．Fr exampleC．As a resultD．On the cntrary
7．A．rejectedB．pursuedC．bservedD．driven
8．A．shiftedB．revealedC．understdD．nticed
9．A．mderateB．apprpriateC．expensiveD．transfrmative
10．A．cnnectinsB．traditinsC．strengthsD．innvatins
11．A．similarB．funnyC．newD．dark
12．A．grwthB．gradesC．uncertaintyD．wisdm
13．A．shrtB．affrdableC．safeD．persnal
14．A．unlckB．cmplicateC．cmplementD．expse
15．A．mtivatinsB．interestsC．resultsD．questins
【答案】
1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 5．A 6．B 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．C 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Carl Rvelli的书中强调了非功利性学习的重要性，鼓励对知识的追求与探究。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于Rvelli来说，学习不仅仅是达到目的的手段——它是体验世界、提出有意义的问题和与他人连接的一种方式。A． kindness善良；B． thinking思维；C． learning学习；D． practice实践。根据下文“The bk celebrates the jy f learning fr its wn sake, reminding readers that knwledge desn’t need t be tied t a specific ___2___ t be valuable．”可知，Rvelli在书中颂扬了学习本身的乐趣，所以对于Rvelli来说，学习不仅仅是一种达到目的的手段，学习是一种方式。故选C。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这本书颂扬了学习本身的乐趣，提醒读者知识不需要与特定的目的联系起来才有价值。A． preference偏好；B． purpse目的；C． prblem问题；D． cnditin条件。根据下文“Rvelli ___4___ this mindset, shwing that true learning is abut much mre than these practical bjectives．”可知，Rvelli表示真正的学习远远不止某些实际的目标，所以此处表示Rvelli的书提醒读者知识不需要与特定的目的联系起来。故选B。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在当今快节奏的世界里，人们往往将教育视为成功的工具——取得好成绩、找到工作或实现物质目标。A． cmmunicatin沟通；B． success成功；C． cperatin合作；D． survival生存。根据下文“getting gd grades, securing a jb, r achieving material gals．”以及常识可知，取得好成绩、找到工作或实现物质目标会被视为成功，即教育被视为实现成功的工具。故选B。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Rvelli挑战这种心态，展示了真正的学习远不止这些实际目标。A． challenges挑战；B． maintain维持；C． presents提出；D． extends扩展。根据上文“In tday’s fast-paced wrld, peple ften view educatin as a tl fr ___3___ — getting gd grades, securing a jb, r achieving material gals．”以及下文“shwing that true learning is abut much mre than these practical bjectives．”可知，Rvelli的想法与人们常见的观点不同，所以此处表示Rvelli在挑战这种过于实用的观点。故选A。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是关于拓宽你的思维，探索新的想法，并在这个过程中找到意义。A． meaning意义；B． slutin解决方法；C． cnflict冲突；D． distinctin区别。根据上文“It’s abut bradening yur mind, explring new ideas,”以及语境可知，此处表示在拓宽思维探索新想法的过程中找到学习的意义。故选A。
6．考查副词短语应用。句意：例如，他反思了文艺复兴时期的革命性思想家，他们敢于质疑地球是宇宙中心的信念。A． What’s mre此外；B． Fr example例如；C． As a result因此；D． On the cntrary相反。根据上文“Rvelli draws n fascinating stries frm science, histry, and everyday life t make his pint．”以及下文“he reflects n the revlutinary thinkers f the Renaissance (文艺复兴时期) wh dared t questin the belief that Earth was the center f the universe．”可知，Rvelli使用具体的故事来阐明自己的观点，下文进行举例说明，所以空处应用fr example，表示“例如”。故选B。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些人不是被利益或名声驱动的；他们是被纯粹的好奇心和了解世界的愿望所驱动。A． rejected拒绝；B． pursued追求；C． bserved观察；D． driven驱动。根据下文“they were mtivated by pure curisity and a desire t understand the wrld．”可知，此处表示这些人是被好奇心和了解世界的愿望驱动，而不是被利益或名声驱动。故选D。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们的发现不仅改变了科学，还改变了人们是如何看待自己在宇宙中位置的。A． shifted改变；B． revealed揭示；C． understd理解；D． nticed注意。根据上文“Their discveries didn’t just change science”以及语境可知，革命思想家们的发现不仅改变了科学，也改变了人们对于自己在宇宙中的位置的看法。故选A。
9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Rvelli用这些例子来展示，学习的行为本身可以是变革性的，鼓舞人们用新的方式思考和看待世界。A． mderate适度的；B． apprpriate适当的；C． expensive昂贵的；D． transfrmative变革性的。根据下文“inspiring new ways f thinking and seeing the wrld．”可知，学习可以鼓舞人们用新的方式思考，用新的方式看待世界，所以此处表示学习本身可以是变革性的。故选D。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Rvelli相信，好奇心是人类最大的优势之一，并邀请读者通过探索激发兴趣的话题来培养它。A．cnnectins连接；B．traditins传统；C．strengths优势；D．innvatins创新。根据下文“he invites readers t cultivate it by explring tpics that aruse their interest.”以及“He argues that this sense f wnder is what makes learning wrthwhile — nt the ___12___ it might bring.”可知，Rvelli相信好奇心是人类的优势，所以会邀请读者培养好奇心。故选C。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无论是物理、艺术、哲学，甚至是日常经历，发现新事物的过程都可能是非常有回报的。A．similar相似的；B．funny有趣的；C．new新的；D．dark黑暗的。根据上文“Rvelli believes that curisity is ne f humanity’s greatest ___10___ ,”、下文“He argues that this sense f wnder is what makes learning wrthwhile — nt the ___12___ it might bring.”以及语境可知，此处表示好奇心是人类的优势，所以此处表示发现新事物，从中获得惊奇的感觉。故选C。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他认为，正是这种惊奇感让学习变得有价值，而不是它可能带来的成绩。A．grwth成长；B．grades成绩；C．uncertainty不确定性；D．wisdm智慧。根据上文“In tday’s fast-paced wrld, peple ften view educatin as a tl fr ___3___ — getting gd grades, securing a jb, r achieving material gals.”以及语境可知，此处表示学习本身有价值，而不仅仅在于所取得的成绩。故选B。
13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：相反，这应该是一次创造性的个人之旅。A．shrt短的；B．affrdable可负担的；C．safe安全的；D．persnal个人的。根据上文“Rvelli als emphasizes that learning shuld never be limited by rules r expectatins.”和下文“He encurages readers t ask big questins, fllw their interests, and take time t reflect n what they learn．By ding s, he believes we can ___14___ a deeper understanding f urselves and the wrld arund us.”可知，学习永远不应该受到规则或期望的限制，这应该是有创造性的个人的旅程，深入了解自己和周围的世界。故选D。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过这样做，他相信我们可以更深入地了解自己和周围的世界。A．unlck揭开，揭示；B．cmplicate复杂化；C．cmplement补足，补充；D．expse揭露。根据上文“He encurages readers t ask big questins, fllw their interests, and take time t reflect n what they learn.”可知，关注自己的兴趣，反思自己所学的东西，这会使人更深入了解自己和周围的世界，unlck a deeper understanding f表示“深入了解”。故选A。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在There Are Places in the Wrld Where Rules Are Less Imprtant Than Kindness一书中，Rvelli衷心提醒我们，学习不仅仅是关于事实或结果，而是关于好奇心、好奇心和发现新可能性的乐趣。A．mtivatins动机；B．interests兴趣；C．results结果；D．questins问题。根据文章开头“Carl Rvelli’s bk, There Are Places in the Wrld Where Rules Are Less Imprtant Than Kindness, ffers a refreshing perspective n learning, urging readers t pursue curisity and explratin withut wrrying abut practical utcmes.”可知，Rvelli提醒我们的是，学习不仅仅是关于实际的结果，而是关于学习过程中的乐趣。故选C。
4．（2024·上海宝山·一模）
At times we all wish that we knew what ther peple were thinking. 1 , peple’s facial expressins, mvements and psture (姿势) can cmmunicate a lt abut what is ging n in their minds. Understanding these messages hidden in peple’s language can require a lt f skill, but Je Navarr’s bk What EVERY BODY is Saying can help 2 that ability.
Small changes in bdy language can help yu recgnize if smene is . Even when peple dn’t lie directly, they smetimes try t hide their feelings. Whether yu are 4 with peple in business r in yur persnal life, recgnizing these feelings can help yu lk ut fr their interests and yur wn.
Accrding t Navarr, establishing a baseline fr hw a persn behaves is imprtant t avid 5 their bdy language. Mst facial expressins and gestures can mean several different things, s 6 when peple use certain expressins. Recgnizing this baseline can help yu understand whether expressins and gestures indicate a(n) 7 t smething yu said r nt. Fr example, rubbing ne’s eyes may be a sign f 8 with a tpic. But if the persn has been rubbing their eyes 9 , they might just be tired.
When peple think f bdy language, facial expressins tend t cme t mind, and these can tell yu a lt. Fr example, if smene keeps lking away frm yu, they might be distracted r uncmfrtable, and pressing ne’s lips tgether ften indicates 10 . And if smene keeps lking away r cvering their muth, it might mean they are 11 smething.
Sme peple have becme gd at cntrlling their facial expressins t cnceal their 12 . When dealing with smene like that, lk at the rest f their bdy, especially their feet and legs. Many peple bunce their feet when they are happy r excited. 13 , if smene feels uncmfrtable, they may pint their feet away frm the persn they are speaking t.
Prximity (接近，亲近) t ther peple is als part f bdy language. Peple stand clser t peple they like r feel cmfrtable with than t strangers r peple they dn’t like. And psture als 14 . Sitting r standing up straight can shw that smene feels cnfident, while sitting with crssed arms indicates that they feel 15 r uncmfrtable.
Bdy language can cmmunicate a lt abut peple's thughts and feelings, and thus, help yu relate t them.
1．A．FrequentlyB．GenerallyC．FrtunatelyD．Frankly
2．A．prvideB．develpC．discverD．aruse
3．A．lyingB．thinkingC．changingD．wishing
4．A．cperatingB．negtiatingC．investigatingD．interacting
5．A．misguidingB．misinterpretingC．mistrustingD．mismanaging
6．A．lk utB．give utC．figure utD．put ut
7．A．reactinB．resultC．instinctD．insight
8．A．satisfactinB．anxietyC．appreciatinD．discmfrt
9．A．ccasinallyB．cnstantlyC．suddenlyD．gradually
10．A．agreementB．excitementC．depressinD．displeasure
11．A．hidingB．criticizingC．transferringD．explaining
12．A．habitsB．expressinsC．emtinsD．advantages
13．A．In principleB．In cntrastC．In allD．In reality
14．A．adjustsB．fllwsC．mvesD．matters
15．A．defensiveB．ambitiusC．dependentD．Aggressive
【答案】
1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．B 6．C 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．D 11．A 12．C 13．B 14．D 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了肢体语言在人际交往中的重要性，以及如何通过观察和理解他人的肢体语言来更好地理解和与他们相处。
1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，人们的面部表情、动作和姿势可以很好地传达他们的想法。A． Frequently经常；B． Generally通常；C． Frtunately幸运地；D． Frankly坦率地。根据前文“At times we all wish that we knew what ther peple were thinking．”以及后文“peple’s facial expressins, mvements and psture (姿势) can cmmunicate a lt abut what is ging n in their minds．”可知，人们希望知道他人想什么，而人们的面部表情、动作和姿势可以很好地传达他们的想法，所以是幸运的。故选C项。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：理解这些隐藏在人们语言中的信息可能需要很多技巧，但乔·纳瓦罗的书《每个人都在说什么》可以帮助培养这种能力。A． prvide提供；B． develp发展；C． discver发现；D． aruse唤起。根据前文“Je Navarr’s bk What EVERY BODY is Saying”可知，书籍应是帮助培养这种能力。故选B项。
3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：肢体语言的微小变化可以帮助你识别某人是否在撒谎。A． lying撒谎；B． thinking思考；C． changing改变；D． wishing希望。根据后文“Even when peple dn’t lie directly, they smetimes try t hide their feelings．”可知，微小变化可以帮助你识别某人是否在撒谎。故选A项。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：无论你是在工作中还是在个人生活中与人交往，认识到这些感觉可以帮助你找到他们和你自己的兴趣。A． cperating合作；B． negtiating谈判；C． investigating调查；D． interacting互动。根据后文“recgnizing these feelings can help yu lk ut fr their interests and yur wn”可知，识别这些感觉，也就是撒谎，而撒谎需要先互动，所以是在工作中还是在个人生活中与人互动。故选D项。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据纳瓦罗的说法，为一个人的行为建立一个底线对于避免误解他们的肢体语言很重要。A． misguiding误导；B． misinterpreting误解；C． mistrusting不信任；D． mismanaging管理不善。根据后文“Recgnizing this baseline can help yu understand whether expressins and gestures indicate a(n) 7 t smething yu said r nt．”可知，认识到这个基线可以帮助理解他人，也就是避免误解。故选B项。
6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：大多数面部表情和手势都有不同的含义，所以要弄清楚人们什么时候会使用特定的表情。A． lk ut当心；B． give ut发出；C． figure ut弄明白；D． put ut扑灭。根据前文“Accrding t Navarr, establishing a baseline fr hw a persn behaves is imprtant t avid 5 their bdy language．”可知，为一个人的行为建立一个底线，需要先弄清楚人们什么时候会使用特定的表情。故选C项。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：认识到这个底线可以帮助你理解表情和手势是否表示对你所说的事情的反应。A． reactin反应；B． result结果；C． instinct本能；D． insight洞察力。根据前文“Accrding t Navarr, establishing a baseline fr hw a persn behaves is imprtant t avid 5 their bdy language．”可知，为一个人的行为建立一个底线对于避免误解他们的肢体语言很重要，因为可以帮助你理解表情和手势是否表示对你所说的事情的反应。故选A项。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，揉眼睛可能表示对某个话题感到不舒服。A． satisfactin满意；B． anxiety焦虑；C． appreciatin感激；D． discmfrt不适。根据前文“rubbing ne’s eyes”结合选项可知，揉眼睛表示不专注，也就是对话题不敢兴趣，对某个话题感到不舒服。故选D项。
9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但如果这个人一直在揉眼睛，他们可能只是累了。A． ccasinally偶尔；B． cnstantly不断地；C． suddenly突然；D． gradually逐渐地。根据后文“they might just be tired．”根据常识，一个人累了，应是一直在揉眼睛。故选B项。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，如果有人一直不看你，他们可能会分心或不舒服，而噘起嘴唇通常表示不高兴。A．agreement同意；B．excitement兴奋；C．depressin沮丧；D．displeasure不悦。根据前文“and pressing ne’s lips tgether”根据常识可知，噘起嘴唇通常表示不高兴。故选D项。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果有人一直看别处或捂住嘴，这可能意味着他们在隐瞒什么。A．hiding隐藏；B．criticizing批评；C．transferring转移；D．explaining解释。根据前文“if smene keeps lking away r cvering their muth”可知，有人一直看别处或捂住嘴，是心虚的表现，所以是意味着他们在隐瞒什么。故选A项。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有些人已经变得善于控制他们的面部表情来隐藏他们的情绪。A．habits习惯；B．expressins表达；C．emtins情感；D．advantages优势。根据前文“When peple think f bdy language, facial expressins tend t cme t mind, and these can tell yu a lt.”以及第四段内容可知，面部表情会泄露本身情绪，所以此处是控制他们的面部表情来隐藏他们的情绪。故选C项。
13．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相反，如果有人觉得不舒服，他们可能会把脚指向远离他们正在说话的人。A．In principle原则上；B．In cntrast相反；C．In all总共；D．In reality实际上。根据前文“Many peple bunce their feet when they are happy r excited.”以及后文“if smene feels uncmfrtable, they may pint their feet away frm the persn they are speaking t.”可知，前后文是相反的例子。故选B项。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：姿势也很重要。A．adjusts调整；B．fllws跟随；C．mves移动；D．matters重要。根据后文“Sitting r standing up straight can shw that smene feels cnfident”可知，可以从姿势判断人的情绪，所以姿势也很重要。故选D项。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：坐直或站直可以表明某人感到自信，而双臂交叉坐着则表明他们感到防御或不舒服。A．defensive防御性的；B．ambitius有抱负的；C．dependent依赖的；D．aggressive攻击性的。根据后文“r uncmfrtable”可知，空处和uncmfrtable并列，意思相近，所以应是“defensive防御性的”符合语境。故选A项。
Passage（1）2023年6月高考真题
Dctrs are scientists wh perate in a wrld f statistics, dds and prbability. Yet they’ve lng been taught that when dealing with patients they shuld cnvey a reassuring level f cnfidence and certainty. (41)______, patients expect their dctrs t give them a clear diagnsis and a straightfrward curse f treatment. But nw that infrmatin abut every medical cnditin imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether dctrs' apparent (42) _____ when cmmunicating with their patients actually des mre harm than gd. With the infrmatin verlad brught by the prgress f medicine and technlgy answers are (43) ______ black r white.
Medical schls are nly just starting t teach dctrs hw t deal with this, and patients' expectatins haven't (44) ______, either.
“Medicine has always fallen shrt f the srt f certainty that we find in math and gemetry”, says Dr. Rss Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana Schl f Public Health in Trnt. “If yu think abut knwledge and what it des, it’s abut (45) ______ uncertainty, nt abut creating certainty. ”
Dctrs in training, like gamblers, need t be (46) ______ wrking in a field in which they’re cnstantly weighing the dds based n a myriad f factrs. When Upshur teaches medical students hw t diagnse an ailment(小恙), he tells them t (47) ______ their inquiry ---- cme up with a list f pssibilities, rather than quickly hme in n a single slutin. “Even when yu make a diagnsis that yu think is firm, yu usually dn’t have certainty abut what wuld be the best (48) ______ and what the utcmes will be in the lng run.”
Technlgy has helped (49) ______ the quest fr certainty. We are reaching a pint where we can feed a list f symptms int a cmputer and get a mre (50) ______ diagnsis than frm a dctr. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a prfessr f medicine at Harvard Medical Schl, sees such develpments as bth a/an (51) ______ and an pprtunity. On ne hand, he says, “technlgy tries t push yu t a/an (52) ______ level f certainty. D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease. ”
On the ther hand, cmputers can’t (53) ______ a diagnsis r a treatment t patients in a cmfrting way. Take a rutine screening test fr early-stage lung cancer. Based n yur age, yur smking status, and yur gender, a cmputer can d a great jb f evaluating the chances f finding a cancerus ndule (癌症结节). It can als (54) ______ quite precisely the risk f develping an actual cancer based n the size and shape f a ndule. What it can’t d, (55) ______, is decide hw t break the news that yu have a ndule in yur lung that has a 1 percent chance f becming a cancer.
A.On the handB. Afterwrds C. As a result D.Abve all
42.A．victim B．instance C. transparencyD. certainty
43.A．frequently B．generally C.rarelyD. mainly
44.A．adred B.transfrmed C.fadedD.adjusted
45.A．limitingB. hitting C.threatening D. assembling
46．A．cmpared withB. accunted fr C. accustmed tD.annyed at
B.train C.clarifyD.braden
48.A．identifyB. cure C.defendD.cause
49.A．enlightenB.redefine C.cmmitD.guarantee
50．A．accurateB.plain C.seriusD.remedial
51.A．challengeB. encunter C.cnversatinD.dispute
52.A．dangerusB. maximal C.unfavrableD.cntrasting
53．A.stuffB.hint C.cmmunicateD. indicate
54.A．cncludeB. understand C.assumeD. calculate
55．A.hweverB. therefre C. mreverD.hence
【答案】 41~45. CDCDA 46~50. CDBBA 51~55. ABCDA
【导读】文章讨论了医生在与病人交流时传达自信和确定性的重要性，然而，随着医学和技术进步带来的信息爆炸，专家们开始质疑医生与病人交流时的表面确定性是否对病人造成更多伤害。医学院只是开始教导医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也没有明确。医生并不像数学和几何学那样具备确定性，而是需要不断权衡各种因素来做出决策。技术在一定程度上提供了确定性，但无法像医生那样以安慰人心的方式给出诊断和治疗建议。虽然计算机可以评估肺部结节的癌症风险，但它无法决定如何告知患者肺部有1%的机会变成癌症。因此，医生需要在不确定性中进行决策，并通过人性化的交流方式向患者传递信息。
【解析】
41.C【解析]此题考查上下文的逻辑关系。上文提到，医生应该给病人一个确定的诊断和治疗方案，而该空后提到，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程。因此，此处能够承接上下文的只有C项，as a result 意为“所以;结果(是)”，故选C。n the hand一方面:afterwrds adv.后来;as a result 所以;结果(是):abve all最重要的是:尤其是。
42.D【解析]结合上文提及的Dctrs are scientists wh perate in a wrld f statistics,dds and prbability．Yet they've lng been taught that when dealing with patients they shuld cnvey a reassuring level f cnfidence and certainty.可知此处提及的内容与医生在治疗过程中的明确性沟通相关，再结合相关选项，此处与“确定性”能够产生联系的选项只有D项。句意为:“但现在，只要点击几下鼠标，就可以获得关于每一种可以想象的医疗状况的信息，专家们正在询问，医生在与患者沟通时的明显确定性(certainty)是否真的弊大于利”。故选D。victim n.受害者:牺牲品:instance n.例子，实例;情况;transparency n.透明;透明度:透明性: certainty n.确定:必然性。
43.C【解析]结合选项及上下文experts are asking whether dctrs' apparent certainty--when cmmunicating with their patients actually des mre harm than gd.可知，专家们也在研究和询问医患沟通明确带来的影响，所以此处最可能表述的是“随着医学和技术进步带来的信息过量，答案很少(rarely)是非黑即白的”。故选C。frequently adv.频繁地，经常:generally adv.笼统地;通常地;普遍地:rarely adv.少有地;罕见地;mainly adv.主要地;大多。
44.D【解析]结合上文提及的patients expect their dctrs t give them a clear diagnsis and a straightfrward curse f treatment可知，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程，再结合选项可推知患者的这种观念在短时间不会发生改变。句意为:“医学院才刚刚开始教医生如何应对这种情况，患者的期望也没有调整(adjusted)”，故选D。adre v.喜爱:爱慕;transfer v.(使)转移:(使)调动;fade v.褪去;逐渐消逝:adjust v.适应，调整，校正。
45.A【解析]结合下文和该空后提及的nt abut creating certainty可推知，该空所填词构成的短语的意思应与creating certainty意思相近，limiting uncertainty符合题意。句意为:“如果你思考知识及其作用，那就是限制(limiting)不确定性，而不是创造确定性”。故选A．limit v.限制:限量:使限于:hit v.打，打击:碰撞:threaten v恐吓:威胁:预示(某事): assemble v.集合，收集:装配，组合:组装。
46.C[解析]结合下文所举的相关例子可推知，接受培训的医生需要在海量信息中作出判断，即当他们诊断疾病时，经常会面对这种情况，所以他们要慢慢习惯这种工作状态。句意为:“像赌徒一样，接受培训的医生需要习惯于(accustmed t)在一个他们不断根据无数因素权衡胜算的领域工作”。故选C．cmpare with与……比较，跟……相比:accunt fr说明(原因、理由等);在(数量、比例上)占，对…负责:anny at对愤怒。
47.D【解析]结合该空之后提及的cme up with a list f pssibilities--rather than quickly hme in n a single slutin 可推知，文章不提倡快速地回到一个单一的解决方案上，所以此处想要表达的意思为“当Upshur 教医学生如何诊断疾病时，他告诉他们扩大(braden)调查范围一一列出各种可能性，而不是迅速找到一个单一的解决方案”，故选D。cver v.遮盖:覆盖:撒上:包括:涉及:train v、训练:教育:培养;修整:clarify v、阐明，澄清:净化: braden v.变宽:扩大.的范围。
48.B【解析]结合上句提及的Even when yu make a diagnsis that yu think is firm可知，此处讲述的内容与医疗诊断相关，再分析选项，此处B项能够与上文联系起来。句意为:“即使你做出了你认为可靠的诊断，你通常也不确定什么是最好的治疗(cure)方法，从长远来看会有什么结果?”。故选B。identify v、识别，认出:确定:cure n.药:措施:疗程:defend v.防御:保卫:防守:cause n.原因;理由;事业:诉讼案。
49.B【解析]结合上下文提及的相关内容可知，医生需要慢慢习惯从海量信息中诊断疾病，而信息技术提高了诊断的准确性，这说明准确诊断疾病是医生追求已久的。句意为:“技术帮助重新定义了对确定性的追求”，故选B。enlighten v.启发，阐明:redefine v.再定义: cmmit v.犯罪:承诺:guarantee v.保证:担保。
50.A[解析]结合上下文提及的D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease.可推知，此处想要表达的是“我们已经到了可以将症状列表输入计算机并得到比医生更准确的(accurate)诊断的地步”，故选A。accurate adj.正确的，精确的:精准的: plain adj.清楚的:坦诚的:单色的:朴素的:serius adj.严重的:严肃的:认真的:庄重的:remedial adj.补教的;纠正的:治疗的;补习的，辅导的。
51.A[解析]结合下文提及的信息技术对于提高诊断准确率的好处和缺点，并结合选项可知，此处句意为:“哈佛医学院医学教授理查德·施瓦茨坦博士认为，这种发展既是一种挑战(challenge)，也是一种机遇”。故选A。challenge n.挑战:(比赛等的)邀请:质疑:encunter n.遭遇，偶遇:(体育)比赛:cnversatin n.交谈，谈话:dispute n.争论，争端，纠纷。
52.B【解析]结合该空之后提及的D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease可知，将症状信息输入电脑能够99%确定患有某种疾病，即最大程度确定所患疾病。故该空所在句子想要表达的是“技术试图把你推向一个最大的(maximal)确定水平。做这个测试可以获得99%的确定性,你患有这种疾病”。故选B.dangerus adj.危险的;maximal adj.尺寸最大的，最高的，持续时间最长的:unfavrable adj.不利的:相反的;令人不快的;不吉利的:cntrasting adj.极不相同的，迥异的。
53.C【解析]结合该段内容以及最后提及的is decide hw t break the news that yu have a ndule in yur lung that has a l percent chance f becming a cancer可推知，计算机虽然能够非常准确第诊断疾病，但其在告知诊断结果方面存在一定缺陷。句意为:“另一方面，计算机无法以令人欣慰的方式向患者传达(cmmunicate)诊断或治疗”。故选C。stuff v.塞满;填塞;hint v.暗示，提示:cmmunicate v.沟通;传递;传染;相通:indicate v.表明，暗示:指示。
54.D【解析]结合上句提及的Based n yur age, yur smking status, and yur gender, a cmputer can d a great jb f evaluating the chances f finding a cancerus ndule可知，此处是在说明计算机根据相关信息诊断疾病的准确程度。句意为:“它还可以根据结节的大小和形状非常精确地计算出(calculate)患上实际癌症的风险”。故选D。cnclude v.推断出:总结:结束:缔约:understand v.明白，理解:了解:得知:默认;领会:assume v.假设:承担(责任):获得(权利):呈现:calculate v.计算:估算:估计:预料。
55.A[解析]结合该空前后内容，可以发现上文说计算机可以准确诊断疾病，而该空之后则说“计算机不能够准确告知疾病发展”，前后有一定的转折性，故选A。hwever adv.然而:不管怎样:cnj.不管怎样:therefre adv.因此:mrever adv.此外:而且:hence adv.因此，所以。
Passage（2）2023年1月高考真题
Fr the past five years. I've been examining the prs and cns f reading n-screen versus in print. The _______bttm line is that while digital devices may be fine fr reading that we dn't intend t (41 ) _______r reread, text that requires what's been called “deep reading”is nearly always better dne in print.
Readers themselves have a keen sense f what kind f reading is best suited fr which (42) _______. My survey research with university students in the United Sates, Germany. and Japan reveals that if csts are the same, abut 90 percent ( at least in my sample ) (43 )_______ hard cpy fr schlwrk. If a text is lng, 92 percent wuld chse hard cpy. Fr (44) _______texts, it's a tss-up.
Digital reading als (45 ) _______distractin and invites multitasking. Amng American and Japanese subjects, 92 percent reprted it was easiest t cncentrate when reading in hard cpy.(The figure fr Germany was 98 percent. ) In this cuntry.26 percent indicated they were (46)________t multitask while reading in print, cmpared with 85 percent when reading n-screen. Imagine (47)_______with Finnegan's Wake while simultaneusly juggling Facebk and bking a vacatin fight. Yu get the pint.
Several pen-ended questins n my survey were particularly (48 )_______. I asked what peple liked mst ( and least) abut reading in each medium. Cmmn (49)_______fr what students liked mst abut reading in print included "I can write n the pages and remember the material easier" and “ it's easier t fcus. " When asked what they liked least abut reading (50 )_________, a number f Japanese students reprted that it wasn't " real reading, " while respndents frm all three cuntries cmplained that they “get distracted” r“ dn't absrb as much. "
My all-time favrite reply t the questin "What is the ne thing yu (51 )________abut reading in print?" came frm an American: "It takes me lnger because I read mre carefully. " Isn't careful reading what academe was designed t prmte?
Readings in the humanities tend t be lengthy, intellectually weighty, r bth. The (52)_______f digital reading fr the humanities is that screens-particularly thse n devices with Internet cnnectins-undermine ur encunters with meaty texts. These (53 ) ________weren't designed fr fcused cncentratin, reading slwly, pausing t argue virtually with the authr,r rereading. (54 )_______, they are infrmatin and cmmunicatin machines, best used fr searching and skimming-nt scrutinizing.
Teachers and schlars must lk beynd tday's career-mindedness in talking abut challenges t the humanities. We need t think mre carefully abut students' munting rejectin f lng-frm reading , nw (55 )_________ by digital technlgies that further cmplicate ur struggle t engage students in serius text-based inquiry.
41．A．make up B.take n C.hld utD.chew ver
42．A.designB. mediumC. cverD. cntent
43.A．prefer B.referC.ffer D.transfer
44．A．lwerB. higherC.shrter D. lnger
B.encuragesC.encavesD. cunteracts
46.A．likelyB. rderlyC. deadlyD. cleanly
B. satisfyingC. strugglingD.picnicking
48．A.recmmendingB. indicatingC.recgnizingD. revealing
B.additinsC.slutinsD.instruments
50．A．casuallysB.delicatelyC. digitallyD. instantly
51．A.disadvantageB. dislikeC.misjudgeD. declur
52．A.advanceB. suspectC.pleasureD. challenge
53．A.vehiclesB.services C.devicesD. figures
54．A．AccrdinglyB. RatherC.ThusD. Therefre
55．A.qualifiedB.terrifiedC.identified D.intensified
【答案】41-55 DBACB ACDAC BDCBD
【导读】文章主要是对比了在屏幕上阅读和纸质阅读的利弊。结论是，虽然数字设备适合阅读不需要深入理解或重复阅读的内容，但对于需要进行“深度阅读”的文本来说，纸质阅读几乎总是更好的选择。调查研究显示，大部分学生认为纸质阅读更适合学业，尤其是长篇文本。数字阅读容易分散注意力，容易引发多任务处理，而纸质阅读更利于专注。一些被调查者表示，在纸质阅读时很少分心，而在屏幕上阅读时则经常分心。针对喜欢纸质阅读的原因，调查结果显示，人们喜欢可以在纸张上做笔记、更容易记住材料和更容易集中注意力。对于不喜欢数字阅读的原因，一些被调查者表示数字阅读不是“真正的阅读”，还有人抱怨容易分心或无法吸收足够的信息。最后，文章呼吁教师和学者要关注学生对长篇阅读的拒绝，特别是数字技术进一步加剧了我们在引导学生进行严肃的以文本为基础的研究方面的挑战。
【解析】
41.D【解析]根据该空之后提及的reread(意为“重读，再读”)可推知，此处想要表述的句意为:“虽然数字设备可能适合阅读我们不打算反复阅读(chew ver)的内容需要所谓‘深度阅读’的文本几乎总是在印刷品中做得更好”。故选D.matake n 承担:hld ut 保持;chew ver 细嚼;仔细考量。
42.B[解析] 结合该段所举例子和文章提及的相关内容，再根据相关选项分析,可推知本篇文章讲述的内容与阅读媒介相关，即填入 medium 更符合文意，即此句意为:“读者自己对什么样的阅读最适合哪种媒介(medium)有着敏锐的感觉”故选 B。design n．设计;设计方案; 布局;安排;构思; medium n.介质:方法:媒介;材料，形式;cver n.封皮;覆盖物:掩盖，掩饰; cntent n.内容:含量。
43.A[解析] 结合该空前后提及的 90%的人选择硬堵贝可推知，在所调查的人中这些人更喜欢使用这种方式，因此结合选项分析，A 项更符合文意。句意为:“我对美国、德国和日本的大学生进行的调查研究表明，如果成本相同，大约90%的人 (至少在我的样本中) 更喜欢 (prefer) 硬拷贝(即打印件) 作业”。故选 A。prefer v.更喜欢;较喜欢; refer v．参考;指;描述;谈及; ffer v．提供:供应: transfer v.转移(感情): 转让(权力等): 改变(环境)。
44.C【解析]结合上文提及的lf a text is lng．92 percent wuld chse hard cpy可知，上文提及了“对于长文本，人们倾向于硬拷员一，结合选项分析，此处想表述的是一如果文本很长。92%的人会选择硬拷员，对于较短的(shrter)文本，这是一个悬而未决的问题”。故选C。lwer adj:下面的，在底部的，低注的:higher adj.高等级的:糖到独高的; shrter adj较相的，更短的; lnger adj比较长的; 长期的。
45.B【解析]连词and前后连接并列端分，再根据该空之后提及的invites multitasking可知，数字阅读会导数多任务处理。结合选项分析，B项符合文意。句意为:一数字阅读也促进(encurages)分散注意力，并引发多任务处理”。故选B。disarm v.解除……的武装:裁军:使无害,消除…的杀伤力; encurages v．促进:激励;:刺激; encaves v.把.搬入洞中: 藏于洞中: cunteract v.抵消:抵抗:抵制。
46.[解析]结合该空之后提及的cmpared with 8.5 percent when reading n-screen可知，此处想要表述的是数字阅读和印刷品阅读对注意力分散的影响，根据上文可知印刷品阅读注意力分散情况相对低一点。句意为:“在这个国家，26%的人表示他们在阅读印刷品时可能会(likely)同时处理多项任务，而在屏幕上阅读时这一比例为85%”。故选 A.likely adj.可能的:有希望的:预料的:adv.可能: 或许;rderly adj.有秩序的:整洁的;有条理的;表现良好的;adv.依次地:有规则地:有条理地;deadly adj.致命的;极度的;彻底的;枯燥的:adv.极其:非常;cleanly adv.干净地;清洁地;干净利落地; adj.爱清洁的;干净的。
47.C【解析]结合上文提及的“多任务处理”可推知此处想要表述的是三个任务同时进行，因此结合相关选项,C项符合文意。句意为:“想象一下，一边在Facebk上玩游戏，一边预订度假航班，一边在《芬尼根守灵记》中苦苦挣扎(struggling)"。故选C。delight v.使高兴:使愉快;使快乐; satisfy v.使满足:使满意:使确信:向……证实:struggle v.斗争;努力;奋斗;争取;抗争: picnick v.野餐。
48.D【解析]根据句意以及句子结构分析，该空处填入形容词，结合相关选项可知，该句话想要表述的是“我的调查中有几个开放式的问题特别有启发性(revealing)”，故选D。recmmend v.建议;推荐;介绍;indicating v.表明;显示:暗示:示意:象征;recgnizing v.认识;承认;(正式)认可，接受，赞成; revealing adj.有启示作用的;给人启发的。
49.A【解析]结合上文内容可知，这里讲述的内容与调查问卷相关，再结合下文提及的a number f Japanese students reprted that it wasn't “real reading," while respndents frm all three cuntries cmplained that they “get distracted” r “dn't absrb as much”可知，该空应该与被调查的人的回复有关，因此结合选项分析，该空处想要表述的是:对于学生最喜欢印刷品阅读的内容,常见的回答(respnses )包括“我可以在纸上写字，更容易记住材料”和“更容易集中注意力”。故选A。 respnses n.响应;反应;回答;答复;additins n.增加;添加;slutins n.溶液:解决办法:答案;instruments n.仪器;仪表;器械:手段:器具。
50.C【解析]该段提及的内容是被调查者关于印刷版阅读和数字阅读的相关反馈，结合该空之后提及的a number f Japanese students reprted that it wasn't "real reading," while respndents frm all three cuntries cmplained that they “get distracted" r "dn't absrb as much"可知，这里讲述的内容与数字阅读的特点相关，即此处句意为:“当被问及他们最不喜欢数字(digitally)阅读的地方时，一些日本学生表示这不是‘真正的阅读’，而来自这三个国家的受访者则抱怨他们‘分心了’或‘吸收不了那么多’”。故选C。casually adv.随意地:随便地:漫不经心地:delicately adv.合意地;digitally adv.以数字方式;数位地:instantly adv.立即:立刻:马上。
51.B【解析]根据句子结构分析，该空需要填入动词，故可排除A项，再结合上下文内容可知，此处讲述的是关于人们是否喜欢某种阅读媒介的问题。因此此处句意为:“对于‘你不喜欢(dislike)在印刷品中阅读的一件事是什么?’这个问题，我最喜欢的回答来自一位美国人……”。选B。disadvantage n.缺点:不利因素;障碍:dislike vt.不喜欢;厌恶:不喜爱;misjudge vt.判断错误;错看:形成错误认识:declur v.脱色;漂白。
52.D【解析]根据下文提及的particularly thse n devices with Internet cnnectins--undermine ur encunters with meaty texts可知此处讲述的是数字阅读的缺点，即此处句意为:“数字阅读对人文学科的挑战(challenge)在于，屏幕--尤其是那些连接互联网的设备上的屏幕会破坏我们与丰富文本的接触”。故选D。advance n.进展;行进;进步:预付款:suspect n.嫌疑犯:嫌疑分子:可疑对象:pleasure n.愉快:欣慰:荣幸:challenge n.挑战:质疑:质询。
53.C【解析]上文提及了数字阅读的缺点，结合相关选项可知，此处与数字阅读联系最为紧密的是C项，即此处表述的是数字阅读设备的缺陷。句意为:“这些设备(devices)并不是为了集中注意力、慢慢阅读、停下来与作者进行虚拟辩论或重读而设计的”。故选C。vehicles n.车辆:手段，工具:交通工具:services n.公共事业:服务性企业;公共服务系统:公共事业机构:devices n,装置:设备;方法:仪器:figures n.位数:算术;数字符号:字码。
54.B【解析]结合该空前后提及的fr fcused cncentratin,reading slwly, pausing t argue virtually with the authr, r rereading 和 they are infrmatin and cmmunicatin machines, best used fr searching and skimming-nt scrutinizing可知，该空前后是两种完全相反的观点,因此B项符合文意。句意为:“相反(Rather),它们是信息和通信机器，最好用于搜索和略读，而不是仔细查”。故选B。 Accrdingly adv.因此:相应地:所以:照着:Rather adv.相当地:在某种程度上:有点儿，稍微;相反，反而，而是;Thus adv.因此:从而:这样;所以:如此:Therefre adv.因此:所以;因而。
55.D【解析]结合上文提及的We need t think mre carefully abut students' munting rejectin f lng-frm reading可知,学生本来就对长格式阅读有排斥感，再结合该空前后内容和相关选项，推知此处想表述的是“我们需要更仔细地考虑学生们对长格式阅读的日益排斥，现在数字技术加剧了(intensified) 这种排斥，使我们在让学生参与严肃的基于文本的探究方面的斗争更加复杂”。故选D。 qualified adj.有资格的;具备……的知识(或技能);具备……的学历(或资历); terrified adj.很害怕;恐惧;;极度惊慌的;identified adj.被识别的;经鉴定的;被认同的:intensified adj.加强的。
Passage（3）2022年7月高考真题
A filler wrd is an apparently meaningless wrd, phrase r sund that marks a pause r hesitatin in speech. Als knwn as a pause filler r hesitatin frm. Sme f the cmmn filler wrds in English are um,uh, er, ah, like, kay,right, and yu knw. Althugh filler wrds “may have fairly minimal lexical(词汇的)cntent,” ntes linguist Barbara A. Fx, “they can play a strategic syntactic(句法的)rle in a(n) (41)________ cnversatin”. What appears t be a filler wrd may als be a hlphrase (整句字)(42) ________the cntext. “Hey, hey, shh, shh, shh. Cme n. Be sensitive t the fact that ther peple are nt cmfrtable talking abut emtinal (43)______. Um, yu knw,I am. I'm fine with that, but... ther peple".
“Mdern linguists led by Lenard Blmfield in 1933 call these ‘hesitatin frms’—the sunds f stammering (uh ), stuttering (um, um)，thrat-clearing (ahem!)，stalling ( well um, that is), interjected when the speaker is searching wrds r (44) _____fr the next thught. ” Yu knw that y’ knw is amng the mst cmmn f these (45) ________frms. Its meaning is nt the imperius ‘yu understand’ even the ld interrgatry ‘d yu get it’? It is given as, and taken t be, merely a filler phrase , (46) ____________ t fill a beat in the flw f sund, nt unlike like, in its new sense f, like, a filler wrd.
These staples f mdern filler cmmunicatin —I mean, y’ knw, like-can als be used as ‘tee-up wrds’.In ld times. pinter phrases r tee-up wrds were get this wuld yu believe? and are yu ready? The (47) ______ f these rib-nudging phrases was- are yu ready-t make the pint, t fcus the listener’s attentin n what was t fllw. If the (48) _______is t tee up a pint, we shuld accept y’ knw and its friends as a.mildly (49)_______ spken punctuatin, the articulated cln(冒号) that signals ‘fcus n this’... if the purpse is t grab a mment t think, we shuld allw urselves t wnder: Why are filler phrases needed at all? What(50) _____the speaker t fill the mment f silence with any sund at all?
Why d sme peple fill the air with nn-wrds and sunds? Fr sme, it is a sign f nervusness; they fear silence and experience speaker (51) _____ . Recent research at Clumbia University suggests anther reasn. Clumbia psychlgists guessed that speakers fill pauses when (52) ______ fr the next wrd. T investigate this (53) ________, they cunted the use f filler wrds used by lecturers in bilgy, chemistry, and mathematics, where the subject matter uses scientific definitins that limit the variety f wrd chices (54) ________ t the speaker. They then cmpared the number f filler wrds used by teachers in English, art histry, and philsphy. where the subject matter is less (55) ________ and mre pen t wrd chices.
41 A. undertaking B. discvering C.disliking D.unflding
42 A. depending n B. hlding up C. taking ver D. arranging fr
43．A．appliances B substances D. finances
44．A．n the cntrary B. at a lss C. at dawn D. n n accunt
45．A．perseverance B.cmplexity C. hesitatin D. bligatin
46 A. intended B. attended C. pretended D. extended
47．A．interest B. experience C. advantage D. functin
48 A. architecture B.purpse C. cmpletin D. randm
49 A annying B. striking C.entertaining D.embarrassing
50．A．ppresses B. recycles C. highlights D. mtivates
51 A. danger B. anxiety D.sculpture
52．A．bthering B inspecting C.searching D accmplishing
B. chance C. basis D. feedback
54．A．feasible B credible C.cnsiderable D. available
55．A.well-matched B. well-defined C.well-bred D.well perceived
【答案】41-55 DACBC ADBAD BCADB
【导读】文章主要讨论了填充词（filler wrds）在语言交流中的作用和使用。填充词是指在说话中出现的貌似毫无意义的词语、短语或声音，用于标志暂停或犹豫。这些填充词在英语中很常见，比如um、uh、er、ah、like、kay、right和yu knw等。尽管它们在词汇上可能没有太多实际意义，但语言学家指出它们在对话中扮演着句法上的战略性角色。文章指出填充词有时也可以被视为整句字，取决于上下文。同时，填充词也可以用作预告词，引导听众注意接下来要发生的事情或引出一个观点。作者还谈到了一些人使用填充词的原因，包括紧张和对沉默的恐惧。此外，文章提到哥伦比亚大学的研究发现，说话者在寻找下一个单词时会使用填充词来填补停顿。研究人员通过比较不同学科的教师使用填充词的数量，进一步验证了这一观点。
【详解】
41.D【解析】结合该空之后提及的What appears t be a filler wrd may als be ahlphrase可知，该句句意为“看似填充词的东西也可能是完整短语”，再结合相关选项分析，此处想要表达的是填充词词在对话交流中的重要作用，即此处句意为“它们可以在展开的（unflding）话语中发挥战略性的句法作用”，故选D。undertaking v. 担任；discvering v. 发现；disliking v. 不喜欢；厌恶；unflding v.显露；展现；展开。
42.A 【解析】此题根据选项进行反向推选，根据该空前提及的What appears t be a filler wrd may als be a hlphrase和该空后提及的the cntext，这里将“填充词”“完整语句”和“上下文”三个词同时出现于一句话中，再结合选项进行分析，可推知此处句意为“依据（depending n）上下文，看似填充词的内容也可能是完整短语”，故选A。depending n依赖；依靠；hlding up停顿；支持；taking ver接管；arranging fr安排。
43.C【解析】根据该空前提及的Be sensitive t the fact that ther peple are nt cmfrtable talking abut可知，该空所填词需要有一定的情感情绪在其中，结合相关选项分析，此处句意为“对别人不喜欢谈论情绪障碍（disturbances）的事实要敏感”，故选C。appliances n. 器具；器械；substances n. 物质；disturbances n.骚乱：困扰；finances n. 资金；经费。
44.B【解析】结合上文提及的Mdern linguists led by Lenard Blmfield in 1933 call these ‘hesitatin frms’等相关内容，可知，此处在表述讲话时的一种“犹豫形式”，再结合相关选项分析，与hesitatin frms相接近的意思选项为at a lss，即此处句意为“当说话者在摸索单词或不知所措地（at a lss）想下一个想法时，会插嘴”，故选B。n the cntrary与此相反；at a lss不知所措；at dawn拂晓时；n n accunt绝不；切莫。
45.C【解析】结合上文对hesitatin frms等填充词所举的例子，以及该空后提及的Its meaning is nt the imperius ‘yu understand’ r even the ld interrgatry ‘d yu get it’? It is given as, and taken t be, merely a filler phrase可推知，此处的Yu knw也是“最常见的犹豫（hesitatin）形式之一”，故选C。perseverance n.毅力；韧性；cmplexity n.复杂性；hesitatin n.犹豫；踌躇；bligatin n.义务；责任。
46.A【解析】结合该空之后提及的like的例子可推知，该空处想要表述的是关于填充词使用的目的和意图，即此处句意为“它只是一个填充词，意在（intended）填充声音流中的一个节拍”，故选A。intended v. 打算；意指；attended v. 出席；参加；pretended v. 假装；extended v. 延伸；延长。
47.D【解析】结合上文内容的讲述以及该空后提及的t make the pint, t fcus the listener’s attentin n what was t fllw可推知，此处在讲述有关填充词交流的作用，结合选项分析，可推知此处句意为“这些短语的作用（functin）是”，故选D。interest n. 兴趣；吸引力；利益；experience n. 经验；经历；advantage n. 有利条件；优势；functin n. 功能；函数。
48.B【解析】结合下文提及的If the purpse is t grab a mment t think, we shuld allw urselves t wnder可知，此处句子结构与上文相同，结合选项推知此处想表达的是根据不同的目的来选择填充词的使用，即该空处句意为“如果目的（purpse）是为了表达一个观点”，故选B。architecture n. 建筑学；结构；架构；purpse n. 意图；目的；cmpletin n. 完成；结束；randm n. 随机。
49.A【解析】根据该空前提及的mildly（和善地；轻微地）可排除B项，两者想表述的意思相反；而结合该空前提及的we shuld accept y’knw and its friends…和该空后提及的the articulated cln(冒号) that signals ‘fcus n this’可知，yu knw这一填充词表述并不会使人尴尬或者使人愉快，相比之下A项符合文意，即此处句意为“我们应该接受“你知道”和它的朋友们作为一个稍微烦人的（annying）口语标点符号，即清晰的冒号(冒号) 这意味着“专注于这个”……”，故选A。annying adj. 烦人的；striking adj. 显著的；引人注目的；entertaining adj.有趣的；使人愉快的；embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬的。
50.D【解析】结合该空后提及的the speaker t fill the mment f silence with any sund at all可知此处与“演讲者借助填充词来填补沉默时刻”的情境相关，结合选项以及上文内容可推知，此处需要思考的内容是“是什么促使（mtivates）演讲者用任何声音来填补沉默的时刻”，其余选项与文意不符，故选D。ppresses v.压迫；压制；recycles v. 回收利用；highlights v. 突出；强调；mtivates v. 激发；诱发。
51.B【解析】结合上文提及的Fr sme, it is a sign f nervusness可推知此处想要表达的是“他们害怕沉默，并经历演讲者的焦虑（anxiety）”，故选B。danger n.危险；anxiety n. 焦虑；担心；figure n. 数字；人影；形象；sculpture n. 雕刻作品。
52.C【解析】根据该空后提及的fr the next wrd，可以排除A项和D项，这两项填入文章语意不通顺，再结合下文的相关研究分析可推知，此处更符合文意的是inspecting，因为inspect侧重于为了查看东西的质量或情况而仔细地查看，而search更侧重于有目的的搜查、搜索，相较之下，C项符合文意，即此处句意为“哥伦比亚大学的心理学家推测，说话者在搜索（searching）下一个单词时会出现停顿”，故选C。bthering v. 打扰；烦扰；迷惑；inspecting v. 检查；检验；searching v. 搜查；探查；accmplishing v. 完成；达到。
53.A【解析】结合上文提及的相关内容，可知上文提及的是观点，下文对观点进行研究分析，结合选项即可分析此处句意为“为了调查这一观点（idea），他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用的填充词的使用情况”，故选A。idea n. 想法；chance n. 可能性；机会；basis n. 基础；基准；feedback n. 反馈。
54.D【解析】结合上文内容可知，此处是在对各科教师使用填充词情况的研究，结合相关选项可排除B和C项，再根据该空后提及的where the subject matter uses scientific definitins that limit the variety f wrd chices可知，此处更侧重于他们使用填充词的“多样性”，由此推知D项更符合文意，即此处句意为“其中主题使用的科学定义限制了演讲者可用的（available）单词选择的多样性”，故选D。feasible adj. 可行的；credible adj. 可信的；可靠的；cnsiderable adj. 想当多/大的；available adj. 可用的；可获得的。
55.B【解析】结合上文提及的where the subject matter uses scientific definitins that limit the variety f wrd chices可知，此处的情况与上文所述内容情况相反，即可推知此处句意为“然后，他们比较了英语、艺术史和哲学中教师使用的填充词的数量，这些领域的主题定义不太明确（well-defined），更容易选择单词”，故选B。well-matched adj. 搭配得当的；well-defined adj. 定义明确的；界限清楚的；well-bred adj. 有教养的；良种的；well-perceived adj. 有知觉的。
Passage（4）2022年1月高考真题
Artificially sweetened diet drinks make n difference t weight gain and shuld nt be seen as healthier than their sugar-laden cunterparts, accrding t a team f experts, A review f research evidence cncludes there is nthing t supprt claims that sugar free versins f ppular sft drinks can help (4l) _______besity and related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Industry spnsred studies reprting"favurable"assciatins between diet drinks and weight lss may be biased, it claims.
There have been cncerns that diet drinks, knwn as artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), might lead peple t cnsume mre calries by(42) ________sweet flavur taste buds. The new study fund that evidence (43) _________the healthiness f ASBs was incnclusive with randmized cntrlled trials (RCTs) prducing mixed results. Senr investigatr Prfessr Christpher Millett said: "A cmmn perceptin, which may be influenced by industry marketing, is that because ‘diet’ drinks have n sugar, they must be healthier and aid weight lss when used as a(n)(44)fr full sugar versins Hwever, we fund n slid evidence t supprt this
The researchers pinted ut that research supprted by fd r beverage cmpanies was mre likely t find n evidence f links between sugary drink (45) _________ and besity than nn-industry spnsred research. Similarly, ASB industry-spnsred research was "mre likely t reprt favurable results and (46) ________ regarding ASB effects n weight cntrl”
In many cases. researchers had failed t disclse (47) __________f interest relating t links with the fd industry. it was claimed. Cauthr Dr Marin Carlina Brges said: “The lack f slid evidence n the health effects f ASBs and the ptential influence f bias frm industry funded studies shuld be taken seriusly when discussing whether ASBs are (48) __________ alternatives t SSBs ( sugar-sweetened beverages)."
Leading British nutritinist Prfessr Susan Jebb said despite the mixed evidence, there was n reasn t believe that replacing sugary drinks with artificially sweetened (49)________ did any harm She said , “Fr peple seeking t manage their weight , tap water is (50)__________the best drink t chse , fr health and the envirnment , but far many peple wh are used t drinking sugary drinks, this will be l hard a change t (51)_________. Artificially sweetened drinks are a step in the ( 52 )__________ directin t cut calries." Dietitian Prfessr Tm Sanders, was als critical f the research, calling it “an pinin piece rather than a ( n )(53)___________review f the evidence”. He ( 54)____________ “The cnclusin that reduced sugar r sugar-free drinks shuld nt be prmted r seen as part f a healthy diet seems unwarranted and likely t add t public (55 )_____________.”
A. relieve B. ppse C. prevent D. bther
A. inserting B. stimulating C.enhancing D.securing
A. resulting frmB. referring t C.depending nD. relating t
A. SubstituteB.prpsalC.suspectD.implicatin
A. EfficiencyB.cnsumptinC.distributinD.mdernizatin
A. appintmentsB.instructinsC.perfrmancesD.cnclusins
47．A．threatsB. matters C. cnflictsD.appeals
48．A．adequateB.essentialC.availableD. deliberate
49．A initiativesB.alternatives C.bjectivesD.representatives
50．A．withut questinB. beynd descriptin
C. arund the crnerD. in cnsequence
51．A．settleB. rute C. mendD. make
A. wrngB. rightC. prperD. ppsite
53．A．demcraticB. autmaticC. systematicD. dramatic
54．A．transferredB. ranged C. accessedD. added
55．A．fascinatinB. ambitinC.cnfusinD. Islatin
【答案】41-55 CBDAB DCABA DBCDC
【详解】
41 C [解析]根据前文 “Artificially sweetened diet drinks make n difference t weight gain and shuld nt be seen as healthier than their sugar-laden cunterparts accrding t a team f expents. (一组专家称，人工加糖的无糖饮料对增重没有影，世不应现为比合饮料更健康。)”，再分析选项可知此处说的是无糖再五法报助规防一些疾。句意为”一项对研究证据的综述得出结论，没有任何上歌支按通行款收的无鹏版本有助于预防(prevent) 肥胖和2型糖尿病等相关药醒的说社，故选C.relieve v.解除，减轻，缓和: ppse v.反对(计划、政通)抵: prevent v.防止: 刚止;照码: bther v.打扰:花费时间精力(做某事）。
42.B[解析]结合前面的“might lead peple t cnsume mre calries(导致人们摄入更多的卡路里)”，分析选项可知，这是甜味味蕾被刺激后的结果，此处句意为“有人担心，被称为人工加糖饮料(ASBs)的无糖饮料可能会刺激 (stimulating )人们的甜味味蕾，导致人们摄入更多的卡路里”，故选 B。inserting v.插入;入;stimulating v.促进;激发，刺激;enhancing v，提高;增强;增进;securing v获得，取得，实现。
43.D[解析]结合选项，此处用“与 ASBs 健康相关的”更符合语境及逻辑，此处句意为“新的研究发现，与 ASBs 健康相关的(relating t) 证据是不确定的，随机对照试验(rct)产生了混合的结果”，故选 D。resulting frm 由于;referring t提及;参阅; depending n 依据，根据;relating t 关于;涉及。
44.A[解析]分析选项，根据常识可知，为了减肥，人们会将无糖饮料作为全粗饮料的替代品，此处句意为“人们普遍认为，由于“无糖饮料不含糖，所以作为全糖饮料的替代品(substitute)，它们肯定更健康，有助于减肥，这可能是受行业营销的影响”，故选A。substitute n.代用品，代替者;代替者;prpsal n.提议建议;求婚;suspect n.犯罪嫌疑人;嫌疑犯;implicatin n.可能的影响(或作用、结果);含意;暗指。
45.B[解析]前面提到为了减肥，人们会将无糖饮料作为全糖饮料的替代品，分析选项可知，此处只有“含糖饮料的消费与肥胖”更符合逻辑及语境。句意为“研究人员指出，与非行业赞助的研究相比，食品或饮料公司支持的研究更有可能找不到含糖饮料消费(cnsumptin)与肥胖之间联系的证据”，故选 B。efficiency n效率;效能;cnsumptin n.消耗，消耗量;费:distributin n.分配:分布;分发;mdernizatin n.现代化;维新:现代化之事物。
46.D[解析]该词与“results (结果)”并列，所以它们的意思应该是相近的，分析选项可知此处应选“cnclusins”。句意为“同样，ASB 行业费助的研究“更有可能报告关于 ASB 对体重控制效果的有利结果和结论 (cnclusins)“故选 D。appintments n.约会;预约:约定;instructins n.说明书;指示;命令;perfrmance:n.表演;演出:cnclusins n. 结论:推论:结束。
47.C[解析]分析选项，此处用“利益冲突”更符合语境及逻辑，句意为“报告称，在许多情况下，研究人员未能披露与食品行业相关的利益冲突(cnflicts)”，故选C。threats n.威胁;恐吓;凶兆: matters n.课题: 事情; 问题:事态;cnflicts n.争执:争论:(军事)冲突:战斗; appeals n．上诉;申诉;吸引力。
48.A[解析]根据前面的“The lack f slid evidence n the health effects f ASBs and the ptential influence f bias frm industry funded studies shuld be taken seriusly(应该认真对待 ASB 对健康影响的确凿证据以及行业资助研究的潜在偏见影响)”，再分析选项可知这是在讨论 ASB 是否是含糖饮料的合格替代品时应该考虑的问题。句意为“在讨论 ASB 是否是含糖饮料的合格 (adequate) 替代品时，应该认真对待 ASB 对健康影响的确凿证据以及行业资助研究的潜在偏见影响”，故选A。adequate ad;.充足的;足够的;合格的;essential adj.本质的;必不可少的: available adj.可获得的;可购得的;deliberate adj．故意的;蓄意的;存心的。
49.B[解析]结合前文及语境可推知此处句意为“英国著名营养学家苏珊·杰布教授说，尽管证据好坏参半，但没有理由相信用人工加糖的替代品 (alternatives)取代含糖饮料会有任何伤害”，故选 B。initiatives n.倡议;新方案:主动性:alternatives n.普代品;可供选择的事物: bjectives n.目标;目的: representatives n.代表;销售代表。
50.A[解析]自来水就是最好的饮料。结合选项可知作者在此处想要表达的是“对下那些想控制体重的人来说，从健康和环境的角度来说，自来水无疑 (withut questin)尼最好的饮料选择”，故选 A。withut questin 毫无疑间(表示强调自巴的观点;毫无疑问地;毫无异议地;beynd descriptin 难以形容，无法形容:arund the cmer 在拐角处:即将发生，在附近: in cnsequence 结果;因此。
51.D[解析]分析选项，“make a change (做出改变)”符合及语境，此处句为“但对于许多习惯喝含糖饮料的人来说，这将是一个太难的改变”，故选 D。settle v.解(分歧、纠纷等): 定居，结来: rute v.按某路线发送: mend v.修现，修补:缝补;make v.制作，制造，组装。
52.B[解析] 结合语境及选项可推知此处句意为“人工加糖饮料是朝着减少卡路但的正确(right)方向边出的一步”，故选 B。 wrng adj.错误的，不对的 right adj.正确的;真正的，真实的: prper adj.适当的，正确的:恰当的: ppsite adj.对面的;另一边的;相反的。
53.C[解析]根据前面的“was als critical f the research”可知这个营养学家是对这项研究提出了批评的。分析选项可知此处句意为“营养学家汤姆·桑德斯教授也对这项研究提出了批评,称其为·一篇观点文章,而不是对证据的系统(systematic)回顾”，故选C。 demcratic adj.民主的;民主政体的;民主制度的;autmatic adj.自动的;无意识的;不假思索的;systematic adj.成体系的;系统的;有条理的;dramatic adj.戏剧性的;引人注目的;戏剧的。
54.D[解析]这里还是该教授的观点，所以该空为“补充道”。此处句意为“他补充道(added)”，故选 D。transferred v.(使)转移，搬迁;(使)调动;转职;ranged v.(在一定的范围内)变化，变动;accessed v.访问，存取(计算机文件); 到达:进入;使用;added v.增加;加添;补充
55.C[解析]根据前面的“The cnclusin that reduced sugar r sugar-free drinks shuld nt be prmted r seen as part f a healthy diet seems unwarranted (减小糖或无糖饮料不应该被推广或视为健康饮食的一部分的结论似乎没有根据)”，这会导致的结果是“很可能会增加公众的困惑 (cnfusin)”。故选 C。fascinatin n.魅力;极大的吸引力;入迷;ambitin n.追求的目标:夙愿;野心;cnfusin n.混乱;混淆;困惑;islatin n.隔离，分离;孤立，孤独。
Passage（5）2021年6月高考真题
Peple believe that having pets is verall a gd thing fr children. But des this belief hld up t (41) __________? The new field f human-animal interactin aims t find ut.
Ten years ag, when psychlgist Jan Smith reviewed the literature n child-animal relatinships, she reprted that interacting with animals led yung children t better understand bilgy than pet-less children. Kindergartners wh had cared fr gldfish were mre(42) _________ when respnding t questins like "des a gldfish have a heart?" They als mre easily(43) __________bilgical infrmatin frm ne species t anther, inferring that baby frgs get bigger just like gldfish d. She als reprts that thse kids wh turned t their pets fr emtinal supprt were less (44)__________ than these wh didn't.
The past ten years have seen sme advances, but literature n the tpic is still rather (45) _______. A recent paper by researcher Meg Brwn at Lakeside University (46)________ sme imprtant infrmatin t the discussin.
She turned t a data-set that includes infrmatin frm 7, 000 kids, ranging in (47) _________ frm thirteen t nineteen years. Fr the study, bth pet wning and ther types f (48) _______ activities, like hrseback riding, were cnsidered as human-animal interactin experience.
She fund that adlescents with animal experience were mre likely t see themselves as imprtant(49)__________ t their cmmunities, such as ding cmmunity service. She als fund that the higher the level f(50)________between a teenager and animals, the higher they scred n measurements f emtinal cnnectedness in general. While causality(因果关系)cannt be determined, Brwn says that it is at least(51)_________ that children and adlescents can learn abut healthy scial relatinships frm their experiences f interacting with animals.“If a cnnectin exists between the skills required fr these relatinships,then it might be useful t make use f animal relatinships as a way t (52)_______ the develpment f scial skills," she says.
Brwn is aware f the limitatins f her study. It can't reach any cnclusins abut the causal rle f animals in kids’ lives, and it's limited t (53) __________ natinwide. Besides, the study was nt designed t (54)_________ any ptential negative effects f human-animal interactin experiences.Sme ther studies, fr example, have shwn that pet wners have higher levels f (55)_______ , like depressin, than nn-pet wners.
41．A．cmmn sense B. scientific evidence
C. universal assumptins D. natural tendencies
42.A．enthusiastic B. curius C.accurateD. serius
43．A．transferredB. cllectedC. judgedD. spread
44.A．cautiusB. vigrus C. ambitiusD.anxius
45.A．limitedB. reliableC. varied D.fascinating
46．A．wesB.addsC. restrictsD.adapts
B.age C. height D.perfrmance
48．A．animal-watching B. animal-led
C. animal-friendly D. animal-related
49．A.dnatrs B.delegates C.cntributrs D. witnesses
50．A．difference B. islatin C.attachment D.disapprval
51．A．pssible B.questinable C. misleading D. uncertain
B. stress C. invlve D. prmte
B.researchers C. pet-less children D.pet wners
54．A．d away with B. thrw light n C. take advantage f D. make up fr
55．A．needs B. tests C.explanatins D.disrders
【答案】
41-55 BCADA.BBDCC，ADABD
【解析】
41.B[解析]此处是一个问句，且表转折，结合前面的“人们认为，总的来说养宠物对孩子是件好事”,分析选项可知此处句意为“但是这种观点是否有科学依据呢(scientific evidence)?”其余选项与文意不符，故选 B。cmmn sense 常识scientific evidence 科学证据; universal assumptins 普遍假设; natural tendencies自然倾向。
42.C [解析]根据“she reprted that interacting with animals led yung children t better understand bilgy than pet-less children.”可知养过宠物的小朋友会对生物学更了解,分析选项可知此处想要表示的是“在回答“金鱼有心吗?”这样的问题时养过金鱼的幼儿园小朋友的回答更准确(accurate )”，故选 C。enthusiastic ad热情的;热心的;curius adj.好奇的;求知欲强的;accurate adj.精确的:正确无误的;serius adj.不好的:严重的;有危险的。
43.A[解析]此处讲的是儿童如何运用自己所了解到的生物学知识，结合语境分析选项可知此处句意为“它们也更容易将生物信息从一个物种转移(transferred )到另一个物种，由此推断青蛙宝宝会像金鱼一样变大”，故选A。transferred v.(使)转移，搬迁: cllected v．收集;采集;收:judged v．判断:断定，认为;spread v.传播:展开;打开。
44.D[解析]该段闸述的是养宠物的儿童相较于不养宠物的儿童会获益更多。分析选项可知此处句意为“她还报告说，那些向宠物寻求情感支持的孩子比那些没有向宠物寻求情感支持的孩子更不焦虑 (anxius )”，故选 D。cautius adj.心的;谨慎的: vigrus adj，充满活力的:果断的:ambitius adj.雄心勃勃的有野心的:anxius adj，焦虑的:忧虑。
45.A [解析] 此处表转折，结合前面的“过去十年取得了一些进展”，分析选项知此处句意为“过去十年取得了一些进展，但关于这一主题的文献仍相当有限(limited )”，故选 A。 limited adj,有限的，受(...的)限制: reliable adj．可信的，可依靠的;varied adj.多种多样的;不同的;fascinating adj.极有吸引力的:迷人的。
46.B[解析]下一段分析了 Meg Brwn 收集的数据，由此可推知她为这一讨论添加了一些重要信息。此处句意为“湖滨大学(Lakeside University)研究员梅格·布朗(Meg Brwn)最近的一篇论文为这一讨论添加了 (adds )一些重要信息”。故选B。wes v.欠(情);归功于;adds v．添加;加;增加;restricts v.(以法规)限制;限定;adapts v.适应(新情况); 改编。
47.B[解析]结合选项以及“frm thirteen t nineteen years”可知这里说的是岁数句意为“她求助于一个数据集，其中包括 7000 个孩子的信息，年龄 (age )从 13岁到19 岁不等”。故选 B。status n.地位;状态;身份;age n.年龄;年龄段:height n.(人或物的)身高;度;perfrmance n.表演，演出。
48.D[解析]结合后面的例子“like hrseback riding(如骑马)”可以推知这里说的是与动物相关的活动。此处句意为“在这项研究中，养宠物和其他与动物相关的(animal-related )活动，如骑马，都被视为人与动物的互动体验”，其余选项与文意不符，故选 D。animal-watching 观察动物:animal-led 动物主导型;animal-friendly动物友喟菲安扁笆范桐磨贬论翱碑哺疤棒弛小刁 animal-related 与动物有关的。
49.C[解析]根据后面的“such as ding cmmunity service (比如做社区服务)”分析选项可知此处句意为“她发现，有动物经历的青少年更有可能将自己视为社区的重要贡献者 (cntributrs )，比如做社区服务”，故选 C。dnatrs n.捐赠者;delegates n.代表;会议代表;cntributrs n.捐款者:捐赠者;witnesses n.目击者;见证人。
50.C[解析]根据后面的“the higher they scred n measurements f emtinal cnnectedness in general．(他们在总体情感联系测量中的得分就越高)”，分析选项，可以反推此处句意为“她还发现，青少年与动物之间的依恋(attachment )程度越高”,其余选项不符合文意，故选 C。difference n.差别:差异;不同;inslatin n，隔离，分离;attachment n.依恋:爱慕:信念;disapprval n.不赞成:反对SLA[解析]此处的 While引导让步状语从句，根据前面的“While causality cannt be determined，(虽然无法确定因果关系)“以及“at least (至少)”可以得知此处句意为“但布朗说，儿童和青少年至少有可能(pssible ) 从与动物互动的经历中了解到健康的社会关系”，故选A。 pssible adj.可能的:可能;能做到questinable adj.可疑的:有问题的;misleading adj.误导的;引入歧途的;uncertain adj.无把握:犹豫:拿不准;多变的。
52.D[解析]该段讲的是儿童与动物的关系的益处，结合选项及语境可推知此处句意为“如果这些关系所需的技能之间存在联系，那么利用动物关系作为促进(prmte )社交技能发展的一种方式可能是有用的”，故选 D。blck v.阻碍堵塞;阻塞;stress v.强调;着重;重读:invlve v.涉及;包含;牵涉;prmte v.促进;推动;促销。
53.A[解析]前面的段落已经提到过 Meg Brwn 分析的对象为儿童和背少年结合选项可推知此处句意为“它无法得出任何关于动物在孩子生活中的因果作用的结论，而且它仅限于全国的青少年 (teenagers )”，其余选项不符合文意，故选A。teenagers n.青少年，青少年男女;researchers n.研究员;科研工作者; pet-less children n.无宠物儿童;pet wners n.宠物主人。
54.B[解析]根据后面的内容“例如，其他一些研究表明，养宠物的人比不养宠物的人有更高的(55)，比如抑郁症”，结合选项分析可知此处句意为“此外这项研究并不是为了阐明 thrw light n) 人与动物互动体验的任何潜在负面能响”，故选 B。d away with 废除，去掉;弄死:thrw light n 使(某小)显得非常清楚;take advantage f利用;占的便宜:make up fr 弥补，补偿。
55.D[解析]“depressin (抑郁症)”属于疾病，分析选项可知此处句意为“例如其他一些研究表明，养宠物的人比不养宠物的人患抑郁症等疾病 (disrders )的程度更高”，故选 D。needs n.需要;必须: tests n.测验:考查;explanatins n.解释;说明;阐述;disrders n.疾病;杂乱:混乱;凌乱。
五大方法速判句内层次题
题目解答的关键信息散布于本句之中，理解文章内容后，运用这些关键信息即可直接回答问题。面对这类题目，可以边阅读边填写答案，尽量还原原文信息。
在阅读过程中，要特别注意转折词、因果词以及强调词等，这些词汇往往能够引导出关键信息。同时，对于句子中的主语、谓语和宾语等核心成分也要给予足够关注，它们通常是构成关键信息的要素。在理解文章内容的基础上，将这些关键信息与题目选项进行比对，选出最符合原文意思的答案。这种方法不仅能够提高解题效率，还能确保答案的准确性。
利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题
完形填空题型常常会测试一些固定结构和句式，因此，掌握习惯搭配和固定结构对于解题至关重要。这一技巧主要涉及惯用搭配，注重词汇间的搭配关系，包括连词、动词、副词、形容词、名词以及短语等。
例如，一些常见的动词短语搭配，如“give up”（放弃）、“keep up with”（跟上）、“lk frward t”（期待）等，在完形填空中经常出现。掌握这些固定搭配，可以帮助考生迅速理解句子意思，从而更准确地选出答案。同时，对于一些常见的句式结构，如“It ”（正是……），“”（直到……才……）等，考生也应该熟练掌握，以便在解题时能够迅速识别并应用。
[示例] I then made it a pint t __55__ thse meetings and learn all I culd.
A．chair B．spnsr C．attend D．rganize
[解析] C 本题可以利用固定结构解题。attend a meeting出席会议，是固定搭配。
利用生活常识和文化背景解题
完形填空的语篇通常融入了文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等多方面的知识。在解答题目时，如果能够主动调动个人的文化背景知识和生活经验，并巧妙地应用这些知识，尤其是留意中西文化的差异，将能显著简化复杂的分析和判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，并顺畅地跟随作者的思路继续阅读。
例如，在涉及西方节日的文章中，如果能了解圣诞节、感恩节等节日的起源、习俗和象征意义，就能更好地理解文章中的描述和人物的情感，从而更准确地选择答案。同样，在涉及历史事件的文章中，如果具备相关的历史知识，就能更深入地理解文章背景，提高解题效率。
[示例] Just last year, I was 56.cnducting a wrkshp when smene kncked at the classrm dr. A wman __57__ the interruptin and handed me an envelpe.
57．A.regretted B．avided C．excused D．ignred
[解析] C 此题可利用生活常识和文化背景解题。作者正在上课，因此根据生活常识，打断作者上课应该请求原谅。
3．利用对应成分分析法解题
完形填空文章中，上下文之间以及句子内部之间通常存在明确的逻辑联系，这使得句子的各个成分之间能够形成相应的对应关系。考生能够依据这些逻辑联系，识别出与待填空相对应的已知信息，将其作为线索，进而推断出待填空的答案。
因此，在解答完形填空题目时，考生应敏锐地捕捉文章中的逻辑线索，如转折、因果、递进等关系，以及句子内部的并列、主谓宾等结构关系。通过细致分析这些逻辑关系，考生可以更加准确地锁定待填空处的上下文对应信息，从而有效地缩小选项范围，提高答题的准确率。同时，这也要求考生在平时的学习中，注重培养自己的逻辑思维能力，提升对语言结构的敏感度。
[示例]T __51__ the amunt f rubbish and t prtect the 52.envirnment，mre gvernments are requiring peple t recycle materials.
51．A.shw B．recrd C．decrease D．measure
[解析] C 本题可以利用对应成分分析法解题。第51题与prtect形成对应关系。因为前面有and这一并列连词，并且and前后意思应该一致，我们可以很轻松地选出正确答案C项(decrease“减少”)。
[示例] A pupil wh can d his hmewrk in a quiet and 59 rm is in a much better psitin than a pupil wh des his hmewrk in a small, nisy rm with the televisin n.
A. furnished B. expensive C. cmfrtable D. suitable
[解析]该题利用相似短语之间的对比关系来命题。设空部分与下文的a small, nisy rm with the televisin n存在对比关系。作者想借此说明“相同的作业”对于“不同家庭背景的学生”所表现出的事实上的不公平。答案C。
4.利用逻辑关系解题
该方法通过剖析未知填空处前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑联系来确定答案，主要适用于完形填空的两种题型：一是检验连接词及具有连接作用的短语，二是评估上下文间的逻辑关联。
这种解题策略强调了语境理解和逻辑推理的重要性。对于连接词及短语的检验，它要求我们识别句子或段落之间的过渡关系，如转折、因果、递进等，从而选出最合适的填空选项，确保文章的连贯性和逻辑性。在评估上下文间的逻辑关联时，则需仔细分析前后文的信息，理解作者意图，推断出最合适的答案，以符合文章的整体意义。
[示例] We went 10­1 and I was named mst valuable player, __28__I ften had crazy dreams in which I was t blame fr Miller’s 29.accident．
28．A.and B．then C．but D．thus
[解析] C 本题考查连词。通过分析得知本填空前后文的已知信息是明显的转折关系，因此答案是but。and表示并列关系；then表示顺承关系；thus表示因果关系。连词的作用就是将其前后文的已知信息衔接起来，因此可以利用逻辑关系来解题，即通过分析该未知填空前后文的已知信息的逻辑关系来确定本题应该填入表达何种逻辑关系的短语。
[示例]... gt me rck-bttm prices n airfares, cars, and htels. But her cld vice really 28 me.
28. A. annyed B. interested C. discuraged D. cnfused
[解析] A But是这里的语篇标记语，表示转折关系。由此我们可推测，尽管作者的旅行社经纪人总是能给他买到最低价的机票等，但是她冷冰冰的声音着实让作者不开心，故annyed 符合此处语境。
利用语境暗示分析法解题
上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇的衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境，即依据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
上下文语境不仅能够帮助我们理解文章或段落的整体意义，还能在具体细节上提供解题线索。例如，在识别代词指代、理解比喻或象征意义、推断隐含意义等方面，上下文语境都发挥着至关重要的作用。因此，在做题过程中，我们应始终关注上下文语境，充分利用已知信息，从而准确、高效地解答问题。
[示例] The 38.trip is scheduled t start n December 21 in New Yrk City and cntinue n t Milan, Prague, Paris, Bangkk and New Delhi befre __39__ in Trnt n January 8.
39．A.ending B．calling C．repeating D．staying
[解析] A 本题可以利用语境暗示分析法解题。由前面的start可知旅行开始时间，因此我们可以快速地选出ending旅行的结束时间。
[示例] When yu revise, yu change aspects f yur wrk in 54 t yur evlving purpse, r t include 55 ideas r newly discvered infrmatin.
55. A. fixed B. ambitius C. familiar D. fresh
[解析] D fresh ideas 与本句后面的newly discvered infrmatin对应。
四种方法智取句组层次题
稍微比句内层次题更难一些的题目，其解答线索散布在空格前后的一系列意群中。解题时，需要前后兼顾，综合这些意群的信息来得出答案。也就是说，如果本句的信息不足以填空，那么就需要在空格的前后寻找更多的信息源。
这类题目要求考生不仅理解单个句子的意思，还要能够把握整个段落或篇章的逻辑结构和信息流动。因此，良好的阅读理解和逻辑思维能力是解答这类题目的关键。考生需要训练自己在快速阅读中捕捉关键信息，以及在不同信息之间建立联系的能力。
1．利用语义复现解题
复现是一种语义衔接策略，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等词汇的重复出现，来表达特定概念，确保文章的连贯性，并有机地将各个部分衔接起来。因此，考生应根据文章的具体内容，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择恰当的答案。
同时，考生还需要注意复现词在文章中的位置和上下文关系，因为不同的位置和语境可能会导致复现词的意义有所变化。只有准确理解了复现词在文章中的具体含义和作用，考生才能更加准确地把握文章的整体意思，从而做出正确的选择。因此，在解答句组层次题时，考生应充分利用复现这一语义衔接策略，通过寻找和分析文章中的复现词，来提高自己的解题效率和准确率。
[示例] While high schl des nt generally encurage students t explre new aspects f life，cllege sets the stage fr that explratin. I myself went thrugh this __41__ prcess and fund smething that has changed my 42.experience at cllege fr the better：I discvered ASL—American Sign Language(美式手语)．
41．A.searching B．planning C．natural D．frmal
[解析] A 本题可利用语义复现解题。由上文中的explre new aspects f life可知，所填词与explre(探索)在词义上相近，故选searching(寻找)。planning计划；natural自然的；frmal正式的。
[示例] Gd manners at mealtimes help yu and thse arund yu t feel 49 . This is true at hme as much as it is true in smene else’s hme r in a restaurant. Gd 50 make meals mre enjyable fr everyne at the table.
50.A. dishes B. manners C. atmspheres D. friends
【解析】B 我们可以很容易地找到设空部分的解题线索——上文的复现词汇 manners。故答案为 B。
[示例] This is what happens n lng submarine（潜水艇） vyages. It will als happen n 47 space flights in the future. Will there be special prblems f adjustment under such cnditins?
47．A.lng B.fast C.dangerus D.direct
【解析】A 我们可以很容易地找到设空部分的解题线索——上文的复现词汇lng
[示例] Many firms already claim t be “custmer-driven” r “cnsumer-centered”. Nw their 62 will be tested as never befre.
62.A. infrmatin B. investment C. claims D. shps
【解析】C 我们可以很容易地找到设空部分的解题线索——上文的复现词汇claim。
利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题
在完形填空的文章中，我们必须在迅速浏览全文的同时，细心辨识出能够体现作者立场和情感倾向的关键词汇。这些词汇通常是名词、形容词、副词或动词。它们往往成为我们解题时的关键线索，有助于我们迅速锁定某些题目的正确选项，或根据作者对人物或事件的正面或负面评价，排除干扰项，作出正确的判断。
[示例] When men are 49(held up) tgether fr a lng perid, they begin t feel uneasy. Everyne has little habits f speaking and behaving that are rdinarily acceptable. In the limited space ver a lng perid f time, hwever, these little habits may becme very 50 .
50．A．pleasing B．annying C．cmmn D．valuable
【解析】B 结合上下文，意思是在狭小的空间里呆的时间过长，平时习惯的小动作也变得令人不能容忍了。上文they begin t feel uneasy是提示。A项“令人高兴的”、C项“普通的”、D项“有价值的”意思都不符合语境。只有B项annying与上文中的uneasy在作者的情感态度上最接近。
3．利用逻辑关系解题
在处理句组层次题目时，运用逻辑关系来解答同样至关重要。完形填空的每个空格都不是孤立的，命题者必须通过上下文提供线索，以确保填入的答案具有唯一性。这些线索正是贯穿全文的逻辑关系。如果在解题过程中忽略了这一点，就相当于只关注了细节而忽略了整体。文章的逻辑关系主要包括列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的和条件等。命题者通常会利用连词或介词短语来构建选项。因此，在日常学习中，我们应当学会辨识并牢记这些连词和介词短语所代表的逻辑关系。
[示例] Are yur table manners much better when yu are eating at a friend’s hme r in a restaurant than they are at yur wn hme? Prbably s, 45 yu are aware that peple judge yu by yur table manners.
45. A. because B. but C. unless D. thugh
【解析】 A 你之所以在朋友家或餐馆的用餐礼仪比在自家时要好，是因为你知道人们会据此来评判一个人文明程度。不难判断 “yu are aware that peple judge yu by yur table manners”是表达前文的理由，用连词because。
[示例] As a French graduate wh has taught fr mre than twenty-five years, I believe I have sme idea f why the failure is s ttal. 55 the faults already fund ut in the educatin system as a whle — such as child-centered learning, the “discvery” methd, and the lw expectatins by teachers f pupils — there have been several serius 56 which have a direct effect n language teaching.
55. A. Due t B. In additin t C. Instead f D. In spite f
【解析】B 选项分别解释为“由于”、“除……外”、“代替”、“尽管”。理解上下文语境可知其逻辑关系是列举补充关系，故选B。该段主旨是：语言教学失败除了自身原因外，还有其它诸因素的直接影响。下文破折号后的there have been several…为判断其逻辑关系提供了线索。
4．利用语境暗示分析法解题
在句组层次中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
[示例] During the war,my husband was statined at an army camp in a desert in Califrnia.I went t live My husband was rdered ut n a lng-term duty,and I was left in a tiny shack(棚屋) 24 a sul t talk t . The wind blew nn-stp ,and all the fd I ate ,and the evry air I breathed,were 25 with sand , sand , sand !
24. A. Only B. Nt C. Many D.Such
【解析】：上下文语境分析法。根据上文a desert和alne，可知，没有一个人可以交谈。A.仅仅；B. 没有；C.很多；D.这样。故选B。
三种方法突破语篇层次题
语篇层次题要求考生深入理解文章的主旨，把握文章的结构、作者的观点、意图或主人公的心理状态，并在此基础上进行精确的推理和判断，以作出恰当的选择。这类题目难度较高，一篇完形填空题中通常包含2至3道此类题目。
在解答这类题目时，考生不应急于作答，而应先通读全文，运用综合思维进行分析后再作出判断。语篇层次题的答案必须基于对整个语篇的深入理解，因此在解题过程中，考生需要耐心，跨越段落界限，细致比较，最终推导出正确答案。具体而言，可以采用以下三种方法来解答这类题目。
利用语义复现解题
完形填空的文章构成了一个意义紧密相连的语篇，通常围绕一个中心话题展开论述。因此，在行文中，词语的重复、替代或同现现象是不可避免的。也就是说，某个词汇往往会以原形、同义词、近义词或其他形式在语篇中反复出现。词汇复现的语用功能确保了语篇中句子的衔接与连贯性，进而形成一个完整且有机的意义整体。基于这一原则，空格处的答案很可能就是上下文中复现的相关词汇。考生可以利用这些词汇之间的内在联系来确定答案。
[示例] The first attempt f even the mst talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldm a masterpiece, If yu cnsider yur drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), r tryuts, revising will seem a natural part f the writing 50 .
What is the purpse f the dress rehearsals and the ut-f-twn previews that many Bradway shws g thrugh? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, rerdering, 51. in ther wrds revising. Andrew Llyd Webber's musical Phantm f the Opera underwent such a prcess.
50. A. technique B. style C. prcess D. career
[解析]：参照下文第二段最后一句的“Andrew Llyd Webber's musical Phantm f the Opera underwent such a prcess.”可知答案C。prcess这个单词在下文复现。
[示例] In 2012, I had just recvered frm a serius illness when I received an invitatin t a writer's cnference in Orland, Flrida. My family persuaded me that a(n) 36 might be just what the dctr rdered, s ff I 37 went .
36. A.hliday B.ceremny C.peratin D.experiment

I' ll never frget that wnderful lady wh, thrugh her 55 kindness , filled my brief hliday in Flrida with wnderful memries.
[解析] A 考察名词词义辨析及上下文串联。A假期；B仪式；C手术；D实验；句义：在2012年我刚刚从一次严重的疾病中恢复过来，我收到了一个邀请我去奥兰多参加作家会议。我家人说服我一个这样的假期也许是医生要求我做的事情。生病的人需要假期来恢复身心。另外根据文章最后一句filled my brief hliday in Flrida可知也应该指假期。
利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题
完形填空通常采用总分对照结构，其中总述部分是对分述内容的总结与概括，而分述则是对总述的详细展开。两者之间存在着清晰的相互支撑和相互印证的关系。这种总分对照结构为我们提供了关键的解题线索。
对比结构常将两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并置，以便进行比较或对比。高考完形填空题往往利用句子间的对比关系，或同一句子内部不同部分的对比关系来设计题目。对比结构为我们提供了重要的解题线索。
[示例] He had always been interested in medicine and had read a bk, which discussed the idea f hw bdy chemistry and health can be damaged by emtinal stress and negative __47__. The bk made Cusins think abut the pssible __48__ f psitive attitudes and emtins.
47. A. attitudes B. beliefs C. gals D. psitins
48. A. shrtcming B. harm C. benefit D. interest
【解析】 这两题均考查根据上下文选择正确的名词。上句意为“……书中讨论到紧张的情绪和消极的。。。都会损害人体组织和健康”。紧接着下句，意为“这本书使Cusins考虑到，积极的态度和情感可能带来的”。上句中的negative attitude, damaged等词与下句中的psitive attitude, benefit形成对照，是解题关键。故47题A选项为正确答案；48题C为正确答案。
[示例] In sme situatins, thse wh are physically attractive are mre likely t receive aid. 56 , in a field study researchers placed a cmpleted applicatin t graduate schl in a telephne bx at the airprt. The applicatin was ready t be 57 , but had apparently been "lst" . The pht attached t the applicatin was smetimes that f a very 58 persn and smetimes that f a less attractive persn. The measure f helping was whether the individual wh fund the envelpe actually mailed it r nt. Results shwed that peple were mre likely t 59 the applicatin if the persn in the pht was physically attractive.
56. A. At first B. Abve all C. In additin D. Fr example
57. A.printed B.mailed C.rewritten D.signed
58. A. talented B. gd-lking C. helpful D. hard-wrking
59. A. send in B. thrw away C. fill ut D. turn dwn
【解析】56，答案为D，根据本段首句以及选项后面所举出的例子可得知答案为D；57，答案为B，根据本段 “whether the individual wh fund the envelpe actually mailed it r nt”可得出答案；58，答案为B，根据本段的最后一行的最后两个单词以及第五行的less attractive得出答案为B；59，答案为A，根据上文当中的mail，动词意思为邮寄，答案为A。
[示例] N limits! Imagine that nrmal limitatins dn’t __58__. Yu have as much time/space/mney, etc. as yu want. Think abut yur gal and the new __59__. If yur gal is t learn t ski, __60__, yu can nw practice skiing every day f yur life (because yu have the time and the mney). Nw __61__ this t reality. Maybe yu can practice skiing every day in December, r every Mnday in January.
Be smene else! Lk at the situatin frm a __62__ pint f view. Gd businessmen use this technique in trade, and s d writers. Fictin writers ften imagine they are the __63__ in their bks. They ask questins: What des this character want? Why can’t she get it? What changes must she make t get what she wants? If yur gal invlves ther peple, put yurself in their __64__. The best fishermen think like fish!
A. wrk B. last C. exist D. change
A. private B. glbal C. different D. practical
【解析】58. C 由本段的开头一句话：NO limits! 可知本段的中心应该围绕该话题展开的。62. C 此题的测试方法和上面的第58题如出一辙，只要用心都会注意到该段的开头一句话：Be smene else! 充当的作用：总领该段。故此选答案时应该照顾上下文。
利用逻辑关系解题
在语篇层次的题目中，运用逻辑关系是解题的关键方法之一。完形填空的每个空格都不是孤立的，命题者必须通过上下文提供线索，以确保填入的答案具有唯一性。这些线索正是贯穿全文的逻辑关系。如果在解题过程中忽略了这一点，就相当于只关注了细节而忽略了整体。文章的逻辑关系主要包括列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的和条件等。命题者通常会利用连词或介词短语来构建选项。因此，在日常学习中，我们应当学会区分并牢记这些连词和介词短语所代表的逻辑关系。
[示例] Revisin is nt just an afterthught that gets nly as much time as yu have at the end f an assignment. 56 , it is a majr stage f the writing prcess, and writers revise every step f the way.
56. A. Hwever B. Mrever C. Instead D. Therefre
【解析】：B 副词Mrever类似与but als表递进含义，与前面句nt just（nly）呼应。副词Hwever（然而，表转折关系）、Instead（作为替代、反而，表相反含义）、Therefre（因此，表原因）都不符题意。